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FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONSFUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

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SQL FunctionSQL Function

FunctionFunction

FunctionFunctionPerforms actionPerforms action

InputInput OutputOutput

arg1arg1

arg2arg2

argarg nn ResultResultValueValue

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FunctionFunction

SingleSingle--rowrow

functionfunction

MultipleMultiple--rowrow

functionfunction

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Single Row FunctionsSingle Row Functions

�� Manipulate data itemsManipulate data items

��

Accept arguments and return one valueAccept arguments and return one value�� Act on each row returnedAct on each row returned

�� Return one result per row.Return one result per row.

�� May modify the data type.May modify the data type.

�� Can be nested.Can be nested.

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SingleSingle--rowrow

FunctionsFunctions

Character Character

Single Row FunctionsSingle Row Functions

ConversionConversion DateDate

GeneralGeneral Number Number

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Character FunctionsCharacter Functions

Character Character

FunctionFunction

Case ConversionCase Conversionfunctionfunction

Character ManipulationCharacter Manipulationfunctionfunction

LOWERLOWER

UPPERUPPER

INITCAPINITCAP

CONCAT CONCAT

SUBSTRSUBSTR

LENGTHLENGTH

INSTRINSTR

L L--PADPAD

RR--PADPAD

TRIMTRIM 6Utpal/SCA/SQL-3

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Case Conversion functionCase Conversion function

FunctionFunction ResultResult

LOWER(µGOD Bless You¶)LOWER(µGOD Bless You¶) god bless yougod bless you

UPPER(µGOD Bless You¶)UPPER(µGOD Bless You¶) GOD BLESS YOUGOD BLESS YOU

INITCAP(µGOD Bless You¶)INITCAP(µGOD Bless You¶) God Bless YouGod Bless You

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Sample Output:Sample Output:

EMPLOYEE DETAILSEMPLOYEE DETAILS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The job title for King is presidentThe job title for King is presidentThe job title for Blake is manager The job title for Blake is manager

The job title for Clark is manager The job title for Clark is manager

. . .. . .

14 rows selected.14 rows selected.

Example:Example:

SQL> SELECT µThe job title for ¶ || INITCAP (ename)||µ is ¶SQL> SELECT µThe job title for ¶ || INITCAP (ename)||µ is ¶|| LOWER(job) AS ³EMPLOYEE DETAILS´|| LOWER(job) AS ³EMPLOYEE DETAILS´

FROM emp;FROM emp;

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Character Manipulation functionCharacter Manipulation function


CONCAT(µGood¶,µmorning¶)CONCAT(µGood¶,µmorning¶) GoodmorningGoodmorning

SUBSTR(µKIIT¶,2,3)SUBSTR(µKIIT¶,2,3) IITIIT

LENGTH(µUTPAL¶)LENGTH(µUTPAL¶) 55

INSTR(µUtpal¶, ¶a¶)INSTR(µUtpal¶, ¶a¶) 44

LPAD(sal,10,¶x¶)LPAD(sal,10,¶x¶) xxxxxx5000xxxxxx5000

TRIM(µK¶ FROM µKIIT¶)TRIM(µK¶ FROM µKIIT¶) IITIIT

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ENAMEENAME CONCATCONCAT LENGTHLENGTH INSTRINSTR

---------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------------MARTINMARTIN MARTINSALESMANMARTINSALESMAN 66 22

ALLENALLEN ALLENSALESMANALLENSALESMAN 55 11

TURNERTURNER TURNERSALESMANTURNERSALESMAN 66 00

WARDWARD WARDSALESMANWARDSALESMAN 44 22

Example:Example:

SQL> SELECT ename, CONCAT(ename,job)SQL> SELECT ename, CONCAT(ename,job)

CONCAT, LENGTH(ename) LENGTH,CONCAT, LENGTH(ename) LENGTH,INSTR(ename,¶A¶) INSTRINSTR(ename,¶A¶) INSTR

FROM empFROM emp

WHERE SUBSTR(job,1,5) = µSALES¶;WHERE SUBSTR(job,1,5) = µSALES¶;

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Number FunctionsNumber Functions


ROUNDROUND

ROUND(45.926,2)ROUND(45.926,2)

