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Published in July 2009 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with the Ministry of Manpower and the National Trades Union Congress.
This guideline is co-developed by the tripartite Workgroup for Cleaning and Custodial Services. All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, in whole or in part, without prior written permission. The information provided in this publication is accurate as at time of printing. All cases shared in this publication are meant for learning purposes only. The learning points for each case are not exhaustive and should not be taken to encapsulate all the responsibilities and obligations of the user of this publication under the law. The Workplace Safety and Health Council does not accept any liability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following this publication.
In collaboration with
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Cleaning and Custodial Services
Workplace Safety & Health Guidelines
Contents
1. Preface
2. Duties under the Workplace Safety and Health Act
3. Risk Assessment
4. Hazards in Cleaning and Custodial Services
5. Workplace Safety and Health Management Programme
6. Useful References
7. Acknowledgments
8. Annexes
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1. Preface
ScopeThis guideline serves as a workplace safety and health resource for workers, supervisors and key stakeholders who provide or manage cleaning and custodial services in housing estates. It provides safety and health information, guidance on the identification of work hazards and the preventive measures that can be taken. For the handling of hazards specific to other work environment / industries, readers should refer to other relevant technical advisories, guidelines or materials where available.
IntroductionThe cleaning and custodial services industry plays a very important role in creating clean, comfortable and hygienic living spaces for the community. Everyday, workers carry out work activities such as sweeping, mopping, washing, rubbish collection and disposal, cleaning of general areas, waste collection, disposal of old furniture, etc.
In the course of their work, they are exposed to many occupational hazards such as chemicals, loud noise, high temperatures, sharp objects, slippery floors and awkward work postures. Potential accidents include falls from height; slips, trips and falls; crush injuries; cuts; electrocution; burns, etc. Such accidents may affect both the cleaners as well as members of public, with the potential of resulting in the loss of life and property.
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2. Duties under the Workplace Safety and Health Act
The Workplace Safety and Health ActThe Workplace Safety and Health Act (WSH Act) is targeted at cultivating good safety habits and practices in all individuals at the workplace – from top management to the last worker. It requires every person at the workplace to take reasonably practicable steps to ensure the safety and health of every worker at the workplace. A workplace includes any premises where people carry out work. In general, persons who have duties and responsibilities under the WSH Act are listed below:
Duties of Employers or PrincipalsIt is the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the safety and health of his employees or workers working under his direct control and all who may be affected by their work. This includes:
• Conducting risk assessments to remove or control risks to workers at the workplace;
• Maintaining safe work facilities and arrangements for the workers at work;
• Ensuring safety in machinery, equipment, plant, articles, substances and work processes at the workplace;
• Developing and putting into practice control measures for dealing with emergencies;
• Providing workers with adequate instruction, information, training and supervision.
Duties of the OccupierIt is the duty of every occupier of any workplace to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the following are safe and without risks to the health of every person within those premises, whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier:
• The workplace;
• All entrances to or exits from the workplace; and
• Any machinery, equipment, plant, article or substance kept on the workplace.
The occupier is responsible for the common areas used by employees and contractors. In particular, the following items:
• Hoists and lifts, lifting gear, lifting appliances and lifting machines located in the common area;
• Means of entry to or exit from the common area; and
• Any machinery or plant located in the common area.
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Duties of the Manufacturer or SupplierIt is the duty of the manufacturer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that any machinery, equipment or substances provided are safe for use:
• Provide proper information on the safe use of the machinery, equipment or hazardous substances;
• Ensure that the machinery, equipment or hazardous substance is safe for use;
• Ensure that the machinery, equipment or hazardous substance has been tested and examined so that it is safe for use.
Duties of an Installer or Erector of MachineryIt shall be the duty of the installer or erector of machinery to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the machinery or equipment erected, installed or modified is safe and without health risks when properly used.
Duties of an EmployeeIt is the duty of every person at work:
• To adhere to safe working procedures and principles introduced at the workplace.
• To cooperate with the employer or principal to comply with the WSH Act and not endanger oneself or others through unsafe behaviour such as tampering with safety devices or undertake any wilful or reckless acts and use of required personal protective equipments.
Duties of the Self-employed PersonIt is the duty of the self-employed person to take measures, so far as is reasonably practicable, to ensure the safety and health of others such as members of the public or his own employees.
Penalties The WSH Act states a general maximum penalty for offences. An individual first-time offender can face a maximum fine of up to $200,000 or a jail term of two years or both. A corporate body that is a first-time offender can face a maximum fine of up to $500,000. For more information of the penalties of offences, refer to Annex A.
Everyone has an obligation to ensure workplace safety. Getting every worker home safely at the end of the day does not only depend on the effort of one individual, but is the result of all stakeholders working together.
For more information on the Workplace Safety and Health Act, refer to the Ministry of Manpower, website at www.mom.gov.sg.
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3. Risk Assessment
Risk assessments should be conducted by a team of persons who have a thorough knowledge of the work that is planned to be carried out. Team members should include management staff, process or facility engineers, technical personnel, supervisors, workers and safety personnel if available.
The team leader should have undergone training in risk assessment. Alternatively, a safety consultant trained in job safety analysis and risk management and who has experience in risk assessment can be engaged to assist in the conduct of the risk assessment. The risk assessment team should also include contractor/supplier personnel who are involved with the work, whenever necessary.
1. Carry out risk assessment before starting work, to identify hazards associated with the work.
2. Assess risks based on:
• The likelihood of accidents occurring as a result of hazards; and
• The severity of the consequences, should the accident occur.
3. Take appropriate risk control measures to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risk, following the hierarchy of control.
4. Review risk assessments periodically.
5. Communicating these risks to all persons involved.
Communication
1Preparation
2Hazard
Identification
Risk Assessment (RA)
3Risk
Evaluation
6Implementation
and Review
4Risk Control
5Record
Keeping> Form RA Team
> Gather relevant information
> Identify hazards
> Identify potential accidents incidents
> Estimate risk levels based on identified hazards
> Prioritise the hazards to be controlled
> Keep risk assessment reports for at least 3 years
> Review risk assessments:• Once every 3
years;
• Whenever new information on WSH risks surfaces;
• When there are changes to work processes and / or;
• After any accident / incident
> Formulate control measures according to the Hierarchy of Controls:
• Elimination
• Substitution
• Engineering controls
• Administrative controls
• Personal protective equipment
> Analyse and evaluate residual risk
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It is essential for risks to be eliminated or reduced “at source”. If a risk cannot be controlled completely by engineering measures, it is necessary to protect the employees by administrative control or personal protection.
The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following the Hierarchy of Control Measures below. These control measures are not usually mutually exclusive e.g. engineering controls can be implemented together with administrative controls like training and safe work procedures.
Elimination Elimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectively making all the identified possible accidents and ill health impossible.
This is a permanent solution and should be attempted in the first instance. If the hazard is removed, all the other management controls, such as workplace monitoring and surveillance, training, safety auditing, and record keeping will no longer be required. Example : Eliminate the use of highly toxic cleaning chemicals.
Substitution This involves replacing the hazard by one that presents a lower risk. Examples: A water-based paint can be used instead of a solvent-based paint. Cooking oil can be used to remove paint stains on skin instead of thinner.
ELIMINATION
SUBSTITUTION
ADMINISTRATIVE
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
PERSONALPROTECTIONEQUIPMENT
(PPE)
SafeWorker
SafeDesign
SafeWorker
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Engineering Controls Engineering controls are physical means that limit the hazard. These include structural changes to the work environment or work processes. Example: Use powered spray gun for cleaning of floor.
Administrative ControlsThese reduce or eliminate exposure to a hazard by adherence to procedures or instructions. Documentation should emphasise all the steps to be taken and the controls to be used in carrying out the activity safely. Example: Implementation of permit-to-work systems; scheduling of incompatible works; WSH training; reduced work hours.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)This should be used only as a last resort, after all other control measures have been considered, or as a short term contingency during maintenance/repair or as an additional protective measure.
The success of this control is dependent on the type of protective equipment chosen, correct usage by employees, correct fit and usage at all times when required.
The employer must also ensure that the employees are properly trained on the handling and usage of PPE. He must also ensure that all PPE are properly maintained and fitted for use at all times.
Work with the PPE suppliers, to select the correct type of PPE and to train employees on correct usage and maintenance of the PPE.
For a sample of risk assessment for some common activities like sweeping, mopping, etc., please refer to Annex B.
