Radical America - Vol 5 No 6 - 1971 - November December

8/8/2019 Radical America - Vol 5 No 6 - 1971 - November December

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Volume Nmber 6 November-December

ADIA AMEIA

The Editors, INTRODUCTON .

C L R James, PEASANTS AN WORKERS

C R James, GEORGE ACSON

C R ames, THE WAY OUT: WORLD REVOUION

Paul Bh MARXSM IN THE U.S

BAC WORERS CONGRESS

RADICAL AMERICA: Published bmonthy at Massachusetts Ave

nue, Cambrdge, Massachusetts Subscrpton rates per yea, for two years, for three. Subscrpton wth pamphets per year

Edtors for ths issue: Paul Buhle, James O'Brien Associate ditors: ditAtbach, Shawn Bayer, Jacke DiSavo, Davd Garson, artin Glaberman,James Goodman, John Heckman, chael Hirsch, Rchard Howard, AenHuner, James Kaplan, Roger Keeran, Mark Levitan ar Naison, Pa

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With this number, Radica America ends another period of is exisence The changes which will become increasingly clear over the nex several isseshave been made ssibe by he gradua unfoding ofa class miiancy unown in is inensiy for a generaion; our ransfer from Madison o he Eas Coas;and, reaed h, our deveopmen oward a lerMarxist world-view.

Radical America's birh in 1967 was conditioned onhe one hand by he esence of SDS in is prime andon the other by the genera indiference among SDS(and other radica) intelecas oward the specifi

naure of American radicalism Thus he name: anaffirmaion of he existence of a radical America whose pas seemed (for beer or worse) very famiiar to the theoreicaly indiferen, acivist iticsof radical colege youth in tha period A firs RA was narrowly calcuaed to "find the answers in themisakes of past radicals. Ony gradually did iemerge tha amost no one knew he quesions

Madison, Wisconsin, a kind f midSixies mecca forineleca campus Marxism, s editorial scope

broadene Perhaps archeypicay American andNew Left, it was the ony Marxist journa in the word to produce a comic ok as one nmber(Voume 3, Number ) and the firs merica journasince te 940s to devote a ful number to SUrreaism

(Volume 4, Numr s the Nw Le nt intocrisis and coapse, RAs secon notion emerged that it oud spea to the ongrange task of ayinthe foundations for a new movemnt that woud finallycome into existence when the consion and discouragement of the current one faded The mode of ex pression taken by R as a series of monographs,


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nearly all ethodologal n nature ublshed over1970.

t last ths orentaton proved nadeuate : Thereas nether the nternal oherene nor the eternaldeand ro orer and urrent oveent eolewho read to justy the ontnuaton o a onograh seres Thus the rst untonng edtoralboard o was onvened last all to rovde alearer ore narrow ous n ts thrd notonwas transored nto a journal largely onernedwth the hstory develoent and rosets o theeran workng lass and o the Euroean workng lass eseally as t shed lght on ossbleuture develoents here) s suh ganed aselreognton and also soe reognton o anaudene o atvsts nterested or nvolved n thelass develoents n ther gestaton erod

The estene o an ndeendent organatonalyunalated) radal journal les the vew by theedtors o the nadeuay o estng arst thoughtand/or rate has beleved tsel to be a journal or the reaton o a vew adeuate to odernonetons the whole o odern le ontngtoward a oneton o the world whh arssne ar has alost onsstently laked but whh

s ore than ever oblgatory or nored rate wll now seek the net ogal ste n ts develoent the obnng o the ull latons o a ethodologal rtue wth the lass rtue o tslatest hase ntrodung eltly and n avowed oltal ters what ars ust beoe

The aearane o LR Jaes' work n the ontet

o our rearaton or the lea ahead should be nosurrse to regular R readers ore than the worko any other lvng gure Jaes' eorts to render ars an all sded theory and rate has servedas an eale and an enourageent The i LRJaes nthology R Volue 4 Nuber 4) sought

