Radical America - Vol 2 No 4 - 1968 - July August

8/8/2019 Radical America - Vol 2 No 4 - 1968 - July August

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'RADICL

MEI

Y"AUGST, -

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Vo I

50t. Historcal Roos,

of.

Black Libertin

,'" GEORG RAWICK ( LR JAMES

R HOKER OHN WATSON .'".

New Perspctives On Radical Histoy

n S S Joral of merican ad$m

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Jul y -AOgust, 1968 Vol.IIno4

CNTENTS

RTSGeoe Rawick THE HISTRICA

F LACK LERA-N . Oiae DiPima REVLUINARY LEERS #5

J Hook ARICA R THE AAERICANSERE PADRE AND HE ACK PRSS

DCNT CR A THE RGS

LACK EDTR A INEVEW .

Davi Hedso SN RAD LS

al N RSCTVES N AERICAADICALIS AN HSTICAL REASSESSENT

Da Goakas HE ES

tid Kg, SIN F SH

CNVETIN RESLIN ADS DS

bac cov Soia Sacz

RACA AERICA, bi_mothly joural of SQdicalism Ga dito: aul ule Cultal

.1

20

30

.39

.46

.59

6

6B

di tos Da Go, Dv ge, HaslacAssocias o A'u (Seatle) Tom CstofC ak Lapi yvi , u l

MattickJ osto! Do cKley ( An Aboak Naiso Nw ok Cit Nick Nois (hicgoams icket (S Dieo

As sual te co deadli fo R id ot coici wit te gatei o matias o lak Lib


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Hirical R of Black ibaiG Rc

Th Blak Roluo paulay sla pha , ha hallgd all ous

pao o h hsoy o blak ol, o oly Ud Sas bu ywh h Wsnwold and n Aa . No ong obl ow dbly h lbal, gao hsoywhh pus oly blak onbuons o Amasoy ad ss h mao o h aHoy wn ud h logan Blak and hU and Fgh" do o g us goud on whh ounds ad h opoay bak mom Unls sw nd h al hoal oo o Blak Pw w ad h a sao uaalld wodhs oy a ma oluonay mom whh omsom owh ad s bo uly gown . l

Th al ous o h n dsso olay h Ud Sas has b a dsusson oh s a ps oy . ha dd say do o hdlopm o h hma bg ? O gou o oaaalyss has ubshd h Sambo mag , anag om aal " o "syhologal m . Usng anamalgam o Fuda psyhology ad soalsyhologal ol hoy, Saly Elk ha ssallyagud ha slay nanlzd h sla psoaly Alhoug Elkn aows hml s apmhasms om h ull mlaons o h hoy,nhs h agumn dos amou o h am

a sla g aly dd o bom ul adu .Ohs suh a Naha Gaz ad Dal Moynhan haaddd ao dmon wh a ompad dsussoo h soald maoal amly. Thy oudha a lak o soal umas say o odu mau adus has b od m slayo h ps Blak popl h s o osa hnly maladud o Ama soy


4/72

mpn sme fe nsn ms shpehe s he he f e se nd hs descenens s Vcm

n e he hnd hee s been cnn

n f me dn be he If heses ce s f he cceped e sbness hs been ed e wee n fe nnsc ccmn--n n n he Mn Lkee fs e s des ence he fcs ndes c ec mns Whe knsn s cec kn e eped dce ssced cnsee efense f exsn sce ns he secn sc s e s s se s mdee efs ee cn be eed e n e pcce

Men n mke en f h nd nsen ess he n when e cn n nesn e cncns n he pesnes dhe me n sp nd dec se fsn As ee Mx ms n Fnn e we ndesd hecm s e ee need ebes e en nd

en esn e cssc cncn d bRsse n s n fee n eewhee e s ncns s ee emnsed n e fs def se n se n Phen9mny f e Mnd hese ses ns e se b sn whs nen ems The sc se ens n n mee sense s se whn e sen n e beces exene n becfed

Teefe ness e se s smnes Smbn en Sm nd Tne e cn bene he S n Tne e cn n e wdenn eec bscn

VS ' S WR

Fm e espe c e f he Memen e n

wk h ses pces sffcen hhee f dscssn s f ene enese whnes s f Mxsm w esec f n deenwee f e cncee exeences f e sesesees eneses sdes ech f ben sef es s wk s e eee n f xs hs e scss fs w


5/72

eee ts s so ad te bef dcate aateate dect

Le C . Wt s befoe m Geoe se co

cetate s ae o te ate of te cas s To paapase some emaks e mde at te Smt CoeeCofeec o eo Sae Feba 9 we mstbe pma cceed wt compaate stdes of te cas se s podced b eo sae scete s .Ts coetato seems to me daecta oesded ad eede ss s cematc M cotete sss at te most mpotat pobems eet testd of patato podct based o sae aboc e soed o a aass of te cass ste betwee mastes ad saes sc ass mstbe wt te sefactt of te saes temseesf oe wtes fm sc pese cte te a

sto s deed te sto of te cass steas P. Tompso Geoes Lefebe C. . R mesad ote Maxst stoas e bat demostated te defeats ae etabe ad ecessa

stes te ste at ads to ttmp.

Ts e s ceta to te aboe metoedmstesae doe ee daoe w foms te bass f te Maxst daect c . We Geoesekows te mpotace of ts dscsso ee ad

as qoted t Te Potca coom of Sae e ses awa fom expo ts f mpatos .

A soca passmsm combed wt wat seems to e sectaa mpatece wt sto faws s wokFo exmpe e sees te Ameca Reoto teSot esseta as a eactoa saeowes ebeo . t t s appaet tat te Reoto soepeseted te sccess of sma fames o-saeowes Sma oe cod mata tat t wsot t te 8 ' s tat te cofct betwee

pate ad opate wtes was decse wo b te ome . Moeoe as Geoese destads teste coted to te 84 's ad 85s wtto epes Te med Css pbsed 857 as te mafesto of te oseow wtest pec se bease Geoe se ' s wok s ot astee cdemc etepse bt a pesoa attempt to


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teree the coteorary stre he os hspessms to teere wth hs search for caospreset the Soth s a mooth

eoese hades the Saborebe robe

ery brte wy see t e ssetay as a robeof hstorca roresso Sambo cod become therebe cert statos ad eoese seeks todscoer the codto der whch the persoatyptter od becoe erted ad a seemy docesae cod sddey be come erce e ee sests tht hd he Frech acobs tke ower 790rther tha 179 they wod hae aboshed saery

Sa omo ad therefore berated the saes fro the otsde rather tha as hstorca act theybert themsees f so he comets we od

today be red a at Eks hse taskwod be to expa the extraordary docty of thecotrys bcks A preos dcato of rebeosess Sa omo s reeated by eoese tomportce We fd a Sabo sere otype d a weak

tradto of rebeo whe the sad sddeyepoded he reest se reoto hstoryoh a behd t bt Sambo d few hts

Ths cocso s damet absrd thebsrdty of scere bt essmstc radca schoarshp espte eoeses sted respec for C L R ames e seems to be tr the hstor sdedw or the pot aes s mak The ack

acobs-- pot whch co be ssed by the carefreader-s th the oressed cotosy stre forms of ter w choos ad srprse mkdhe hey rsform the dayto-dy stre to moet reooar deeds The pre-reotoaryctty ws ecessry redecessor to the atareo thot abre Pros se r emar Ves seyd a Trer there cod he bee o Fredrck

oss Rp Bro McomX

d Edrde Ceer SM

Ths s ot o are he sae was osese Sambo m s Smbo rec sey whe he st e er po of rebeo he s ferf of bee ree Rebe he ms e b sef -ofdet h e s

o e rete st of a aboto s eders


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the ex-slave Fedck Duglass, tells epeatedly hs aubgaphy ha whe the vey ac eeg , h e w as ly aad -he als e l he was

5

dg smehg wg Evyhg se emed el hmhat he was capable beg a eema b a hesame me eveyhg ld hm he mus be a eema Uless we udesad he cadcy atue hehuma esaly class scees, we ca evep ay ealy Oe eve kws whe he he vcm he ebel wll maest hmsel aga, bu heaga oe eed eve kw I de s ma e . Iea le e egage ad he hey see The ma cuage s aad ac, t because he s ceta he wll be he cwad, bu ly because hews ha , he de s ac , he ms c e aly wll

be the cwadThe Samb mage s used e gve a acle

explaa e ac ha hee wee vey ewslave ev s Nh me ca Be cause me weeSamb ad be Samb hs vew , as we have shw,has ea ha e culd be smultaeusy eebel hee wee succe s sul s lave evl s Ths


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s a exampe o a very compcae cumbersomesouo whe a ore smpe a rec expaao sa ha Saves rom he arbbea a raz areas

where he Smbo mae a reay were as prese as orh merca eae rea a a mes sccessusave revos No a o Smbo a aaoee be broh o accou or he aure o arescae save revo s orh merca he maer wasreay ch smper Saves >rh merca were every respec ar ouumbere by e whes who ay area co successuy ho o a aac u

he cae rom esewhere . he save revo was o he usa meho o rec aco o he par o saves he eSaes becase ws obous ha such a smasoae ory cou o successuy srue hsway Raher he saves usuay chose oher moresuabe accs . Whe he saes o eaeparcuary aer he eea o Na urer 83 are revos hey sre a mos coscousasho a a mos successu maer hrouh heUerro Raroa sres a acs o vuawhho o or esrco o prouco osmora hey ashoe her ow epeecommuy hrouh whch me a wome a her ch

re o he cuura eeses aas heropres sors

he bac commuy was he ceer o e orhe save s . ae hem mare o rom he res osocey a epee base he save o suerrom rooessess - he beoe o he s ave commuya eve he were so ow he rer wou usuaybe abe o hmse a ew commuy much ehs prevous oe whch here wou be peope whoshare a commo esy a wou hep hm a ewe

SLVE SELF-CV

he save abore rom suup o suow asomemes beyo . hs abo whch omae par ohe save s exsece has oe bee e scrbe bueer erms o s reaoshp o he sae


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7

commnty nor to wat te save dd from sndown tosnp nder savery as nder any oter so casystem te west of te ow were not totaydomnated by te system and te master cass Tey

fond ways of aevatn te worst of te system andat tme s of domnatn te masters Wat savesaccompsed was te creaton of a nfed Nerocommnty n wc cass dfferences wtn te commnty we not totay eradcted were m esssnfcnt tn te tes f bckness n a wtemans word.