For more information on risk assessment, please refer to the Guidelines on Risk Assessment available on the MOM website at www.mom.gov.sg.
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Workers involved in cleaning and custodial services are exposed to a variety of hazards everyday. These hazards can cause immediate injuries or lead to chronic and painful conditions, requiring long-term treatment, incurring huge medical expenses. In some unfortunate cases, death may result.
Some of the common hazards that workers are exposed to include:
- Hazardous chemicals: detergents, cement removing solutions, bleach;
- Slippery surfaces: wet floor during cleaning of toilets and general areas;
- Obstructions: boxes, flower pots;
- Working at height: while accessing high areas on ladders;
- Awkward postures: during cleaning of hard to reach areas, during mopping, lifting, clearing weeds;
- Heavy loads: during disposal of old furniture, pushing heavy push carts, emptying rubbish into bulk bins;
- Biological hazards: communicable diseases - Influenza A (H1N1) or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS);
- Electrical hazards: working with electrical equipment;
- Heat: when working outdoors or poorly ventilated areas;
- Loud noise: when using water jet cleaners, blower.
Recognising Unsafe ActsWorkers should be encouraged to report unsafe acts so as to prevent accidents, injuries and ill-health. A system should be established to encourage workers to report unsafe acts or provide feedback.
Recognising Work-related Injuries and DiseasesWork-related injuries and diseases can be prevented; early recognition and intervention is vital. Workers should be informed and encouraged to report any work related injuries. Supervisors and management staff should be trained to identify symptoms of work related injuries and investigate to determine the underlying causes so that correct and effective preventive measures can be taken.
4. Hazards in Cleaning and Custodial Services
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Common Injuries in Cleaning and Custodial ServicesWork-related Musculoskeletal InjuriesA musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) affects the muscles, tendons, ligaments and nerves. Many of these injuries are the result of work involving exposure to awkward postures, repetitive movements, prolonged hours of work and handling of heavy loads. Carrying out the good work practices recommended in this technical advisory can help to prevent work-related MSD in workers.
Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD)Which parts of the body are commonly affected?- Neck
- Back
- Shoulders
- Arms
- Elbows
- Wrists/hands/fingers
- Knees
What are the signs and symptoms?- Pain
- Numbness
- Tingling sensation
- Weakness
- Stiffness of joints
What are the factors that increase the risk of MSD?- Repetitive and heavy lifting
- Bending and twisting
- Repeating an action too frequently
- Uncomfortable working position
- Exerting too much force
- Exerting a force in a static position for extended periods of time
- Working too long without breaks
- Adverse working environment (e.g. hot, cold)
- Psychosocial factors
What should workers do?Workers should be encouraged to report such injuries to their supervisors as soon as possible.
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Slips, Trips and FallsMany workplace injuries also result from workers slipping on slippery floors, tripping over physical obstructions or falling from height. Factors which increase this risk include insufficient lighting, poor housekeeping, wet and slippery floors, lack of guardrails or handrails on platforms or staircases, unsafe use of ladders and carelessness. Proper personal protection equipment such as safety shoes/boots can protect the worker from slips as well as other hazards, such as foot injury, skin damage and skin injury due to prolonged contact with water and soap. Footwear such as boots should be cleaned regularly and changed if they are damaged so as to minimise the risk of fungal infection.
4.1 MoppingEquipment SelectionBuckets should have:
• Low, wide stable base;
• Large castors (wheels); at least four;
• Moulded hand grips;
• Large openings;
• Separate compartments for clean and dirty water; and
• Lightweight wringers which are attached to the mop bucket and which makes use of the user’s body weight to function.
Preventing Slips, Trips and Falls• Encourageworkerstoreportpoorlighting.
• Keepfloorsandstairsdryandclean.
• Ensurecarpetsandrugsarefreeofholesandlooseedges.
• Hangpowercordsoveraislesorworkareastopreventtrippingaccidents.
• Useanti-slipflooringornon-slipworkingshoes.
• Placesignstowarnofslipperysurfaces.
• Holdontohandrailswhenclimbingstairsorslopes.
• Keepworkareaneat-donotleavematerialsandboxeslyinghaphazardlyaround.
• Install guardrails on elevated platforms to prevent falls. Where physical guardsare not feasible, provide alternatives like safety harnesses anchored to a lifeline or anchorage point.
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Mops should have:
• Mop heads that do not readily shed loose threads; smaller mop heads preferred as they are lighter when wet, and easier to squeeze;
• Telescopic handles for easy adjustment; to adjust length of the handle to the height of the user’s forehead to reduce bending; and
• Handles which are padded to cushion and improve the user’s grip.
Gloves should be:
• Of an impervious material e.g. plastic or rubber. Cotton gloves may be worn inside for added
comfort; and
• Of correct size and fit.
Footwear should be:
• Non-slip, to prevent slipping on the wet surfaces.
Sign boards should be placed at appropriate locations to warn passers-by of slippery floor conditions during mopping.
Recommended Work PracticesWhen mopping, only half of the passageway should be mopped, so as to provide a dry passage for passers-by to walk through the area safely. Allow the first half of the passageway to dry before starting to mop on the second half. Mopping should be done such that the worker moves away from the wetted area and does not need to step onto it (Figure 4.1.1 & Figure 4.1.2).
A mop can weigh up to 11 kilograms when soaking wet. Wet mopping can cause significant contact stress over the hand and wrist. It also results in unnecessary strain to the lower back.
Figure 4.1.1: Bending the back when mopping can result in unnecessary strain to the lower back.
Figure 4.1.3: Wringing mop above shoulder level should be avoided.
Figure 4.1.2: Maintain a straight back. Wear impervious gloves and non-slip safety boots. Put up adequate warning signs to warn passers-by of slippery floor conditions.
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Wringing a mop (Figure 4.1.3 & Figure 4.1.4)
• Bend knees and keep back straight when pressing the mop wringer down.
• Use body weight to press down on the lever.
• Wring mop at waist level.
• Use a mop bucket which is raised off the floor to reduce the bending force required to wring out the water.
Mopping (Figure 4.2.1 & Figure 4.2.2)
• Alternate right and left hands at the top of the mop handle.
• Maintain a straight back.
• Avoid extreme wrist motions e.g. excessive bending of wrists.
• Use neutral body/shoulder position.
• Avoid extreme reaches to the right and left and avoid twisting.
• Take the mop for a ‘walk’;
- Walking the mop uses far less upper body motion.
- Use legs to generate force by stepping or shifting body weight.
- Keep arms close to the body so as to stabilise the shoulders. Electrical cleaning machines can be used to help clean the floor ergonomically. Refer to the chapter on “Handling Electrical Equipment” for more information on hazards associated with the use of such machines.
4.2 SweepingSweeping of floors may involve awkward wrist positions and prolonged contact pressure on hands. Also, the back and neck are often kept in an awkward forward bent posture.
Figure 4.1.4: Use a mop bucket. Wring mop at waist level and do not bend the back when squeezing out the water.
Figure 4.2.1: Avoid awkward postures such as lifting the arm above shoulder height. Mop handles should be of the appropriate length.
Figure 4.2.2: Avoid overextending to the right and left.
Figure 4.2.3: Do not bend the back. Use tools that allow the user to remain upright.
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Equipment Selection• Lightweight brooms and stand up dustpans.
• Long-handled tongs for picking up debris.
• Plastic or rubber gloves with thin cotton glove inside.
• Non-slip covered shoes.
Recommended Work PracticesSweeping (Figure 4.2.3 & Figure 4.2.4)
• Stand upright when sweeping.
• Alternate right and left hands at the top of the broom handle.
• Do not bend the back.
• Use gloved hands or tongs when picking up debris.
Sweeping staircases
Proper posture should be adopted to prevent musculoskeletal injuries. Care should be taken to prevent falling backwards (Figure 4.2.5 & Figure 4.2.6):
Important Tips• Adoptastablepositionbeforecommencingwork.
• Descenddownthestepsslowly.
• Alwayslookbehindbeforedescending.
Figure 4.2.5: Wrong standing position can result in a fall.
Figure 4.2.6: Adopt a stable position.
Figure 4.2.4: Bend at the knees and not the back when removing weeds while sweeping. Use a tong when picking up debris or wear gloves (cotton and plastic).
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Important Tips• Ensurethattheladderisofsoundconstruction.
• Aladdershouldbesupportedbyanotherpersonwhenclimbingisdone.
• Accesstheladderwithbothhandsfreeofanytools.
• Maintain3-point(e.g.2feetandonehandor2handsandonefoot)contactwiththeladder when climbing.