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to convey the breadth of James' labor from theAmerican working class to cricket, from Lenin to

literature Here we offer a more specifically politi-cal selection, reflecting James status as a majorThird World Marxist theorist James' bestknownwork, Black acobins, was a depiction of the San Domingo revolt of the 1790s, but more than that t por-trayed the relation of the Third World to the devel-oped nations in the revolutionary process. In thatfirst stage of modern rvolution, the black field

workers' revolt, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, de-molished a mighty French army under Lafayette, andaided the success of French revolutionary forces;and the proclamation of the Republic equally con-tributed to the triumph of the exslaves in HaitiNearly two hundred years later, it has been belatedlydiscovered by Western Marxism as a whole that the

Third World striving for selfliberation is a catch-spring for release of potentially revolutionary work-ingclass forces for decades contained by mperial-ism ames expresses the intimacy of the relationsof workers and peasants across thousands of milesby showing the direct relevance of Hegel's "Slave-Master Relationship (applied by Marx to the West-ern working class) to all struggles, including that of

the Vietnamese And uniquely, James seeks notmerely to preserve but to extend and expand uponLenin's understanding of world revolutionary forces,far more important for James than the theory o theParty which Leninists and "anti Leninists alikehave seized upon as Lenin's major contribution

At last, ames shows, activity grows where onlytheory could promise in the past Along wit Du Bois,George Padmore, and a handful of others, ames wasa figre of enormous stature in the expression ofnotions that were to be encompassed in the Africananticolonial struggles Now a young black man inAmerica, who spends a quarter of his life in prisonssolitary confinement, can give voice with tremendous


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eloquence to the forces at the center of the civiliza tion which cry aloud for self-realization. This realiis a vindication of James' own theoretical method,

which has focused on the activi of the masses of people rather than the competitio of the sects forLenins mantle More imrtan, the alorous existence of George Jackson is the best evidence ofJames conclusion that we have reached perhaps a"decisive and final stage in the world revolutionary

process Whether Socialism or Barbarism lie ahead,

we cannot persist for many decades in our presentsituationThe Propostions it natrally nto te context o

James writing, for alhough independently conceived, they could not have been offered in thir currentform without the perceptions of modern sociey thatJames has oered The central feares of massstggle in the United States are familiar to all: the

unque pate of class activity shaped by increasingly innovative technology (and its physical and psychologica demands on the worker); the particularlyimrtant roe played by Third World forces and by

women in the social life of the nation and thereby in the work force the distortion of class initiatives within Imperial sociey and the partial unlooseningof the forces of motion with Imperialism's parial

decay he birth and beginning fragmentation of masscuture n the Twentieth entury and, reflecting all these, the difficulties and opportunities posed for nalienated forms of organized struggle within theemerging mass movements The interrelations of these various tendencies remain, however, shrouded litica mystery The Proitions should be seen

as no more than a transiona means clar he writer's understanding and to encourage discussonaround the basic themes well-based, these notions

wil re-emerge in more substantial form withinR,as greater self-consciousness and a grander view of the world are gained


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C.L.R.James,

Peasants and Workers

The following consists of wo major excerpts from 'he Gathering

Forces", written in 1967 as a draft for a document to appear on the fifti-eth anniversary of the Russian Revolution. Never published, this abortive

document was to be the third major statement of the postions of James group (following W Ru in 1949, andFg R in 1958) Sections of our excerpts were written by MartinGlaberman William Gorman and George Rawick in collaboration withJames.

Prefae

A three-way dvo of affar amog Rua Cha ad the Uted tate domate word pot

today Two ato out of thee three are goveredaordg to ther offa dearato by the theore ad prate of Marxm-Lem The humaooue mut eapaby atfy tef wthawer to the queto What exaty th aabout ad how dd t ome to be? Ha t away beeo ad f ot whe ad how dd uh a tate ofaffar take pae?

