Radical America - Vol 2 No 3 - 1968 - May June

8/8/2019 Radical America - Vol 2 No 3 - 1968 - May June

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RADICAL

AMERICA,'Y-JUE# 1968 Vlume I Nbr 3

'. S,

. \

The Ne w Le f t 1960-65 I

STAUGHTON lYND ON RADICALS UE OF HISTORY

ANDRE SCHIFFRIN ON THE 50s ST UDENT lEFT

orz: A New Strategy?,

"

5DS Jrnal of Ameic Radiclism



MA UNE 1968 VoIo.3

COENTS

Jmes p O'Be E EARY DAYSQF HE NE EFT · .

Ane Sh ff STDEN OVETN 15s: A EISCECE

ve Wne, POEY & REOLUTIO(.

St e, A OLUTIONARYSRAEY?

Stghton ynd, ADIS SEOF HSTORY I

Des ood AG TE RADCALSAD SCHOARSHIP

.

. . . .

26

4 '

4

.5 8

.3

RADICA RCA b_mothly jol of US dlsm. Gene d: P hle �dson edtostff: Heny sh l Sgl, \ll Sokol eYk edto D son Asses: k

, • , I ppg Do Kevey k o, es PkSbspton te: $/y o /y fo �DS NtlMebes n good sndg oese note teSnge y 50 Addess 137 Sgt St.�dson

sosn 5703. lk: 39 pe sse f 5-100.,

/ th ths sse ADICA AERICA tkes on et e denss, tl n neoxttheoy nd te ts thot e q s g nto f stdyng A en dlsm (pst nd pe_sentn s medtely oolt foms � ne pse hese detos fthe nd enoge es

ely dl sts to play a lge ole n te gne. I

.

W e look frwrd to a press run of 3, 0 0 r mbre

fo the comng (July_A�us Blck Libeaon nmer.

The cotrbuos, by C.L.R Jmes Esse- Ud, Gev ge

Rqwick Ju es Hok?r { ark D. Nson and ohers w I,

we bleve, dd 0 great - deal to te nterpett of

ths phnmenon t a critcal e for e I wemef

,



The New Left's Early Years

s OBr

As originaly conceied, this rtice ws to be stricty bibiogrphc essy in whch I woud pont out some booKs nd rtices hepfu� in

expining whJt the Nev eft s nd how it deeoedt becme cer howee tht in order to mke itsefu to nyone bt schors (ith the time ndthe ibrry fciites o chse down the sometimesesoteric mteris isted ere) I woud he to write t s nrrtion th bibiogrphc notesThs the rtice is onger whie coerin8 shortertime spn thn hd enisged I hope to write n

rtce for th net issue ding wth deeopmntsin the New Left since 5Eery genertion ies to fee it is dong

something different nd the perspectie of thisrtice-I beiee tht the New eft is quittiey different from rdic moements in the pst--my ery e be distorted by the experience ofits uthor ied through the entire decde of

the 0s without once hering the words "sociismor communism' spoen in ny but pejortie sense;my first poitic ct ws s coege freshmn inthe spring of 0 when joined picet ofWooworths n support of the southern sitin moement Becuse he _ experienced the New eftdirecty nd he ony red bout the Od eft Imy he tended to exggerte the difference betweenthem

There re four boos which ttempt to gie noer picture of the new rdicism of the 0sA of them were pubished in nd thereforepresumby conceied in 5 when the mss pubicfirst becme wre of the Ne eft) none of the isrey stisfctory ne Phiip A ces The



2

Ne et D cKa can be i i e at the out et �n it o bitter recollect ion o the author aa a leaer o the ectarian roreive abor artinorat ion on the DBo i C b rni he hi b a re earcher the oe UnAercan Activitie Cotteean virtuall nothin at al on the t ot iortante et rou tent or a Deocrat ic oc ietan the tent Nonviolent Coorinat in Coittee Aar better book i J ack Nei A rohet i c i norit e Aerican ibrar hich evote ot en

tirel to the latter to rou Neiel a once anact ive ebe r D he roble ith t i b oo i'Neie tenenc to roantiie to teecoe thecole event o 05 an to rite oinl aboutte i rit o the ovent thot trin to taeeri ou it chanin e a ei l i attracte above all t o tle that i h it ha been o ibleor hi to rite enthuiaticl about oth the Neet an Robert Kenne itchel Cohen an Denni

l eite a eul book o re ain he e tentet Ne eran ibrar hich onit ainl oD orin aer an article ro he Activit aquarterl aazine o hich both Cohen an Hale habeen eitor ike the aaz ine thi antholo aerr on the ie o llne here i no re al eneo the naic o the e et an thu the book aoehat ate even at he time it aeare Further

the election are ar le antilibera an ore anticonit tan the oveent ha becoe b 66 inallhe Ne aical eite b aul Jacob an alanau in intae aerback oer a collection ore ain that leent thoe in the Cohenale book Unlie the other The Ne Raical ha an o itocuent in abrie or hi ch i unortnate he83ae introction hich i ritten ro outie

the trule oeho oe not rin tre

T

Th annal o the Aerican et in the 50s arehort The Coni t art an all oraniat i ontainte a ocialitic ha ben ioate an icreite b the en o th rv iou ec ae the Korean



a and cahyi finih h ob, akin oiica unohodoy of any o danou . By h idof h cad h ouni, ociai, anociai ok ai oo a hoo caica

u of f in a i an hy h f ancy ial ona nov Goin Away, in in95, viviy oay an xoui ainaco h couny, ncounin hi a a yun and indi n nohin bu fu i iy iobaby h b inl ok o ad on adicaiin h 9 ha in conunc ion ih Gab i Koko Dc in of A ic an adi cai , udi

on h f . Oc 9 Towa h n of hca h in of oi in on hi u of nuca aon oicy , boi by hfoaion of h Naiona oi fo a anNuca Poicy A in a 9 To con ncd in h Docaic lani of 98, iiay o Von an Byon Johnon of ooao,a h ac i u in on bfo b in

fa fo c ion in 9 . A f ac if i oud aound ibaion aain nad in aca ac o civi iobinc hich nd y o and anay in h aain . Inh aa of civil ih, inc h ucfuonoy , Aabaa, bu boyco of 96 whi ch ah i of oinnc of a in uh Kin , J . ,h had bn no aa ovn anyh inh na ion . Twi c uin h c hoo ya of 9589 ouhn ba ck h h choo u lu a oudn fo h Noh ook a in ahinon,D , ach fo ina choo oanid byBayad Rui n Thy , an 3, civy, bu cau li ah and hav inc bna bu f oon

Th a cadi c o in h 9 a in a aha i ifficu fo nay unadua oconciv Th \a a viua ab nc of adic aocia hoy h o ioan xcion binh uchcu axi conoi Pau Baan,who a ucky nouh o hav nu a anfod, anh innn adi ca C ih i , who dunh ou of h dca und fo ocia hoy



(Whit e C ol l a r , 1951 ; The Power Ete , 956) to a poem-ca ttack on Amercn fore ign polcy, The Cuses o f

World War Three . Mils was cerany the ntelectual

with the greate st in fluence on the emergence of the ew e bu duig he es he hd ew ooes .The se o sude uivoveme o he oscmuses s cured very we hee u symos ubshed The io The Ceu Youge ch 157 The C ss o 58 Ses y 8 158 d Tes i o Beeh Ahy y 5 . The c mus mood s so deced i bo ok o

oymous essys wie by ceo seod ubished i The sie eeo edied byOo Buz (ieh 158 The boo whh osBuz his job s iceo cuy mebe showed someo he wies o be cyic eve desee bouhe ves h y hed o hembu oe o hemig o u hs se i oic es.Siy he ouy o . D Sges ove o

ioce youh i css sociey Cche i he Rye(he ove o yog eoe he e 150s sohe idicio o vgue dscoe wihou yo c oue . The oy e s igs o chge ohe cmuses wee cuu he h oiic hebeggs o ok music evv ( sed y bysudes om e Yo Ciy d he ouiy obe ies such s ck eouc d e sbeg

THE BEIIS

The moce o he souhe sii oveme bigig oiic weess o he cmuses oudbe dicu o ovee sime . I he Souh he s iis seed he iiive i he civ ighssugge o e geeo whch hs eied i eve

s ice . o housds o sude s i he oh swe s he Souh hey wee he is h h heews od beyod he cmus h demded some do eso esose .

The siis wee ouched o by ou eshmsudes bck coege eesboo ohC. O ebuy 1 0 hey s a hesn uch coue o Wooohs soe



poitey equesting coffee n eusing to eeunt i the stoe co se t the en of the y Stu ents t othe Noth oin coeges quicypice up the ie n ithin to ees thee hbeen sitins in fifteen cities in fie southenstte s Within ye the numbe of ptic ipntsin sitins n othe emonsttions touche off bythem h gon to moe thn 5 , in hunec it ie s . The Stuent Noni oent oointingommittee s set up in p 196 ith hep fomthe Southen histin Leeship onfeence s oose iison of sitin ees fom coss the

SouthThe best ccount of the bith of the southen

stuent moement is Ho Zinn s SN The Neboitionists hch coes SN up to the time ofits it ing in ey 19 Zinn tught t Spemnoege n tnt uing this peio n he h fisthn cquintnce ith the sitins n iththe SN e es Thee ee goo contempoy

epots on the sitins by Miche Wze in Dissent up of offee n Set Sping 60; Theoitics the Ne Nego Summe 960 n byHeen Fu le in the Ne epubic We Ae SoVey Hy ' p , 1960 Southen StuentsTe O y 196 . speci epot by theSouthn egion _unci The Stuent otestoemt ecpitution (Sept 29 , 191) , hs

some usefu fctu infomtion I he not comeco ss nything except s cttee us ions epoting essent iy the sme expeience b outthe impct hich the sitins h on nothen cmpuse s et it ppes tht moe tn hunenothen coeges h soe in of emonsttionin suppot of the sit ins t sems sfe to sytht fo most cmpuses thse ee te fist poi

t ic emonstt i ons in yes Something ese hppene in the sping of 196tht s to he pofoun infuence on the stiing o cmpus poitic ineest though in thiscse the effect eye one In My of thtye hnes of eeey stents joine in emonsttion t the Sn Fncisco ity H ginst



te oue UnAmerican Actite ommittee, wc waconuctn catca earn on cmmunm n te anFanc co are a One of te ubpoenae w itnee wa aBerkee opomoe an Francico poce tune fire

oe on eate emontrator rae man of temwn te u ent of te Ct a tep , an aree xte it are were ae roppe aainta but one o wa acquitte Wtn mont, teommittee a ipoune enou TV fm to prouce auri, errmanere moie entite OpeationAboiti on in wi c J Ear ooer an AC membercaie to offer ocumentar proof tat a te

ommunit a panne te eontration in orer toubert tuent an et ri of teir enem teCommttee an b te oence a been tarte b tetuent eontrator Te bacroun mu i c a emini cent of Wor War Two patriot ic moe

For te net ear an a af Oerationboition wa a tape item on te rtwin banuetan cap meet in c ircuit ore impotant oweer,

it ere to i cret te Commttee an J Eaooer amon tuent on cor o campue Te BaAea tuent Cmmttee for te Aboton of te oueComittee on UnAmeri can Act it ie , fore ineptember 9 ent peaker an teratue aounte countr poi nt in out i torti on an inaccurac ie in te f m Te Amei can ii ibert e Uni on maea f im of it own , upport in te tuent er ion an

ca n fo te ommttee aboit i on On campue were bot ie of te tor were ea, te Berkeet uent emere a c ear inner Dai orow itz tuent , written wi e te autor wa a rauate tuent n Eni at Berkee, te te tor of tert of tuent protet tere trou 9 it i te centra rle of te UA ep oe t ia n ima one but we written acc ount Ao oo ,tou muc orte r, a eport b Je i c a itfor nTe Naton, a 7, 96 cae, Te IninantGeneration q