• Hoistupthehandtoolsaftertheworkerhadclimbedup.
• Workersshouldbeinstructedtoavoidgoingnearanopenside.
• Workersshouldwearasafetybeltwhennecessary– this is toprevent themfromaccidentally reaching open sides.
• Workers should be instructed to avoid working at such locations during poorweather.
Sweeping canopy and link way roof
Proper and safe access should be provided for accessing the top of a canopy or link way roof. If a ladder is used and there is no way of securing it, it should be supported by another person to provide additional stability.
4.3 Wiping and DustingEquipment Selection• Cloth used should be large enough to be efficient but not too big such that squeezing out
excess water takes no more than two squeezing motions.
• Lightweight long-handled mops or squeegees should be used for cleaning smooth vertical surfaces and hard to reach areas.
• Step ladder which is stable and sturdy in construction to gain access to height.
• Impervious gloves e.g. rubber or plastic; of the correct size and length. Wear a layer of cotton glove inside for added comfort.
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Recommended Work PracticesWringing a cloth
The twisting force of the wringing action gets out more water than a simple squeeze, but this can cause wrist injury when done repetitively. To avoid injury, hold one hand above the other to produce a squeezing action – this allows both wrist joints to be in a straight neutral position.
Wiping horizontal/vertical surfaces
• Use effective cleaning products and let the cleaning products do the work.
• Divide the work into sections to allow task rotation.
• Alternate arms to reduce muscle fatigue.
Cleaning lift walls (Figure 4.3.1 & Figure 4.3.2)
• Stand upright and use a lightweight long-handled mop or squeegee.
• Adjust the length of a telescopic handle to minimise awkward bending and overreaching.
• Alternate hands to avoid fatigue.
• Use the legs, not just the arms to generate force.
• For over-the-shoulder activities:
- Limit time spent in this position.
- Allow for more frequent work breaks.
- Rotate tasks regularly to change the physical demands.
Figure 4.3.1: Avoid overextending, and working above shoulder height.
Figure 4.3.2: Attach a long handled pole to a piece of cloth to clean hard to reach places.
Important TipsWorkers must be instructed to work within their reach.
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Cleaning notice boards (Figure 4.3.4 & Figure 4.3.5):
Cleaning letter bins
• Reaching up while cleaning for long periods of time requires awkward and fixed positions of the arms, shoulders and neck. This task can lead to pain, stiffness in the neck, shoulders, arms and upper neck.
• The reach of workers can be extended by using cleaning/dusting tools with telescoping handles or standing on step ladders.
Cleaning/dusting high places
• Keep elbows close to the body to minimise over-reaching.
• Use lightweight tools with telescoping handles and bendable necks.
• Bend the neck of the handle to align it with the surface to be cleaned.
• Extend the telescopic handle and step back from the wall to improve neck posture.
• Use step ladders.
Figure 4.3.4: Avoid bending the body awkwardly.
Figure 4.3.5: Bend knees to squatand clean.
Important TipsWhen using telescopic cleaning tools:
• Keephandsinfrontandbetweenshoulders;
• Trytokeepelbowsbelowshoulderlevel;
• Holdthetoolacrossthebodywhilewalkingforwardtominimisearmmovements;and
• Workers canuse the tool to cleanhigher locationsbywalking forwardandcleanlower locations by walking backwards.
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4.4 Disposal of RefuseEquipment Selection• Impervious gloves which provide good grip and
preferably prevent sharps injury. Wear thin cotton gloves inside for added comfort.
• Activated charcoal face masks to reduce the user’s discomfort from foul smells.
• Non-slip safety shoes or boots.
• Long-handled tongs for picking up debris.
Recommended Work PracticesEmptying litter bins (Figure 4.4.1, Figure 4.4.2 & Figure 4.4.3)
• Check the weight of the bin by pushing or tilting it.
• Look over the contents of the bin for sharp points or protrusions and avoid touching the contents of the bins.
• Use proper lifting technique. Bend knees and keep the back straight when picking up or lowering litterbins.
• Change hands to pick up and lower litterbins.
• Keep fingers away from falling objects while emptying litter from litterbins.
• Empty litter bins frequently to avoid accumulation, which can result in heavy loads.
Figure 4.4.1: Keep the back straight. Use two hands to lift the bin cover.
Figure 4.4.2: Keep the spine straight and use long-handled tongs to remove litter from within litterbin.
Figure 4.4.3: Keep the back straight. Position the litterbin onto the bin cart before emptying the contents.
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Pushing bin cart to bin centre
Overloading the bin cart means greater force is needed to push it, particularly if going upslope. Also, ensure that materials are evenly distributed around the bin cart to increase stability. Unstable bin carts can easily topple when pushed over uneven surfaces, such as over road humps or uneven roads (Figure 4.4.4 & Figure 4.4.5).
• The bin cart should be stocked only with tools and materials that will be needed.
• The bin cart should be slowed down when it is rolled over road humps or uneven road surfaces.
• Routes where there is the need to push the bin cart upslope should be avoided.
Figure 4.4.4: Avoid clutter and unnecessary load on the cleaner by throwing away rubbish.
Figure 4.4.5: A multiple-use hand cart reduces the need for lifting and requires less force in pushing.
Important TipsWorkers should be instructed not to stop bin carts that tip over – this is to prevent straining.
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Transport of Refuse/Lifting of Dumpsters
Use a mechanised bulk bin dumpster, if available, to save time, increase efficiency and to avoid the need for manual lifting (Figure 4.4.8).
Figure 4.4.7: Keep the back straight during emptying and avoid lifts above the shoulder level.
Figure 4.4.8: Always transport refuse to the dump site using a battery-operated car.
Important TipsWorkers must check the weight of refuse bins. They must not lift them if they are too heavy!
Important TipsAlways mechanise where possible to avoid the need for manual handling of heavy loads.
Emptying refuse chutes (Figure 4.4.6 & Figure 4.4.7)
• Workers should always seek assistance from a co-worker.
• A visual check of the contents of the bin should be conducted, for sharp points or protrusions.
• The contents of the bins should not be touched.
• Grasp the lip around the rim of the refuse chute; use 2 hands if the chute is heavy and avoid bending of the wrists.
• The refuse chute must be positioned on the bulk bin before the contents are emptied.
• The bulk bin should not be overloaded.
Figure 4.4.6: Bend knees and with the back straight, lift the load with a good grip and keep the load close to the body. Do not lift and twist.
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Hard Hats/Helmets for Head ProtectionHead injuries may arise while maneuvering inside a pump room, water tank, where there may be low lying pipes. Hard hats/helmets are needed to protect the head while accessing such areas and when there is a danger of being struck by falling objects. Care, proper maintenance and usage of the hard hats/helmets are crucial to ensure adequate protection.
In addition, workers are at risk of being struck by falling objects when working near the sides of buildings. Workers can also be injured by being struck by rubbish falling down the rubbish chute. Thus, it is strongly encouraged that all workers, when disposing rubbish at the rubbish chute, wear the hard hats/helmets to prevent head injuries.
4.5 Handling Electrical EquipmentUsing the correct equipment can make work less physically demanding and reduce aches and pain. However, it can result in injuries to the workers and people around the work area, if workers are not trained on how to use and operate the equipment correctly and safely.
Electricity is a source of energy widely used to power and run many types of equipment and appliances. When work is carried out with an electric powered tool or electrical equipment, the worker is exposed to potential electrical hazard. An accident involving electricity can cause a range of injuries including electric shock, electrical burns and death.
Electrical appliances and equipment are generally safe for use if they are designed and manufactured to acceptable electrical standards and codes, and if they have been maintained and kept in good condition. Most electrical appliances are built with safeguards to prevent any over current or earth leakage from reaching a level dangerous enough to injure a person. It is important that such safeguards are checked regularly to provide the necessary protection.
Another common source of electrical hazard is electrical installations. Electrical installations must be installed in accordance with Singapore Standard CP5: Code of Practice for Electrical Installations. Such installations as well as repairs, maintenance and inspections should always be carried out by the electrical workers licensed by the Energy Market Authority.
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Common Types of Electrical Equipment Mechanical sweeper (Figure 4.4.9)
This equipment picks up waste through the exhaust hood at the side and deposits it into a bag. No human intervention is required except to empty the bag when it is full. However, the operator must be trained in operating the sweeper. As this is also driven on public roads, the operator has to observe traffic rules and be consistently aware of the surroundings.