We saves were oppressed nd epoted nder

savery tey fot b ck n a daybydy strew dd nt ed drety to beraton t wn fact prevented tt nfntaton of personaty tat many storns nsst took pace We

tere was of orse an mact on te save persnty of te nsttton nfant aton rdydsrbes t . n fat wt mst be seen s te fct tt te rest as te ontrdctory n te one

d seess d a sense tat ne deservd tbe a sve t on te oter a reat dea f anerand a reat dea o cmpetence t epress ts anern ays tt rotected te persnty and d be ctve rests n te mproveent f te sve ' sstatn

Te metaors of statc sycooy sc nfntaton are most daners ones for tey

am too c or ondtonn n any socetybsed n epotton and so erary mostpee t a eves of te socety dspay etreembvene of persnty Ts est te

and west of te ow syndrome prodces scareatness as we as soa ncompetence rkrkson for eampe n Te on an ter de scrbes te reos revotonary Martn ter asa mn wo fet msef to be bot a sserentwrtess d and a mn cosen y God te Fater t do s wrk ny n ftn s eaveyater ' s enemes wod te cd ecome man Tse wo ve rsed te s se f te nfant ton of te save ersonaty do so n nnectont te rent tat te Afrcans n en tken tte New Word were dectred nd tat te ny


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8

cuure pu i is pace was e wie ma s cuure is basis Arica cuure a ew cuurecou reay maer hus cuura epeecy war

sip iaiiai e Ner i e ie Saesey arue a o cuure is w a was simpy avery erive member o e maj oriy cuure

is c savery isriorapy is epee upo e curius io a persaiy acure are ie o ces a ca be iscareea si y weer e ca ever remoe cuure ahoh oe ca rasorm i . e abiiy me

ear e simpes ass is epee up e uiiaio o e exi si cuura apparaus . Newcuures emere ou e er cuures rauayever compeey esroye rces o e pas .Revouios a eir bes obierae passociey bu iberae a wc is aive rm ismiaio by s cia cass es o er abe uiizee acievemes o mai or uma purposes

sor cuure is a pru hisorica reaiy ao a aisica absracio

AFRARAN CRE

e process wereby e Arica cae i rero mee he e evirome was epee upo isri ca cuure Wie saery aere socia pa

ers i i o wy obierae Arica cuure he rer Rabbi sories Nr America are asJe aer arris i is racis wisom imaieem o be hey are o ciie aes or ers ey coai he isi o a peope a express amos sops icae iew uma ie

ere are a ariey o mys a aes romNero popuais i Arica a e New Wr i wic

a reaivey wea creaure succees i a eas survivi i is cmpeii wih e reaer beas s Aime s e eve is bu e ever reay ose s e isabsur bu he is ie wi ie a he eeps srui wih h e sy Ws rca e is oecae eba a is porraye as a spier or a rabbior a es as a ie bac ma. e survies byis wis a maes o ive i compeiio wi his


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9

mor powrl ighbors . H appars i Braz il ad sPp Lgba i Hi ia voodo o . El swhr i h Cribba w ha Aasi h spidr trickstr who d

ts Lio , igr d Sak i gr at cot sts o wit s Som m s i h Cribb h b com s Br

Rbbi th orm i which h is kow i NorthAm ri c a . I all cas s w h a crtr whos l is itat i o is ry much lik that o s lavs H srivs v occasiolly trimphs or h orpowrfu bass ad whatvr h dos h gais hsympathy o h opowrul rywhr . I act h

always sms to h a grtr shar o h classichma virus ha h Grt Bas s .

I myh ad olklor th slav o oly actdo h i s ds ir s acc ompl i shd much mor h ha I his lghr ad plsr at h xploits ofLgba Aa s i , d Br r R abbit h cratd or himsl o o his ow big that cssary slcodc dd o him by so much o his viro

m . W g aohr xamp l , a mos c rucial o oh rlatoship o h slav commuity to th sas ruggl i h sla rlig o h rl ig io o thsvs o oy proidd a lik wh h mos modro atrsc d humaistic phiosophy, but alsowh h cocr day-by-day sruggls o th slashms l s Sav rols thms ls w r o r

lad to ha has cald i sral accouts thAr ca c m g" . W hv a ovrwhmigamou o dc o rglar lat igh or arymorig I sig s ad rlig ios mti gs h ld ihr ih s la ar rs o r i rby swamp s or ri r baks

Bu ab ov al or th pri od rom h dao h rbl o o a Turr s rb o i 1 oh v War th Aric u ad s rad

muity proidd h bass or socal o thsl a s h s hi ry yrs h Ngro sa srrchd, sruggd to maiai cohr cur,usd hma digy ad hma possby o hdy-by-day o h sla , ad ab o a bu hUdrgrod airoad . Th ral Ucl Tom o HarriBhr ow ' s boo as th ladr o h sa s oth plataio rcsy bcas h ws mor


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10

coago tan all t ot lav a l a nt ay of potctng popl n t olatonAlo Ngo ptal t lgtmat and n

ay manftat on of t pod T lav p onalty a kpt ol y t cono and dp-atdalt of t Afo-Amcan clt a xpd nt dayy-day and ngtyngt lf of t lavqat l t tggl a n t damat nooc n an pc ay t a al and cf

Tog t ntmntalty of t Afcan clta onct xpon of a ploopy mot adqat to

t tak at and t Afo-Am can lav ppad tgond and lt t commnty ot o c cold omt tggl o t aot ont movmnt Ao tonm a at all tm domatd y AfoAmcannot y t Ev y ao lt on t npap dpnddpon t ppot of Ngo fdmn fo t contnat o n And t lak fdmn cvd t mptom t tgg of t ot and t n

lavy Rat tan tmmng om N EnglandBamn concnc aotonm g fom andcad t ncty of lack laton atv tcot And n latng t lack commnty aoltonm tanfomd Aman octy; t took t ladn catng a n Amca

Altog t ll m otago o to otnk o movmnt a pmaly ogan at on off c

fnanc pntng p and npap t andptton t at of aoltonm a t lavcommnty tl T Undgond Ra load t ffotof t lav fo t on laton and ttggl mpact on Notn Wt and lav lack t t movmnt ndpnl o Int Sot t gav t lav t op tat naldtm to ngag n t day tggl tat on fo

tm tat amont of atng pac c mad motan m ont nd tn p ol Wt t dfat of Nat Tn llon t

lav tnd o and mo to ldng t day-yday tanc to t Undgond Raload tondvdal act of tanc to lav tk contl tk mong t lav tktat oftn cfl A gop o lav old


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after some particular incident f btalty thepart f master or ovesee take ff f the sw

were tey wuld ide out. Afte a ei te wl

send in a representate t aange f a neeeat wic tere wold be "llete barganing.Smetmes tey lost, of cose, and t lse meant t

be wipped and at times een oe seveely pnsedBt neverteess te stkes went n

Resistance of te slaves ad its esultsWile te orruption f the aste las ad ter wtes n Sotern soiety as ten been ented

upn, te linkage wt te atites f te slaes has neer een made Te slaes themseles reated te ntins fo te nne pt f te MasteClass Wile te ler otayed te nstittin fslery as benefent, te ntant ebell f tesle made tem now tey led. And wen tee is

way in wi men can beliee n the funamentalmorality o a social system, even one tey profit by,

tat system begins to die eause te masters lse teir ability to deend it e slaves in te strggle t te deat wit te lers, repudiate telatter's claim o oal jstifiation demonstate toall te ba fait f te masters Seen from tsvantage point wains Hleberry Finn depicts tesperiority o te moral claims of te runaway slaeJim to tse o te mastes based on prperty igts

BAK IVILIZAION AND WHIE

Te soutern slave we ws denuded of C1V-lization by te very system e fstered Instead of te sutern plantation owner a the lasses lse to im being mae p of te kngts a f astfollore, saery prodced a scety n te AmecanSot ominated y a class wo lved in corruptin and

witin an atmospere worty of te Marqis de Sade e picture o te ife o te master drawn by temaster class during slavery and by te romanticizersafter slavery cases sarply wit te portrait dawn by te slaes emselves

In e ew ways in wic some genuine civiliza tion and umanisti cultue cme troug in te lives


14/72

1

mars, i wa rs umaningand c ivng nunc av s . Sav w mn prvidd sm dgr a maniy r mars wm y wr cncins y prvidd smgnuin v and raning r yng mar andmirsss av cidrn pd and ag av wnrs and dagrs In am vryr way sav wnr was a cr man w wippdrs , av, and wm n , gamd and drank ard , andwa uk wi Bow kni and gn agans anyra r anc id ppnn . T w wmn wr n dia ad s urn my . T sav sam nvrsay rprd a wmn njydwpping av mr an dd mn, a y nk u n r sav r angr a ir usands,paricuary wn mn spn mr m wi rs av wm n an w ir iv s . T my gracs Su di s ard , u di i m . T sav sas y rpr r prns urn upn s ad imag min p and magna

sd mnnd a udy pn wcs ari is ad was gn r sgan"Bak Pwr wa rn as a a a prcd gan and idg n am snsa cncr xprssin Back wr n indpndn ack cmniy prcdd anyinrna id gca dicus sn Nns , mprary ak srugg as arid andmnad many mar, rndring dscsna vry drn n an n gn nary adcad ag.

2. T dn my pin viw i dvpdn my rcmng mi-vumd wrk, T AmricanSav Frm Sndwn Snu ws vum s wigin appar n spring 969 undr imprn Grnwd Pr s s T n urn vum wrk wi cnain a n -vmnrdun by my wd y many vums annad and dd sav agraps andnarra in wi usands savs and rmrsav r wn sris, wi av r


15/72

never een lse r e ee r rver cenr s ellng cenr Aercn rcs n e revusl s ee

e ee ssve s f Aercnslver se e recrs rcs lef e frer ss nee s srscnce e er fr sc rk nexs s e s rk ll e cenge ers revse sr se neve re cref n ele ses f ensselcv

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en see en see rs ee e e e ee re g re n e e cn e kee e esg s e ersf e cng c s l u s ge se rece sce srgglg e lfr lg r r

e see cs ge l eer ss e er e rsrn rge ege rge eg e fr De Gle r r ce e u re nesrg re fgg r g n n fr Jsn rure r Rckefeller gree ur erske nee s freeecse s rs

m y68


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1

Africa fo fro-mericans: Pdmore nd the Black P

Hk

One f te re strkng testnes t thecrrent nsstence tht ll lck e shre hertgehether r n he le n Aec s te nt f

Afrcn terl n the lck re s s Whle Afrc hs een th s t ls hs een trer f the lck thn f the hte Aecn re ss tcerge freqentl hs reflece the s tttesn th ASP n WASP es eng t n the hten s x ent tht lcks re f sges h tessnres n se clng nflences r the ere regle h ccnts f ren hers

n feersh cle s Afrcns e re rese t e nerr erent er f re the cestf n Aercns ght he ce fr Afrc t

tht s ln hle g n ner shefl cntnsThere s f crse hstr f sl

rnls eelfe The rs rng Ds e trsh hch crre treens nt fAfrcn terl t th hs excetn n fe

thers t e entne el ntl er recentl henMhe eks n Frees chee tnlcerge he Afrc rtre n the lck ress s

the hte n s Afrc h sgge se elseherel tht Afrc seen ether s n errsent s lce t exlt s sl f hte njstce r s lce t reee n the Chrstn sense

Ths hs rett ch chnge s tht s

reer f the slck Lcelke eekles stns etter thn een chnce f seeng sethng sl n Afrcnrt hstr r gernent n s lkel t recgnenl Afrcn leers esecll thse lkeM r krh h he n Aercn cnnctn Anf n ne n s t e crete th lertng lckArcns t he sgnfcnce f Afrc rng the len


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15

yrs btwn Mrcus Grvy nd Mlclm X (lwysprt, tht s, frm r . uB s ) , t s Grg Pdmr(1909), th Amrcn-ductd Trnddn rc

sclst r th mmunst ntrntnl, wh sbttr knwn s th hr Arcn mncptn"2

PAMOR

A urnst snc hs tns, n n nglshppr t hm nd wth th studnt publctns f

Fsk nd Hwrd, Pdmr ws by th ry 1930s thcmuns t wrd ' s grtst uthrty n rc mttrs But, whn h ructnty cncludd tht th tnstswr nsncr, ctg n shrt s wht mn, h ut,nd n ssctn wth thr xptrt blcksdrft n ndn trd t brng blcks n bth sdsf th Atlntc nt cmmn cus T ths nd hrgnd frst th ntrntnl Arcn Srvc

Buru (13) nd thn th PnAfrcn Fdrtn(1944 h r bck Amrcns, thgh tknfr grntd, ws cnsdrbly ltrd hwvrWhrs, rvusl Amrcns hd dmntd suchscns ( th frst fv pnAfrcn cnfrncs)nd mh sd th rcn s tutn, t ws Pdmr s ntn tht Afrc ' s tm hd cm Fr thmmdt futur, h rgud, l bck mn shuddvt thr ttntn nd nrgs t th ttnmntf Afrcn brtn S fr th frst tm utsd

th pgs f Th rss nt-cln nd ntmprl rtcls bgn t ppr n th bck prssundr Pdmrs byln Ovrwhlmngy hs cpy cncrnd Ar c H dd nt gnr th rs t thwrd; ndd, hs mtr n suthst As nd thWst nds rmns strkngly tpc, but mst hs prs s dvtd t Arcn ffrs