EAE UE

Fo a number of ea on , one of tem unoubte



7

ein he iacion of he KenneNixon preienia capain in he fa here wa e capupoe acivi in he 9601 choo ea han hepeiou prin Siin coninue in an aea of

he Souh bu he iea of iin ha o uch ofi ea exc ieen he iin ha however hepe o open he apue o ne iea an uinhi perio he hinn of an uen benchane b hee ea Opeaion Aboiion ani cric ae heir a ea\a fro Bekeechape of he Fair a for Cuba Coiee eeare on a fe cape he nube of conoveria eaker on capue uipie an uen overnen bean coniern reouion onna iona affair Pre ien Kenne propo a ofhe Peace Cor a have been one faco in he inecion of offcapu concern an hi aep ooverhro he Cubn overen a he Ba of Pia have been anoher

wa fer he Berin cii in he ueof 96 hen he a Gean erece he wa " ha he rounk a ai for a fairie cau pe ace oveen n he ene aophee creaea ha ie he Sovie Union broke i oaoriuon nucear ein a fe a ae he USannounce i ou reue unerrounbu noe aopher ic e in In ai ion he ainiraion ecie o puh fo a aive civ efeneprora e in fa ou hee eve n n pri vae

hoe he o oaniaion hich ee o acive

in aiain n he eace iue aon uen erehe Suen Coiee fo a Sane ucear oic Suen SNE an he Suen eace nion SPU uen SANE a an appenae of naiona SNE anaffiiaion hich prove faa o he uen rouFooin a hreaene epoe of aee couni

in SN Senaor hoa Do in 1960 he n a ionaboa ha aope a poic of ecuin peron wihoa iarian pahie he eae of SuenSE efue o app hi poi o hei on oan iza ion an afe r uch fu ie parin voe oiaffiae an iban in Februar 962 See



8

b Deming The de f SN " The Ntin Mch11 , 161 nd Dnd M uestne Un ity in the PeceMvement) Sn ity) Sping 12 . The Student PeceUnin hd been fmed by students t numbe f mid-

esten ceges t hich time cmpus pece ctivitys t vey ee . n the ey sput f stu-dent pitic inteest fing the sitins) SPUhd cected 10)000 student signtues f peti-tin t the d edes gtheed t the 160 summitcnfeence y the summe f 11 , SU s nt inffice hd e unde the cn f membes f theung Pepe ' s Scii st egue PSL ) the yuth

ffiite f the Sc i ist ty . Unde th is e de-ship) SPU dpted "thidcmp psitin) t the eftf SNE but sti ttempting t ssess equ bme fthe cd t the U.S. nd the Siet Unin.

Duing the 662 sch ye) SPU chptesgnized demnstns nd eductn cmpgnsginst nce testing nd ginst fut sheteshich it sid mde nuce me iey by

fsteing th iusin tht csuties cud be signifi cnty ut . n the f f 11 students fmGinne) etn) nd fe the ceges fstednd piceted t the White Huse ginst the esumptinf be gund nuce testng nd in Febuy 16me thn 000 students ent t Wshingtn picetthe White Huse nd Sviet ems sy nd t ttempt tpesude venment fficis t thei pit f vie.

They ee met by cndescensin nd septicism) s henhet Hified) ede f the ibe cngessinbc) ced thei psitin ppe bunch f bney.tmsphei c t esti ng s e sume ithin fe ees .This mch) thugh supted by SPU) s initited bythe Hvddciffe pece gup TSN . t i sdescbed in Steven V bets) "Smething Hd t beDne The Nt in Mch 162.

y the end f the 11 s ch ye) SU smembeship hd tiped t me thn 000 hich ent f ge numbe f students nvved in cchpte ct ivities . Sti) it ud be esy t e-etimte the extent t hih the pece mementctuy peeted the cmpue s Me ften thn nt)the ece css ere rerded h ndiffeence dstte by he mity tudet s . Meve hie



9

he peope ho engge in pece ctiiies ere sohe ones most interese in cii righs, these con-cerns ere rrey i ne together n, hereere ony scttere insnces of stuents ing

ction on issues th irecty inoe he uniersiy cepions ere siin he niersiyof hicgo emning n en to iscriminion inniersityone enemens n successfu suentsrie Quees oege proesing bn ncommuni s speers mny coeges, he coseshing to synthesis of oncmpus n offcmpusconcerns s the formtion of iber poitic

pr ies sres s ing boh types of issues The se incue ST t ereey the firs , T hicgo hose sogn s Free niersiy in Free Sociey , SOE t Oberin, VO t Michgn,TON t oumb i n score of ohers For hemost pr hoeer, hese prties incue peopernging from iber epubicns to Trotsyists,n they hshe ou sns on iniiu issues

rher hn eeoping gener criiue of sociey

NT SDS

s in ery 96 th Stuens for Democric ocey ben to emerge s n imporntsource o sreg ic hining for cmpus cii sts DS gre ou of he Suen egue for nstri

Democrcy SD , he insignificn youh fieof he soci emocric egue for nusriDmocrcy though Jmes Frmer n Gbrie ooh ech he he office of executie secrery ofSD uring he 1950s , i h neer e ny ppre -cibe hey gins he preing eess ofcmpus ie See nre Schiffrin ' s rt ice beo Despite chnge in ie in 1960, n espie he

groth of suen poitic ineres h spring,SDS s sti more e hn ie in 96 Whtbrough it o ife s the or of eers ofVO he niersity of Michign, Hber nTom Hyen They fe ht s ingei ssue orgni z-ions oring for pece or cii rights ere noeough They eeope cont c s ih suen



ctss esewhee n he cnt gng h pca sses wee ntecnnected e g enecs n Cngess wee spptes the Cd Ws we s beng segegnsts nd h emen

hd be ceed wk sc cnge n badnt . A pemn meetng n Ann Ab necembe 6 esed n c ndng cn-enn n ne Hden ws cmssned t d n manes wch as becme nwn s the Hnteent becse the cnenn ws hed a nedA Wkes cene n Hn Mcgn

NOT SO LONG AGO

"Without dubt, te igh �cnt f'm y tor w as t

Ann rbr wher I attn�d e Conftce on Hu mn

Rights n the Nrth p�nserd by te:Stucents for

Demcrtc Sciety� ' � On the png night th

key-ne drss'ws gven.y Byr Rustn

Th is the tnt sectn f the eger InJstl ecy its 0rch is notsecfcY(c!st t ght e best escribeas a stent ecn sciet cse by br cn brs nmcrtcscists

J Brnett,Ntin Secty

YP May 9Ang wth w he ea dcments a Hden

speech a Ye n Mch epnted n the enHaenhg as den c Acn nd A Hbespaphe dents and b he Hn nessads as a emabe satemen he sca ansswhch bgh t the new stdent meent . I nt snespced mmegphed pages . Is n

ths genen s dsce the hw ness the Ae cn de It ced mssepbc pesse t mke he Aecn genmen necnm espnse t pp cnt and decedthe bankpc Ac s C d pce s Iaged that "n een he be nd scstpechn he pst seem adeqae t the s





rther nt he Msssspp det nd sthwesternGer.

Athh the Kenned dnstrtn hd encr-

ed SNCC t ephsze ter restrtn t ws ntwn t prde prtectn r thse wh went tnd ened n t . he pttern whch ws t becme sn n the Sth c thrte s permttn rtn prt n betns whe B en ed n ndt ntes bc e e stbshed drn ths perd ch these epsdes nd ech te teer sentt Attrne ener bert Kenned, ncresed the

cncsm the SNCC wrers bt the dnstrtnssncert he ted cere whch the betnst n the nrthern pre s s s ed the btternes s .

he str ths er perd SNCC s reted er we n Hwrd Znn ' s b SNCC he NewAbtnsts entned be . Hden wrte phet n the cCb ctt n the c ed etn n Mssss pp . Znn ' s spec

reprt r the Sthern en Cnc Abn : AStd n Ntn espnsbt s tenc rtqe the eder ernent ' s re . he weesssspp ree ress strted n the wnter : s n exceent s rce s s SNCC s wnnth pbctn he Stdent Vce .

As SNCCs rnn dres cht hd n nd er t t n new prtnce n the

Nrth s we s the Sth . he pece meent whchhd seemed s prsn n the nrthern cpses drnthe sch er st mch t s ste . SU embershp cbed sht nd mst ts chtersened n se nd prest ctt t the tme the Cbn sse crss n Octber bt the ex-ctement f the pres er ws sn dsspted.n stdents hd wred hrd n beh pece

cnddtes n the eber ee ctns ; the re stswere mst nfr dsppntn . Se the SU chpters becme ebred n ctn dstes betweenembers S nd the rtsst n ScstAnce cxed t the ntn c nentn n newhen the edershp wn rrhc ctr . he snn mted test bn tret b the U S ndss n Jne n rted the decne the pece



mvmn s n mpn fc n mcn cmpss

h sm , SS s mkn sdy nsp ccl pss n cn n ms

y h nd h schl y h sll f hn hsnd ms clly f hssl css nd h Nv lcn, cmpsplcl cvy n h Nh c cnd c lv ly n cvl hs . Th ncs n fndsn n spp f SCCndn ply y SS nd h fldln NhnSdn vmn nd ply sdn vnns

lnn h Nnl Sdn sscn NCC d ffcv s h nnl NS cnsss nfm nhn sdn ls s k nd ly h nd f ndsn Th NhnSdn Mvn nd l ps nnhn hs nd ls dd n fs fccpns h N pl ys n h lypn, sdns n nhn cpss clcd fdnd clhn f p Ns n Lfl Cny,sssspp, h cny spss c ffll f pyns Cvl hs sns fnpplzd y h SNCC d sns ppl mny cl ls Ths sns , ypclly, dpns f sns sd n h l nndvs f h s hch hd n n n sd nN sp s Hv, Jsh ns n d h Sn Mvns h Sxs n

nn ppc shh ps hch h cvl hs mvn v h pply f pcl f sns n h ddl f h dcd

Th v scs n sdn plclcvy n h h n hs pd SS hd phd dscs sn lln y hs , ndS cnnd plsh s nhly ln Th Nhn Sdn vmn s dsssd n n

cl y pl n Th , y 3, nld vynss hlp lch, f S hd dscssd h ss h cps pc mvn n "Th Q Cmps , Ld , s Th l s p



1

CII IN CIVI RIHT

n e le spin n sue of 1963 he ciilihs oeen hus iself upon e nions cons c iousne ss ih ne ines i . hee ee unesof eonsions, iee b poes le bin uhe Kin in Biin . C iil unes be ceso iespe b he el sue h PesienKenne, ho h been exeel cuious in kin n 1cion on ciil is, s foce o ke specil ess o Coness in ich he popose copehen sie bill incluin bn on seeion in public

1fciliies, une e coece cluse of he Consi

lui on . is bll s fi nll psse, fe be insenhene on i s oh Cones s . In ec ouse of 1963 oe n 20 , 000 c iil ih s eon jsos ee ese, n he pessue of he sspoess foce soe eee of ine ion in s coe sf souhen couniies in nce of psse of hefeel l C iil i h s bece he pi op i c

o nesppe s s nes n io so s , nfounion one s suenl e lble o hele in c ii i s oups . NCC oe ino Albfo e fis ie ih oe eision poecin el, pushe fuhe no souhes eoi, ncon inue is k in Mis s i ss ippi . In e ine of1963 e ponee NCC oes in h se helpe o fo he Council of Feee OniionsCOFO , in hich NCC, he NACP, CR, n eouhen Chisin eeship Confeence joine o-ehe o suppo he oe ei sion effo . Thein foce ihi CFO s, fo he beinnin, NCC,since i NCC hich poie he soc oops oonie in he os hosi e es . This s eenel pen uin he el 60s oun peoplefo NCC, n o lesse exen COR i he osneous les publ ic ie o . n he fll of

63 COF , ie b Yle n nfo suens , spons oe eeo bllo in hi ch oe 80 , 000 blckMississippins oe fo se NACP lee Aonen fo oeno I s ou of his expeienh e Mississippi Fee eocic P s oo e folloin e .