Below are good practices to observe when operating the sweeper:
• Ensure that the operator is properly trained;
• Check equipment everyday before operating it;
• Do not speed;
• Observe traffic rules when travelling on public roads;
• Check behind for any persons when reversing;
• Operate according to manufacturer’s specifications;
• Maintain the equipment regularly;
• Do not improvise or modify equipment;
• Wear safety belt when driving the equipment;
• If noisy, wear ear plugs.
Figure 4.4.9: Mechanical sweeper.
Important TipsAll electrical equipment can cause electrocution. Electrical equipment must be inspected daily before use.
Conduct visual inspection to detect the following:
- Improper wiring;
- Exposed electrical parts or wiring;
- Damaged or charred insulation;
- Overloading of circuit from plugging too many appliances on the same source (main socket); and
- Connections in contact with water.
Ensure that electrical installations are in accordance with Singapore Standard CP 5: Code of Practice for Electrical Installations.
Ensure that all installations, repairs, maintenance and inspections are carried out by electrical workers licensed by Energy Market Authority.
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Mechanical scrubber (Figure 4.4.10)
The use of a scrubber eliminates the need for cleaners to manually scrub tiles. Cleaners should wear impervious boots and gloves while carrying out the work and, wear ear plugs, if it is noisy.
Figure 4.4.10: Mechanical scrubber.
Important Tips• Containmenttraysaretobeusedwhenpouringchemicals.
• Workersmustwearnon-sliprubberboots.
• Putupwarningsigns.
• Cordontheareathatneedstobecleanedtopreventslipsandtrips.
• Controlthescrubbingmachineclosetoyourbody.Arrangethewireproperlyandplace it at the side.
• Maintainandservicetheequipmentregularly.
Figure 4.4.11: Put on personal protective equipment.
Figure 4.4.12: Wear non-slip rubber boots and impervious gloves, safety goggles and ear plugs.
Pressurised washing using spray jet (Figure 4.4.11 & Figure 4.4.12)
The use of pressurised washing helps to shorten cleaning work. Pressurised water jets, used to provide high pressure water to clean the floor, can become dangerous should the operator lose control of the jet. This may result in injury to the operator or others within the cleaning area. Precautious must be taken against sudden surge of water when the motor powering the spray gun is switched on. It is a good practice to turn off the motor when it is not in use.
When washing, the spray jet operator should wear the following protective gear:
• Non-slip rubber boots and impervious gloves;
• A suitable face shield or safety glasses to protect the eyes; and
• Ear plugs if it is noisy.
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Important TipsThe following practices can ensure safe operations during the use of pressurised washing.
• Cordonareaduringwashingtopreventslipsandfalls.
• Ensureelectricalcables,unlessdesignedtobeusedinwetconditions,arenotlyingon a wet floor.
• Handlethepressurejetcarefully.
• Bewareofbackpressurewhenthemotoristurnedon.
• Pointthepressurejetgunawayfromthefeetduringwashing.
• Plantherouteoftravelofthewaterjet.
• Turnoffthespraygunwhennotinuse.
• Donotentanglethewaterhose.
• Lookoutformembersofpublicwhilecleaning.
• Switchoffthemachineandturnoffthewatersupplyimmediatelyafterwashing.
Battery Operated Cart (BOC)
Battery Operated Cart (BOC) is a common vehicle used to ferry the rubbish bins to and from the rubbish chutes and the rubbish collection centre. The BOC increases efficiency and productivity. It is useful for the removal of big and bulky items such as discarded furniture. However, cleaners must be adequately trained to operate the equipment.
Important Tips• EnsurethatcleanersaretrainedbeforeoperatingtheBOC.
• Checkthatheadlights,signals,hazardlightsandbrakesareworkingproperlybeforeuse.
• AllitemsplacedontheBOCmustbesecuredtopreventthemfallingoff.
• Rubbishbinsmustbecoveredwithacanvassheet.
• Cleanersmustbetrainedandinstructedtodrivesafely.
• Nospeedingshouldbeallowed.
• Alwaysgivewaytomembersofpublic.
• TheBOCmustonlybeoperatedwithintheestateapronareaandpavementonly.
• EnsurethatBOCismaintainedregularlytoremainserviceable.
• EnsurethattheexternalstructureofBOCismadeofsoundmaterialandisofgoodconstruction.
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4.6 Handling ChemicalsWorkers are exposed to many hazardous chemicals. Many common cleaning products (glass cleaner, floor finish, metal polish, detergents, and disinfectants) contain solvents and corrosive/caustic agents. Direct skin contact with some of these chemicals can cause burns or allergy. Prolonged contact can cause skin rashes due to irritation. Chemical spills or splashes can cause damage to the eyes and may lead to blindness. Volatile chemicals such as solvents, if inhaled, can cause drowsiness and even poisoning. Irritating vapours can cause coughing, breathing problems and occupational asthma. High concentrations of harmful vapours or gases can accumulate particularly in poorly ventilated or confined areas. It is therefore important for workers to be aware of the hazards and to adopt safe work practices to avoid chemical exposure.
Figure 4.6.1: Ensure that workers know their chemicals and are provided with the correct personal protective equipment when doing their work.
Common Chemical HazardsTake the necessary precautionary measures to protect against chemical hazards (Figure 4.6.1) :
• Know about the chemicals used by reading the Safety Data Sheets (SDS);
• Read the labels on chemical containers;
• To prevent breathing in the chemicals, wear appropriate masks, check the relevant SDS for selecting the correct type of masks;
• To prevent skin absorption or contact:
- Wear gloves, safety glasses/goggles and appropriate personal protective equipment at all times when handling chemicals;
- Check the SDS for correct type of material for gloves, shoes, sleeves; and
- Wash immediately after contact with any chemical.
• To prevent accidental ingestion, good personal hygiene must be practiced. Workers must be instructed not to eat, drink or smoke when hands are dirty; and
• Ensure that all persons handling chemicals follow safe work procedures to protect themselves.
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Workers should be protected by blocking entry of chemicals into the body or preventing direct contact with chemicals.
Inhalation Skin contact Ingestion
1Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) are information sheets about chemical substances provided by chemical manufacturers or suppliers. They contain information on the identity and properties of the chemical ingredients, their toxic or health effects, fire and explosion hazards, safety precautions and emergency procedures.
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Understanding LabelsTo interpret the labels, refer to the table below for more information.
GHS Pictograms/
SymbolsHazard Examples of
ChemicalsPrecautions for Safe
Handling and Storage
Corrosives
• Can burn skin
• Can damage or eat away metal, wood and other materials
• Acids (hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid)
• Bases (ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide)
• Avoid skin contact
• Protect eyes and face
• Practise good personal hygiene
• Store in proper containers
• Keep containers in trays to avoid leaks
• Keep corrosives away from incompatible or flammable materials (e.g. separate organic acids from inorganic acids)
Flammables
• Catch fire at room temperature
• Gases (hydrogen, acetylene)
• Liquids (gasoline, thinner, alcohol)
• Avoid ignition sources (e.g. flames, hot surfaces)
• Avoid storage in bulk
• Ventilate storage areas
Acute toxicity (Severe)
• Cyanide • Use mechanical or enclosed processes to avoid contact
• Provide local exhaust ventilation or dilution ventilation
• Practise good personal hygiene (wash hands before eating and keep food and drinks away from work areas)
• Wear suitable personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Label containers
• Avoid bulk storage
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GHS Pictograms/
SymbolsHazard Examples of
ChemicalsPrecautions for Safe
Handling and Storage
Irritant • Solvents
• Cleaning agents
• Lubricants
• Coolants
• Use mechanical or enclosed processes to avoid contact
• Provide local exhaust ventilation or dilution ventilation
• Practise good personal hygiene (wash hands before eating and keep food and drinks away from work areas)
• Wear suitable PPEs
Carcinogens
• Cancer causing
• Benzene
• Asbestos
• Arsenic
• Substitute with less hazardous chemicals
• Use mechanical or enclosed processes to avoid contact
• Provide local exhaust ventilation or dilution ventilation
• Wear suitable PPEs
Oxidizers
• Substances that give off oxygen and react to cause fire or explosion
• Peroxide (organic and inorganic)
• Nitric acid
• Avoid incompatible materials (e.g. flammable materials)
• Avoid heat and ignition sources (e.g. flames, hot surfaces)
• Provide adequate ventilation
• Avoid bulk storage
• Store at correct temperature
• Provide trays for storage areas to contain spills
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Important TipsStorage• EverystoredchemicalshouldhaveaSafetyDataSheet(SDS).