Propet of war ad peae budget arme par te eeto trade ad utura exhange the

Uted Nato ad the Thrd Word of emergg a to are a etanged Hudred of mo over ther eye ad k of the dehumato of ved oety hut off ew of termnabe ad uovabe oft betwee Rua and Chna o the oede ad Amera attempt domate he wordo the other


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What is being awaite is a consummation of whatbegan with the breakup of the Eastern Front in Worl

War I: th arrival of the populace politically onto thestreets of Petrogra an Moscow The October Revolution of 1917 was the initial lanmark on the lan-scape of war an revolution, mass initiative anclass repressions, selfliberating efforts an alien-ating mystifications A breaking point in human ex-istence began in October 1917 an now awaits resolution. After Stalinism, Khrushchevism, an the be

wilering profunities of Chairman Mao, the presentgeneration is sufuse with the esire to arrive at theterminal point of the Twentieth Century political up-heavals

In the same Russia toay, October is celebrate byselfcongratulations accompanie by isplays of thelatest missiles, tanks, an rockets The Unite States

while still eclaring how it eplores the rise ofBolshevism compares the mellowness of the pres-ent Russian leaers with the intransigence of theChinese Furthermore, an event which, upon its happening, ha mae bright man's hopes is now use asan occasion to insist that the great majorities of thepopulations cannot alter or improve their conitionsof life.

Fiy years ago, the October Revolution mae mankin aware of the task place in the hans of the proletariat estroying the accepte, constantly increas-ing evils of capitalist society Toay there hasemerge a new force to join the proletariat, compriing hunres of millions This force is engagein the struggle to ri contemporary society of theincubus which weighs upon it an which threatens toestroy mankin itself by fratricial struggles forpower This force is the people of the Thir Worl,whose liberation is possible only by the estructionof the economic an cultral omination of imperial-ism For us who celebrate the 50th anniversary ofthe October Revolution this political emergence of


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the Third World is a culmination of what emergedfrom theory into reality in October 1917

What is new in our analysis will concern itselfabove all with the emergence of this new form whichstruggles to complete what the October Revolutionbegan But it is necessary, first and foremost, to un-derstand what was the October Revolution, what it didand what it did not do

OCTOBERWar is the mother of revolution Everywhere re

vulsion was the logical response to three years oftrench mud and carnage only in Russia did worldwar give birth to completely volcanic social reorgan-ization Strict objectivity compels not a mere listingof reasons but a statement of premises

The largest factory known in the world anywherein the year 1917 was th Putilov works in LeningradThe coordinate labor of that factory involved 40000people Other factories surrounded it in the samedistrict Capital had put them there The ackwardness of transport in the large mass of land area thatis Russia geographically concentrated the forces ofthe Russian workers socially The Russian autocracy

and its secret police, fearful of the slightest liberal-izing influences from European civilization, set upthe strictest barriers as a means of selfprotectionand selfperpetuation This in rn gave to the Rus-sian working class a certain inner freedom from in-hibiting traditionalism and organizatinal fixity, andmere imitation of the rest of Europe There was no

exclusivism of trade unions, arbitration machinery,grievance umpires, or pettyfogging about equityCompared to Russian society as a whole, the num-

ber of industrial workers was small The bulk of theworkers were one or two generations away from theland, from social isolation on the vastest countrysidein all the world But the working class was fresh

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It was as if the inner class life of the Americanworking class had begun with the CIO or that oftheir British workingclass brothers had ben withthe movement of shop stewards

Class power combined with the creative appropri-ation by the Russian intelligentsia of the discoveriesof Western civilization before and particularly aer1789, was the specific potential of the new industrialworking class Class paralysis in the face of the tra-

ditional brutishness of the Russian aristocracycapped by a Czar was the specific immediate re-action of the small Russian bourgeoisie They weredominated in their mnds if not completely in factby foreign capital

Both bourgeoisie and working class were smallin peasant Russia The future could not even believein itself in that war period of a royal family ided

by the monk Rasputin at the center of powerThe intelligentsia which unlike that of other coun-

tries did not automatically ally itself with the classabove moved through the exacting discipline of thepolitics of an approaching revolution to define its re-lation to the new working class

iewed from the standpoint of the development ofcivilization mankind' s capacity to understand itselfand its prospects the work of the Russian intelli-gentsia constites one of the wonders of the worldThe brilliance of the intellectual was due to theirEuropean strivings at a time when erman philosophy rench literature and rtish olitics werestagnant The transition from the ineteenth to theTentieth Cenr in hat is broadly called culre

is in the great achievements of the henomenal Rus-sian ntelligentsia drama novel allet etliterar criticism musical eressivenes s theytransformed the relations of the neteenth to theentieth Cenry he contitive eleents of anentire ech were created o roof in the conven-tional meanng of that ord il e offered here