A i s sage in SNCC ' s exi sence i enedo be luped ogeer in e public ind wi eolder, esablised cvl rigs groups; e failiar

specru, rig o lef, was e Urban eage eNAACP ing s Souern Cris ian Leadersip Conference , CRE , and SNCC e end of ugus , owever a e igan ic arc on asingon organied by Bayard Rusin and suppored by all ecvi rigs groups cairan on Lewis of SNCCbriefly disurbed e iage of arony In isspeec e denounced e Kennedy adinisraion forfailing o enforce exising civil rigs las, andin paricular or no proecing souern Negroesagains violence Aside fro Zinns book, wo goodsources on SNCC in 1 are Carles Jones SNCCNonvi olence and Revolu ion, New ni versiy Toug ,Sep c 9 and Anne Braden , Te Suden s New L, Te Souern Pario May 93

ER

Te burgeoning of civil rigs aciviy in19 eped lay e goundwor wiin SDS, for eeergence of a new poliical sraegy n a sense,SDS prepared o folow SNCC away fro e capus Aerica and e New Era, a 30page posiion paperadoped by e Jun 19 SDS convenion, was ineffec an aack on e New Fronier and a call for

grassroos insurency focusing paricularly one conoic i ssues Te New Era docue n carged a 0 i llion Aer ic ans are living below offic i allydefined iniu sandards of decencywi incoesof le ss an $00 a week for fail ie s o four Oforganized iberal i s e docue sa d A syeof poliics ic epasizes cocail paries andseinars raer an proes arces, local refor

oveens, and independen bases of per, cannoacieve leverage wi respec o an esablisenoriened adinisraion and a fundaenally reacionary Congressiona oligarcy

Sill , Aeric a and e New Era ws ec lecc inis proposas fr ac ion e oiporancaaly ic agen in sifing SDS ' s aen ion o e

;



rgnzng f pr pepe me er n 193 s theres f the experence s f t s wrthmre ffte In the te sprng and smmer memers f the grp

wrked n the NCCntted cv rghs mvement nCmrdge tghty se gegte sern hre twn nMryand At the str f the fwng sch yera nmer f hem decded tht ther Cmrdge exper-ence c d e apped cser hme hey staredan rganng prec n the ecnmcay depressedegr se ctn f nery Che ster Pennsyvan hedemnstred ty f the wrthmre stdents wr

csey wth ran pr Negres n Chester exerted pwerf nfence wthn D . w ppers y CrWtmn head f the wrthmre grp strte heptmsm whch the Chester prect engendered Bthare reprned n he Chen He nthgy tden sand c nmc Ac n nd An nerrac vemen fh Pr wrten wh m Hyden

he cnmc eserch and Actn rect A

st p y arge 8 a group, ecame cn he ou f nt a m ganng pgam By the s � e n y

D had deced mae L n cs sav n nate o n x en hee s s f h wr n ea h ne hh aden hse n in

h &ac nn a he

vO cn cl s '!;

pup wh h A rgaers ha n n h r

ue d dd n h ad Pena f h

nernana So Jounl, 2 96n crd hsten : v n o h Organe adca Amerca archApr 96.

MIP M

Of the s ssspp mmer pre ct f 196 t eneeds t e sd here ry tht yer NC w rersn OFO decded fte r mch he sttn s se c fr hsand nrthern cege stdens t spend theser n Ms ss spp hepng wth vter regsr-t n techng n mprvsed freedm schs ndshn the physc dnger ht s prt f every

c -;o' s fe n M s ssspp Apprxmtey



7

800 students responded to te call representing awide variety of backgrounds and political attitudes toug ot of te saw tese attitudes swing tote left over te course of te suer . To of

te wee iled lng wit bl Mi s s is s ippi nworking on te sae proje ct . f te any b ookswritten about te suer s experience te best aybe Sly Belfrage ' s Freedo Suer . A ett er froJackson by Calvin Tr il lin Ne orer August 99 tells a great deal about te tining of BobMoses te origial SN worker in Mississippi and ead of te Freedo Suer project Staugton

Lynd wo was in general carge of te freedosc ools wrote aou te in Te Freedo S coolsConept and rganzaton Freedoways Spri ng 9

uring te suer te C worers built up a oveent nown as te ississippi Freedo eocraticParty FP in wic all Mississippians were elgibe to partcipate toug of course in atualpractice scarcely any wites cose to elegates

ere elected n grasroot s caucuse s and a fulldelegation ws osen to deand seats at te Deocrat i c party convent ion in Atlanti c C ity awyerfor te �FP was Josep au Jr of asington , alongtie leader of te Aericans for eocraticAct ion en it appeared tat a b itter floor fgt igt ensue wit nortern delegations aving tovote for or against te FP liberals witin te

party arranged a coproise by wic te reguardelegation would retain its seat and te DP wouldget two of its leaders seate d as de legates at large au advised te P to accept aking it cleartat norern liberls in te onvenin wold notsupport te if tey refused te offer Martinuter King and Bayard ustin also appeared beforete delegat ion and advi sed ac cepting te coproise

Moses and Jaes Foran of SNCC spoke briefly urginga stand on principle and tey were overwelinglysupported More tan any oter s ingle event ti sdraati ed te readine ss of ilitants in te c ivirigts oveent to break awy fro te liberalcoalit ion of te Jons on adinstrat ion Pleas tatunity was needed in order to keep Barry Goldwater



r eng eleced preden en le hn her l e e Jc k Mnn i a wie SNCC w rker ecned he epide n he Miipp reedecr i c Pry : A ew ec lrn Independe nce "

ree dy Spring 196 5 e e l Mrray Kepn ,Cncence e Cnvenin Ne eplicSepeer 964

O CMPS

vriey ce n e le ich e expeience hnded nhen den

ih cia ppein n he Deep Sh he 96 cl year ne nprecedened een n hec p he yl ve al, a erkeey Nhingee h ppened n he 9 did ch cpic aenn n clege en han dd eree Speec veen a e e ey ched hene eeley diniain clped dn n cap ecin cap civi acivie, e

oeet eeped in a a clenge eni a q /i Sav , eade e] hi a pnive chd ang e denren e d, pir e Sp l iin inc neay 00 ere aree

ee ' ie e n e pe in he achineece di, ae y c ear,

y can e , y can ' even c ilae pa And y ve g p yr die pn e gea and p e heel pn heleve , pn a he appaa , and y ' ve g e i p And y ve g nd c e e pepe n i e peple n i a ne y re ee he achne i l epeveed r a al

I igniicn te ree Speech ]veene a ggle cvi i e ne ehch ad ved caple aing e a evr den in e ey ix ie iian dena-n ai ge dcrinay ing pacce yy e epyer had rg are and hd a pee n e nieiy to cap dn n



den . Wh n he SM wa beeed hathe ban n ncamp ecn came a a e fpckeng agan exSena Wam KnwandOakand bne In the ce f the cnfnta-n wth the U . C . admn tatn hwee man fhe Bekee tden had t cnfn f the fme the wn pace n c et Sa a eeanf Mp Smme made he cnnecn h wa

In Mpp a atcac and pwefmn e hgh ganzed ence tppe he at ta pwee matn Cafna he peged mn man-

pate he Une beacac p-pe he den pc expen.ha eectabe beacac mak hefnanca pca; ha mpena beacac the effcent enem n a Bae Newd . "

he SM f ce wa nt mp baed pn

an neecta ce f he Une theCafna pwe ce . hee wa a fa he peand a ene f hmtha hwed mehng me . he SM ebe hwed a ceae andnnae ab ha wa tpfed bh b heaca ng and he eabhment f a eeUne f Cafna dng he Sp Ha n . In he afemah f Bekee the ma

meda ca wed a he Amecan camphe d ceed f he f me tha a new b cte had emeged ne ha wa bh feewheengn fe te and e n t ptca be-ef Beke e mb ed a n n hwee fa between bhemanm and pca actm.

a becae the SM had a nmbe f a-cae keen and pa becae he Beee

camp wa f f fact pnd thee a atteae n the ep de An exceent accnt ba nntdent patcpant Ha ae Bekeehe New Stden e egeen papeback 5hee ae tw papeback anhge ne edted bMchae V Me and San Ge en a



0

Berkeley, Del, 19 d e oe by Seyour M.ipe ad Seldo S. oldi Te Bekele Sudeevol , Doub leday Aco 19 Bo re good bue ipe li collec io i oe copee ive

Te Troube a Bekele ex by Seve aaw DibloPre, 196 a fe book of poogap wi oecoeay . Fially, ee ae o agz ie a i cle , icluded i eie ology, wic deeve eadieald Roeel Geerol Revol ad e FeeSeec Movee , ibea io, Decebe 19 ad uay1, ad Mi cael Ro a ' Befoo i Mallowod, Rpa , auy 9 Bo e exceped i

Jb d adau, Te ew di cal

PRT C IP ATORY DMCRACY

Te FSM wa o duplicaed elewee duig cool yer, oug ee wee widely epoed ici-e of ude poe o oe apu ecool yea oally plcid Yale we ude

ceed agi e dii of a popul piloopypofeo . Duig i period of le 194 ad early19 oweve, ee were four oe develope awee o ply a igly ipora ole i givig pe oe ew ef wic ay be id o ave ly eeged a di ic e iy . Te e develope ad o dowi cage i SCC ; prllel cage i e projec e udde gow of proe agi e

Vie followig e iiiio of regulr ob-ig rid ove or Viea i Feury 19 d egow of l u c ive edecy ceered i eMy d Movee wic ig be called e "ew ulralef .

SCC did o accep fial i ebuf a eA l ic C iy cove io Aloug i kew i oe liberl ll ie wee eage o bury e iue

e �DP colleced evidece of voig dicriiio Miiipp d oued callege o e eaigof a e Coge ioal de lega io we Cogre coveed i aury ook a ieive publiciycapig by SCC eve o ge e iue efore eHoue, d e 140odd orere wo voed agieig e Miippi did o for e o pr,



relu ly Mebers of ogre s s deped o eaoer for avors d aks o e seorysouerers ed o oupy e os powerful pos-os we Deor s are power Tus , de -

spe e f s was esy e os berlCogress se e ys of e New Del, e DPoul ob og ore a a perfuory reerrlof e r proes o a spe al House oee TeFD perssed , eve afer s rebuff , d everyg ol o eep e ssue lve urge sprg suer SNCC e far greerpore o s o resde oso ' s vog

rg s bl , passe suer I Sepeber eMsssspp lege was eely rejeed by eHouse , s aep e e spe l oee s o-luso a was powerless o br e sssppsTs e e FD go 9 voes for s poso,a sule g over e Jauary voe

rgely s a resul of s bd epereesw lberl Deoras, as well s s suess

orgg e grssroos DP, ere -res ee NCC o ebore sraegy oparpaory eory, w people would orgze o ke esos for eselves ou pulo Te odel ws e FD, w SNCC workers a re o vo posg er

e s of w dreo e oee sould go rdually bee lear o e lbe rals drdl s a SNCC was o s ply e os l IT

of e vl rg s groups , bu d se of ds -ve des bou ow ge woul oe bou soey A ube r of aalys es ppeare w arewor reg order o ge pure of e vrgs ovee 96 d SNCCs re l osp o Te loges d bes was e rdes TeSouer Freeo Movee Perspeve, Molyevew , July Augus 96 Te Movee d goorle o e P s May sse To Hayead Nor Fruer wroe sypae repors Sudes o e ef, er 96 d Jak Newfea soew es oe Te No, uly 9 96Te os exee lyss by worred lberal ws ers ' Eoue r w e Fu ure T New





papebac 966 , ae pehaps the best expes sn the New et phlsph as t had deveped at thatpnt . As Camchael smmaed I place m wn

hpe the Unted States n the gwth beeamng the nqaled that the ae n act qa-ed: the can atclate and be espnsbe andhd pwe hs b a s cnt ans a see s ctca cmentaes n the ew et bt vngHwe s agant ew Stle s n ' etsm ssent Sme 96 , a me mpt ant ctqe he amesse ent cntans a sht atce b

Staghtn nd he New adcas and ' Pat cpat emcac bab the be st exptn thse ew et cncept