• Storeflammablesinsteelcabinetsawayfromnakedflamesandheatsource.
• Restrictaccesstohazardouschemicalstorageareas.
• Ensurethatallchemicalcontainersareproperlylabelled.
TrainingWorkers should be trained in:
• Recognisingsafetyandhealthhazards;
• Preventivemeasures;
• Safehandlingofchemicals
• Usageofsuitablepersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE);and
• Emergencyprocedures.
HandlingWorkers should:
• WearappropriatePPEatalltimeswhenhandlingchemicals.
• Notmixcleaningchemicalscontainingbleach(sodiumhypochlorite)withanacidastoxic gases (chlorine) may be liberated.
• Cleanupanyspillageonfloorsorsurfacesimmediately.
• Go for medical examinations, if they are exposed to chemicals listed under theFactories (Medical Examinations) Regulations.
Emergency measures• Provideemergencyshowersandeyewashwherecorrosivesarehandled.
4.7 Protection against Biological HazardsWhen conducting risk assessment, biological hazards and the risks they pose to workers must be considered.
In the course of their work, workers can come into contact with biological hazards such as saliva and sputum. Workers may also be tasked to disinfect workplaces after communicable diseases e.g. chickenpox, hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD), Influenza A (H1N1-2009) have been detected. Some surfaces which are likely to be contaminated include floor, door knobs, benches, tables and buttons in lifts.
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If the risk assessment indicates that workers may come into contact with biological hazards e.g. where suspected / known cases of communicable diseases have occured, additional protective measures must be put in place to safeguard their health.
a) Use of personal protective equipment
• Disposable impervious gloves.
• Safety boots or shoes.
• Disposable gowns.
• Goggles: to prevent accidental hand contact to eyes and sphlases.
• N95 mask.
• Gloves must be removed, discarded and replaced with a new pair if they get damaged or soiled.
• All other disposable PPE must be removed and discarded after cleaning activities have been completed. Discarded items are to be securely sealed in a bag and labelled as biohazard waste. Such bags are to be disposed as with other types of biohazard waste.
• If used, goggles, boots, and shoes should be disinfected according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.
b) Observance of good personal hygiene
• After completion of cleaning or disinfection work in such areas and the PPE has been removed, workers must wash their hands immediately and throughly to minimise the risk of transmission
c) Informing supervisor if unwell
• Workers that are assigned to such duties must also be informed of the symptoms of infection and they must be strongly encouraged to report to their supervisors if they develop symptoms. Symptoms may only develop after a few years, depending on the type of disease.
Correct Use of N95 Masks• Checkforcorrectsize.
• Ensureproperfit(showdiagramonfit-testing).
• DonottouchN95maskswithcontaminatedhandsasdropletsfromglovescanbeasource of infection.
• Discardandchangewhenphysicallydamaged.
• Workers must inform their supervisor if they feel dizzy, experience difficulty inbreathing and skin irritation.
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4.8 Working at HeightWorkers may need to work at height when carrying out cleaning work such as working on rooftops of covered link ways, clearing debris on gutters, checking gutters for mosquito breeding and cleaning hard to reach surfaces.
As far as reasonably practicable, work at height should be avoided.
In Singapore, falls from height is one of the most common causes of workplace death. Workers can potentially slip and fall from ladders, lose balance and fall if there is no barrier protection, trip and fall, fall through glass roof panes, etc. Employers should take all precautions to prevent falls.
Questions to Ask Before Working at Height• Can work at height be avoided?
• Has a plan been developed for the work?
• Have hazards been identified and the risks managed?
• Have appropriate fall protection measures been selected and implemented e.g. installing barricades, selecting the most suitable equipment, etc.?
• Have the workers involved been properly trained?
• Has a buddy-system been put in place?
• Has sufficient supervision been provided?
• Have all precautionary measures been taken?
• Have equipment been checked for defects?
• If there is still a residual risk of fall, what are the measures in place to minimise the potential injury?
Important Tips• Workersmustbeinstructedandtrainedtorecogniseandnottostepontosurfaces
which cannot take a person’s weight. Accidents have occurred when workers stepped on glass panels, ceiling tiles and panels.
• Barricadethesurroundingareawheretheworkisbeingcarriedout.
• If eliminating or avoiding working at height is not possible, ensure provision ofadequate protection for workers such as guard railing, safety harness, and safety mesh erected around the work area.
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Important Tips• Inspect the ladderbefore andafter eachuse.Donotusedefective ladders e.g. a
ladder with broken or missing rungs: loose hinges, or missing screws or bolts.
• Makesurethat:
- Only one hand needs to be used for work;
- Work can be reached easily;
- The ladder is stable; and
- It has a good hand hold.
• Setladdersonaflatfirmsurface,using:
- Slip-resistant feet;
- Secure blocking; or
- Use ties.
• Iftheladdercannotbesecured,haveasecondpersonstandingatthefootoftheladder and holding it while in use.
• Angletheladdertominimiseriskofoutwardslipping.
• Extend ladders about 1mabove theworkingplatform toprovide ahandhold forworkers.
• Position the ladder to reach thework area safely anddonot climborworkoffaladder unless it is possible to maintain holds onto the ladder during work.
• Facetheladderwhenstandingonitandwhenclimbingupordown.
• Keepthecentreofthebodywithinthesiderails.
• Ensurethatanotherco-workerholdsontotheladdertostabilsetheladder.
• Donotusethetopplatformofastepladderunlessithasspecialhandholds.
• Ensure stepladders are positioned on level ground and follow manufacturer’sinstructions for use.
• Examineladderregularlyfordefects.
• Workersmustbeinstructednottoattempttorepairdefectiveladders.
Common Work at Height Equipment Ladder
A ladder is a commonly used piece of equipment for working at height. The ladder should be maintained to ensure that it is in good working condition. Conduct a visual inspection before every use. Only use ladders if there are no better means of access.
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Lifeline
Securing a lifeline is critical for work at height so that workers can have a proper anchorage for their safety harness/safety belt. When a worker is required to carry out cleaning or maintenance work to the external façade of a building, a lifeline can be secured to a firm point of anchorage. This practice is encouraged to ensure the worker’s safety while working at height.
Scaffold
Scaffolds (fixed or mobile) can be used in areas where ladders are not suitable. Refer to the WSH (Scaffold) Regulations for more information on the erection and use of scaffolds.
Mobile Elevated Work Platform (MEWP) - Boomlift
A Mobile Elevated Work Platform (MEWP) offers greater protection to workers. The operator must be trained to operate the machine competently. The provision of a supervisor is also important. This equipment can be manoeuvred to reach difficult areas.
Mobile Elevated Work Platform (MEWP) - Scissor lift
A scissor lift offers direct straight elevation of height but care must be taken to prevent overstretching of the body to the contact surface. Workers need to be competent and trained to operate this equipment.
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Employers are encouraged to develop and implement a comprehensive workplace safety and health (WSH) management programme to establish a safe and healthy working environment, so as to prevent workplace accidents and work-related illnesses. For wider acceptance, management and workers should work together to develop the programme.
5.1 WSH Policy and OrganisationThe management’s commitment is important to ensure the success of a WSH management programme. There should be a written policy which clearly states the management’s commitment and approach towards establishing a safe and healthy work environment. The policy should state the organisation’s safety and health philosophy and structure, including objectives and goals to be achieved. It should spell out the duties and responsibilities of both management and staff. The written policy should be endorsed by the top management and communicated to all levels of staff, including sub-contractors.
Management commitment can be demonstrated by:
• Implementing WSH policies, programmes and training with top management support.
• Establishing appropriate WSH performance goals throughout the organisation.
• Organising and participating in WSH activities.
• Giving recognition to WSH in work performance reviews.
• Giving praise to employees who work safely and counselling those who do not.
Responsibilities of Employer and Employee The employer has a duty to ensure the safety and health of their staff and should take the lead in promoting WSH. WSH personnel should be appointed to advise management on all WSH matters and to assist in the implementation of WSH programmes. Employees should understand that safety and health is not just the responsibility of the employer, but that they too have a role to play.
5. Workplace Safety and Health Management Programme
Responsibilities of Employers and EmployeesEmployer• DevelopandimplementaneffectiveWSHprogramme.
• Inform all staff of the workplace hazards and ensure that WSH rules, trainingschedules and safe work procedures are followed.
• Provideadequatetraining.
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• Provideproperequipmentincludingpersonalprotectiveequipment.
• Providewelfarefacilitieslikerestareas.