H brk nt Amrcn jurnsm thruh tgd f cs rr tutr t Hwrd, r Mtzchrd, wh b th tr 193s ws wrkng n thhcg fndr Pdmr lrd ws n tuchwth uBs nd hd wrttn r Th rss s rys 193, t h tm f th tlthpn crss


18/72

but th s had been ioled conribuios . Now 1938 h bcame European c rre spodent for The Defeder,

which bgan to carry con siderabl copy . Much of h i s

mt e ril lso bgan t o appar in th Baltimore Afro-

Amer i can and th Pitt sburgh C ourir . In hs way heblack-pess cam o cy moe maeal h s a lag wh c ou epa . Idd , o cePadmoe j od Th Dede s sa, h l ack e s shld a a-moooly on s uh ma . hehe wsa ueso o lao codons h Souh Aagold elds, cased axes Rhode s a, pes scesosh h old Cos o lad aleaon Keya, Padmo ws w ll g o w up Moove ,he was loe amog he joualss o hs me pepag ackgoud pcs, wg ssays aheha a cl s Ad wh le som o hs mo solemno gs look le nc oguous j uapo sed o hlamoyan oducos o hs Ameca collgues,he s o dou h hs adshp had s dsosa as much old mal as was avalle nAmeca. Fo xample, hy could judg h moaeo Kwame Nkumah long eoe he aacd he whew old ' s a on

Padmo ws o unomly apcaed o hsse lmosed eos . H duc a os o Fenh adBsh alsm ad elaos o Blga njusc e welcome a o hs employes, u he

hl ooy whch udlay s hm s was ulal e Fs o all h wa ucompomsg hs dee oAca ways a leas pulc The, o o, he wsdsusu o Amc ons, as wll s ncap al s ad a las y mpl c a o an -whe .Noe o hs could e eed o d hm o helac salshme whos aud h dplod andwhos check h cashed

PADMRE AND RVE

I wg hs way h coud, whous g h hase , o a d o o lack ow Though as a cmus h had aacked ad dculedMacu a ' ogam , h h s s cam o


19/72

7

rcoi Grvy s sub stti cotributio to thcus of blck diity Howvr whr Grvy hdpromotd bck cpitist vturs Pdmor strssd

wht hs com to b clld Afric socilism3

Bothrd tht th lvtio of blck m ws bckrsposibility d tht th vry syst of rc rl

tios udr prst cpitlist coditios urtd th prptutio of blck drdtio t did otfollow tht whits wr bd or tht y whits hd to ri tht wy rly tht til ow y hdb bd d l hd shrd i th bfits of xpoittio Whit m wr ot coitly utrustworthy but th word crtily iclid th i thtdirctio

do did ot sk to plc bck ft owhit cks but h did isist tht whr bck ftprvid thy should dc to th ir ow usic dwr th ir ow shos To th xtt tht l owhits suffrd from whit xploittio Pdmorblod to th third word but this cocpt woudlos siificc udr coditios of ob sociis t is iossib to prov but prissib to sust tht sm of Pdors ids wor off o FratFo dri thir brif iticy i Accr i 199 )Pdmor th ws cumicl ovr th o hulicid to b imptit with th otio of ritudd scorful of wht h trd th fscist otio ofrci distictios Thouh h frutly rmidd

popl tht h ws th rdso of sv thpoit ws d for historic purposs d of cours to crt us i his uditors ot to xpli hispsycholoicl postur

t coud b rud tht i this h ws biWst di thrby rvli word vi! fr morcomprhsiv th his bck coutrprts i Amriccoud b xctd to posss s Thr is much truth

i th ropositio tht o mttr wht s thcoloil ris hv do i th ribb d thctlou f iustics is formidb thy hvproducd such s .R Jms Er WiimMrcus Grvy Hry SyvstrWiims Arthurwis Ai sir Frt Fo d Gor Pdmor dd Stoky rmih is bst itrprtd i


20/72

thi s light Th last, th most trribl idictmtwhich c b laid agaist whit Amrica is that thsystm crats black m who ar, i os sibl, v

mor arochial tha thir whit llow cotrym.For gratios i lack Amrica th ast was a dark tl, whil th tr cold b imgid as a rojctio o th hols s rst Not so or th stIdi boy with brais H ossssd a historyalmost imagiably hrsh, to b sr, bt vrthlss a history likig him to h whol o th British mir which or ctry mt th whol

o this arth. It is this isio o slcoidc ito th ladrshi o black Amric movmtsby st Idias (tsiordcig at th bst otims which mt b grsd i thir ll dimnsios ar to b drstood By ramig hi s qstiosagaist th widst ossibl backgrod, Padmor waslillig covtioal aribb rol o th ohd workig ot his ow dstiy i xi ; o th

othr lrgig th drstdig o m who systmaticlly hd b did th chc to masr thirow wos o a gobal scal

AFRO-AMRIAN NATIONASM

Fially, howvr, Padmor md covtiol aida log sosd by Bois . Aric, i r,cold rdrss th wrogs drd by thos o Aricad sct Not rhas throgh th word o vgc t crtaily by a morl rssr which thimriali sts wold id it imos sibl to igor .Ths, wh Th Black Pathr ( 4 May 196) rits alttr o sort rom th Arica Natioal ogrss th imotc o this ild tiolist ody do otmattr . What c ots is th lig that othrAricas ar awar o ad dtrmid to chag codi tios i orthr alioria Rort Kdickss to rci th largd horios o blackAmricas ld him to mak his Soth Aria tri Idobt i vr ma othr Amrica oliticias thdrstoo th wa i which th S ad Soth Aricaar likd i th mis o black itllctals .

Today th v i th black bogois rss


21/72

s dd st d ts s ttd ss s , Eb d t Dst ts tPd ' s st st dtd t , s ssd s t d ss tds , bzd tss 12 s, d t st bd. st t, Pd stt sstd,bt ts s d t s - b dt b d dst d ts b .

1. S t N Pss d t 1930 t d J Stds ( 19.

2. S Rt : G Pd ' sPt us t P-s (London&

NY , 967. Hs bst xst ts t s tds d W H . Fdd d G Rsb , ds s Stfd,196

SPEAK OUT

MONHLY BULLIN

Revolutionary view of the United States and the world.

0 issuesWrite for fr sample

Facing Reality Publishing Committee

43 Woodward Avenue,Detroit, Michigan 4823

$200


22/72

o

Dcum: ( L R Jam Oigi

ds e: Bn n Tndad n 101 CLRJes, fe eng eduaed nd ehng n hsn e un, \en Engnd n 1932 Hee e e

e ned n h he sgge f nna e&nn f he Wes ndes nd Af and n e eun s een e as, angh ege Pde, ne handfu h gned e Inenn Af Be sa ga gu hh ee a ene f Afn eun n 8 s Hs f he Ne Re, he fs sgnn sud si8- -revoTs asu sd ae he sa ea Te B Jans,ussan Lueue and he aD"i RenbesKnwnof hs appred. Sn he e Une Ses a seang u nd eaned un ne n s hee , sgge, nd ee e an gne enn fes nd shae es n suhenMssu he hegh f hs he as de

ed f e Uned Ses F 19 1961 heas See he Wes Indn Fede La ad e ed f he ff nesae The Nann >6 he e h he Pas edesh nd sne h e hs egged n e nd es n Engnd and he Wes Indes InJanu f 8 he as a deege he u ngess n ana

Te fng n f seeh deeed ne n Janu, 196 s ned as duen f e nenns f he sugge nd a enee f n n u ennfue


23/72

21

. . B . Boi s wro bo Afric for ong im, nd h s himslf o mk no only Afric,b Wsr iviion ndrsnd h h nslvmn of h Africn popl ws no only disgrcb brdn o W sr ivliz ion islf . H hld sris of Pn-Afrcn confrncs hr popl

sy h Bois ws gr Rc ldr . Th wsonly pr of i A h im Bois ws holdighs PnAfricn confrncs, hr wr scrrisof s h Und Ss, hr wr jornlss,hr wr wrirs, hr wr rvrsno on ofhm ndrsood wh Afric mn d wold n ih rs o com Bois sood on is rh ws hpig h Ngro popl, Afric pop,

b i ws no n Africn sk H ws no nAfricn dr h rspc s w s in hwring o hsor, h ws on of h foros

CLR JAMES


24/72

mrcns of hs tm And n rgrd to w h wssyng ot frc ws on o t formost mnmong pocns conomsts socoogsts nd hohrs who wr dng wth wor cvzton t m nd no confnng hmsvs o th nrrowmon of on conry n 13 Bos wro Bc Rconstrcon hstory of t Ngro n hv Wr nd ts ftrmth wt gnr rmrkso th v Wr nd wh hppnd n t stsNgros govrnd or too pr n govrnng ftr th Wr Bs no ony od sory; ho gt n o mny mpornt mrs - Frnchon Amrcn Rvoton t Prsmn th Try o Vrss condon o ommnst nrnon nd ntd os no srcr n wc c th conron of Ngro po o hr own mncpo s on o t gs sory ooks vrrn

T wor nd h wor o Bos t w ws rrd T gnnng o wn cntry sw gnnng o h ncss o nvong no ony Ngro pop n Wstrnon so t rcn p n tod ws ng orn Bos sw mpor tnc of sory conomc s socoogy tc nd sw wo n ndrsndng o ro of

Ngro op ws mposs to g cr ndconssn nd comprnsv vw o mrcn cvon s who nd tht v ws thcs o hs srngt nd rmrk rng of hsccompsmns nsst tht o c hm ony Ngro dr s o do hm n njsc s o don njsc o Ngro pop to strk grw gnst cr vw of Wstrn vton s

whoGRVY

x wnt to spk of rcs Grvy whomrks n sg Wt Bos dd n rgrd o hPnrcn movmn n dcng nctsjt nd prsons wo r nrstd n Afrc


25/72

Garvy ook p H did o g i rom DBois Garvy od his sk bcas h s dis wri a crai s iaio, ad b ig a black ma dlimid by his, Grvy l i cssary o clr

spac Ad i clrg a pac or hmsl dh Ngro popl o h s Idis, h clard pa l o lir bou h hisory d dvlopmo h Arica popl

23

arc Garvy wa o a scholarly ma, h wascarlss i h higs h said H sd o sy"400 millio Ngros--mliplyig h mbr by woTha i okay wih m ; h cold hv mliplid by

hr a r a I m cocrd H was sayig somhig h hd o b said H hd pickd i p romvrio books hd rad, b I do' hik i wasso mch a mar o scholarship wih him DuBoishd b wriig scholarship abo Arica or mayyars Grvy sd: h Ngro was bor r, b isvrywhr i cai, ad h ms brk h chais orcpr los rdom I wa a cocpio, i

was cssiy h sw; hr was a cumbrd spach hd o b clrd up, d h dd so wih grvigor

arcus Grvy his high cod romabou 1917 o abou 1923 h h ws iishd, hNgro popl d h popl o Aric wr igrl par o world hisory, whr hy hv rmaidvr sic This dspi h misaks h md

Grvy mobilid, h p orward schms hawr o vry god ay m hv do ha Bwha Grvy did ws o mk popl udrsad hah Aric popl hd o b icorpord io h, h hy hd hd c ivilza io i h pas Grvy did o hv h hisorcl kowldg orspkg bo Aricas aci civiliaios whichhav sic b sblishd by scholars , bu hl i was righ, ha i ws dd Garvy,wiho scholrship, l mpy spac i hhiory o h Ngro popls, ad ccordig o hslimd hisoricl biliy, h illd i h bsway h could doig so h accomplishd, i myopio, h grs propgada o hwih cury


26/72

24

ARE

Ad I o quit rapdy to Gor admor .I hv to spnd a itt tm hr . You ko hn Is a boy I ivd i Tridad. y parts rTriddia k othi bout Arca xcpt hatw hd ard rom th Briti sh . Ad hat thy tauht us as what thy thmsvs bvd abutAra xcpt hat had ard rm th Britsh.And what thy uht us as hat thy thmss bvd bout Arc--or prhaps hat hy atd us to

bv.I kw boy Tridd nmd acom Nurs

wh atr bcm Gr admor . I k hi s miyh kw mn . H usd t o Arma (Trinidad as aby f or hr m thr usd t tch dsnd hs vacat . urng uy d August mornfr mrnng Mcm and I usd t o to h ArmaRr t th At th bttm of th h whch t

th p was an c acr ' d g wkng up hrr but o th u sn n sm . Whdn th fns da tha h tm wod c wh d hdng mvmnts n Eurp nd Amrcafr h mancpatn f th Afrcn p . Yunr n hr you w nd hat w happn t . W rmnd gr frnds . n abou2 h n h Und tts nd nd h

mmns r thnk h was rfnd nfuncd b rv n I ws . cus Grv usdo ps r cd Nr Wrd hTrndd gvnm frbd cmg nto thcn u mngd bu my cy ry Sturdarg dwn nn r n r p'm prt t sr Grg sd r to.