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the dialectic o the actual development, including thelitics o the later stage, that o the degenerationo the 1917 revolution, politics oers the historical

proo

One more point must be made The entrance ourgeois economy into Russia did not so much weaen as accenate the caste character o Russiansocal lie It is comparable to how in the nitedStates the ery trumph o the werl captains oindustry reastened more peicously the manacles

and even the lynch mobs rope onto the Negro emanpated by the Civil War Class reinorced itsel administratively as caste Russia was amliarly own

to the world as the prison house o peoples This wasnot only because its pre197 existence was the closest to a lice state that period could recognize was so because o the variety o people and ethnicgroups within the country tse orbidden the use o


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their own language or native instittionsWe an thus hel to resolve the ystery as to why

Otober is Russian Its resistant intelligentsia was

Euroean ts woring lass sall but with a onen-tration unique in Euroean history its inoritieslied in the reesses o the inner olonialis ozarist ower his all together was the nurturingground o what is alled Bolshevis When the warae in 1914, desite the at that a ll theoretialunderstanding had to await Lenins great ahieve-ents during the war these Bolshevi enlaves didnot suub as did the Soal Deoray verywhereto ierialis the bourgeoisiiation o silled worers the orrutions o the arliaentary syste thegreat war o all the nation states

here was a orresonding develoent in the re-lationshi between the woring lass and its reresentative arty whih ound the soure or its

strength in the eeriens o the atory and theworers' distrits he revolutionary reations andthe eerienes o 1905 were the urtain raiser orthe vitory o 1917 he deeat o the ilitary re-tensons o the zar in the 19041905 war againstaan stiulatd the worers as the deeat o rul-ers has stiuated the oressed oulations sinetie ieorial to the easures whih went ar

beyond anything West Euroe had nown the generalstre the olitial genral strie and inally thereation o ounils the Soviets

When the Soviet aeared t onsisted o one re-resentative or every ive hundred worers in a a-tory he easants organized in the Ary startedto or Soviets or theselves. he raid orationo the Soviets lightninglie rogress o stries and

ared etension o strugge tell us things whih noeerts on the theory o the owerlessness o eranently alienated oulations dare even to thin Sov-iets and general strie did not wait uon any artyParties attahed to the ause o the woring lass

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had to adat theselves to Soviets while no wisegiving u the asirations to deorati rights and

eletions of reresentatives o governent in the fa-iiar bourgeois anner 97 rovided the finalurtain to the historial stage oening in 905. heruling lass no longer had any lai of leading theRussian nation or even showing any aaity of dis-ilining its own hollow ersonnel Soldiers fled thefront and the trial of strength began

Both the resent Aerian and Russian rulers be-lieve that the Bolshevi Party ade the revolution;the forer hold this idea with regrets and the latterwith grandiose selfadulation he sae glaring en-tal that is olitial defet dislays itself in all se-tors of oinion both fro those for and those againstthe Russian Revolution

hus those sall vanguard grouings of olitial

radials who have never had the taste of owerasribe the wonders of its arrival to the ower oforret slogans But Peae Bread and Land werenot the blare of an advertised urising he ritialeleent was a oulation oised uon slitseondsnotie to at uon its iulses not i n the everydaysense but to resue soiety fro the bottoless itof trenh warfare and state orrution Slogans aeasirations ore alable but it is a selfreared

eole that ae fundaental revolutionFebruary 97 witnessed the abdiation of the zar

and the foration of what Lenin hiself desribedas the freest reubli the world had ever nown heworing lass was seeing to abolish itself as a ereoonent og in the ahinery of rodution the

soldiers were struggling to ed the orruting rolein he ahinery of war and the serfs were ere-ated with the desire to ae theselves into an indeendent yeoanry suh as Russia had never seenbefore Freedo ould no longer be a atter of rightIt was the ontent of huansoial ativity above all olitis When you have suh largesale soial ex