Rounds value toRounds value to

specified decimalspecified decimal

45.9345.93

TRUNCTRUNC

TRUNC(45.926,2)TRUNC(45.926,2)

Truncates value toTruncates value to

specified decimalspecified decimal

45.9245.92MODMOD

MOD(1600,300MOD(1600,300))

Returns remainder of Returns remainder of

divisiondivision

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ROUND(45.923 , 2)ROUND(45.923 , 2) ROUND(45.923 , 0) ROUND(45.923,ROUND(45.923 , 0) ROUND(45.923, --1)1)

------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------45.9245.92 4646 5050

Example:Example:

SQL> SELECT ROUND(45.923 , 2), ROUND(45.923 , 0) ,SQL> SELECT ROUND(45.923 , 2), ROUND(45.923 , 0) ,ROUND(45.923,ROUND(45.923, --1)1)

FROM DUAL;FROM DUAL;

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TRUNC(45.923 , 2)TRUNC(45.923 , 2) TRUNC(45.923 , 0) TRUNC(45.923,TRUNC(45.923 , 0) TRUNC(45.923, --1)1)

------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------45.9245.92 4545 4040

Example:Example:

SQL> SELECT TRUNC(45.923 , 2), TRUNC(45.923 , 0) ,SQL> SELECT TRUNC(45.923 , 2), TRUNC(45.923 , 0) ,TRUNC(45.923,TRUNC(45.923, --1)1)

FROM DUAL;FROM DUAL;

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Using the MOD FunctionsUsing the MOD Functions


ENAMEENAME SALSAL COMMCOMM MOD(SAL,COMM)MOD(SAL,COMM)

------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------

MARTINMARTIN 12501250 14001400 12501250

ALLENALLEN 16001600 300300 100100TURNERTURNER 15001500 00 15001500

WARDWARD 12501250 500500 250250

Example:Example:

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, comm, MOD(sal, comm)SQL> SELECT ename, sal, comm, MOD(sal, comm)

FROM empFROM emp

WHERE job = µSALESMAN¶;WHERE job = µSALESMAN¶;

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Working with DatesWorking with Dates

�� Oracle stores dates in an internal character Oracle stores dates in an internal character

format : century, year, month, day, hours,format : century, year, month, day, hours,

minutes, seconds.minutes, seconds.

�� The default date format is DDThe default date format is DD--MonMon--YY.YY.

�� SYSDATE is function returning date andSYSDATE is function returning date and

time. However when the function is executedtime. However when the function is executed

it only gives the date, to view the time part itit only gives the date, to view the time part it

needs to be converted to character.needs to be converted to character.

�� DUAL is a dummy table used to viewDUAL is a dummy table used to view

SYSDATE.SYSDATE. 15Utpal/SCA/SQL-3

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DualDual

DUAL table is owned by SYS and can beDUAL table is owned by SYS and can beaccessed by all users. As SELECT andaccessed by all users. As SELECT and

FROM clause are mandatory and severalFROM clause are mandatory and several

calculations do not need to use actualcalculations do not need to use actual

tables.tables.

Example:Example:

SQL> SELECT sysdateSQL> SELECT sysdateFROM dual;FROM dual;

33 ±± SEPSEP -- 0101

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Arithmetic with DatesArithmetic with Dates

�� Add or subtract a number to or from a dateAdd or subtract a number to or from a date

for a resultantfor a resultant datedate value.value.

�� Subtract two dates to find the number of Subtract two dates to find the number of

days between those days.days between those days.

�� Add hours to a date by dividing the number Add hours to a date by dividing the number

of hours by 24.of hours by 24.

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OperationOperation ResultResult DescriptionDescription

Date + number Date + number DateDate Adds a number of Adds a number of

days to a datedays to a date

DateDate ±± number number DateDate Subtracts aSubtracts a

number of daysnumber of days

from a datefrom a date

DateDate ±± datedate Number of Number of daysdays

Subtracts one dateSubtracts one datefrom another from another

Date +Date +

number/24number/24

DateDate Adds a number of Adds a number of

hours to a datehours to a date

Arithmetic with DatesArithmetic with Dates

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Using Arithmetic operators with DatesUsing Arithmetic operators with Dates