VNAM

t had t a wh thee as ltte pb-c ptet ve S pc n Vetnam beeFeba 96 t te that ew Amecan tpswee Vetnam ( 6 , 000 n md sme 964) andthat the ee ehestc al nwn as advses "bt the bad tne the cnct ee nt ata nnw : an nppa cnsevat ve gvenent nSth Vetnam an ndgens gea mvement get-tng mt ts ams b captng Amecan weapnm gvenment tp and sstematc te campagn agant the geas In the a 9 ,

bee Pedent em was assasnated and epacedb the next n a ee Amecanbased egesthe Stdent eace nn hed mal demnstatnsat pace whee em ' s te n aw Madame Nh,was speang and the lwng png the Ma 2ndmmtee ate the Ma nd Mvement wa medas the est a stdent c neence at Yae .M2M vewed the Vetnam wa a a natal tgwt

an mpeatc egn pc a vew haed bthe Yng Scalst Alance bt ntat that tmeb the ng adcal gps At t meetng necembe 96, the Natna Cncl SS decdedt ca an antwa demnstatn n ahngtn C n Ap bt thee was n expect atn thatth ptet d attact me than a ew thsand

/



2

sue s s n e ry Februry 965 hen he . .begn y bombng rs n orh enmnd mde cer h mercn roops ou be sen n hever

number necessry o n he rh proess becme e spre he mrch n Wshngon re over5000 mos o hem suens, he response beng rgreer hn ny o he eers h hougpos-s be ( ee Jck mh, he emnd s Pece , on Gurn, pr 2, 95 n Repor romhe ors he Mrch on Wshngon, u eson he Le , prng 95 rng he nversy

o Mchgn, echns ere he number o co-eges n unverses n hch spekers, mos o hem cuy embe rs , e h vrous spec s o heenm r he r bes , he e ch ns en b e yon he mmee ssue o he r n conroneue s ons bou he nure o mer cn soc ey . he echns here s rppor n n egerness orernng h s rre on unver s y cmpuses . he

rges , enm y Beree y, re up o 000suens me urn he 6 hours se heechns re scusse n echn Ne orum orReson, he on , y , 965 Mche Levs , Venm C omes o regon n ver sy, Ne York me s ne y 9 , 95 n n o exce en r c esby Jmes Gber n Jon Wch co n ues one Le , ummer 9

-

he mos mn ng o he enm proes srepre sene b he y 2n ovemen . hough M2s s _ sm , n s uner s rong nuen ce romhe rogre s sve bor Pry, s que c ve oneser cuses n s he o s me n sress g o heme s h ere e r o become exremeymprn o he e Le s n mper srue o mercn oregn pocy eed h e-

n s n berron n nsse h enm h e uners oo n he gh o mer cn ec onom cepns n . den e h he enme se ( nCu) rvouonres, n vee hem s ghersor on beron rom oregn cps cono n , 2M c rcue semen n c ng mebers ou reuse mry servce nen becuse o her oposon o he r.



25

Ths s preursor o he presen r ressneoveen , hough M 2 M s so s h sseen ree ve e en on he e

SRY

Roghy sne 960 here hs een sooveen , opose ny o suen s hh hshreee he e o en soeyTh s hre s no , rs , n guousy r s er n he nure o s sure ens suh s r negron, n en o nuer es

ng, n ree speeh u r n s srus ooprose n n s pro vy or re on ver pero o yers or n onen erge, nhe resu s soehn h ou egey ee e e The onep o pr poryeory , s evove y SDS n NC C , oere oh oe o operon n rue o ereseer s Moreover , urnshe he s r

revo gns he unversy envronen n hhos Ne e ss oun heseves The e hhe "nor hnnes re nsruens o npuon,n h peope us e ove o ke esonsor heseves s ery ppe o heunversy s e s o oher res o soe hss h e suen rs reze h hey noonge r h s py o g oher peope s e s

Sne 96, he Ne e h unergone a nuer of hnges, oh n s onepon o soey nn s sre g hn ng Dr res sne , uner groun nesppes , guer here , n ove poer, re ers h ou hve evoe esgns o re ogn on hree sho yes go B noneo he shou e surprsng n he gh o hhe Ne e h eoe y 9 For hey re vr ons on hee he reogn on h er n

ers s no enough, h he goo soey sone n hh peope shpe her on nsuonso ee he r on nees

j



The Student Movement in the 1950 's : Reminiscenc

Andre Schifrin

ve been asked o wrie abou e organizaion

a iediaely preeded SDS e Suden eague forndusrial Deoray and aep o desribe soease s of suden polii s in e ' fifies d is ver a o do so really enails wriing isory,= rainly a difi ul ask is one ing o rei -nse orally or o lo rug e old iles of organ ioal orespondene and publia ions i is uieaner ae guess a e reasons people aed as

y did and disover wa ay be learned fro eir eerenes SD i n y ie was alays fas inaed b y i s

isory reaing bak , u ia ely o e nero l-e ae So ials So iey in 5 and soe de ereea as done Bu a rea de al was appen ing

e ore ' ve ons ideed s ar ile , e ore per-

aded ' ve beoe of e value o serious isoril re sear in is fie d . Te ex sene of aj rnal su as Radi al Aeri a s already an enoraing india ion ink i ig ake sense

ower, or suden grops o onsider e oug in beyond indvidul resear and onsideringe ssibly of aepg soe serious ora sy proje s in is f iel d ig prove in -

eres and fruful o ry inerview proj e s ongiven apses in wi peope are asked aboue r li i al a iviie s in e ' ir iesor s and fif ie s o di sover wo was a ivead asve, wa oivae and reaened people idea is of e 0 s vanised so sudeny er e war e



27

bout us hh e ere never ble to nvestgte -nd o ourse e lked the hstor cl perspe -t ve hh mght me gret del more under-

stndng po ss b le no Wthout n suh re serchnd n t lng much good ork o ny knd onthe McCrthy Yers much tht I sy ll be smpleguessork bsed on the mnsule smple tht srepresented by the student let n my tme

In ct , I doubt tht t ould be n exggerton to sy tht n the erly ' t e s ll othe ctvsts n every student group to the let ocenter numbered under one hundred . When I rst oned ID, n 195 , ts tot t ve membershps n the doe s ourse gure s ere nltedby levng people on membershp lsts llongolder prtte sudent s to sty on t lrge , et ,but the le chter tht e strted tht yer sthe rst rel ID cmpus group t the t me h sundoubtedl represents lo pont nd e yerslter one could pont to severl hundred members

nd n ggregte student let o perhs thousndor more he only nt onl group o ny sze othrthn LID tudents or Democrtc ton butmuch o ts tme durng those yers s spent n thethroes o combtng hctmnte2 brnd orotskysm nltrton, hch nlly succeededn kllng D nd hvng t repled by olege cters under much tghter orgnztonl on-

trol . he htmnte s too ere mn s cule nd ereeetv only becuse they spent so much o therenergy n serh nd destroy opertons though theyhd s ome very ble leders e o hom hve be-come m or gure s n tody ' s stbl shment et .

he re st o the let c ons s te d n brelyexstent YP, lrgely pper Lbor outh Legue tht hd chpter n Wsonsn nd vrous groups

he Independent olst Legue nd ts youthlte the olst Youth Legue ormerlythe Worers ' Prty emnte d rom spl ththe o cl st Workers ' Prty n 90 ove r theueston o support or he oet non nWorld Wr II he group ' s dente d le der sMx hhtmn edtor s note



8

t t one erd of s exi sting in C iforni but woseexi stene ws never tngiby niested inytere were sttered Mrxist disussion groups on n-divdu puses nd te osion gtering of

students round popur rd teer su sMuford Q ibey or Hns Gert.Under tese irustnes it too sever bsi

rterists to ve existed t one of wis sense of uor nd of proportion No one woud ve dret of usng n expres s ion ike t e oveent nd prses onnoting ss tion were usuy voiedin evy iddis ent suggesting Union ure

revoutionry retori of te trt ies Te sie of te student eft is or ftorn t gong to desrbe Peope fet very dif-ferenty fro te wy students nd oters do nowteir ord ws fr ore ited nd u u ess done ttepted or even ontepted My inten-tion is neter to poogie or tis nor to suggesttt in our wy e dd tt oud ve been done

But I tin tt it is iportnt to exne te verydiferent ontext nd to see wt if nytng tis ysuggest or tody or for te future .

y ere tere so fe of us ? Te frst nswer ssipy tt s s sti te se we were iroosof te soiety s woe Tere ws no eft to spekof nywere n te ' f ift es No groups no g nesprty no individus spoke up for vues tt

woud ve been onsidered on te "eft t tt tie u ess now ny few of us in LD tougt ofourse ves s so i sts of ny knd Most of our e-bers ere ibers toug interestingy enoug teere wiing to beong to group tt ws ent to be oiton of te eft nd ere wiing to onsidernd disuss te soiist des nd soutions tt e

ut ford I suspe t tt ost of us ibers or

soiists ve oved onsiderby to te eft in ourtinin s ne te fi fte s s ve ost peope . Atte tie oever LD e ose to representing ter eft n te unversties prty beuse of wt westood for nd prty be use tere s ipy weren ' t ygroups to t eft of us siebe s tt ideoogire y no see to ve been



29

I suspect that we can accurately think of animediate postwar wave of reorm in which everycountry seriously considered the possibility o a

more equitabe so ci al re c onstruct i on . In theirdfferen ways, the 1945 -47 government s of bohave s o Europe anif es ted thi s and the Trumanadministration had the germs of a genuine programof thi s k ind SLID and other groups in the late' ort ie s se emed to represe nt thi s and they were

part o a nat ional reorist mood . It may see di -icult to believe at this date but one o th

nat ional debate top ic s in my high s chool years waswether the railroads should be nationalizedTruman ater all had propo se a genuine nat i onalhealth plan civil right s hous ing etc whichwe re st ill sub j e ct s of debate : and this is what theet had conce ntrated on

By the time the Korean War and SenatorMcCarthy had had the i r inluenc e not only ide oogy

but amost any othe r i s sue had di ed The exte nt o



the nton fe cseet sece ) ws etoiny s y pe f css e csee h pofny hmenes o socety ey is

hee ws pctcy o ne eft by the ey f ftie s o cntc t the t in m e feeft ppes mne t sie bt wee thepthetic Nt oy wee they finncy p bnoe bt the h etiey tte to sy ( it mst be bios tht e is nke to the othe ) I c st i emembe the y Dy s ses f theoc ii st Pt s c st C by tht tme ee

to monthy mine wth its mee nches ofeet ns fm few nions (the Oi Chemicokes see I . n mmteC othn ke s c s ) , n the Beks Cnty(Pennsyi pty bnch he b ck pes f theeftin ppes boste thei seet cstitencein ety of sppte s tht sho heme een the BI n the few thes h bthee t

keep p ith the i c pe ss

H DN O

Ho i thi s ffect the stent s ? I the pe i ct be ys Ks often poit ic psccoin thei fmiy yties (ths o pecente o ID membes h sociist bckons )

n thse h nee t ebe mst he pce to tnA ppe m e ee pmphet s s n of ife n i ct on tht one i s not ttey e tht the cy ies hich yo he te i yoescent he n ebote oe on iscssisin the schm cfete ct est i etye emnsbe ppe t thes c moe kimsn poes I sspe ct tht thee e mny wh she

the ppetite f pite mte tht hs wysbe en ith me in fom the coe itetet b e s tht st b thi s i s st i the cse fom my peson epeien ce f moment I st iiy ec the ifficy ith which i hihscho, I f y ic scist mte t . Commn st bkst es st ei ste bt thetypes wee e ne e e ey off impte



3

gds Fbn ppets n te prbes f ntna- sed ndstr e s and Brt s br rty anfe ss .I reeber te exteent n SID wt w we

reeved he ery std egrped betns fhe s dert sst nterntn.en te Kren wr started I spent sever dys ate N brry ryng read te reprts fr as de s t ds ver wt ad ppened . New Yrk ntht respe ws st ven and I sset twas prty bease ts tat vars radagrps d s ntan tny New Yrk Regnagrps T gether the resres f te edest nd nernana d enrage a hndf f yngsters wh ten jned e rtn fter he nd eaded f rgh the nryt ree at Yae r snsn Anth r Reed the Nt na rgn atn tat wd e hpe thse h syed bend.