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perience infinie n s immeasurabity mionsin and o of he baefron or ou on sre parad

ing her wer hrough he major srees of cies ransr and communicaon broen down so ha hemos ordinary rouines of fe become a mater o beseed on he s as necessy dicaes hen heesabshmen of new socia es becomes he mosnara and neviabe hing n he word Saiors of

baeshps were nesng in he Neva near Perograd

sodiers had no ony desered hey were movngaround on he srees of a major merois esngou for wha and for wm heir miary experienceshad ruy repared hem prced he dominanmpiciy of he revouionary ics and even hefinshed sye of s eadng ician ha famarhomeness of Lenins uerances

Lenin's sye conses an engma and even con

spiraoria mysery o wha parades ise before oureyes now as ca scence Today his science goesround and round wih is a of he paradoxes of heRussians and he inscabiiies of he even moredis Chinese The meaning of he socia nerven ions and soca ransformaions of ordary men and women in he mds of socia revouion scia scenss evade eadng hem o creae hese myseries, which ie a he hear of he scenifc discipinescreaed and recreaed in consons

Kerensy one of he men of February 1917 mayhave been a foo o beeve he coud crae he Russan peope bac ino Word War I More noabe for 1967is he vacaon and seconoron of he whoesecion of he inegensia They had ed he fae of

Russa o s worng cass They proved fecless when came for he momen o esabsh he worers now armed as he governmen of he probemaden vas and exhaused Russan socey cu offfrom Europe and havng o depend upon s own in

erna socia resources The reucance of Lenn'sown coworers on ha famous Cenra Comee


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o do he son o sezng he ower o urnngFebruary no Oober was no owarde or d-

y he olally raned nellgensa was no any nd o eee arsorayIs roble he odern roble s elsewhere

I s ha he bourgeose have roven hoelessly n-eeual hrough deressons and war and alaousrses o every nd Only he worers rean oreae a huan soey Bu he nellgensa whhonsders sel he reosory o everyhng vlzed us by he very naure o he auulaono soal relaons hrough he enures as well asedaely all around onsder he worng o-ulaon o be naable o ang and solvng he rob-les o governng whole areas o eono ol-al and soal le

Lenn was he eboden o he bes vrues o

he Russan nellgensa hs grea Russan nel-lgensa was Euroean n enal soe eang norreness o orulaon and roedure oneuous o auoray and haeul o he ogro enal-y whh n he eyes o he world was oher RussaBu here was a negave as well An nelleual ele-en o he oulaon so ondoned o ele so enuous n s hold on naonal reales so eheeral

n regard o s own eerene n he raaleso governen when one ongealed no a ary a- araus and hereby ransored ro solaed nd-vduals no he shadow o he sae owe hoes obeoe us nevably urn no arularly naserdden Russa an obsale when he role-ara s ready o asser he ull easure o s

owerWhy hen dd Lenn sueed n se o he? Noere ndvdual unqueness bu onree unversaly rovdes he shae o he answer Asde ro bengreared by researh and debae on he lass hara-er o Russan revoluon asde ro he overwhelng hoelness and elness o hs own olal

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ae aside ro the seldisiline that litialstrggle inheres in individals as well as in gros

Lenin new the olitial alternatives as ew eolehave been ressed and shaed to now the For inthe idst o that eight onth san between Febraryand Otober the whole bawash o Rssian soietyand Rssian history was rearing to drown the o-lation in the ageless d o Rssian barbaris

What Lenin new and what he new the soldiersworers and easants new at the very irst hand

was the ist o a Kolha and a Kornilov the naedbarbaris o the onter revoltion He new whatnative barbaris old do and what ere oratoryabot reedo old not do On this he delded no onebease he did not deeive hisel as so any highlyintelligent eole have done not only beore Hitlerand ssolini and Stalin bt inreasingly aterward

he seizre o olitial ower by the woring lassthe shattering o all enters o athority was to revent the aing o olitis into that seialized tyeo gangsteris so revalent today that its existenears o the world beore World War I ro the waywe now live