ENAMEENAME WEEKSWEEKS

------------------------ ----------------------------------------------

KINGKING 830.93709830.93709

CLARKCLARK 853.93709853.93709

MILLERMILLER 321.36566321.36566

Example:Example:SQL> SELECTSQL> SELECT last_namelast_name,(SYSDATE,(SYSDATE ±± hire_datehire_date) / 7 WEEKS) / 7 WEEKS

FROM employeesFROM employees

WHEREWHERE department_iddepartment_id = 90= 90;;

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Date functionsDate functions

FunctionFunction DescriptionDescription

MONTHS_BETWEENMONTHS_BETWEENNumber Number of of monthsmonths

betweenbetween twotwo datesdates

ADD_MONTHSADD_MONTHSAddAdd calendar calendar monthsmonths

toto datedate

NEXT_DAYNEXT_DAYNextNext dayday of of thethe datedate

specifiedspecified

LAST_DAYLAST_DAY LastLast dayday of of thethe monthmonth

ROUNDROUND RoundRound datedate

TRUNCTRUNC TruncateTruncate DateDate20Utpal/SCA/SQL-3

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�� MONTHS_BETWEEN(¶01MONTHS_BETWEEN(¶01--SEPSEP--95¶,¶1195¶,¶11--JANJAN--94¶)94¶)

19.677419419.6774194

�� ADD_MONTHS(¶11ADD_MONTHS(¶11--JANJAN--94¶,6)94¶,6)

¶11¶11--JULJUL--94¶94¶

�� NEXT_DAY(¶01NEXT_DAY(¶01--SEPSEP--95¶,¶FRIDAY¶)95¶,¶FRIDAY¶)

µ08µ08--SEPSEP--95¶95¶

�� LAST_DAY(¶01LAST_DAY(¶01--SEPSEP--95¶)95¶)

¶30¶30--SEPSEP--95¶95¶

Using Date FormatsUsing Date Formats

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EMPNO HIREDATE TENURE REVIEW NEXT_DAY( LAST_DAY(EMPNO HIREDATE TENURE REVIEW NEXT_DAY( LAST_DAY(

---------------------- ---------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------

78397839 1717--NOVNOV--81 192.24794 1781 192.24794 17--MAYMAY--82 2082 20--NOVNOV--81 3081 30--NOVNOV--818176987698 0101--MAYMAY--81 198.76407 0181 198.76407 01--NOVNOV--81 0881 08--MAYMAY--81 3181 31--MAYMAY--8181

««.««.

11 Rows selected11 Rows selected

Example:Example:

SQL> SELECT empno, hiredate,SQL> SELECT empno, hiredate,

MONTHS_BETWEEN(TO_DATE(SYSDATE,¶DDMONTHS_BETWEEN(TO_DATE(SYSDATE,¶DD--MONMON--YY¶),hiredate)YY¶),hiredate)

TENURE,TENURE,

ADD_MONTHS(hiredate, 6) REVIEW,ADD_MONTHS(hiredate, 6) REVIEW,NEXT_DAY(hiredate, µFRIDAY¶),NEXT_DAY(hiredate, µFRIDAY¶),

LAST_DAY(hiredate)LAST_DAY(hiredate)

FROM empFROM emp

WHERE MONTHS_BETWEEN(TO_DATE(SYSDATE,¶DDWHERE MONTHS_BETWEEN(TO_DATE(SYSDATE,¶DD--MONMON--YY¶),YY¶),

,hiredate) < 200;,hiredate) < 200;

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�� ROUND(¶25ROUND(¶25--JULJUL--95¶,¶MONTH¶)95¶,¶MONTH¶) 0101--AUGAUG--9595

Using Date FunctionsUsing Date Functions

�� ROUND(¶25ROUND(¶25--JULJUL--95¶,¶YEAR¶)95¶,¶YEAR¶) 0101--JANJAN--9696

�� TRUNC(¶25TRUNC(¶25--JULJUL--95¶,¶MONTH¶)95¶,¶MONTH¶) 0101--JULJUL--9595

�� TRUNC(¶25TRUNC(¶25--JULJUL--95¶,¶YEAR¶)95¶,¶YEAR¶) 0101--JANJAN--9595

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EMPNO HIREDATE ROUND(HIR TRUNC(HIREMPNO HIREDATE ROUND(HIR TRUNC(HIR

---------------------- ---------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ------------------------------------

7788 097788 09--DECDEC--82 0182 01--DECDEC--82 0182 01--DECDEC--8282

7934 237934 23--JANJAN--82 0182 01--FEBFEB--82 0182 01--JANJAN--8282

««.««.