• Providefirstaidboxes.
• DocumenttheWSHprogrammeandkeeprecordsofallreportedaccidents,incidentsand diseases.
Employees• Followinstructionsandsafeworkprocedures.
• AttendWSHtraining.
• Usethesafetydevicesandpersonalprotectiveequipmentprovidedinthecorrectmanner.
• Reportaccidents,incidents,diseasesandanyworkplacehazardstothesupervisororemployer.
• Suggestwaystoimprovethesafetyandhealthofthework.
5.2 Risk ManagementRisk management is a key component to reduce risks at source. Under the WSH Act, risk management duties are imposed on every employer, self-employed person and principal (including contractor and sub-contractor). These parties must take all reasonably practicable measures to ensure that the workplace is safe and without risks to every person within its premise.
The responsible parties must identify workplace hazards by reviewing both routine and non-routine activities carried out by workers and the equipment used, assess the risks posed by the hazards and develop measures to control the hazards. Before implementation, it is advisable to test the feasibility of the recommended measures. It is important to document the risk management process. The steps in a risk management exercise are summarised in the flowchart below:
Refer to Chapter 3 for more information on Risk Assessment.
Select activities andequipment for
analysis
Identify the hazards involved
Assess the hazards and risks involved
Implement measures to control
the hazards
Evaluate effectiveness of
control measures and record findings
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5.3 Safe Work ProceduresEmployers are encouraged to establish safe work procedures for the various types of work carried out. Safe work procedures should be effectively communicated to all staff, during orientation of new staff and at regular intervals for existing staff. Employers should establish a system to ensure that existing safe work procedures are reviewed whenever new equipment or processes are introduced or when there are changes to the operating procedures.
5.4 Safety TrainingSafety training is important in providing staff with the knowledge and skills to work in a safe manner. A system to identify the safety training needs for each level of staff is useful for making training plans. Safety training for supervisors is particularly important as they have to ensure that their workers work in a safe manner. Safety training can be incorporated into the operational training of the staff. Such training can be carried out on-the-job, by trained supervisors, or by external trainers. Training records should be kept and training materials reviewed whenever new equipment or processes are introduced or when there are changes to the operating procedures.
What should the safety training cover?- Risks associated with the work.
- Workplace safety and health policies, safety measures and safe work procedures.
- Proper usage of equipment and personal protective equipment.
When should the safety training be conducted?• During orientation of new employees.
• When new equipment or processes are introduced.
• When staff are transferred to another department.
• Periodically for existing staff.
Useful Guides for Risk Management• GuidetoWorkplaceSafetyandHealth(RiskManagement)Regulations.
• QuickGuidetoRiskAssessment.
• RiskAssessmentGuidelines.
• ActivityBasedRiskAssessmentForm.
• TradeBasedRiskAssessmentForm.
For more information on risk management, refer to the MOM website at www.mom.gov.sg.
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Target Audience
Operations Supervisory Managerial
Follow safe workpractices and risk controlprocedures
Interpret workplacesafety and health policies,procedures andprogrammes
Identifyresponsibilities under theWorkplace Safety andHealth Act (WSH Act)
Participate inworkplace safety andhealth managementactivities
Educate workers onworkplace safety andhealth policies,procedures andprogrammes
Establish andmaintain workplace safetyand health framework
Follow workplaceemergency responseprocedures
Implement andcontrol workplace safetyand health managementprogrammes
Establish andevaluate workplace safetyand health system,policies, procedures andprogrammes
Implementworkplace riskmanagement programmes
Establish workplacerisk managementprocedures
Maintain workplacerisk control measures
Risk control measures
For more information on workplace safety and health training, visit the Singapore Workforce Development Agency (WDA) website at www.wda.gov.sg.
5.5 Communication Group meetings should be conducted regularly to discuss safety and health issues and to disseminate safety and health information to staff, including contractors. Employers should provide adequate facilities for such meetings.
All staff should be encouraged to participate. Daily briefs and de-briefs (toolbox meeting) can serve as effective channels for conveying WSH messages and information.
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5.6 Employee ParticipationWorkplaces with 50 or more workers should form WSH committees with representation from management and employees. Details on the establishment of WSH committees and its function can be found in the Workplace Safety and Health (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations.
Employers should encourage their employees to form WSH Innovation Teams. This will provide them with a channel to contribute ideas and solutions to make their workplace a safer and more productive one.
5.7 Accident, Incident and Disease Investigation and AnalysisEvery accident, incident or occupational disease occurring at the workplace should be investigated in order to identify the root cause so as to prevent similar occurrences in the future.
A system should be established for reporting and investigating any work-related accident, incident or disease. Lessons learnt from the investigations should be communicated to relevant staff. Accident statistics should be collected and analysed to identify problem areas and trends.
5.8 In-house WSH Rules and RegulationsA set of written WSH rules and regulations should be established for compliance by staff and contractors. These also serve as a reminder of their safety and health obligations and responsibilities. Key legal requirements can be incorporated into these rules and regulations.
More specific or detailed safety rules and regulations can be developed by each department.
Legal Requirement for Incident ReportingThere are legal requirements for the notification of work-related accidents and occupational diseases to the Ministry of Manpower. For more information on incident reporting refer to the MOM website at www.mom.gov.sg.
Examples of Occupational Diseases Requiring Notification
• Occupationalskindisease.
• Noise-induceddeafness.
• Repetitivestraindisordersoftheupperlimb.
• Occupationalasthma.
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Useful References for Setting Up Safety Rules and Regulations• NationalOSHlegislationandguidelinesontheMOMwebsiteatwww.mom.gov.sg.
• RelevantSingaporeStandardsandCodesofPractice.
• Overseasguidelines(seeReferenceSection).
5.9 Safety Promotion Employers should establish promotional programmes to create WSH awareness, and to build a strong safety culture at the workplace.
The following are some promotional activities that can be organised:
• Participation in WSH talks, seminars and exhibitions;
• Participation in the National WSH Campaign;
• Participation in national WSH competitions e.g. Safety Starts with Me competition, WSH Innovation Awards;
• Subscription to WSH Bulletin on the WSH Council Website at www.wshc.gov.sg;
• Inclusion of WSH section in town council newsletters;
• In-house poster competitions, quiz competitions, best WSH-conscious work team competitions and WSH exhibitions.
5.10 Evaluation, Selection and Control of ContractorsIt is common for respective managing agents (MA) and town councils to appoint contractors for certain jobs in their premises. The MA should establish a system to evaluate, select and control contractors. Such a system allows the MA to assess contractors based on their safety policy and procedures, WSH performance records, WSH training and evidence of competency records, before any work is awarded. The bizSAFE programme implemented by the Workplace Safety and Health Council (WSHC) provides a yardstick for the MAs and town councils to select contractors.
For more information on bizSAFE, refer to the WSH Council website at www.wshc.gov.sg
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Examples of Occupational Health Programmes
Hazards Programme
Excessive noise Hearing Conservation Programme
Chemicals, radioactive material, blood, urine, faeces
Management of Hazardous Substances Programme
Awkward work postures, repetitive work, manual handling Ergonomics Programme
5.11 Safety InspectionMAs and town councils should establish an effective programme to carry out periodic inspections to identify potential hazards, unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace, as well as to monitor any changes in the work processes. Please refer to the sample inspection checklist provided. Such inspections should involve both the management and employees. Findings from such inspections should be recorded and analysed. Recommendations and follow-up actions should be properly documented. Employers are to ensure that the follow-up actions are adhered to.
5.12 Maintenance ProgrammeAn effective maintenance programme should be established for all equipment (e.g. cleaning and lifting equipment) and tools used. This will help prevent accidents resulting from the failure of such equipment and tools.
The programme should include the establishment of a complete list of machinery and equipment used within the premises, inspection and maintenance schedules and records. There should also be a system for staff to report any defective or damaged tool or equipment in the course of their work.
5.13 Occupational Health ProgrammesOccupational health programmes targeted at specific hazards should be established. Each programme should specify the objectives, person-in-charge, component activities and frequency.
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Ear Plugs – Hearing Protection To prevent hearing loss, a person should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85dBA for 8 hours a day or its equivalent. Where the permissible exposure level is exceeded, measures should be taken to reduce noise exposure. Hearing protectors should be worn at all times when exposed to loud noise and they should be worn properly to ensure good fit. The hearing protectors should be washed with soap and water everyday to keep them clean.