Besides the seiiity o staying the whi o theonter revoltion the genis o that habsed

Bolshevis o Lenin is that it added both to the vision and siene o revoltionary olitis ore thanall the olitial siene orses in all the worldsshools will ever be able to stare at lainly let aloneaster as nowledge. aitalist eonoy and thegreat ystery o the oodity over whih arxwrestled r so any ages was to beoe a attero seii easres o worers disiline and na

tional bli aonting Large sale nds were tobe wrested ro the araiti owners by the sel-otivated easants Only they old do that Hosingin the absene o new onstrtion was to be ro-vided by the oation o nilled nsed hoses inoverblown ansions by hoeless tenants Only they

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could do that International diplomacy consisted ofthe signing away of territories according to the will

of the population living there We cannot go on withthis list indefinitely except to say that it is all thiswhich distinguished Bolshevism from its opponentMenshevism

It is this which distinishes Bolshevism fom allthose to this very day and the day ater tomorowwho believe that trench warfare for millions is pos-ible atomic bombs are possible antimissile mis-siles are possible flights to the moon are possibleatomic diintegration of cities is possible assassinations of political leaders ae possible all of theseare not only possible but actually inevitable whereasthe proletarian seizue of political power is im-possible is this which provides the decisive dividing line between selfactivity and mere chasing

around the rat ace in shot on an internationalplane the gulf between human and subhuman modesof political release Maxism in the Nineteenth Century demonstrated how the new society is nurturedeven amidst the poisonous bosom of the old Lennismcontributed its oiginality and force to the notion ofsocialeconomic reconstruction as the true a priorithe sole a priori of all revolution fo the TwentiethCentury

193 WHT WENT WRONG

In the Civil War in Russia the Revolution had de-feated the White armies that had been sponsoed andsupported by West European states apan and the

United States With the defeat of these armies Sovietpower now confonted the immense task of recon-structing the national economy in such a way that thenew social elations of the revolution would reproduce themselves as viable selfactivated institutionsAound these te work activity of the masses of menwomen and youth could be grouped In orde to com


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prehen hese sruggles of he las years of he Rev-oluion we mus pay very careful aenion o he

specific problems an evens."A grea universal agrarian revoluion was workeou wih an auaciy unpreceene in any oher coun-ry an a he same me he imaginaion was lack-ing o work ou a enh rae reform in office rouine. . . . Lenin Selece Works Volume 9 Page 396)Alhough workers are masers of eail labor cer-ain asks were shife ono professional amini

sraors or nonprofessionals aspiring o amini-ser The habis an mehos of he Czaris bureau-cracy were coninue an eepene by he housansof carryovers from he ol regime an he housansof new arrivals who copie an furhere heir ways

In all counries he sae sees iself as meiaorbeween various secions of he people Tha Russian

aminisraors saw heir own posiion ha way isquie cerain. The problem in he crisis of 191193was no ha he pary ha o grip ogeher he wohalves of he "scissors he gap beween socializeworkers an iniviualize peasans. Tha anyonesill believes his was he hear of he maer is heconsequence of cerain bureaucraic hough paernshe heriage of enencies which Lenin ha se him-

self agains.Lenin in his las years counerpose o sae an

pary he evelopmen of he ulural level of hewhole populaion hrough policies esigne o ge heirec involvemen of he working populaion urbanan rural in he soluion of problems. Lenin neverbelieve ha here woul be any compleion of hebuiling of socialism uner coniions which ap

proache prelierary culture on he one sie an hefragmene prouciviy of labor on he oher Hisapproach was ha of eucaion bu of he kin neverseen elsewhere in he worl a any ime

The working populaion ha he power lanlorscapialiss Czariss an foreign powers all knew


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that But how to dvop it? Lnin tid rconstruc-tion of th conomy to ducation Trad unions wr

to ducat th workrs toward that vountary sf-discipin which guarants a constanty highr pro-ductivity Agricutura cooprativs wr to trans-form a pasantry conscious of thir attainmnt ofindividua possssion of th and into fr associa-tions of producrs on th countrysid