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Example:Example:

SQL> SELECTSQL> SELECT empnoempno,, hiredatehiredate,,

ROUND(ROUND(hiredate,¶MONTHhiredate,¶MONTH¶) , TRUNC(¶) , TRUNC(hiredate,¶MONTHhiredate,¶MONTH¶)¶)

FROMFROM empempWHEREWHERE hiredatehiredate like µ%1982¶;like µ%1982¶;

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Conversion FunctionsConversion Functions

Data typeData type

ConversionConversion

Implicit data typeImplicit data type

conversionconversion

Explicit data typeExplicit data type

conversionconversion

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Implicit data type conversionImplicit data type conversion

For assignments Oracle Server can automatically convertFor assignments Oracle Server can automatically convert

the following:the following:

FromFrom ToTo

VARCHAR2 or CHARVARCHAR2 or CHAR NUMBERNUMBER

VARCHAR2 or CHARVARCHAR2 or CHAR DATEDATE

NUMBERNUMBER VARCHAR2VARCHAR2

DATEDATE VARCHAR2VARCHAR2

For expression Oracle Server can automatically convertFor expression Oracle Server can automatically convert

the following:the following:

FromFrom ToTo

VARCHAR2 or CHARVARCHAR2 or CHAR NUMBERNUMBER

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Explicit data type conversionExplicit data type conversion

TO_NUMBERTO_NUMBER TO_DATETO_DATE

NUMBERNUMBER CHARACTERCHARACTER DATEDATE

TO_CHARTO_CHARTO_CHARTO_CHAR

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TO_CHAR Function with datesTO_CHAR Function with dates

TO_CHAR(date, µfmt¶)TO_CHAR(date, µfmt¶)TheThe formatformat modelmodel ::

��MustMust bebe enclosedenclosed inin singlesingle quotationquotation marksmarks andand isis casecase

sensitivesensitive..�� CanCan includeinclude anyany validvalid datedate formatformat elementelement..

�� HasHas anan fmfm (fill (fill mode)mode) elementelement toto removeremove paddedpadded blanksblanks or or

suppresssuppress leadingleading zeroszeros..

�� IsIs separatedseparated fromfrom thethe datedate valuevalue byby aa commacomma..

Example:Example:

SQL>SQL> SELECT empno, TO_CHAR(hiredate, µfmMM/YY¶) Month_HiredSELECT empno, TO_CHAR(hiredate, µfmMM/YY¶) Month_Hired

FROM empFROM emp

WHERE ename = µBLAKE¶ ;WHERE ename = µBLAKE¶ ; 28Utpal/SCA/SQL-3

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Element of date format modelElement of date format model

YYYYYYYY Full year in numbersFull year in numbers

YEARYEAR Year spelled outYear spelled out

MMMM TwoTwo--digit value for monthdigit value for monthMONTHMONTH Full name of the monthFull name of the month

DYDY ThreeThree--letter abbreviation of the day of letter abbreviation of the day of

the weekthe weekDAYDAY Full name of the dayFull name of the day

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ElementElement DescriptionDescription

SCC or CCSCC or CC Century, S prefixes BC date withCentury, S prefixes BC date with --

Years in dates YYYY or Years in dates YYYY or SYYYYSYYYY

Year, S prefixes BC date withYear, S prefixes BC date with --

YYY or YY or YYYY or YY or Y Last 3 / 2 / 1 digit of the year Last 3 / 2 / 1 digit of the year

Y,YYYY,YYY Year with comma in this positionYear with comma in this position

IYYY,IYY,IY,IIYYY,IYY,IY,I 4/3/2/1 digit year based on the ISO4/3/2/1 digit year based on the ISOstandardstandard

SYEAR or YEARSYEAR or YEAR Year spelled out S prefixes BCYear spelled out S prefixes BC

date withdate with --

BC or ADBC or AD BC/AD indicator BC/AD indicator B.C or A.DB.C or A.D BC/AD Indicator with periodsBC/AD Indicator with periods

QQ quarter of the year quarter of the year

MMMM Month, two digit valueMonth, two digit value

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MONTHMONTH Name of the month padded withName of the month padded with

blanks to length of nineblanks to length of ninecharacterscharacters

MONMON Name of the month, three letter Name of the month, three letter

abbreviation.abbreviation.