The noise level in most cleaning and custodial work can be controlled using ear plugs. Ear plugs are more comfortable than ear muffs. Ear muffs are not needed unless the noise level exceeds 100 dB(A), where both ear muffs and ear plugs are to be worn (Figure 5.13.1 - Figure 5.13.3).
Figure 5.13.1: Disposable ear plugs.
Noise Control Solutions• Replacenoisymachinery.
• Locatenoisesourcesawayfromhardwallsorcorners.
• Isolateorenclosenoisesources.
• Constructsuitablenoiseenclosuresorbarriers.
• Lineinteriorsurfaceswithsoundabsorbingmaterials.
• Maintainmachineryandequipmentatregularintervals.
• Wearearplugsorearmuffs.
• Turndownthevolumeofamplifiers.
Permissible exposure levels showing the corresponding length of time allowed for the various noise levels.
Figure 5.13.2: Reusable ear plugs.
Figure 5.13.3: Ear muffs.
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Sound Pressure Level dB(A) Maximum Duration per Day
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
100 15 minutes
103 7.5 minutes
106 4 minutes
109 2 minutes
111 1 minute
Useful Guidelines for Controlling Noise Hazard• GuidelinesonIndustrialNoiseandVibrationControl.
• HearingConservationProgrammeGuidelines.
• AGuideforNoiseControlintheMusicEntertainmentIndustry.
The above guidelines are available on the MOM website at www.mom.gov.sg.
5.14 Emergency PreparednessThe establishment and effective implementation of an emergency response plan is crucial in saving lives and mitigating losses should an emergency situation arise.
An Emergency Response Team should also be established, with the duties and responsibilities of each member clearly defined. Management should ensure that all staff are familiar with the plan and procedures in the event of an emergency. Regular drills and exercises should therefore be conducted. An evaluation of the drill performance should be carried out and lessons learnt used for improving the plan. What should be included in an Emergency Response Plan?
• Procedures for the raising of alarm.
• Procedures for the evacuation and rescue of victims.
• Provision of the means of rescue and first aid.
• Provision of a means of communication with the relevant government authorities and response agencies.
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Examples of an emergency situation:
• Fire;
• Failure/ collapse of structure;
• Harmful gas leakage.
5.15 Documentation and Review of ProgrammeThere should be a system for the documentation and regular review of the programme. This is to facilitate retrieval of relevant documents and to ensure that the programmes remain relevant and effective. All revisions to the safety and health manual should be dated and endorsed by authorised personnel. Recommendations that result from such reviews should be considered and implemented wherever possible.
Sample Inspection ChecklistThe sample inspection checklist can be used when conducting regular safety inspections. Go over every aspect of the workplace to identify possible hazards, unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace, as well as to monitor any changes in the work process.
Yes No Actions to Take
Floors and Walkways
Are aisles clear of materials or equipment?
Are main aisles at least 1.12 m wide?
Are doorways clear of materials or equipment?
Are carpets or tiles in good condition, free of tripping hazard?
Are floors clean and free of oil or grease?
Are floors kept dry?
Stairs and Ladders
Are ladders safe and in good condition?
Are stairwells clear of materials and equipment?
Are stairs and handrails in good condition?
Are ladders and stairs provided with anti-slip strips?
Electrical Safety
Are electrical wires in good condition?
Is there clear access to electrical panels?
Are proper plugs used?
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Yes No Actions to Take
Are plugs, sockets, and switches in good condition?
Are portable power tools and electrical equipment in good condition?
Fire Safety
Are fire extinguishers clearly marked?
Are fire extinguishers properly installed on walls?
Have fire extinguishers been inspected within the last year?
Are workers trained to use fire extinguishers?
Are flammable liquids properly stored?
Are smoke and fire alarms in place and properly maintained?
Are emergency lights in working condition?
Have sprinkler systems been inspected?
Are emergency exits clear of materials or equipment?
Are emergency exit signs working?
Are emergency lighting units provided?
Equipment and Machinery
Are equipment and machinery maintained in good condition?
Is machinery securely guarded?
Are operators properly trained?
Are switches clearly marked and easy to reach?
Is a lockout procedure in place?
Is there enough work space?
Are noise levels controlled?
Chemicals
Are Safety Data Sheets(SDSs) provided for all chemicals?
Are workers trained in identification of the hazards and the preventive measures to observe?
Are relevant personal protective equipment provided?
Are containers clearly labelled?
Are chemicals properly stored?
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Yes No Actions to Take
Are hazardous materials disposed of properly?
Are there procedures for chemical spills?
First Aid
Is the first aid box accessible and clearly labelled?
Is the first aid box adequate and complete?
Are emergency numbers displayed?
Are there trained first aiders?
Personal Protective Equipment
Do workers know where to find personal protective equipment?
• Eye/face protection • Aprons
• Boots • Helmets
• Gloves • Ear plug
• Aprons
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A. Ministry of Manpower - Occupational Safety and Health Division
Legislation:
The following legislation is available on the MOM website at www.mom.gov.sg.
• The Workplace Safety and Health Act
• The Workplace Safety and Health Subsidiary Legislation
• Factories Subsidiary Legislations
Guides to managing workplace hazard:
The following guides are available on the MOM website at www.mom.gov.sg.
• Safety Circular on Lock-out Procedures (2000)
• Safety Circular on Safe Work Procedures (2000)
• Safety Circular on Electrical Safety
• Hearing Conservation Programme Guidelines (2002)
• Factsheets on Successful Noise Control Case Studies
• Guidelines for Industrial Noise and Vibration Control (1999)
• Guidelines on Prevention and Control of Chemical Hazard (2002)
• Guidelines on Solvent Management in Dry Cleaning (2000)
• Guidelines on Risk Assessment for Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemicals (2002)
B. Workplace Safety and Health CouncilThe following guides are available on the WSH Council website at www.wshc.gov.sg.
• Technical Advisory for Work in Noisy Environment
• Technical Advisory for Falling from Height
C. Singapore Workforce Skills QualificationsFor more information visit the Singapore Workforce Development Agency (WDA) or www.wda.gov.sg.
6. Useful References
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D. Singapore Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING)
• Singapore Standards CP92: 2002 Code of Practice for Manual Handling
• Singapore Standards CP76: 1999 Code of Practice for Selection, Use, Care and Maintenance of Hearing Protection
• Singapore Standards. SS506
ContactFor further enquiries, please email us at Work Safety Health Council, [email protected] report accidents, dangerous occurrences and occupational diseases, visit: www.mom.gov.sg/ireport.
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ContributorsMinistry of ManpowerOccupational Safety and Health Division
• Dr Gan Siok Lin, Senior Specialist, Occupational Medicine
• Dr Sylvia Teo, Senior Specialist, Occupational Medicine
• Mr Ivan Goh, Specialist (Safety Engineering)
Workplace Safety and Health Council• Er. Tan Kee Chong, Senior Assistant Director (Practices and Information)
• Moon Loh, Manager (WSH Practices)
• Morris Hiang, Assistant Manager (WSH Practices)
NTUC Quality Worklife • Mr Yeo Guat Kwang, Alignment Director
• Ms Celia Yip, Principal Executive
Building Construction and Timber Industries Employees’ Union• Ms Jennie Yeo, Deputy Executive Secretary
• Mr Edmund Ng, Principal Industrial Relations Officer
Bishan – Toa Payoh Town Council• Mr Dennis Foo Hee Seng, Deputy General Manager
CPG Facilities Management Pte Ltd• Mr Jeffrey Chua, Managing Director
• Mr Lee Kok Tai, Senior Property Manager
7. Acknowledgements
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EM Services Pte Ltd• Mr Yeo Jin Kiat, Property Manager
Jurong Town Council / United PREMAS Limited• Mr Kam Teck Kwong, Deputy General Manager
Sembcorp Environment Pte Ltd • Mr Milton Ng, Senior Vice President (GM Office)
• Mr Daman Yeo, Assistant Training Manager
All pictures used for illustrative purposes in the Guideline are reproduced with the courtesy of:
• Ban Chuan Trading & Engineering Pte Ltd
• Aljunied Town Council
• CPG Facilities Management Pte Ltd
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Annex ATable 1 General Penalties for Offences for Which No Penalty is Prescribed Under the Act.
Category of Offender Maximum Fine Maximum Imprisonment Conditions
Individual persons $ 200, 000 2 years Either or both
Workers $ 500,000
For failure to use personal protective equipment or misuse of any safety appliance
a) 1st conviction - $1,000b) 2nd or subsequent conviction – $ 2,000
Corporate body $ 1 million 2 years Either or both
Table 2 Failure to Comply With Remedial Order or Stop Work Order.