Pmr nt t nglnd Amrca .hn n 2 h muns Pry md hm h ad f hNgr drn f th Thrd ntrnna . dn tik ny hr Ngr hd such pston ofpwr nd nfunc n h rnatn . Grgr ws n of h muns drs and h ddrndus wrk rnng Ngrs stmutngNgrs rtng n Ngr ourns wrg bkstc and a h h pr nd authrty f Msc .


27/72

25

I ed t ee him. In the day I wa aTrtyit, t we remained gd friend and neverqareled t r diferene He wa a remarle

man in many respets One dy in35, I reemer it well, there wa a n at the dr f my flt inLndn. I pened it nd there was Gerge I aid,"Gerge smething wrng He said,

I have left

the peple, y nw. I wa strted. He sp prted Msw, I was againt them, n he had left them S I said, "ell, me in, sit dwn. I aid,hat i it? He sid, They are hnging their

pliy. nd Gerge tld me tht they hd nw td him they were ging t mae riends with the dem rti imperialit, Britain, Frne nd the nitedState and that ftre prNegr prganda shld e direted gint Germany, apan and Italy, and plyed qite ftly in regard t the "demraie."Padmre aid, "Bt that i impile. He aid,"Germny and apan have n lnie in fria, s

hw an I say that the Negre in ri mt e eanipated, t they hv frinds in th demrti imperilits f Frne and England?" They sy, ell, tat the line. He aid, ell, tht may e yr ine, t that i a mess, " and paed p nd eft

There was smething else very imprtnt thim. Padmre reained a leder f the eple wh hd ined im when he wred as a leder f the

Cmnit Prty nd n attempt f the CmnitParty t hnge them ever did I thin he wa ne f the few wh were meer f the Cmmnist Inter ntinal, lft it, nd retained hi inflene ver the peple he had ilt p while nder their egi

t the time I wa hairmn f n rgniatin in Lndn, The Interntinal frian Friend fEthpia Gerge jined the rgniatin nd when

it me t n end, frmed the Internatinl frinBrea Padmre wa hairman f tht, and I w editr f the paper, Internatinal rin OininThe Bre wa at that time the nly plitil rgniztin devted t the emanipatin f thefrian peple. mre tireles leader thn Gerge wld e hard t imagine anyne wh ame frmfri a, whether a a memer the gvernment r t


28/72

esce ersecutn by the rtsh pe, und hs y t Pdmres huse nd reeved Pdmre s dvce

n New Yrk met mn clled rncsNkrumh used t cl hm rncs n thse dys,we dd We beme very rendly, nd when hesd he ws gng t ndn, wrte letter tPdmre syng "Gerge, ths yung mn s cming yu He s nt very brght, but neverthele s s d whtyu cn r him becuse hes determined t thrw theurens ut Arc " I m nt dsturbed butsyng he ws nt very bright; he used t k tbut mperlsm nd ennism nd exprt cpt,nd he used t tlk lt nnsense u he went

t nglnd; Pdmre met him t ctr Sttin Andhe begn t wrk wth Pdmre n 194 there ws cnerence n Mnchester, the Fth PnAricnngre s s rgned by dmre Kwme Nkrumh delvered speech n imperiism which ws n bslutemsterpiec e He hd erned l there ws t belerned rm Pdmre

Frm th cnerence in Mnchester in 1945

Pdmre gt Dr Du s t cme rm the nted Stesnd be the chrmn becuse the wrk Dus hddne n PnArcnism rm the tme bere Pdmrehd been brn

Tht ws ute n event, in 194 lttleter smethng hppened Kne Nkrumh ws nvited

t Ghn t wrk, the Gld st t ws ced thenThe stry runs tht he ddn t wnt t g prtculry,

becuse he ws busy rgnzing n ndn nd EurpePdmre nssted th he shuld g Frnc s wen,nd led the revutn, nd wh le tht s ging nn the west Arc, the Mu Mu ere crryng n

ther ctvtes n he est, nd wnt yu t understnd tht we hd n de tht the thngs whch wewere ghtng r wuld cme wth such rpidy.Nturly e bcked Nkrumh, nd Pdmre wrked wh

hm t the end; did wht cud ls. ut wehd nt the ntest de tht ter t hd kenplce n Ghn, bere ten yers hd pssed, sevene ghths Arc wud be ndependent . Tht demnstres n mprnt plitc lessn d yurusness} d yu wrk, nd rust tht things willcme yur wy yu hve n de tht s redy t wrk


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27

Y knw, in tse ds te st ae tt Padre and te rest o s Kentt was eber, Nkra beae eber, bt st

s were est ndins t te tie were well-enin bt illiterate peple tlin abt te independene ri, Pn Aria, lt o nonsense Bt it trns t tat we were rit and te, telerned nes, were wrn e were ble to see it beause we were ebers an ppressed rup opeple and new wat ws in rnt s d to belered up Tat is wt ade DBois and Gare te

istorial igures tat tey were Now Pdre went t Gana wen it ws establised, wrin witNrua, organizing te irst Conerene ndepedent rian Sttes and te irst Conerene rian Freedo Figters He wred in Ganantil e died, and I was ten in te est ndies Tree or our days ater I eard te news ae a bndle o papets and douents about a onerene ro adre, saying e ave inised and Isent tis to you

FNON

Finaly, I wis to disuss Franz Fnn want yo to oow te general trend First, DBis te solar wide range o atters onerning ria e dealt wit ea o te and

aid down ines wi are auabe to tis day DBis introdued ria to te inteetuas Ten ae Grvey, w trnsated a view o riainto pubi property : tat was a stge in tedeelopent o te onsiousness o te word

Te next, adore, o beae a poitia organier, was a an very dierent ro Garvey and ro DBois, but n orgnizer o te irst ass nd

te last one, Fnon, ro Martinique, Fren estIndies, went t Frane and studied psyitry Fanon ten went to lgeria and joined te gerianRevou tion Wie adore organized various peope to prepare or te Revolution in ri a Fanon went isel ; e went to lgeria and s a dotor and arevolutionary e payed a treendous re


30/72

8

Bfr h dd lft bk tht s rcly b trsltd clldL s_Dad1Trr. ts F wt stg byd DBs Grvy d

Pdr F sd th tl st rvlt f t twtt ctry th ppl st b gst tly t prl sts S f th ppl s ldrsw frwrd t ld t rvlt v whr t ld th p d t rvlt st b sf rcly gst th s gst t prlsts H sd tt s f th wrtrs vg lrd ll

ty ld fr Wstr vlt wll j thrvlt bt brg tg ps tv d rrpt thrvtry vt Th tlltls wll hv

t r tt ty st dg dp g th ss f thplt t fd th lts f trly tlltr .

Whl fd y stk s F swrk hs grtss lys ths ttl dvt t

t rvlt t wpg w vryg bt t ssf t plt t rtg w d rvl try tls Nthg ls wll d . Ad thbk s ts wy y t th d f rvlt Srtr sys tht rs v t rd thb bcs th stt hch vt w sdds t prt f ls ds d l trr_t ly t ll ppls bt ll w sffr th

wgt d bttrss f wt Wstr Cvlts dst fl ll ths ttlty f rvltd f wt gvrt s s F flt t

F ws swpt wy b crt cpt t ssty t fsh ff wht s bd t rptd prvrt t dvlpt f ll ppltAd th vl f th bk s t ly wht t sys tlls t s rcgd r d r by

rps tht sthg f ths sprt s dd trd fr Wstr Cvlt t prbls d brds tht r prs s g dw ty s whl

Nw thk tht ts s t fl stg whhw hv rd s fr. d t k whr w w llr trr . Tht s sstt s tht

tlls t y t stry f th dvlpt f t Bl tlltls bt th hstry f t


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29

devemet ides hich e the getest ve t iviiti s he F cs his bkes mes de Tee it is sted s theWehed rhe th " bt I pee The demed

he Wd " t t ed by syig this thek de by Bck itee cs stimted by theeeds he Bck ee had bette be destdby the cdemed he eath hethe they e iAic the Uited ates e Becse i thecdemed the eth d t destd thei astsd kw the essibiiies tht ie them ihe e a the eth i be c demed Tht

is he kd dwe ive i

P I C TLR E CD I T S : on p . 5 f rom H a r e rs , c i rc a 1 8 70 w t h p erm s s o n o f t h e S t a t e H s t o r i c a l S oc i e t y o W i s co ns n ; o n p . 21 f rom Ma r i n e rs ! e n e q a d e s o np 32 f rom N e u e s De u t s c h l a n d o n p p 3 4- 35 , rom O P ENPOC E S S o n p 4 5 f rom K i n q o b H i , o n p 5 8 r o mSoc i a l i s t ab o r P ar t y Come ra t i ve a g az i n e ( 1 9 4 0 ) ;on p63, from The Comrade 1 901 ) o n i n s i de c ov er rom I n du s t r a,o r k e r? b ac k c ov e r rom I n n e r C i t V o i c e-


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0

Black :

e following is fro an interview wit JonWatson, te editor of te nner Cit Voice, Detroit slc revoltionary newspaper Watson as ad a wide

experience in te oeent, ot in arios aspectsf te ac stdent oveent and as a lac atond nespper worer n addition to eing editorof te Inner Cit Voice, Watson is now te editor of

te Wyne State University newspaper, te Sot End

t were te orns of te Inner Cit Voice?Wt are its ais Wat s een its experience

e Inner Cit Voice ws created in response tocertain versenditions tt c ilitnts dfon in etroit and in te contry s a wole, coni

tions stoppin te frter developent of a pernentn powerfl revoltionry oveent on lacpeope In te lst ten years tere as een a risein consciosness aon lcs particlrly stdents, tt creted n entirely ifferent poitic clite t tis s serios dracs nd nps e aorone is te ener instility of te oveent sfr c s 160 or 5 tere ere people invoved i

vrios ornizations tat were sinle isse oriente, tey ad soe prticlar oect sc s a sitincpain, police tit, wr, te pece oveentetc ese ornizations ad a life of teir own - intern ornizationa activity, wit lots of peopledoin concrete or inst te syste t teco not sstin teselves, tey wold fll apart en tere wol e a new psre, new ornization


33/72

31

Thee was a wave like chaace the mvemen itha is ebb an lw an because it ha sinleiss ue s i ha n clea iely Thee was eveyhinm bueis inteatiniss t black natinalists axi st-eninists But the mvemen cul nkeep up wih eithe these sinle pupse anizains wih the eneal mvemen the blackcmmuniy . Bee the ly nsuectin we ha anavance cmmunity bu n anizatin leaeshipas avance Theee hee was n aniza-inal cntinuiy . Tha is ne the les sns hahe July nsuectin eince