I enn a ts party bese he regnaspets SID n thse dys were an prtnt

tr . Fr he a r nt n ers yse nded ere fregn brn t se thrtes expressn t ha we were hdren fs as p ans n exe . e were a preyaverge Aer ns by the e we reaed ege age .Bt fr wtever reasn weter r wn aentnr refsa t ept Aera s t as r eengt was r ra dty hep r new ntry

bak t sany we pte d Cng fr New Yrk s h the ef en dd sspet we were ser re n r sear r s t ns and nr k f n r degy . SID s fregnp y r nsane fr any years enered nthe sk pan whh ed fr he nerzatn nted erny nd asern rpe s srt f gret pwer detente pan wh I sspe

st kes exe ent sense b never sees sehw ve nered he nsea Aern pt SD s grety vaed s assate ebershp nthe Internat n n n S a st Yth s s te bease s prt f the tax exep ID weprtpated ny n edtna atvty taxexeptn whh n trn gt te LID the eagre trade



unon unds whch kept the whole house o crds rocoll ps ng then nd there

ebershp n IUS ws vluble or ll sorts o

reson s the jor one be ng the antennce o orle I ce to thnk o n Internatonal s group con-sstng o people ble to sy Ah but elsewhere werepre sent ss oveent An wul lot o our ellowUSY ebers we were to dscover were not uchbetter o thn we but the contcts were ld nd weound wde choce o corades ny o wh wereour genune counterprts just as soe o the proved

to be harrssed party bureaucrats tryng as nnglnd to keep the Trotskysts ro tkng overthe r youth eent or the nth t e

ur nerest corades were the Cndans andthough n the erly tes the Cooeratve Comonwealth ederton was no great orce t dd represent real soclst cheveent one o whch I stlleel vcrously proud See the recently ressued

pperbck Arran Socals rten by Seyourpset beore he chnged hs nd bou le TheCndns suggested tht poltcs as we then thoughto t could stl succeed n North Aerca thtpeople could stll redrect as the CCF hd done n theProvnce o Ssktchewn the econoy to serve therneeds that Aercn explotton s n ol couldbe ept out that soc l serv c es could be proved

nd even we were ter ll the student legue orndustrl deocracy tht actores could be turnedover to the \orkers who anned the

The econoc ssues ht I hve just entonedre rarely ds cussed nowdays atonlzton ndpublc ownrshp see to have totally dsappered rothe scene and though I thin understnd the resonswhy ths hs hpened I sorry about t ne o

SID ' s aj or preo ccupt ons b strct s t ust nowsee ws the debate o ths queston nd t s ebte tht should I thnk st l l be wth us . The

he terrbly date d sound o ndustr l deocrcy ay conceal the act tht t s the sae thng asartcptory deocrcy and tht one o the resons>e ket the nae untl e deded tht t would bebetter res to choose the jazer ne o sds wstt we beleved n ths and et stll to be central ssue





na iona ood which I described a he begnn ing ohs ar ice and o anoher re aed acor peopewere scared . I hin ha hi s , ore han anyhing

else aered and i us no be underesiaed.McCarhy s aj or achieveen had been o s c are every-one , d he ine . Peope ere araid o join anyhing o sign anyhing o lend heir naes o any-hng ou had o as sue ha he Universiy would

1

urn over ebership iss o he B and ha , a soe Jpon, your urn igh coe beore soe coee oroher. course , copared o uch ha has been done ,snce , h i s was sal pi ckings . e were never ndanger he way SNCC workers are everyday we alwayssayed eiculously on he side o he law and cividi sobedience was no even di sc ussed . Tie s were dieren and ha i s al ha one cn say . e , ourswas pracly he only or o dissen avaiabe oncapus and no a er how re specabe al was idrew ew akers . Pe ople woud coe o eengs a

ale e ere , or ins nce , he irs sign o publicdebae ha had been around or a very long ie . Aspeech by oran Thoas or a debae on he need ornaional healh insurance our irs wo eeings were hardy revou ionary ac ions , ye hey drewounerpkes ro he olowers o a Bkycouness expressions o consernaion and disbeieand inally enough sypahizers so ha a viabe group

could survve ro year o yearPubic eeings were abou all we did do, alongwh discusson roups debaes, leales, newspapers,research and he usual paperparaphernaia ha surrounds any organiza on n hese days , one o our

ajor dcuies was o rove ha here as apovery probe, h no l Aericans were rich,one o ur irs paphes by abriel Kok was on

he subje O course, we ried o work wih locaroups , such s hey ere , and we d a de cen j ob oiorng and educaing our ebers. e did acerain aou wih oher capus rous and eagerlyjoined ha naional coordnain coiee o youhornizons ha only uch aer e discovered hdbe se up wih CA hep o reresen ericanyou brod



5

kng bck n y experences wt te Yaegrp rater tan s ffcer f te ntn grp wc ws ere epeer bsness n any wys

wt strkes e s te degree t wc r effectve-ness ws cndtned by te ts f te rgersc ety . We were abe t rse qest ns nd pr-vke debte n nber f s se s bt n te end Isppse r re prt ws n reassertng te exs-tence f dssent n spy brekng te sencend sggestng t ters tt t se pnt nse s se tey gt fw st In r vae s

w e were ppsed b y te rge j rty I cn st reeber t re stty nd veeence e etwen we prpsed tt aes Frer ten r fedsecretry nd ter ed f COR debate te tenttrney gener f Gerg w ' d been nvted tYe . e cege news paper tw sted r ctn ntsggestng rater dcrsy tt we were tryngt keep te Sterner fr spek ng n cas . e

spprt gven ts crge served t rend s wppsed pepe st were t wt we were tryng td w c te d dsked r rckng terbt ever s tte

On te ter nd te ny te tt we cnc t ve eped ead ss ctn was wen wefnd rseves n agreeent wt jrty sent-ent n te case f te Hngr n refgees . Ints nstance r ntcns ws nt tt dfferent fr nyne e se ' s and pepe were w ngt jn wt s n cn cse tg teyprbaby wd ve refsed t g ang t tec ess effectve ntcnast gestres ttwe prpsed

COMISM

I ve n dbt tt r ntense antc-"sm e ped SID srvve n tse ye rs btsever aendents st be ade t ts sggestnFrst nt c n s ndbtedy refe cted tepersn cnvctns f te SID eberste fewstdents actvey sypatetc t te Cnst artysy jned te br Yt ege nt SID nd



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THE BALANCE SHEET

of American Trotskyism: 94 - 947

(a critique)

by C.LR Jame, F Forest and Martin Glberman

Facing Reality Publishing Committee

4 Wooward Avenue,

Detroit, Michigan 48

$

$



ptent tskysts h seve gups t hse mhe ue st n t the t me s pm y ne vlbetes n thugh the pbem s hty ebte

thn L the l pstn s sm t ththe by l thse tkng the be ne n vlbet e s pp st n t spe ts Cthy smn the peseutn mmunsts le th e-us t tuly bte th mmunst gnz-t s Ths uest n , neele s s t sy s ge lytheet l . Thee ee n mun st gups thhh t bte (thugh h thee been e u

hve unubtey euse) nvu mmnst suents my hve ne L thee ee etny numbe Mxsts Ttskysts h jn but, n ses tht n emembe, they kept t the smegeement tht s elt by thse t the ght n Lnmely tht ssues ee ebte thn genelly epte mek . The nly e hee kng thmmunsts s seusly ebte s n the nte-

nt n e hee s e ment ne bee , Ltene t gee th the pstn ten t ust me s by neun Bevn n gh tskell e . etente n senggement n the esttn neut ntnl enttes the thn the vy ntent n unte nt s

t t mptnt t eze st h muhRuss hs hnge sne tht tme n h muh eente th thse n th let h h been pe-se ute by the Cmmun sts We e t e ul be be-t yng thse h h ppse tn s t tshpm the et \e l bte hee b, thth se h eene t bv usly, the vehe mngppgn the tme tste l ths t mpetelyuneply the egee t hh the West s ls tut n the ys n hh u n tttues u be



9

usd by I A or ors

Wr would SLID brs of 19 0 s sadwr y suds oday? s a qus io a i

would b fasciaig o aswr bu I doub a aswr is poss ibl . May av cagd i yarsbcoig or radical rar a lss, wi agad xpric Bu a as b ru of poplwo blogd o o sud groups as wll Volu-rig as a lawyr goig Sou or i a goacig as a ir i a big ciy spia losigur for o s oppos i io o war i s i

of xpric as radicalizd ay a br of ygrao wo ad vr ard of SID or ay orof a sall raibow of lf Y os woblogd wr ik a rprsaiv crossscio of a poial cosiucy as SD growfro arly o la fif is s ows . wol,wr w vr abl o av kid of fac o facdiscussio a apps so rarly across gra-

ioal lis , ik w would s a gradual siffro fifis io sixis carryig siilarblifs ad cois fro poswar orayars i o prs

T o facor wc abo al was issig frois was our igorac of rol of Afrom this arena . I think it's fair t o say that

arly all of us blivd i ajor SIDplas o iraioal affairs wic opposdcolialis as wll as sovi doiaio of issatellies . It would be inter est ing to se e

ad praps soo will follow is up i soorl isory rvws ow vryo racd o A disc losurs T NSA popl r-liious you groups ad all ors wr ,

av o raso o doub ually sicr i forig policy posiios a y ook Tgradual discovry of A aipulaio aug usall a gra dal or abou Arica Praps sadds ioy of all was vy ui prdw all usd o flfro wavr groupwi discussig Arica you groups wi for-

igrs poid o gu idpdc

wic joyd as opposd o official isad v ssidis wic so ay or our Euopacou ras va .



4

TH OTHR GTION GP

fer y yers f wrk wh SD we be-e persuded h geer gp dd exs d

h ws superbe e Muh s we hped dred seeed pssbe ke use whh ef h hd bee ve he hr e s d hdf he rs d evss f hefur e s d f fe s Th gp s exs s d rres us fr y Lvese h wy ver guessg w Irvg Hw The dfferee s h hveeed hs ger f frer efss fr he

urre geer d se be bs d perhpsube d f urs e kw eugh buhe wy sude s hk dy be be s y hwuh her s s w h y w geer I suspe hre s uh

Sudes he ffes sed b kw s hese ger I wud be fsh suggesh SLID ever gve v hs geer bes

sggesed h e ud spek up d h pps s hd be ved y ys we shwedhe sgs f hvg fwed wh e gh heseed geer ws dffu he ss dffu w fr e hk f ye ged us sy 0 55, wh rprses sehg heer Lef e wud resp The se k seeed exs g hse represeg ur geerhse

Wh s fsg wh hs

p s h ergee f eeu grup hef h hd ver fred he ffes bu h wreprese s here geer u k The ss g d rspewrhy whever yur preferee fr hsy ff yd pkd MDer Lesh pf Ferber here re pepe spekgu wh re rev d e e r gh

erhs s hs h ers he s Thebery f e e us r = he ef h wessed rud he d r yers seed rk e sge ur hsry er s ey shwed edegre wh h ud b wed d persuded ep g w degy d bdg d ss e We wud evr hs guessed h he geer hh



4

w und urss ad su ddn rsrs ndwud b wd by s drn n u s ssn w puy w nr b ndd

J a m e s P C a n n o n L t s f r om P r i s o � . Y o r k M r i B o o k s 1 9 6 8 . $ 5

J a m e s G i b \ e rs 3£ P a s an s . New Y o ' l y ( S o n s 6 . $ 9 5

S q h o n Ly n d , Th e I n t l e c u F O g n s f � m -

- Ra d c l m . Y ; P D n f h e o n B o k s , $ 7 . 9

h e o d o e R s z a k e d h e D e n i n q ,ca emy eY o k P a n t h e n B o o k� 9 6 7 . $ 6 . 9 5

--

T m ) h l f h T h e u e f x i m n h eUn e S 1 e - ew Y o k : Bu--;H n P b � i o n 6 7