Category of Offender Maximum Fine Maximum Imprisonment Conditions
Person who fails to comply with a Remedial Order
$ 50,000
12 months Either or bothIf offence is continued after conviction
Additional fine of $5,000 for each day the offence continues
Person who fails to comply with a Stop Work Order
$ 500,000
12 months Either or bothIf the offence is continued after conviction
$ 20,000 for each day the offence continues.
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8. Annexes
* PULL OUT PAGES
* PULL OUT PAGES
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
Medium (M)
Environmental Assessment
In terms of pollution, will cause moderate damage to the environment that requires general expertise and resources for corrective actions or impact affects or is likely to affect the entire site or In terms of resource use, moderate use of resource and resource type is non-renewable or scarce or
Legal Considerations
Non-compliance with legal requirements that result in penalties
Low (L)
Occupational Health and Safety Assessment
• No injury, injury or ill-health requiring first aid treatment only (includes minor cuts and bruises, irritation, ill-health with temporary discomfort) or will cause limited or insignificant damage to properties < S$ 5,000 or
Environmental Assessment
In terms of pollution, will cause limited or insignificant environmental damage that can be undone without major cost implications or impact is likely localised orIn terms of resource use, negligible use of resources or resource type is renewable or not scarce or
Legal Considerations
Compliance with legal requirements
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SeverityLikelihood
High Medium Low
High (H) Significant Significant Moderate
Medium (M) Significant Moderate Not Significant
Low (L) Moderate Not Significant Not Significant
Significance Rating
Acceptability of Impact /
RiskImprovement Actions
Not significant Acceptable No further action required.
Moderate Moderately acceptable
• Careful evaluation of the hazards / aspects should be carried out to ensure that the risk / impact level is reduced to as low as is practicable within a defined time period.
• To consider introducing engineering controls, administrative actions, operational control procedures or take the aspects / hazards into account in the setting of objectives and targets.
Significant Not acceptable
Introduce engineering controls, administrative actions, operational control procedures or take the significant aspects / hazards into account in the setting of objectives and targets.
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Determination of Severity
Annex B
Assessment Conducted by: Assessment Approved by: Date of Assessment: Date of Next Review:
Note: Review of Register is to be conducted once every three years or whenever there are changes in processes or work activities, whichever is earlier.
Severity
LikelihoodMajor Moderate Minor
Frequent High High Medium
Occasional High Medium Low
Remote Medium Low Low
No.Activities/ Products/ Services
EHS Aspect / Hazard EHS Impact / ConsequenceExisting EHS Impact / Risk Control Measures
(if any)
Likelihood (High/Med/
Low)
Severity(High/ Med/
Low)
Risk Level
Additional Impact / Risk Control Measures
Action Execution
Date (where applicable)
1. Sweeping Slip and fall Bodily injury – slip and fall • Stand 2 steps down during cleaning• Clear obstructions• Avoid running• Wear non-slip safety shoes
Occasional Moderate Medium
Hit by falling objects Head injury • Sweeping to commence at 6.30 am• Look for signs of high risk before starting work e.g. thrown objects
on floor and objects placed precariously on balconies
Occasional Major High Wear hard hat if risk of falling objects is high
Step on sharp objects Foot injury Wear non-slip safety shoes Occasional Moderate Medium
Inhalation of dust Allergy / irritation from inhalation of dust
• Wear dust mask • Daily sweeping to minimise dust• Don’t leave untied trash bags open for too long• Gently discard debris and litter by sweeping into dustpan and
emptying into trash bags or bins
Frequent Minor Medium Vacuum area instead of sweeping if very dusty
Contact with animal excrement Worm infestation Wear impervious glove and non-slip impervious shoes Remote Moderate Low
2. Mopping of floors
Slips and falls dueto slippery surface / wet floors
Head and other bodily injuries • Wear impervious gloves, non-slip safety shoes or boots• Signs to warn public of wet floor• No running or horse play on wet surfaces
Occasional Moderate Medium The waste water should be disposed into the gully at the wash area
Improper technique or excessive work duration
Muscular injury • Mop away from wet surface• Allow adequate rest breaks and set maximum work hours
Occasional Minor Low Job rotation
High pressure washing of floors
Slip and fall due to slippery floor, hose and wires
Injury to body Wear non-slip rubber boots Occasional Moderate Medium • Never horse play with the pressure jet• Never clean anyone with the high pressure jet
Loose or improper connections or broken wire
Electrocution • Use waterproof industrial plug• Before commencement of work, check and ensure no naked wire to
avoid electrocution
• Ensure that the plug is in good working condition• Switch off machine and turn off water supply
immediately after washing
Hit by machine Never horse play with the pressure jet
Injured by high pressure jet water Always point the pressure jet gun away from the feet during washing
4. Scrubbing of floor tiles
• Spillage of chemical / acids • Foot injury hit by machine• Loose wiring- trip, fall and slip
• Surface water pollution • Injury to body • Skin dermatitis – contact with
chemicals
• Use small quantity of mild acids dipped on rags during cleaning• Containment tray used when pouring chemical• Wear impervious gloves and non-slip rubber/plastic boots• Barricade and place signs
Low Medium Moderate • Check SDS to ensure correct type of PPE. If mild acid is used hand gloves must be worn
• Mix the chemicals in the pail according to manufacturer‘s instruction
• Only mild general purpose biodegradable detergent are to be used
• Assemble the equipment, check that cables, plugs are in good working condition
• Control the scrubbing machine close to your body Arrange the wire properly and place it at the side
• No horse play and running on wet surfaces
5. Refuse collection
• Hit by flying objects – glass thrown down from chute
• Hit by falling objects – killer litter• Finger cut – by sharp objects• Spillage of refuse• Contact with waste• Ergonomic – lifting heavy objects
• Eye injury – hit by flying objects• Finger injury – cut by sharp objects• Body injury – slip and fall• Infection / illness – contact with
pathogenic microbes• Back injury – wrong posture during
lifting• Air pollution – nuisance odour.
• Clearing done before 12 pm• At least 2 workers in a team• PPE provided include non-slip rubber boots, face mask and impervious
hand gloves• Sweep and clean waste spilled during collection at chute• Wash area with clean water• Cover rubbish bins with canvas sheets during transportation from
chute to bin centre
Medium Medium Moderate • Avoid working under the chute • Check Battery Operated Cart (BOC) daily and ensure
that battery water is topped up and safe for use• Workers should observe personal hygiene, disinfect
and wash hands and bathe upon completion of task• Use tongs or broom if there is a need to pick up
any refuse
6. Clear cobweb at ceiling and public lightings
• Dust emission• Dust / dirt falls into the eyes
• Air pollution• Eye infection
Wear goggles and dust mask when cleaning cobwebs Low Medium Not significant
Wear hat when clearing cobwebs
Sample Risk Assessment for Common Activities Risk Assessment Form
Company: ABC Cleaning Company Conducted by:(Names, designations) Hiang Ah Guang, Supervisor
Process/Location: Cleaning Department
Approved by:(Names. Designation)
Low Bek HongManager
Conducted on: 16 Jan 2009Last Review Date: 20 Jan 2009
Approved on: 20 Jan 2009Next Review Date: 20 Jan 2011
49
Annex CMethodology of Impact / Risk AssessmentDetermination of Likelihood
Determination of Severity
Ranking Criteria
High (H)
Occupational Health and Safety Assessment
• Fatal, serious injury or life-threatening occupational disease (includes amputations. major fractures, multiple injuries, occupational cancer, acute poisoning and fatal diseases) or will cause very serious damage to properties > S$ 10,000 or
Environmental Assessment
In terms of pollution, will cause very serious environmental damage directly attributable to company or impact is likely to affect off-site, for e.g. the neighbourhood or community or In terms of resource use, considerable use of resources and resource type is non-renewable or scarce or
Legal Considerations
Major non-compliance with legal requirements.
Medium (M)
Occupational Health and Safety Assessment
• Injury requiring medical treatment or ill-health leading to disability (includes lacerations, burns, sprains, minor fractures, dermatitis, deafness, work-related upper limb disorders) or will cause moderate damage to properties > S$ 5,000 but less than S$ 10,000 or
Ranking Criteria
High (H) Has happened (> 5 times / year) in the company
Medium (M) Has happened (between 1 to 5 times / year) in the company orHas happened in other companies in the same industry / business
Low (L) Has never happened (or less than 1 time / year) before
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