RMRM Roman numeral monthRoman numeral monthWW or WWW or W Week of year or monthWeek of year or month

DDD or DD or DDDD or DD or D Day of year / month/ weekDay of year / month/ week

DAYDAY Name of the day padded withName of the day padded with

blanks to length of nine character blanks to length of nine character

DYDY Name of the Day; three letter Name of the Day; three letter

abbreviationabbreviation

JJ Julian day; the number of daysJulian day; the number of days

since 31 December 4731 BCsince 31 December 4731 BC 31Utpal/SCA/SQL-3

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AM or PMAM or PM Meridian indicator Meridian indicator

A.M or P.MA.M or P.M Meridian indicator with periodsMeridian indicator with periods

HH / HH12 / HH24HH / HH12 / HH24 Hour of day or hour (1Hour of day or hour (1--12) or hour 12) or hour

(0(0--23)23)

MIMI Minute ( 0Minute ( 0 ±±59 )59 )

SSSS Second ( 0Second ( 0 ±± 59 )59 )

SSSSSSSSSS Seconds past midnight ( 0Seconds past midnight ( 0 ±±

86399)86399)

THTH Ordinal Number ( DDTH for 4Ordinal Number ( DDTH for 4THTH

))SPSP Spelled out number (DDSP for Spelled out number (DDSP for

FOUR)FOUR)

SPTH or THSPSPTH or THSP SpelledSpelled--out ordinal number out ordinal number

(DDSPTH(DDSPTH ±± FOURTH)FOURTH) 32Utpal/SCA/SQL-3

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Using TO_CHAR Function with datesUsing TO_CHAR Function with dates

Example:Example:SQL>SQL> SELECTSELECT enameename,,

TO_CHAR(TO_CHAR(hiredate,¶fmDdspthhiredate,¶fmDdspth ³of´ Month YYYY³of´ Month YYYY

fmHHfmHH : MI : SS AM¶) HIREDATE: MI : SS AM¶) HIREDATE

FROMFROM empemp;;


ENAMEENAME HIREDATEHIREDATE

---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------

KINGKING Seventeenth of November 1981 12:00:00 AMSeventeenth of November 1981 12:00:00 AM

BLAKEBLAKE First of May 1981 12 : 00 :00 AMFirst of May 1981 12 : 00 :00 AM

««.««.

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Utpal/SCA/SQL-3 34

1. Display the last name, salary and commission for all employees

whose commission amount is 20%.

2. Display the employees number, last name, salary and salary

increase by 50% and expressed as a whole number.

3. W.A.Q that display the employees last name with the first letter

capitalized and all other letters in lower case and the length of the

name for all employees whose name starts with J , A or M. Give

each column an appropriate label. Sort the result by theemployees last name.

4. For each employee, display the employees last name, and

calculate the number of months between today and the date of

the employees was hired. Label the column MONTHS-WORKED.

Order your results by the number of months employed. Round thenumber of months up to the closest whole number.

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Utpal/SCA/SQL-3 35

Create a query to display the last name and salary for all employees

.Format the salary to be 15 characters long. Left padded with $. Label

the column SALARY.

Create a query that display the employee last name and indicatesthe amounts of their annual salary to be 8 characters with (*). Sort

the data in descending order of salary. Label the column Employee

_And _Their_ Salary.

C

reate a query to display First_name, Hire date, One yearcompletion date and salary of all employees in ascending order

according to hire date.

Create a query to display the Last name, salary of employee and

increased salary by 20% in department 20, 80 and 50 .

Write a query to display the Last name, First name , total length of their complete name, designation ,salary of each employee in

department 40 and 50 . sort the records as per their length of name.

Write a query to display the Location ID , city, state_ province and

city code where city code is the first four character of city, in

descending order of city code for country id US,UK,CA,JP and IN.

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