4

Poetry & Revolution

D Wgr

Z n nholoy o Revolu ionry Poery e b Dne orgks mrn

Pre s s , Box 418, NYC 9 l 25

s lrge on he over o lmos nyoher boo o polii l poery ' hin soo orhe rp snoreob h mos poery o his sor proue s Bu his mens he srl o ZE ( lie ) n i epiomies pre ell h Dn eorgks hinsrevolu ionry poery shoul be s ell s be bou here re e poes or eiors ho re in beerposiion o pu ogeher n nhology o his kin,sine Georgks is one o he bes riers in hemimeo revolu ion h ' s revivng u righ o n

s ine he ' s so Gree o he mos vio enly eo- r i persus ions n he boo s ei ion o Ynni sR is os ( Gree poe impri sone sine ril 67 b he un ) eorgs r ies "s i sm n poery nnoo exis , n he book reurns o is onri oryoniion o Greee severl imes, o he speiis orepre s s ion n he spiri he sggle gins i

n i ' s ll poery There re none o he

elloi n generlize emoions hih lo o selonsiously poliil poes emn exep ou o sheermorl n ieolog il res sure ; he usul rl ing ob sr on s l ie bubb e gum & eggshellsis no obe her in he reek voies o his nhology Theirhns hve beome pr o he rile The rile exenshe r hns . The ir hns exen hei r souls

' s LL poer Georgs ' ork in he mimeo

revoluion hs pu him in on ih he bes o hee ser ious poes ho rn ou he ir souns onien Geseners in berooms n kihens n ho reighing o emorize he r o ing poery inohe sree n he sree ino he poem T ryss Wil mn, Wm nling, Doug Blzek o E mgzineirb C oon, rus pes ll hve s omehing in



ere ongde e work of oer ece en poeke Hrod Nore, eorge Dowden eRo JoneMorgn bon of Mwkee n ere even Cre

Bkow Soe peope g wonder og w dong n polc cone

e I oee ook book .Told e I d veo coe ge

f I wned o ve gn .Don ' know wye ' d y .Ue ooklke

l e dn "oe

or k by Eerdge ng e n erce cel.Drnk gger ke dewnged feon joe foor

b ey re we w n Ge orgk '

von of w revoonry poe A ndernd fro e vrey of work ncded nder e , e e po c bjec re oe of reonp beween peope , weer eyre power re onp e k j oed or

e ne freedo of n d won rnnng p . And en o be revol onry poe y open pr of rnge of n relonp

e eoon nd experence becoe orcyccebe rog e poe nd e revolonrype kep l ve

on eeng pro nder bowng e 2

p.



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u Bck st mprt pn s h hs s usndngpry th vry f xcp ns Th ' s rr nuhby t f .



A Revolut onary Strategy?

Stuat wn

dre Gorz Strtegy or or Bosto : Becoress 967 -$45 -

dre orz ' s Strtegy or or des wththe cruc questo o rdc orgzg tctcsor hghy dustrzed worg css westeroe d the ted Sttes s t ct c sugest os re der ved rom s ghtu crt queo moder dustr socety crtque whchds roots d hstorc eresso the teo-retc wrt s rx s such t my edvse to dscuss the rx coceto o thehst ory o soc roduct o order to veorz ' s ys s roder h stor c se s wes to rse the strtegc cocusos drw romhs ys s

X BGD

the 1840 s r rx o wth reder c kEes e to deete hstorc theory orevout o The ersect ve grew ou o oem -c tretmet o the oug or Let ege swho were jec th Germ uc with horrord we" o ther serocmed revoutoryctcysmc derousess d crm ruthess- e s s These revoutory" Hees coceredwth che d rogresso towrd reedom dReso coceved o ths che o the eve o serte d seex stt "Srt or d To

1 r rx d rederck Ee s The }ermIdeooy



6

h, h prc f hiry ay i h frar fa ig Mi hich, hrugh h proc of f-cciou rflci, a gric a, a igh pru hi ar ial ir , fr pr -hiry o hiry, h i h a u li,hi a brah i u · ih h i ful p iai i h iaiic hir, h i i a para ic fr ha c y cal h ra r a y a boh iacical rgy a h pyifi f hiry, bcam h " ra r

Mar, c cr ih h frag r i fhi iali bga o forula a roluioary

hooly hich yhi ay of h prca prcpio of iaiic phiophy ih hphoa of h ccr, aria orl urbach Opp i io f h Mariali ic aa l i c Ou, ar p a c ocpi o fhory of aia i a u a ly f ro,roo i h hua coiio of pruci a ho c ia rla i hip ha gr ou f pruc i

i hi uppiio, h i ahi ri cal hichha o la uch f r ari i ir chai i c r iai , a c ic r-ii hich xpai " ' i goo a i hrough h arro puri of hir iia arial ir y i i hi a upp i ihich h uro icly, brig Mari i full ru io h Mar p f pruc io

r f ci , h r r i hiorical co; rahr, hy gai aig yi r f h ir r c i hi ori Vi ihir co h cporary fiii ofc oi c " prouc io b o a par of h igyf h h c oic a pruc i f hi chMar p, h ohr ha, gai aig hrughh aliy hiry a Marx ' hi ry

aliz ricay, hi oic bra hrioally

2 hi o i fi ro i gl ' ic iagai chaizig frai i hihog of h Mi



I the soci product io whi ch me c rry othey eter ito defiite retios tht redispesbe d idepedet of their i;these retios of productio correspod to deiite stge o deveopmet of theirmteri owers of roduct io The stot of these retios or rodico-t the ecoomic strture o sc i . . (my emhss, S . E ) o whichise egd otc superstructures d to whichcorresod defite orms o soci co-scousess · 3

The wy tht me express their ves, roducetheir mes of subsistece, coceve of themsevesd rise their chidre, s o they re 4 s theproductio o certi piece of mchery m behi stori c s gi f ct by heghteig m sdexterity the miputio of resources, 5 so toore govermets d eg structures, gge d

cocets of sexuity roducts of certi socieve of roduct o I the revout ory coce-tio of history, ery hum retioshis rethus ec oomi c , ther itercourse s rodct ive sMrx hs stted

ur cocetio of history deeds o ourbiity to expoud the re rocess of ro-

duct io . . d to comprehed the form oitercourse coected ith this d cretedby tis i . e , c i soiet i it s vriousstge s , s the b s s of hi stor. 6

s Mrxi sm coce ive s of it sef ot me re s revoutory movemet i the sese commoy

3 . Mr Prefe to otr ut io to he rit iueo Poitic Ecoom4 . The Germ Ideoo, p. 7 d the miut io of m b y h i s re sources

uder cpitism.6. The Ger Ideoo, p 8



48

undersd, bu as a prfundy hisria memen,his perepin aes n signifiane in he deinea-in f revuinary aiviy 7 and regarding he

p ifas refrmi s ide gy . n being nernedwih man and his reedm, Marx was uimaey nernedw ih man s s ia prdu in r nepi n f himse e s he neessiy f exriaing his nepinf himsef rm he nempray definiins human naure J " and pa ing i w ihin he pre s s history. Marx s nep hange was a quai a ivene . e wa s n nerned wih maing aienaed man s

a happi er ne hrugh e sa i sfa in aienaed de s ire s is in i s n i s re fundamenain he quaiy f ha hapiness 8 and f hsedes res

. GZ ' S VS ON OF COMPOY SC Y

rz s Srae fr abr i s a s igni i an bfr Marxiss he nnCmmunis rd and ye ides n as he ie ma m fer a nviningsaegy by hih we as merian radias may pugurseves and he masses f wring pepe in hepr es s revu in . mran, he prbems inrz s b d n ari se sey u f a i a -piia diferenes wih her radias bu as uf e anaysis f nemprary siey ha serves asa nepua grundwr i hin he b i se f Mreexpiiy, Srae r abr berays a ensin be-ween he riia hisria mehd f Marx desribedabve, and a serius aegiae d ef suppsi-ns nernin he where and hw f revuin,whi end disregard and bfusae ha hisriamehd Cns equeny r s wr emerges as smewhafragmeed , and srae gi ay unenighened . i simpran nribuin he anaysis f nemprarysiey ' seems have e impressin upn his n

7 . . . and, urse , aaysi s .. erber Maruse has ari ie d hi s . Yu e e

ha yu are happ e yu ha u are un-happy . Cnneins , ile, p . 5 .

9 erber Marus , ba ver f Srae fr abr .



psp u s bgns nz sn n pp b s gy s ns nbguusly s b ng nd nss n dlg l dn n ns ug .Wu dub ng s s pn ks bk ww s d lu b s dl u npys y nd Lnns nd s nkng d.

H F MXM

Gz s s n s ly d n pl spy Mx s psnd n n ndPlspl Mnusps 1844 nd ndlgy ( 1846) s psp spngs Mxn npn sy nd n sl nd uu us w ulzMx s dl n dn w gly nlgzds s Gz ns n unnd n s n ws xsn s snd.s s n sy gus dp- n n un nu w s usd jusy xgns sl nundn nds s np n n s s bng ws dnn sl nd l nsps w s p sy s pdun nd l

nu nd dlgy pdu n ny pn n sy . Wn s l pdunu un gns) bjs n d zs n s n s Wn sub s nd pdus s s nddul unnds s d n Mxn sns s lzd

z s n s nlyss nlg-l sy bd nd pundy ln

n bynd dnns s bydx nns y k Mx n Mnusp s Gz d sbs n ' s s dp l n-n s lnn s n sl

10 ng s us ( w z s ) . W . dn nd x Hk



5 0

p ss pdu n As n s d nd n nl nsu n ps bgns jdg s susss nd lus

ul s l n s u s psp G s np n lu ns l s n s undn l H us j d nl s dnds g g s sn n sls nsndng "gns dnndusl s T dnd g s p s b -s dnd kng lss g b b nsus b bl -d s n s l p As n s u dnds xpss lss nd ss ns kng ss s su nd nd ns gup undp lgd nsu s 2

And s s n n slnds pdud b dn s s un-d n ks ln n lnn s nl n ndn n pdu s s ndn un b ng s ll un bngs n bgs pp n un lns sl pdun s ps ss ks n lb n bj s pss n s pls ln s nd n n n s nb sud n l s pls

n s ssn und-nl nds d, sxul s n

b d n s nd us b dlzd n s s nds ss d T " s s n s pss s n dn ndusls pn s u ns ull ssn s bgns d b ndjul s nbns d Mxn dsn-n bn undnl nds nd sl nds3

g l n ns ng un : T Mpls nd Mn l L n J spsnMn Aln Als s Plsp Mn

G p 25 1 3 Ts nds d b sl l

s pdu n n n



becomes couded

Aer he desrucion of he naura environmen, and is repacemen by a socia

environmen , undamenal needs can ony bea i ied in a o ci al manner . . . orexampe . . . he need or air . . . i simmediaely apprehended a he need orvaca ion ( an hisorical indusry) . .