Hw t buil a pay a black Blshevik Pay?Hw anize black wkes cinae heacivities black stuents hw beak away m the l aical anizains? As suens histy we went back see hw peple i hesekins thins hw in aicula they attaineelaive pemanence . e ha suie he histy he Russian Blsheviks an un a speciic pamphle

by enin calle "hee t Bein" wien in 1903bee he we Wha is be Dne ? " whee he escibe the le a newspape cul play A newspape was the cus a pemanen anizain itcul pve a bie beween the peaks activity ceaes an anizain an anizes he ivisin lab amn evluinaies Revlutinaie s smethin n ust a meetin n Sunay makn

speeches an passin eslutins ceate s thekin ivisin lab neee n us thenewspape bu a evlutinay anizatin

was these tasks ha we set ut pemhuh the ceatin he nne C ity Vice Thepeple wh ceae i wee axist-eniniss evluinay scialiss a leas huh themselvesin his way . e wante t buil an anizain

black wkes black suents bth in hihschls an cllees an ultimately t ceate ablack axist-eninist Pay lwn m thenewspape

This was n easy ask w e aw all u esuces m the black cmmuny An thee was nexpeience amn us n ems publshin we ha


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3

n expeience nf cnctng a ine peat n e a n mne . en e fit egn e entan t o t f peope enin iea at neppe eeme gic t t nftnat e manpe pe n t ee t . n ome ong c ici e a on t fce te qe tin of g ng aeaan ceat ng tat kn f pape . e a t toean e a an ganation tat opeate ay-tate tan eek-to-eek n meetingto-meetng. ntat kn f actv gt nvove n a tepem f peope kng cey tgete on a a-ay a e a t ove

e tate j n f 6 7

tg te ne ctn an came t f ina inSepteme ee a geat ea of cti c i m f tppe e a o man tp te tice eo,etc etc . t e impotan ing i tat ec a impove fom te expeience of te t e .e a t mke on expe ence tpo n


35/72

W n rst b gn t r as t qu ston b ut t r r a vagu b lack natonalstorganzaton or a arxst-nnst organzaton.

33

r vo ltonar s on spt t act tt bc aus av not t rtt n o ut program, man ss n tall rormst popl cm aro un to pla o t r torc o t mo v nt

T 1 Ct Vo c s ro v n mn tngsIt s a v r popular pap r W av bn prntng0 000 cop s c rc nt ssu n t s av b n almost all sol W r populr spt t sporc

ntur o pr uc ton av onl bn omng out abo ut onc a mont v n t most r orst cnno t attack us bcaus av c r at an npn ntb s n t b lck omunt. No o n c n rb at us a lot o popl r a t pap r an c an attak an urt to s o c ll us Black o r Commsts T o r o t b lck l t s b n ab l to nr s troug t Innr Ct oc

W r ll rc v n t lck omuntost o or probl r nncl. T orgnza

ton o rc ulaton s v r us t s c ult to g t b ck ull vlu ro sl s. But v mng to survv . An mor tn tt Snc t nt to o t V s v rl otr t ngs v app n All o t m, nc lung t v lom nto t Vo ar art o n ob tv v lopmnt

roun c

gro us oul co al s An ts sbn so bus t rst probl s bn solv: spt t bb lo o atvt, v p ran nt o rgn aton

Aroun t Vo t r s conglom raton o ctvt W vo c n a lrg b ulng t our on c ou an t or on soo, t c ng lk stor n no co urss n rs

nnsm. T o o us s v r populr t tcommunt Also o us n t sm b ung s t n publton, t Black Stu nt o coornat s t vt s o t spontnous gro up tt v n o r n nn r t soo ls W r nvolv t orgnng orkrs At t Dg a nlant n Htr 60 7% o t ork r r b lk. contnu on g 6


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37/72

35

Michael Kalmen


38/72

Sm f nnr Vc ppl wr rkng rn wr ply nvlv n a lca srk fs cm Dg Rvlnry Unn Mvmn annw a wkly apr, DRUM Ts s a vry mpran vlpmn bcas s s frs m rcnlya black racas, any racls fr mar n cnry, av rgn wrkrs

Wa w knw s black wrkrs av pwr cls wn Amrcn cnmy. nlywrkrs cn n war an black wrkrs wl b anr n la nly wrkng class can carryrg rvln . Ulmaly w ms s asgmns n arn wrkng class n rvlnry pary - wrkrs, sns , n llcls,cmmny rgnans .

T nspapr s mvng n s rcn.T nnr Vc as gn far accmpls wann s crb n "Wr Bgn" as bn fcs f a prmann rgnan, prv abrg bwn paks f acvy s rgan vs f labr mng blck rvnas ancra a nwrk rg cmny

Q Skl armcl n a spc BlackPanr cnfrnc n aklan sm mns ag saa scalsm an cmnsm r n fr blck ppl,

sp fac a bn gng all vr rl, nclng AS cnfrnc n avana,spakg fr scalsm. Wa s yr racn allf s?

A r psn n s s a s blls . Tsay sclsm r cmmnsm s rrlvn s flsan w pps s W knw, f crs, a y

n g arnd g cmn n ll m vry bra a sclsm s answr Yrgn arn cncr s ss B n a pbc ba n c s sbjc cms p, psSkly . Tr ar a nmbr f ffrn kns fblack nanlss n knw xacly rSkl sans . Tr ar blck capalss, rr black myscs, r ar black cmmny rgna

yps, r r s lgy r


39/72

7

ae hse wh see as a sah cuua aea ae f eny

We ake a Max s enns ps hequesn f back pepe n he ne Saes s a

c ase an cas s pbe Back en ae expoe asa funcn f he capas syse as a whe bywhe cap a Rac s s a wh ch he man uses cay u h s expoa n n we ae n efo neaed capas han seeae capasmNehe ae we n av f a sepaae sae, basen he sae cas s ne s as n h s s c ey We aeaans a sepaae sae n whch a back capas

cass exps b ack poe aa We ae ppseaso o a sos of haphaa anayses whch ceanevouonaes ak even n semsocas ems,haphaa ak whch doesn ' e us wha o o whhe Uned aes capas an mpeasm . - _s o sepaasm, we eave ha queson un can be de cded by he whoe back peope , ae heesucon o capasm

If okey ce s o Deo , n a c y w hsaed pducon, owned by capass, n whchspeedup, ba wokn conons, auomaon,nemaon ( n whch one back man does he obpevousy done by hee whe men peva, whadoe s he say Is he he whe cap a s s Ishe o unn h ndus ove o back capa s s ? Is he o desoyn ndusy Is he o

back wkes ben expoe no moe han whewokes?

hee s a sue ve cuua nanasm an s no an absac eoca quesnhee s a sos of anayses bu uness we seesavey an acsm as exened unde capasm asos capa sm , we canno anywhee Whashu we d ? Wk pay w h suen s ? Wok

pay wh wkes ? Ge suen s nvoved w hwke s? he se ae cncee que s ns

I on ' know whehe Skey has c ap uae o he cuua na na ss I a sup sed bysene who oes aound he w and makes a ssf saeens, evounay saemens, an ces


40/72

8

bck h d ks stmts lk h o h Blck th ll ot ht Hu Nto h Blck th ld, o jl sd th blcks us

b soclss No b sco hch ou pcht popl but coc dolo hch dcts hou do

A lo of blck tolsts o oud d sw d dolo bcus th pcs ob lck olk dt Bu hs popl hvv stud hso o v th hsto o blckpopl ths cout Th tlk o w dolo

out of th sk, h th look to MsLs Not h h Ms o h ps hd ll th ss Bu w kow ht Ms s pcul mthod d h s d ohtl voluto thod of blckdom th hphzd lss Of cous thshould b dscusso h ovmt but ths s oupot of vw

Th ll sots o popl who s thwht w d s blck ut But th th s ht th l wold dos op ht w Th l dffcs th blck cou d so ofh clss o lst s- clss bsd o co oc h cout hv oput ford o dlud ormst po bsd o fls ut but ou pot of vw d w th

stul co u h vbod Thtsbullsht rt pos c suppo wholhrl, ct pos w c suppo ctclld c poms c hv h o dowh t ll c cost wth cultul olsts but w blck MsLss d tho wh Stokl s ck oclsm h stck us Ho c socls b lv?

do t udstd th Sud 7 Jul 1968Do Mch


41/72

otn Rad Blues

sn ad is as wide as a uleadbu lack he classic gandeu of edueenemens and bleachelike sps

line he cbblesne expanse hugh MidBonxhe ca cks su nd faster then they gofen

cbbled sne ns up in pink brickf he Housing Auhoritys stadium

ide a speeding Bonnevil lealng his main seetand yu wi see the Negroes waiing on eiher sideon ss n di nette and a lumi num beac h chai like he reie

bop cap and sneakered Jewsf the Grand Concouse

at 9h st ston oad passes peendicuande e then the Shadw Box Cabaret reddys the OasisSyvias Blue Moocco, Padise Cub, oodsn son to Cotona Parkwhee one summer o the ith decadethe buning Enchante bopped downn the Cowns the Bathgate venue Stopersand the Scorions ro PRin rapid ury & successionand now where he same adolescents

play sftball or he Youh Board

39


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40

an t nlt t ublc Schl 55th swngng Clls wys tokrl t th shta wh Iesonng to hy So whn n rltyhs ral nam ws Msr Earls ng ng s was

hs t juml & ntrtth C Ilcs rsnnl tall an srtsunry n loofglmng mus har only t t t convrtbl

h nly ro m t h sunrk n ront o llgrl Jan Aamsthr marjuan r argo r at auut y m ltnt ly rnal A h urts sng lourwhn h C I s ru s Brk Avnu

P S 5 s o nr ths Autumn

h C as hav ass (Earl nw wt h Costrs)n th ousng Auhry hs arrvs nuntl s susas ggnt s h Tnnss Valy Auhorty5 Boston o s Brnx C E

(smrs hvn rsn to olts)H r Cl l nr Ish Bunsn kn r ng

sh lk ng gnus acst

Th o swrls unl ghto lmtswh abov w hunr strtt bos r smoth sngl s m lr oubl

usn fmy homsan Boston a bom Boston Post oa

Whn ws sngr

stay n Bstn


43/72

amog h cabas & h s g s : h D l s ,h M l loos h C a l l a c s

o qa ca l l g o s l s Saspp sp haps o s a goa I

oh ha a gho c o coc p o spac sa

41

h h coblso Roa

a h blachs-osc amp o a poh Th Roa bcam psl

b y l gh h c ls l as h o c l sS y l a S Bl Moocco shs l l gh boh o & alo salk a cobblsos b Shaazz Ba P lo& D z l s Fab los casoVl B l aps hag c l g o loo

a a l l o b s s s spo l aco h s g h m bl acs o h s ch sol o s h mas o c mo s has

ca lackssppp by ga lop g Hssas om Scasal

A ys h aml o h l gsa l l oa pa

ha l m j azz asa a l l / gh moh & mosqo scspya l l l gh l c sp l l o l ach s spk ca s s , g l l s s a s sp s

a assmblh ms soa skyah a l h l gh h a l l ac k l g o sk ysars smss by gy o moals

& o a mom Clb 845 h combo h o splays ay com a o cocka I s ps jam sssoso bo mb plays 4pm o 8pmafr ch c h a bo c h ck


44/72

42

Ie arseppewore e same e co ui blue

an as a rym n bues singer OOE eoreone affoed uniom iscomfo us rearfor bing in a urr in an 5 ee cloing so

pobabl y t i nki ng sree as i alem an contribuing to te con m arick pe one

wo sole Litle icar's unes& paroied em into a fortune

Columbia Uniei 959

Lit icar civing lyricis aliesbut no V sowno life insurance & ol ag coensationon y a backwater curc Souet Go

e oy Gos Sonof a agan coun.

e tatppr organizaton carrie four sngr managrs and a opsdd Cailac

Lt's take a cocktai sipan tak f cripd '55 Caddy in 960

th c of reformuddy our main manager, wrote and rcor a songcal ed "SCBOOM"en t Crewcuts swt away te bradte Man culn't use a coor goup on TV 954uy got t writr's royats /oand would suppo tat Sunse ouvarin a bran new wite cay coneible

ings rael quicklyas a color group i in Lsinging te Crewcut song.

Spenseret anor manage


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tordohd l n l i d ol d et the t tle G rl ne or on hndrd bl lt B l ly Blnd & thr yon olord rl too ovrnd Senrbee he hd ht rord onyw not h)orted h lon rd on l l ovr n Pn Al leyhrng ng the Br I I B I d n nd htborrowng the nged ld Cd I l

by dyto rtrn t nighthir ot of r ot o gent

IVofter reord ho (nywhre nd everyon)

omnty enter nd ho rty gbgrond hrony (of or own nventon) forBI G T IME R ECOR COMP Ytn dollr dytdy gn Goodon (gy) Lttl Clbon BotonRodbyRndolph

(he lientele loved feh yong tlentethy d Goodon too)

We rordd Browy n whte CdllHh Shool boy & old htlernderh Sb ovr Poznerreh onbl nd rd

Thn one dy I told Goodon, rthe Strtep hv reordn ot nownd we re not ept ng nyor l bdte

on Boton Rod, or mngr hv ntrtd to te I I yo ZAP!


46/72

4

Outside the I I Ltt le c l u b on the Road that last nghtI watched th tny attracter lghtsw ng ts r strob c bam twnty tmes y l lowa mnute

to the stret stons of steep 167thl ong ac ross Boston Road te s l and n front of A&Pth roug h the tres catc ng th tnm nts h gh

then dffusd and brokn runs to re/wngthe tny canopy of Goodson's Lttle Clubthe n down 67t h aga n

(wh ch n the Bronx has a common l ve I of u nde rstand ng)take Su nset Bou I evard

to gv a snse of dmenson

Latrthe hghr forms of publctyour managrs had subsequently nformedMr. Goodson ofconsstd of gvng all ava labe copesof our ht rcord to frendsocca son al p I g r mages downtownfor pp talks about word-ofmouthwa t ng days wat ng n ghtsNw York Rad o statons N w Jersy tatons

(J played t at sx one morngJCK MURRAY THE K ALLEN FREED CLAY CLDR JVE BRUCE TE ME announcng to ther

boys & grls the nw boss ht by the starstepprsYou r Gone the f l p s de that you l l wg ovrTh Frst gn of Love

We were told

t often takes months up to a yearfor a rord to be p cked up osomet s th y start b g on the Coastwe wated


47/72

i x months a yea readng SBOX w e e k l ywe wated (never to Goodon g")w watedan d a fter a wh Ietartd i ng i ng to ou Ive on ce moe .

Dvid Hndron


48/72

Nw rpv n mca dl

Pal Bhle

Only h n r h wllully blnd cnblv h h hs n ld n Amrc . Asccssul rdcl sruggl rcng US whdrwlrm Vnm nd hr s ry rsn o blv s h vcry h Vnms nd n ur wnbl rss h cn ccmlsh hs nd wuldb srkng xc n Amrc n hsry . Th

gns n nnn ndsrl wrkrs hrrvd lngsd mssv dsscn nd rgmnn Amrcn culr nd n rncrsngAmrcn mrlsm As l hm mrrrs sbl sc l mnul n nd ur grnmn srgn lcy rs lwys n h dg nclrck n Pl s Chn h svs n n hsclsm cn b gnd by ccrn r grdl

rnsrm n b cm s ghsly rny I s mr mjr rssssmn r rdns nd hbss n whch w snd

T sdn nllcul hsy h msglrng dc Amrcn rdclsm hs bn slur n nlycl rms h ms l nbly rdcls grs rudmnry rblms rlu nry dlmn s sgncn h

h cunrymn wh hv md nyhng rchng ndndn cnrbns Mrxs hryn n C Frn/ws Cry Pl BrnPu Swy Hrbr Mrcus nd C L .R . Js ny w wr Amrcn ducd nd vn n hscss r urn nlunc cd b rgTh cnn b h Mrxs hs bn


49/72

f e me c c , e hmec c e ee fe xm.

Oe ey he we ccece f efe

e f xm eee he Sece chee y emyefee y Le m ey he 1890 , hemc f h c cece wee ce De DeLe, wey w e me he mhx f x, feey me h he eh f e f xm fm ew Hey ,h h Dee ce

c h mey he "x Sytem , hee h fm eeche wh cue ewee m e, me yw h e e c e y h M e ce he e M c c wh c eem e e e e DeLe w he Ee D , he ey w whcheee e f ec c f e ,

whch he y f m c e eee e c c e eeme

c wh he e f fex m wc h e xe he w c emw , Dee h c c e me cc, ce ec hy. I he ey y f Sc L Py ee, Dee cy

ee h e SL w he h yf mec y hece, fw e e fJeffe Lc , he c weehe f we ey e f ee ye ee h cey I ee ce Mxm DeLeme ecc ch hm ee, yem whc we hey eee

cey ce h Scece ee h hec meme, cce ceme wc w , fc , chc e chwc he e f e e e , 2 f Dee ce h cce he m f eee ee he mme e me ee I eec c eem , emee ew


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8

osciousess of the implictios of the proletritsreltive ecoomic positio i soiety 3 DeLeosfilure to build ledig socilist prty reflected

tht ot he but Debsi socilism ws the suessor to the Ameri reform trditio

DSIAN SCIALISM

I recet yers the Debsi socilist movemeths, for very god resos, bee debted i theshrpes t erms The Socilist rty t its height hd

mjor press ll cross the coutry d grssrootsof socilist belief tht o prty hs pprohedsice, d therefore its sucesses d filures mustweigh hevily o those who look towrd the cretioof ew revolutiory movemet The cetrl poitin the discussio of rdicl historis hs bee therpid trsformtio of the Soilist Prty from prty of lrgely Americ-bor silled workers

frmers d others i 92 to prty of lrgelyfor g iustrl sklled workrs 99

Oe solutio to this puzzle hs lwys bee obviousd ws sressed by the old socilist leder mesMurer three de cdes go the pre -World Wr Icivilitio ws drmticlly lmost totlly dif feret frm our ow i some wys The mss slughterof world r, the ocetrtio mps d oves the

extet of perversio of culture ito sleble mmodity were scrcely imgieble i those times There s, perhps good reso to believe thtcpitlism hd goe through its heroic period i theworld d ws logiclly due to dispper rpidlyMore importt th timetble for the rrivl ofsoilism ws the lier metlity of the socilists

themselves who believed with historilly uder

stdble optimism tht thigs were gettig beter dbeter, tht socilism ws the logicl fulfillmet of the Ameri c rem The wr the Wilso dmiistr tio s pels, the repre s sio i Americ the comingof the olshevik revolutio shttered the ideologiclbs is for worldview ; d i the wke of those evets the Ameri soc ilis t movemet ws left shmbles


51/72

Forign-born workrs, wih wr ilusions nd rhs lss o los, ook u h slck only so lon suron rvoluions smd in h oing

Signiicnly, in h ls yrs o bsinsocilism hr wr hos who rchd ou or nw undrsnding. ouis Frin bgn only cilism s sysm, icuring Progrssivism s ssnilly rguliv dvic ormonooy s inrs s, vwing hiosohy s srvno h sysm, sudying Fuurism, h ory oRobr Fros, nd vn dncing s symbols oh culurl sg hrough which Amricns wr

ssing. n 19171918 Frin rid o dvo nw srgy or rvolu ion in h U S , icingoghr syndiclis Bolshvik nd lsocilishoris ino h noion o mss c ion, " whichsough o rurn h moor o h rvoluion o hindusril msss . Similrly, h ln diorsnd conribuors o h Msss nd h ibrordvod nw dimnions or h oliticl-rtoon, rudimnry socl criicism o Amricn morswih vgu bu rl grs o h gnrinlrvol ) , nd n llinc w ih h mos criv lmns o h risig cmmuniy which h hsnvr ully rvivd . O cours, n ihr Frin norh Msss diors wn r, nd hir culurl insighs wr du mor o n insighul socilishumnism hn conscious us o Mrxis mhodology

bu h ovry o Amricn rdiclism cn bmsurd by h ilur o h o dvnc urhrnly iclly unil h 190 s

Mos o l h ilur o Amricl socilismin h 190 s ws h i could no ougrow hbsis o is srngh, is inks o Amricn rormism ibrli sm on h on sid, nd h Bolshvism o h Third nrnionl on h ohr,

rovd ols irrsisbl o h knss o hAmricn movmn s Th mos roound culurlcriicism o Amric in h dcd s rhs rovidd nihr by h N r librls or h blindlygroing comunis movn, bu by T . S lio ndr Pound who md o grs Amricn culur


52/72

50

2 o niy nd soh monoihic recionof i s modern ne s

In ime h Mrxin crii of mric bcme

n ndicic ccon of cpiis conomics ndi s i nib crsh n ih s id-d ish ofsy ficion senimenism roidd by h prorin riss for hos ho cod no siy bsorb rid ro of si s i c s s no n cc idenh DLon hd rnsed for mss consmpionFrdinnd Lse Frnz Von ickinen, condemned byMrx for hi sori c inccrcy or Eene e s pro

rin ines hose frden orificion ofhe comon pope s nhem o h der of hFi rs n rn i on imiry i s di s incsymbo of h qiy of mericn Mrxism nd nmry inism h ood hors in he 93 sdisord heir r for he ske of poiiccs e For in b oh cs e s s hroho mos omericn Mrxis hisory cr s ieed no s

criic soci mechnism b s prodc ocrin speciized ypes s prsony frmend she ohkin pry brcrs ) hos ro s oinspir nd no o ech 7

THE 193 s

In poi ic snse , h 1930 s cii ies

repre sen he rshed b so h fimn of phs of m ric n rdi c ism h Dpres s iond scnded ime hn he Lef s i s e e s mos frmend s; h ociis Pry s dcyd body he Commnis Pry brcriedsc h fir s hf of h dc de s spn in despe r b f i mp o bre from h pern omnis Pry inern ife becme incresin

riidified nd inoern of poiic diionsEr Brodr commned prody in 1935 h h Prybrned o fcionism ih ho iron-nd hiehe Comniss soh o in hmony oer sc o s of frd-moin pb ic , i mosy sc dd in inin i s i s B h r i s i s i orni zed peope mos eec iey nd


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51

ery ery estise n mst tt nrekeegemny n riciz e rkers e Sciist s eer sip sifte y te mie f te 130 ' s frm

te O Gr sciemcrtic ciefs t negrp f miecss eirs crcmen npcifists ie it te mnicip sciists sti retine sme c per in pces ikeMikee Reing Pennsyni n Brigeprt nnectict ; te ttempt t reitize nret ii z e te prty s isti nct fi re nneiter cse i rey ne ttempts t ssess

me ri cn if e eerge : Mrxi st s repete nsem te ineite ecnmic rekn fcpitism n yng fers fce t fctriest prcim te messinism f te instri pretrit t cmpses t figt fr ierricn r pge

e irny s tt te rics fr frm ngr ere te fers f eents in meric.

ie te mnist Prty tigtene its pnits fers n te sects ng it teSciists srgge fr rerienttin tt neertk spe te r mement s prepring itsefeit it te rnknfie ep f rics fr ne ep e Gener Str ike in Sn Frnc is c te ictris ttes f rkers in Minnepis ne ere nt signs f cming retin t

inictins f te rker s etermint in f rnin izt i n Oer te next fifteen ye rs te pe rf mericn ier cpitism s nce mreiiy emnstrte te instri nin ie ppri ze y rics ike een n te W W ecme te mst effectie mens eer eepe tiscipine rkers in te instri pnts nintegrte e strt f mericns int te

system e irny s tt te s c iis ts ncts f te 30 s s c rcey reme f terests f teir r.