51

he need o ea (means) he need oraeeri a , re sauran , anned oods . 14

ikei se , a an alienae d abor orce demandshiher ae (hih he crporaon are, ihinlimi s , il in and abe o ran) he ir braininucceses are rapidly . • . made ino a payinpropo i i on by hoe ho raned hem . . . a ourceo addiional prois or he consumer od ndusry. " r oni cally , he rer aemp oescape aienaion (ihou a ranscenden and

qualiaive undersand o ha alienain) onlyurher nvove hem ihin he ery proces romhih hey ee re ease . Thu he conradc onso hich }or addrees himse are ound boh inconemporary ociey and in he radiiona reormmovemens hch i he end aid and abe hasociey. By aid, e do no necessarily mean con-s c iou i deooic al c omor ( alhouh uc h may be he

cae ) aher, a ih he American Communisary ' s ac commoda ion o ranklin D ooeve l inhe lae 193 0 , e de i ae movemen hich , byaccepin he layan s underandin monopolycapiali economis, hardly creaed lain casiure in he ociey and usualy hed up oalhich ere aborbed proiaby (boh econmicay andpol i icaly) by he rulin cla s . And hile e

benei o a reormed abor movemen are huransvaluaed ino he ained proi o heb oure o i ie and �urhered alienai on o he rker ,increai ny he laer s de ini on o sel, ie ,

1 . Gor , p . 89 1 . lbi d . , p . 5 7 .



ains s and su ss atd i n tms of ommoditis, t y subjts of his lination

i s t this oint , thn , tht x ' s ontion o soial odution boms mningfl

aoa to th totlit of l i inat ion s asoiologi ont is no lon limitd to n on-thjob analysis lisu tim an no long b viwdmly s sit whi olutionais ight toinas lint ion i s , to oz , total non li i th ab o l if Thus aitl ist so ial odut ion,t imaty th wy mn odu s is on sl , isinsabl ithin th aitis wok and ly,

ubli and ivat o aitalism.Goz ' s is ion is a s ignii ant on whos i-

latons should inom th maing o adilst at gy imaily, to oani aound t bas i s olination, an tiuatd oal o most ftwing ogani t ions , sould man to oani z mn aound andabout thi lis as whol, and th ontaditionsnd unins s td by h hol of th li s

uthnd h w ind inks to th xin ontion o litil ts nd dutionbothadial toy and ati fo th two in-sabl must b tans ndnt di al ons ious nss may b th abiliy t objtiy soity whihi s tying to obj t ify you On must omhndth bility f soity to oot sming itiisms andnd om ations into igh soialsyhoogil

sson nd not my nulliy th maning of thsfos but also tun thm aainst t om s siniint adial tin, oz gus, is on whihannot b absobd and nutalizd, on whih aisiaism vsably n to is dstution,and an to ims and his dom

GRZ S TT F Y OTH NAME .

Yt oz s book i s not , s may hv bn imlid,solly a t ansndnt it iqu of ontmoyindust i l so ity Th it iqu i s im s s ily



THE IDEAL COMIY -

E ON WH HELPS

EL ALL HE HERS !

WNDER U WAN

5 3

siioi iricl

hee bt ee seves Go ' s ppose s pont of ebkton fo oe sttegc consdet ons Wht the ede tends to fee , s he te sto coe te these stte g c sgge stons wth Go ' sc t e of contepo soet , s the ct c dsp between the two

n contepo socet, whee the sttionof fndent needs s possbe nd get "povet

( contne s w tho se 17 the d cs de pendence pon n nevtbe

gowng dscontent of

he s se s be ft e . Hstocl needs noonge hve evot on pet ve To ge to pett on, to dend, even to f ght fo "oe wit hin he def ned oe ' s of contepo h stos no n escpe fo the pove o fe

Athogh not s pesse s n ne Densonn whch does not pesent stteg7 In Stte fo bo oz s deng wh the

ot of he wong css n the hghndst zed ( pe st nt ions Hs nssdoes not p tht soe segents of he poptonn the deveoped contes nd the sses of peopen the "ndedeeoped pe stdden ntonsdo no epeence se "

Goz, pp 23



Gorz carres ths analyss to the pont of reectng quanttatve reform poltcs and at the sametme realzes the relatve weakness of the contemporary workng class to wrest per from where t now

l e s . H s strategy then emerges as an gument forstructural reforms or as he tres to convncngly ut tt nonreformst reforms " Gor feels that the onlymeanngful strateges are those hch help rngcaptalsm to crss and strengthen the workngclass . 9 Tratonal reforms e quant tat vedemands for wage s longer vc at ons shorter hours etc are e asy asorbed and tend t o further con-

suerze rather than radcalze an already alenatedworkng class s to arx ec onomc s was a w orldhstorcal phenomenon to Gor a worng class seekngan "e conomc qual tat ve alterat on n t s cond t ons must t oo vew tsel n world hsto rc terms .When e conomc " demands reesent a qual tat veacceptance of the hstorc needs o catalsm theybecome eanngles s .

n dealng wth nonreforst reforms as aneffect ve me ans of shtn the st ruggle away fromthe urely economc ( n ah§torcal sense twardsthe level of class struggle , cO Gorz onts to threelevels of cons cousne ss whch lead to a non coopt alestruggle . The level s are analyse s o the workstuaton "the purpose o work " and 3 thereroducton of laor owe . e the l fe style and

ml eu o the worker These are cl early qualt at veasects of lfe under captalsm whch must e dealtwth n the rocess of uldng a workng classmovemet nd yet the mplcat ons wh ch one mghtdraw from a call for such analyses go far eyond thetradt onal work s tuaton to whch orz adheres .

Gorz sees the unons as the medum for astructural reorm strategy . et the ef cacy of ths

med n tes of the onscousness of modern9 d 0 Here strengt means aunomy

as a cons cous workng cl ass 0 d .



5

nin , i nt nlyze d If , Grz eem t me , the rblem with mdern indtri n in i trtegi, hen hi red tertin ftrtegy ld be rged w ithin thee nin Btften, in the e f the merin FLI, thedifferene between Gr nd the nin mvement i r mre thn trtegi rz hime mt reg-nize thi, r in hi ttemt reent grnd fr h trtegi rhe, he Frenhmn i red er emle rm the wrkin rgniztn Nrthern ly rey rz ' erin ht rtrl rerm re gifintnly f eh e i ten in nnt nitinf limte iim wd be zellyreited by he merin nin lederhi nd mhf he embehi B even mn ertin ement the Cmmni t let f Ere , the qitt ieet f rz nlyi nd it re li nryim i ti n wld nt be r i y etbe The rin nein f edeermintin men

r mre thn i i mmnly ken r i men tnmy wihin net whih e hmn in-divid vle the ririty nd re i rdtin

rz i l t de with he h wrer wer in term diverting the nin rm theirrren treie, nd in the e thenied tte rm heir rent, nd ede-

red idel y . rz h l the inredient r trtey re nter rre ; by theretn f trre whih nt nly verbye , bt rmy nd hi hily tivey e he ien ntemrry iety tr-tre hi h brin men t irre erbe dd ithhe ir lien n et erh in ne in t ldle endenie he he rediret wh my

n be re dire be . When r y Never e igh l imte g , he i nt e king revin in rmnt i , ll qi term , nd yehi dherne ertin f ield f ly i raer t be rmni nd llqi thmentt the tinit nd ther refrmit genie fetern Ere nd he United t te

rz view il rdtin life



oy hs ogio o segy is aemp o cocreize i i radiil reas o orgai z a i o If oe s e ver o lo se s i gh o he re voluiory gols he oe mus eer lose sigh orevolui oary dimes i s ; e oe doe s he he re is

o sayig hw he srucural reorms "o he jobmi gh b e copesaed or r cope d o he j ob s �orz impli e s , oe i s o he j ob heher he i s o o r o "

Ul mae l Gor rie s mae i eas r rad i i oal lei ss ac cep e i diom o Marxi sm( or wh i s cmml ow as eo -Mrx i s m ) Ye oee el s he is makig i o e as For i he ras a

i o arx ' s cocep io o s cia produc i io e rms a c c ep a le o or z s p i i c a a s s c i a e s oe r see ms sus umed b e e The me ss age is criique o coemprar s e s a cal or aal reevaluaio o he m� ios srae iesad ieolo reormism d ' i oism se l es o reevaluio is ar :'ru! toal s e elieaess srae r labr ari arl o able i s

a se c e i s a aemp e e r er he e= i io he wrig class w i echlogic als oci e Surel , as hi sori c ees ur ma svalues ward commodi i i ) a pve r w ihoum i se ry a urhe r wy m msel, hese eedso o leave a ieee-ceur class alsis wholli a c

his c r i c i sm o or is a riedl oe ,

rec gi io a es i w ihi hi s hi i hereare ceri specs o he esio which are ideedimpressive ad crucil o e udersaig o ric als i Ameri ca ad el sewhere u as a veh i c le a esi he bok as a ole leaves muc o e e s i r e d Srae or Labor erays lile uders aig o e cosc iuses s o r eve he imme dieesires he mder crpre uis or heir

embe rs hip , a a ime e a re a rm he pr ior i i e so radii al le -wi g orgai a is ad a urherexplor io he broad impli c a o s o Gor ssc ie al cri ique i s i orer

rz ' s sraeg , he s o comprehes ive . udersadg he simulaei o he jobad "o e ob" he raicl heoris mus develop



5 7

sgy sgy w pp s s n ly wn psss dn n sn b wn pss w s Gz d by s d

n d s ws gnng wn y nx y ng nng s ps gn n lyny sns ns dp pg nn ns ll, w sn nd nd-sndng lnd x sn

TH M



The Radicals Use of History, I I

Stoughtn lyn

f saching ciiism ams insinPa Bh an msl* Jhn San cms his n

cnclsins in s cpic an cnns a mann as cn cl v l il a all . sas h cn alask aical his is min h lainship n c ns ci s ac ivi an acal vn n cnncs scial cs an hcnsc isn s s f h mn h afc hich n mslf spning : Y s cs ha as all alking a j a n h

impssin ha sing hs s anhing has nc aii ain M San sa s n his cnclsi h hi s n !< i s lagl als n c as has n p mannc c as i s v s as a g n s as ac i mn an n hani " Yh i s a f snnc s ali ha h his i ans n s c is ins n is h acing via ha saci ns f his ca hn h mak s hm hims l .

h manng hs s appa hahn a hisian mas psnal an pliical cis i ns h lav s hi s hi s h in . ha c nc p isms m a v ssanal g n s asac i n an n hmani . inn h v is nail hn San hs inal snncshich li p sn an a pma an s s n i a h in c a c l s . f can cal h im an xpim na m an s a ish a cnvsainal n n s shall lls a i s i .

h aical s ' Us His . aica l m i ca achpi 18



5

Now s t o the rt r s b st t ve mtt ersto whh h s e ss y s ttet o I hve twobs dsgreemets wth wht I derstd to ber Strw s rgme t F rst I thk he s wrog

beevg tht hstory whh emhseddeso-mkg wod eessry be etst hstorySe od I ot gree th t the h story o oe sow t me ( hro g depth s I pt t my org essy ) s o h st ory t Bt Ireoge tht my essy too tohed o thesemtt er s somewht ryt y I derst dth Joh Strw derstood me to sy thgs whh

I d d ot ted d y se t s ye rs e I wrote he es sy he r t e s d I shod ke to dd ew thgs

F rst the bot de s o-mkg r Strw most ppers to beeve tht oy etesmke desos very etst oeto deedI m t t hvg strted my rgmetby reeree oy to e te de s omkers : o y

mker s the mer govermet rs t reot ore s Bt sre y Joh Strw d I o rtht the esto o etsm d the esto o theroe hstory o ree w ( or ososess the s b j e t ve t or e t re ot syoymos Heqote s me s wrt g y revot o reqres deso by dvd hm begs tobeg to determe ther ow destes t whtever

o s t I s ' t th s s m t t e r o t tre ? I sthere ythg the setee hh sttes ormes tht revotos re mde by ewd vd hm be gs ?

-

The robem I et to ose oerg theroe o ososess hstory be t thswy I me ( ot jst ew me bt msses ome me) hve very osderbe reedom todete rme how they t how the h st or wr tebot ther to ter the evet s t wereev tbe or predete rme d My o t s e str te d by other rt e the sme s seo d mer wh h ot s r St rw se ss y Chres e ewebe r eds h s dsss oo Sost oposto to ord r I by okg



60

he ien in humn en aher hn erie u ar rdi ina emh i ed Mr e e<er er

aever he e he Siai he!er i ii rnhd nd ie he rde uni n haever he n i eeenvriu ii endenie he in n in hu e ke uer i ur mind he ii iin merin Siauin he ar heir rhrih iin a rd m a ru herier h i een ihenmenan verhemin erve a a r -un eme he eevain f niuneruh humn er .

hi eii hirirahhe rem eiinmain e ie

he rem riin he hir e ne ve ain rn he hir he

i an . he nn in en h q i n i S n a rdi ume hahir i eermine h he re niui i ( in he ene ha arx and e ued heerm ) a ien , " hen ud he i ju i -ie eue i mre nd mre er reve here ern eerine een n he i hih uure hir n e redied

u e h hir i deerie n nhe rene ha ne n e r eme, anrun enen rd enraie ui enmnnin Sue a e aern eermineeven ha re me h ha ien aa nernin merin hr Qu eimie rei hher he nie Se ie i ne er uin ur

e e . en u e he reevne hirne i re e h e in i n

e n e h r r n ner e ueve : i m rvie en



e oe s , a o e ve pas . wa appes fom Wa so s mo va o poe ReveedDoye s ou o ave be e oppou s ? I be ome s e v de a s ave s e U ed

S a e s dd o , o e woe , ebe ? I , e ea , e ad a sm o f we wo me e veas sef o ave bee ase ad saowooe d eve pe od of Ame a s oy? edffu s o oy epe evdeeb aso dg . e sou es fo eso of e auae ae, by defo,spase . Te emp a o s so fo e ad a

s o a wo as ve s ed mu me ad emo o e foues of some paua oup of deued sevas, ea fames, m s, oPopuss, o pesme a ve wee e evdees meey se, o o eapoae o a os s ey ad a pa e wa ae , f a , oyfaeay d a os .