N t te sittin s s tempting ttne eftists ty e ifficty eingi se r F r mny yng ric s ten n e spec iyinteects rking in pnt t rgnie tepretrit s mens f estrying teir n


54/72

5

dy, cmmuig wih a grup which sd mrral ad pwrul ha hir w Fr hrs, walkigpick lis ad bycig gds was a dirc c

iuai h Prgrssiv radii paralismward h lwr classs, a maisai middlclas s guil Fr sill hrs, wh cam u hwrkig class, i was a carr-ulillm a hsam im as a radical prmis jus as, r aarlir grai skid rigbr wrkrs,h Amrica Fdrai o abr was bh a vhiclr scil mbiliy ad a plac whr a crai kid

scialism culd b advcad

. Wh millis

Amrica wrkrs smd d ly a ui salvag hir humaiy ad pu d hir abls,h rl rdical rgazais was simpl:rgai w, ak lar. 8

Thus by h la 1930 s, radicals had ulilld hir missi irducig a curvailigbu rvluiary rc which aidd h airvluiary pluralism h Nw al coaliiTh Ppular Fr, which muis pary radicalshav lways blivd "sld u" h Rvlui, wasly a symbl wha alrady xisd I i swriig, i is syl pliics, i is gralriai, h Ppular Fr was hig s muchas a rassri h Amrica rrm radii ral r imagid Jams Wisi ad MariSklar hav pid u ha mmuis ary plicisi h 1930 s wr rig imprs, havi hig d wih brigig sc ialism Amrica . 9 Bu hais ly hal h uai Th rig ispirdalliac librals ad radicals was als h ruii h drms ibralradical Amricaculs ad idusril wrkrs wh blivdi Amrica culur: h bs bh wrlds, hscuriy h Amrica radii ad h mili

acy i as cism . Th muis Pary, whichby 193 irly dmiad Amrica , was aru rplica is visi ha Scialism isTwi hury Amricais s psiivism wasal, is i achivig scialism a classicalbi ih ury pimism basd up hsuppsdly rvluiry rdii lad dw by h


55/72

Foning Fth s an n w b An ackson anAb ahm incoln th Masss) th o )bl w hot an col o n Roos v lt) ning uon whth h ws sning stikb ak s to Flint)Michign o ighting th S m Cout) it was no tcommunist j suitism b ut th incab ilit o aconsistnt analsis b aing own uon th PtD s at to in an Am icn h itg o thi volutiona" olitic s) th Comunists h l to

vnt listic nalsis o histo n s t

o statg/tac tic s o mi-cnt Am ic a

53

h 940 s n 950 s w ost ul illm nt th t g n ations ac tiv in th 90 ' s hC was aicl" imil in th s ns tht soc ialists an co mmnists ha ow in th unions ' l shi cicls ( o sonl in l nc mong th wok s an not in th sns that nk- an-il sbc am comitt voltioni s h stik s ing

th a) an sciall 945-4) inicat a sistnt militanc b ut th ic als b v inic tion o th c st o th wav ) making gins insigni ic ant to th i loss s o m th viousc Fo th R voltion was o v h ams o mt tists in th 90 ' s h b n b s on ( th oositio n that th Am ic an conom co ul not cov ; an ( 2 th b li tht th So vi t nion

as biling a soc ilist moc c h Wtim os it n th isillsionm nt in Stalinism( th Moscow ils Moloto vRibb nto ac t

ah nc to h no- stik " lg sto thb sis o ic al ith) as th coming o Wol Wa I ha sto th b sis o Dsian Soc ilistotimism Givn th contin conomic gowth tWol Wa ) it was obabl in vitb l that

ic l nion l shi wol b stulti i anbcom ootunistic ; th witchhunts n scc sslR Pg s inic t imai tht most l a skn w which th win ws b lowing


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5

IH H D

my th ttus mss

mts sm umb u th w o t os . s oo hs hs t th so sts ommusts by 94 ho to su wth th m s s s thy h w th th wos . Fomboth movmts th oms ws sstyssm gv om to m sss w mt xotto ss to ) . h mmu st s

tht st st om my oto thgss gm o Hy wou o thw ts s w th Nw D s . utssts musts m th s mostos wss th mss w sos t thos othoo bs tht t must hvsm th tt ou u th t sywy h gwg t mmu sm ( whh th

sosts h mot ) ws s to umttsm by 950 th ttst ot t ot t sm ( tm whh wshsty us o Nzsm musm )bought mos t tot m uty . yths who sst w by ous oms os ut . y th m 90 ' s th g st mgsmt th t h th Gu ; th gouts

h st ogs o moto st o oth us ( Dsst m ostoth Rw o tu s th t who sp 99 wm th d th )whh th most hou sgs o utu wg

h 950 s w o th t mbyutu o o sso utmty mo o

ut th th th 90 s o th 90 s s tt ut y v o t ty . h tho th o ts s sgt s ovth t w gs t oss s o omt h b momt so sht s o msus by th wht tm t stg t mt th


57/72

aciiies of Ameri can radicalis m Characerisi caly he moemen a irs assumed orm remnscen of he Popular Fron an appeal or ameiora

ion wihin capialism uni he Judmen Day( anaoous o whie radics ' is ion o soc iaism)ar off u much more han he Popular Fron heindinous radicaism o he backs was heir ownproduc hus capabe o ransormin isef Concommiany he iure Maier called he WhieNero he hipser appeared and aemped oreec American culure as a oaiy.

N W E EW

55

y he comin of he 1960 ' s he forms whichemered were no s o neary b ound by he pas The"End o deooy docrine of he mid1950 ' s had israin of ruh he od mechnisic Marxis noionsdid no exain rei for mos o he American

people Mariss c oud expain in he crude s ermswhy underdeeoped counries were expoied whybacks in America were underpriieed-bu heycoud no expla he rowin sense of empinessamon he welcohed and wefed Americans hedeepy cuural crisis ha swep cross Americerainy e eary new eiss ad no beerideas; bu hey ere no bound o repea he

sors of ipendin economic disaser or hearious ersions of wha he Soie Unio as (orwas no ) They hd he poen iaiy ( if by nomeans he cerainy) o sensin and anayin heways in whch peope ' s ie s had ben chaned underodern capiaism and uimaey reworkin he hafruhs o Amrcan myhooy ino a new Marxisshesis

Mos of a he aiure o he ariousd es n he 1890 ' s 1910 s ad 193 ' s was aaiure o rsp he American reaiy d reormulaen anaysis o ransform i . The no ions heyposse ssed of Marxism hae made ha mehodoy inpopua eyes synonmous wih he crudesmeriaism of ascrib in peope s moie s he ir


58/72

ee ecnc neress hen he nn f culure s el h ll s rken wnechnscll n clss cnens h ne

hgh

culure fr he rulng clss n nher fr helers Rrel f ever s culure seen s en eeen ee ecnc cncerns nelg seen s he n hch ele usher unersnng lve her lves hn sse ll less rrel s he ssl ss culurl urgesfcn recgne he rle ersng n he ss e n enerng he

cnscsness n kng gru f eple n ss ere renl never cnsere . O nerul f hs nlcl flure n nl recgne he ssl h he s ln un sruggles hve een nnrevlunr ne srvng fr n ung f he clnrc h rghs fr he ners n rkers n n schee evelen Anher hs een0 2 flcn f he ef eeen n ulrln rerc fen n he ers he greesenes n s n he s unrcl f s n relnsh An he lerlhsns f rcls hve cure hlfruh:he lcl f echnsc Mrxs herles ern Aerc n nee n evelecls cur e he veens ngn he ses f Aercn evelen nerenlelue he nuers ghere run her rersruggles

ne ul ell e le rele hsflre f Mrxss se fr f svs nheren n he Aercn culure . Unfrunel helnks eeen nellecul nlss n sclhsr esecll ver cenures re f

cul eslsh A les ne hng s cler:rcls hve fle se he erverse lgc f culure hch n he eneh cenur hssue el enl ll he ele he rl The rve fr rf s f crrns c n een un cern nvuls rer ereun n exnsn he hrus


59/72

5

orin dominaion wi by is own oia dopmn ras wapons wi ran dsriono a iiiaion--s ar prods o

Amrin soiy oday . is i s wa Mars answn says a da mps o Daa r symbo o or iii aion r an b o s improniiaion wi od radia noion aAmrian soiy possssd ay dmorair wic ony miiriss and orporaionpr sidns mporariy pod T wors o Nw L s ria is Od s air o

brak disiy wi a r o wiinyrow asid od isions abo rdiions nd ropsand bin o propos rnais.

. For an aon o DLon s aiii s and orisin 90 s s Pa Sr orSoiasm in Amri a 190 s PL Jy

As 197 noion a Ens inadranyd ay bass or manisi Marxism isdmonsrad in Donad ds Ens onrib ion o Marism Soii s Risr 95

Wa ar impiaions o i s ? In som onris . Grmany) rrorssion omnisi mariaism od b rdid o inompion o boroisi roon In

Amria i an b paind pariay by Grman dominn o Amrian soiais idooy-spiay ro Kasky-and diiy oMarxism pnrain a osi posiiism rysron in Amria by rn o nry.

3 DLon d a onomi posiion o proaria mad is asndn o roionmor dii an a o broosi b

as wi borois onomi powr onind orow and dr aon is idooy proariawas prpay wak and mor sspab ors and o apiai s idooia orma ions S briian Two Pas From Roman Hisorwi nin s o o prin in Rsi n rond 9

4 On rn dbat as Pa andJam s \ insi b sian So iai sm


60/72

-adical merica JanaryFebrary 1968.

5 Frainas role so long ignored is no being reexamined See especialy a ortcoming collectionof Fraina s aestetic orks edited it an introdction by ee Baxandall

6 . See Ecoes of Reolt an antology o te Massesic despite its eaknesses makes aaiabe aealt of original material ic ne eftists canstdy for tecniqe style etc

7 . brilliant interpretation of te cltura problemis contained in te arios essays f T dorno riss ondon 1967, te first colectionof essays in Englis by tat ator

8 do not mean to impy tat radicals sol not ae elped indstrial nion organization bt tat te problems arising from it may el ae been insperable for a sstaining radicalism

9 Weinstein and Sklar Socialism and te Ne eft Stdies On te et Marcpril 9660 . Gbril olko Te Decline o mericanRadicalism Stdies On te et Sept Oct 966.Tis inalable article as no been reprintedas a RE pamplet

1 See orno Prisms, and Herbert Marcse Tefirmatie Natre of Cltre in Neationsor an explication o tis difficult concept


61/72

The Poes

D Gakas

em fm in teidge Kngt Badidee"in Ba & Ba de n Lee BadidePress, ach-. -

59

Citie Bnin de Randa Badde e $1 .aide e 26 d ae etitigan 8238

e Ba Revtin i neang eativefe tat ave een defmed and nd fentie e pet tat i eginning t emegefm te Ba pae m e aave t gain ne f te ne v i e eng t Ete dge Kngt a f ime f " ded i nKea fm a apne nd and nat eeted me ded in 1960 fm a pn enteneand pet gt me a t ife "

Kngt nt peae te itepf te veni i mt mving pem i fad R nn nt t t ae n t fm nd ad R te tg nigge n annt e tpped antng e tan a t m e tepine ae eaen t ee tei "ete" ed n te mt f ad R ve teee f a mt tat ad R ne t / e n

te tm and p i ned i m it pit i pit "n Kngt pem n am in aied and in te mvng dea f nette evtin me tg pr a nd me t en ed Knigt meatneven i mt evident en e ndge atate f te nd f tff fnd n tet ttempt t defne pepe it Een

mtg t te t ime i vi e e m


62/72

60

sef conscious and e oses e power a marks issecion of one of is Macom poems

You rocked oo many boas manued oo many coas manSaw rou e j ive You reaced e wid uysike me You and ird (And ai eRoi ca )