Te se ae amo e os de a os w

e e s me oempo a s oy . oodeampe s aoe ae e Ma-ApR ad a Ame a, R e R o s e ' s ER P Evo o O e Oa ze s . o S aw aue s

61

s ouso a ada soy s eayo . . . a o e of e me a sm of de s o . " Rose ' s a e s pe sey a o e ofe oe ve de s o-m ak o ERAP oa ze s .

Sa sa e s a e so a doe s o e sde s os . R se says a e pupos e ofERP was o e s pa u a ypoe s e s aboume a so ey, ad s vauabe e s s ay epe ses a evauao of a es oe oose wo de ded o ude ake .

. S aw as o s s s a ad a s oymus o

be eap . As d ae d above , I am

ed o aee w m we a eap ssou a eus ve d s a pas . u oem poay soy we by adas s key ove e o eapy a doe s daw e ss os , doe s see k o def e mode s fo fue use , ubus y ope s o e a fom ou ow epe e e .s Rose eds w a a o ew oazaoa foms esposve o e pobems w



6

P ed o s oe oooe he spe ydoe s he her pe go o ppropr eehqe o rsm d sersm hope o

resog he probem deg wh persoyderees o orgg ss hme rmd po me r oe s h s os o mke hmes s h sor r . r s eye s ? s hs mereypyg rd He rm Kh? Hs Rohse sr ed "ee he hope or rd hsory o hehoppg ok o reee?"

C�MPAIGNERM a r c h - A p i I f e t u e s G y N i ck e s � n v s e o J m i ns d e P E A E & FREEDOM.T ny C h t k i n e t s f m t h e d e p h s We i S t e e t L M c u s n t h e A P I K E

OMI NG • • y ssu e n h es l i e e3 1 w g s

25 ¢ p e i s s u ; $ 3 2 s s u e s

% R u c h e , 65 t n S N Y 00 4



Agin , the Rdic s Methodoogy

DNN WOOD

I ndrsnd ssn o boopppro o sdy o soy o n w

sdy soy n s wy w sow ow booyrs o soy d angs n soy nd s or sdy nbs so pn ng n oy orss srd ns wo k r rdss sr osy s r n s . sdy o soy s ondons ndr ww s sd o s s or ny ss

ooog prob o nod and npdw ppropr odoog pn , n s or prob ng nsgaor opondr s sn nd or dny and wrrn nd o s work Crny Iwod sy boop nyss rrs onsyon pr o s or, b s sons b bsd on s odoog sprory

As s ss , * wr ng sory ro b oop s ronay sb od nd I woddd or rn yps o probs s ony sb od ssn o ods sorn s pop on r own rs o xpn pr r n on s op n ron o rsans o ow ros nd go w agn s og

nsg n y s ngb andxpb ony n soa nd ony n n soron rrs a ry s so onpono ow pop pr word nd w y do

� I Hstory from the Bottom Up, " Radcal America

p . . , 1 9 7



4

or do not want to do abou the problems they see or do

not s e e The ver n ept of prolems refle t s pol i

i al judgmens t o how man so iey and hi story

wor and i s i a ed to th ete n h at i is no anoaion or us to ritiie pifi empirialsudies and to point ou how heir onlusions or indin gs m igh ave e en d i ren had dife rent at e gories and onept een used Only y suh anapproah an we save oursels from underuting thewhole soiologial-hisorial eterprise and fromrendering eiher too ruel or oo irreevant o

purse . i oe di e n e in the eye s o anyone who hare ad hi st ory is man origi na virtue . The same isr ue or he inte ll e ual . ut were are ourte le ual Nat Turner s? That Ta o arson s fromthe poiial right and C right Ms from thepolitial eft shoud oh e sumerged y the deterinis image of man is ample estimony o is on nui g sre ngth or Mi l s ofers us no pi ure ofthe resisanes men have aen and an tae no onepion of onradiions and opposiions no oneption of the egeian negative I wth all of whategel aled it s pat iene la our and sufer ing The onep o inenion deiration desirindinat ion honesy hos oneps are es sent i alo understanding men as agens and no mere passivereflee of non-huma at ors

syhologiss soiologists and he res offertwo possiiliies so far as large-sale human hangeis on erned ither en a di s e rn the law whi hgove rn so i al deve lopmen o r hey anot . f theyan hen they must say that heir D eavor issue to hose laws and tey us admit tha heyhae disovered hemselves o e no agents or sores u vt ims part o f a s a proe s s whh our s

indep endenly of human mind ad w i l and fe el ing fthey anno disern suh law then hey arenee s arily helple s s or they have no inst rumen s ofhange n the i r hands So ha in any ase thehuman agen" i s ound o e ineet ve Of orse

so ar as smallsale adapive hanges are onered



,

l

it is therw ise n the se as es t erane atina dissent emes an insidis rm reressin as mdern rraterearati anaeand nets revent d men rm the ver aiit

t ne ive a new si et Thi s is wh Nrmanai er s seeh at Berke e s Viet nam Da in 19remains mh the est evatin rtest ths ar Mai er ht h i s wa t the mi in satin arena thse wh strain t ratinai e the irrat i nait si k ame s - t heeerts and anasts the raandists he i t i a s i e nt i s t s a nd h i s t r i an s - sn s de e in their stateaers and dments and iia rre sndene that the annt see ver the ede

A TTAL NALYSS

Or nern r "ttm- anasis is mhmre than a reatin aainst the ear ssS i i a Prdt and it s t ken rermer s Wathas haened is that Amerian si and

aademia in enera is in the ress atrinke sitins within the st-indstria siets it nt reise this devement whih hesexain the at that the mdern eritratistate s}s an aarent enin aait rreashi nin s i et thrh a anned revt i nrm a ve Sh ndemrat i rev t i ns rma ve are in art mere i a exten s in s the

traditina t-d anasis Amerianaademi s The adia Edati n Prje t s nter text series is in the ress shwin hw thedwar assmtins Amerian aademis sh asHart B r st in and Lise t nde ri e and srtthe t i ns Amer i an re in i rthmin tet n Thedre Draer sws hw theassmtin that ne man Fide Castr had dedthe Can mide ass nderied te whe Ba P i s i a s the Third Wrd mve s i ahett s ert i wrkers wi dat i stdent sree the rems are seen n terms a mmn i at i ns readwn Ss tant ive demands areinred and disrtin the hstatizeddemrat i re s s i s denned as eit imate





r

nsm u ssem humn bengs e unchebue sen o own no concenonc ms c oe b be me no heoe s encouge o e neses soo u gns w n sho n some mes een ughs o c o og s he so o hese men we mse n exn n s he e we musshe - o h s on s n s b e me n h os ebs o ssge who ee oo obscue oene c ss c on oo s en o he mossese ecoes o soun o nues oom guous o he mos b guous wos n o

sn om he cenes o hsoc ecsono sgn o een o u he sgnes oh soc ocumen s .

'1Ij:l[.J�In recent issues Barbara Demng ad

Rgis Debray wrote on revolutonaynonvioence and guerla warfar,Frntz Fanon and Che Guevaa; DveDe inger Todd itn and James Hggns reported frst-hand from Cuba; adoube issue was devoted o testmonyrom the War Crmes Tbuna; edtorsDeinger Demng Paul GoodmanSidney Lens and Stughton Lynd anayed he pro bems a nd pospects oresstance. Ths s he breadth of reorng you can exec fom LIBERATIONthe stu that a vital radcamonthy is mde of Subscrbe nowand we' send you he DemngDebray ssue ee and pomse youone year of ncisve poitca anayseshat ook beyond the electons

LIBERATION / 5 Beekman St., NYC 138o Enclsed is $ fr a ne·year subscpt.

Send me my fee Deng-Deby ssue

NameAddres _CitySa'eZp. _



n add t Revoluion the Revoution ?

Rgis Debry woe two lng and impran aice

Both of hs w pubid by lLt vTe Long Mrch ofLati Ameca

33-SpmJOco 1965

rxst srtg in in Amca 4SpmbJOc 967

We have had0 rpint NLR 45 owig te demlfor th ati, o bot areslvabb tee are o afw cpis 1. Bk nb $ 1.5 0peeromew L Revew, 7 Carie SJee, London Egland

Recen numbes of NLR hae also conained

NLR 4 Jean-Pal Sare on Iperialst Morans hsser on Conraicion

NLR 42 Roger Mrray's criica analss of Ga : Ed of an Ilson

NLR4

4

R4

obin Backb on neqai nd xoiaionsaac Deuscher on Te Unsed evolon 97-6nCe earas Vena Ms No and Alone

.he ossier of e rs ioran sen in Briain, a Eicolas Krasss elos cri of ros Marison Haida on apanian lsansaac Descer on Te sraeliab \a

Herbet Marcs on e Qeson of eolionnic Roleau on Sriadoar be1Mae on g

NLR 46 H Carr on Soie ColeciizaionanTheoo! doo on Socolog and scoog

47 Oier To on why Te ericns re No nincibe

E ane eply Kass6 criiqe o roskP sss en Wrpon

v mon a 6 o I Z ge JS, sbcpfm yer LeRevw 7 C LOo Vg/



,: n elt :. �S' ; (trl

j/Hb ) cr'; Vl 'w 3".AI{,P",v f6& � rjf'� , I $( +D I bu "d,r( l Lo N_" , Mt " ' & �-

co tr _ " J

- . . )

a fial utterace impregted wth new vision

i V h' t pntings i Ale Gisbrs Kddish i P Nerudas Oesas i all wrks art created i resistc to deth.

I UW S FO 2

A (. 2 S, w Y Y 13� S .N�_ACy S Z _





w'v ot lot sy: vieam diatches by wifred burchett in phnom penh g columns

by stauton lynd I domestic seethers by nscc-member juius lester columns on the black and I

white liberation movements g reports on the campus by randy furst who reported orangeburg

special reports on weapon, lan america, africa interviews with the fugs and others on

poical awareness among the rocksoul people 1 book reviews lm reviews record reviews much more wi zip D weekly I subscribe today or send for your free cop 1

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Some Objedions t Scialism.

"li is uch'bd form We t nge umn ntufore Slsm i pble."

Sim s neshe, l bo Pa.doncer kaow ow ?



Thanks o a grs grat from th Rabni Fua o, RAIAL AIA s nt or om) su f r gr s usual f i nac a di srss u o or oars ourarnd goal f a crcla f w shal! d mr

hlp tan ar w rc v on n and pad i lusratins and xtnsion th si f isss t aoun ags suld mak RAL AMRCA an xcl nt bu a 5. ha nd ost r rns f h magazin w 1 _ ng o lac co i s bokss or li ti cal rgan i a

ions o sn sal c i s p a subscribs f cn p h th s vr p as o s nw, plac ngan rdr or i s r c min g i ss n accrdanc wi h

u r caac i s a , rm ur rads mvng in h sumrhat h r c s a no b forwardd, a i I f crtailnt rach m o , unls snd s a c addrss noc And to hs s addrss labls rval

, \ . . .th hav n ld ng out r z pcds war

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Documents

Radical America - Vol 2 No 3 - 1968 - May June