EE

Tose wo suspec an irraiona reverse racis( ideous wie erm benea every naura mibenefi from Don ee s inroducion o is f irs bookof poems was born ino savery in Feb of 94 n e sprin of a same year 110 000 persons ofapanese descen were paced in proecive cusody bye wie peope of e Unied ae s " One of econcerns of poes ike ee is a backs never submi o a nd of reamen uc ss e ra men ccorded o ews by e Nais Tus isaacks on Wiiam Faukner ouis omax FrankYerby and Rap Eison are no a ierary ame bua maer of surviva Te b ouque s for Du oi s Turner and Fanon ony mpasie e ric and variedsoi back poes are rowin in.

ee ' s poems are ard and exciin even oere are few quoabe ines or individua poemsa si ck wi e reader a does sick is eoa impac of e creaion is sec ond book isbeer an is firs . Te symbos forms imaes and words are comin oeer in ever sronercomb inaions ee as been spared e odyssey ofe Roi one s e is spendin is formaive yearsdeveopin is ower isenin o bac peope and

akin bac peope And poes ike ee andni an a e oers wo are beneiin frome supreme and cosy effor o reurn o ackpineered by one s are akin o bcks eirbooks se in e sma miian booksops found inevery eo Moore s in San Franci sco Vaun s inei Any ies wo appen aon are e in


63/72

a d ride ceap Lee s rk i s e lackrelin in prcess s as ee is e blackpe as becmin

RDLL

61

e ery ile f Ddley Randll s f irscllecin ss far ack riers e ad rael Randall is f an lder enera in f blackpes e as in e fi see blcks accepedin ie anlie s as eqals e kne e

nelec f M lsn and e srane rleLans n es as cas in Rndall s liedr e Malclm relin and e as emeredrefresed and reneed Wi a re f respec frker Ddley s aken sides i W E fis Dressed ll n Pink nd allad f irminmseem rine fr sme ears en is lack PeWie Criic and e di pre e is indeed f e

ime f e b nin f ciie s e ries e aelreires is sk /creae/ differen ime /re animae/ e mask

Rndall is a fine pe b e is an eenreaer edir peraps e ms impran blackedir n plisin i s radside Press asrespnsile fr e dynamic Fr Malclm Pems ne life and dea f Malclm X i ries frm

js b eery lack pe n ri in isecellen rdside series as feared e rk fer eny differen pes n psers naddiin e bks menined ere and pssibleplicin f a cllecin f rks by SniaSance ne f e es lck pes ries nnly f e lack relin f e relinf lack men radside Press is reparin

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lack Pride Pems Frm Prisn in lck andCsing are like csnes f erelin e lane f e ks is elane f e lack masses e ir pin f ie ill ffend and frien nn relinry ie s


64/72

A wol rato o lac artsts co wa ofrt rs s ow copltl o t lcrvolut o o ot t approval o tuts ut t o ot l autatc ostltto t . r wor s a ivn u . v orc to crat tr ow prss ust as tv crat tr ow auc caus wtAr c a o roo or t ot v t tAr c a o t sall s a os lcs ar o tr ow t o t ard vr ;

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65/72

T U AD.

Subcb . . . w tA CA A C A n e e d s o s b s c o n oe n s e e x n d e d n d o v e d o d c o n d

d s b o n oss b l e we e e s o l c e A n c e g o o bo o s ho .$ 3 e e ( $ 5 o s de u . s n d C n d )$ 2 o SDS N o n l eb e s n g o od s n d n gB U K 3 0 e c o o 5 00 c o e s . c s ss e s 5 ( n Se . , h e n 7 } o f Vo l o n l n o 3 s s v l b l e 23 7 S g h S \ d so n , ' s 5 3703


66/72

DRK PROPHESY

I sing of hne

A n d y e a h b o h e s h e h e / ae c a s n g s a bo h e u n s a b l e o l l y b on( ho as h u s l n g h e a c

he n e n don s n g o h e e o f h n e h e s o k e h o a s h e n o g h o f l e e he f c k n g s h a n d l e h e h e f o l k s d o n h s c e ams on h l s( j u e d h s b l a ck as s n o h e d ak se a h n e d d b o k e f e e f om h e s a n n g s e e Y e a h , s n g o f S h n e

a n d h o h e m l o n a e b a n k e s o o d o n h e d ec ka n d l l e d f o h s o ck e a l o n d o l l a c h ec ks a y n g h n e h n e sa e oo a n d g v e y ou a l h e o n e y a b l a c k b oy n e e d s h o S h n e l o o k e d a he o n e y a n d h e n a h e s e aa n d sa d j u n mu h a f u c k a a nd s m l k e e -


67/72

S ne wam onS ne wam on o w e banke r ag e r r an nake o n e dekw e r p n k remb l n g a n d er p a n ro n e r n e k r e am n g S n e S n e a v e p oo r mea n d I V g v e y o a I e n a b l a k b o y ne e ow S n e now n g oo an d a n o J v eb yo go o w m n o k o y a l ve ow S n e w am p a a p r e a e r a f l o a o n a b o a r d

r y n g a ve me n g g e r S n e n e n ame o e o rd ow e p re a e r g r a b b e S n e a rm a n d b r ok e ro k e o w S n e p l l e d a n k a n e p re a e r r o a ne wam onS ne wam on n d w e n e n ew o re a e a n a n kS n e w a p n H a r l e m am n n e a r d r n k a n an g e r ee amn n e a r d r nk a n d a n n g n e ee

E er d ge K n g # 26 5


68/72

w' v ot a lot y: vieam dispatches by wifred buchettin phnom penh g columnsby staughton lynd domestic seethers by nscc-member julius leste columns on the black andwhite liberation movemens reports on the campus by randy furst who reported orangeburgK special reports on weapons, lan america afica inteviews with the fugs and others onpoitical aweness among the rocsoul people K boo reviews fIlm reviews record reviewsK much more wih zip g weely Elsubscribe today or send for your free cop 9

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Plea send mea reecopy of the Gudian, .1 enclose $for: Ten-week rial sub_$ l One-ye regular sub $7, Oneyear udentub_$3,S (include name of school)

name-plea pr

addre

city sae zp

197 E, 4 St-, New Yo N.Y 10


69/72

rduo (tBo x 6 2 5 Ann Ar b o r , M i . 4 8 107

NEW LITERATURE AVAILABLE:

_(30) Ho Inustri Unionism s Won: h Grt Fint StriAgi nst GM - W tr Linr

(1 5) U SA Th Lbor Rvo t Stn Wi r( 0) h Subvrsion o ol tiv rgin ing - D. B

( 5) Lbor i n n A unt So it - o lt ion o our rti l s( 1 5) An Exhng on m ri l i sm - Wo & Aronson( 0) A N o t US I nvstmnts in Lti n Amr i B l( 1 ) Guvr I Dbr n th A - Gott( 1 ) S vn Erronous Thss bout Lti n Amri - R . Stvnhg( 1 5) WW Rosto: h Stgs o Eon . Stgntion - J . otsorth(0) Rosto s Stgs hrough Es tion to Dstrution - AG Frn(I ) Gtti ng b With Li t t H l From Our Frins Hbr( 5) Who Dos th Movmnt Mov ? - Joh n MDrmott( I) onsumtion : Domsti I mri i sm - Dv Gi I brt(25) NALA Rsrh n Mthooog Gui(75) Who Ru s o um bi ? - N A LA st( 0) D in o r . Ri l ism in 20th ntu r - Ko o( 1 ) Th Shr mign - Sti n & W m n=() Euion: An Amrin Probm (stu gui) - Bi Ars

Wi e for a comete lst ofR publiqations whi includecs o f dUaw, the livrsty, J br, ier ismL a" Aerlca oh tc e"ok criti q & Cin. as pubhses theRIC . TE PRFESION ".

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I e c o s e a s f w :_Z P__ o ERAURE as cheked ( ease a 5% r s tag )

CR BU o RP s

B C R P R a i c a s i h e P o e s s i s e s e e $ / y e a ;c h ec h e e i Y O U a e e s i u e b a o e c e i ve i )

sh o ee e moh, yea, . ) s

_ ese s a se co o he Raicas i e Poessis eseeease se iouc f 01 e Rical i Poj ect


70/72

68DISN RE BOR COIEE (JORIY CION )

RESED hat hr has b ry t mchmp rhrc abt th raz th wrc as s . h Mmt has ha cra ccrtprcs hs ara, a s m r cam

aua s prcs rahr tha a rras.

I h past th Mmt has ha parcuarsuccss am( a h w wr cass r rapprs, prrs,

p prss rrs, a wrrs smarccupats wh ca b rach th bass smar sts a

b ) O- wrrs 97 thr th mst ma mmbrs h ra Ecu Bar h I . . wr ach b y B Baw, ra tt, a Rchar Brazr .

I s ru ha hr has s ar b m succss rach crat, ustra, whc ar , a w wr rs , b ut . . . Ca th ayb ar h pus a ms u t ha r c y

r mps ts sctara ws h Masra abr Cmmt, t b hrhy sct, u t xpt asr hs qust a amb uus mar . h mapa pschy hs u was such ha w ar s ucar as s Ima hr char, hwr, wh mmbr wha s w th Majrty act, whsuc s a wrr, rprt ha th ma bstac h urhr prrss th racaza hwr ca ss has b a s mp ma r sructr .

athr hmas art ' s ra z a a pa ,ap rwhm at th u c h I . 05 ca r a wh- strucur .Shr yars atr, S.D.S. ubbs r whthrhr shu b , hr, r aascrars, a spra amp a hba s c u s s by ahr ary . h rac s uppsy ru ary stu s r mpty rh rca urshs s sharp cras h atu h acry wrrs wh rrup a harau by a mmbr h mr act wth as ra Labr Cmm wh rpa as a ab h wh ! y w hs hr mry prss a sr r r atas cr ar s s a craz aa c .


71/72

eratio hus Mark Nison's study of t outhernTena s Farmers' Un on a nd seve ra reviews aveen pused back to f t ue sses A l so he d wasJaes O Br i n s s econ d i n s t a l n t on h i s tory te ew Left ut we are ap t put into printt e cot ib t on s m a d th e ed i t f o r wh i ch goes1 rge y to George aWic who co c t e d s an d

cdu t d th i tervjew wi th ohn atson T poesof on i a S a c ez a nd t h e ri d e Kn g h t p u b i s h d f rs thee and th rpr i n d pom by Davi d Hndrson e l pto add a other d i ensionwe think to our reatmeo t h e b la m ove .

s t n o w t e r e i s n o f n a n c i a l y e as b e wayor s to expand beyond 60-7 pags--t up topross i o a l ydoe f o l d i ng co l l a g and st a9 1 ng d be f a r too epensi ve u t we hooe o ae uph e i e r e ce b a n ch in g e a m p h l t s e r i e i n f o r a t o qn e f rs t of t p b l i c a ons e i ava i l ab ei n o ur n e x i s s e u r i i t i a l a ms ar e t o coop e r a tew t h n a t i on a l i n cov r i e t a cu r ob

l s the French ri s i s and th uoan stdnt move_e ge e a y ) a ak o own nu su a l co n r b u o s c a a s as a t / u l u e s t u d i & a n d p l ca onf s i g f i c a t b t l i t t l eknw Ame c h o ca l ig r s _ o in s t a n e P a u l a t ck a d C . L R ames.

CNIBUOS

DAN GOGAAS d i or o i s a rab l i ng ag ato ;JAME OOE is Prossor of ica isoy at MSUAV NERSON s poem s r ep n d w t h t n dp e ri s s io o e ub l i s e r s o s r es s oof he S i l e n oret THIGE NG and ONIA

NCEZ are as eorgaas riew idicaes aog te e s t o [ t e rad i c a l b l ac pots GERG RCK i s arxi"st istor i an n e o i w h o a c s a O a k l a n diversi y


72/72

Y XEI

starting july 4th s

big y/usdow/o/

y/eaes/polcestato/

o qsos/asked/wJ.

a y/po/le/ept/

l lome

a y/

lleal/g. (d hey o ' t say a hg)eR ayb

a he ex ebel/lo

aye jus

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Documents

Radical America - Vol 2 No 4 - 1968 - July August