Th main task Lnin said was "first of arningscond of arning and third of arning and thn

of tsting what w hav arnt so it sha not rmaina dad ttr or a fashionab phras and it is nous concaing it this oftn happns among us sothat what w hav arnt may bcom part of ourvry bings so that it may actuay and fuy bcoma constunt mnt of our socia if SctdWorks Voum 9 Pag 389) Cutur woud b tn

away from th xcusiv position it occupid in odRussiaBut Lnin continud " know that it wi b hard

to foow this ru and apply it to our conditions know that th opposit ru wi forc its waythrough a thousand oophos know that normousrsistanc wi hav to b offrd that dviish pr-sistnc wi hav to b dispayd that . th wrk

this connction wi b hishy hard SctdWorks Voum 9 Pag 389)

What wnt wrong 923 was that th opposit rudid forc its way through a thousand oophos ading to a fight from th task of dvoping a nw rv-outionary sophistication compting th transformation of a popuation st in motion by th rvoutionAnd this was th bas for th most xtrm atroci-tis of Stain which ar now known to a th word

Th party of th Russian Rvoution did not onyfai at this nw dp attmpt to arous th socia r-sourcfunss of th popuation. abdicatd thatram ntiry. fd from it Unti this day suchnotions as Workrs and Pasants inspction whr


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by every tzen partularly the woen n Lenn seorable phrase were to eane regularly and

systeatally and audt the onrete aars o theSovet adnstraton trade unons as the shoolng o worers toward a ounst soety n whhall state oeron dsappears agrultural oopera-tves voluntarly ored by the populae n all areaso Russa are all roundly abused or purposeully g-nored even by the ost radal o radals.

Ater the vl War ater the truph o one party

over all others ths lght ro the deepenng o therevolutonary nvolveent o the populae aelerated It was gven ts sgnal epresson n the trade-unon debtes o 19201921 hese debates announedthe brth o odern state aptal the rse o governents so total so pereptory n ther atttudes thatthey throttle the ver noton o ass revolutonaryntatve he large partes whh were presuablyored to at on the grevanes o large setons othe people beae transored nto the dsplnarans o worers peasants and all other revolutonaryores

he partular onlt n 1921 nvolved rotsy ashe oander o the vtorous Red Ary and asall unon o Water ransport Worers Out o ths

ntal onlt ae rotsy's thess about the sub-ordnaton o the trade unons to party and staterotsy alled or shakng u the trade unons o sy the eber o the entral ottee o theBolshev Party ost onerned wth tradeunon a-ars ought ths o as an attept at the ltarzaton o the laborng ore and o ts sole protetveorganzaton the trade unons.

Lenn too the sde o o sky and n the ne ewonths t was the Bolshev Pary and not the tradeunons whh was shaen up by rapant atonalsIn he solaton o the worng lass n a peasantountry obned wth te solaton o a worersRssa n a bourgeos world t was apparent that

1


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everyhing accomplished up o hen was in absolueperil "The Russian ound consolaion or he bleak

bureaucraic realiies a home in unusually boldheoreical consrucions and ha is why hese un-usually bold heoreical consrucions assumed anunusually onesided characer among us (SelecedWorks Volume 9 Page 397)

The soluion o he problem o he Russian Revoluion as no as Trosky demonsraed in brillianormulaions abou more democracy a home in Rus-

sia ad world revoluion abroad Nor was he solu-ion he liberal heory o a mulipary sae

Lenin modesly noed bu wih grea powers oanicipaion wha would ineviably happen when hemass inervenion ha was he Russian Revoluionwould begin o go downhill "ur social lie com-ines wihin isel an asonishing degree o earlessaudaciy and menal imidiy (Seleced WorksVolume 9 Page 394) This menal imidiy was in heace o a populaion ha had experienced or iselSovies insurrecion and civil war By swelling hemembership o he rade unions he exhaused work-ing class o an economically exhaused Russia wasshowing is recogniion o where he hrea o adminisraionism had reached and ha hey were pre-

pared o do bale wih i The main obsacle was hevery brilliance o onesided Russian inellecualismuncioning as he poliical leadership n reacion oha kind o onesided bold heoreical consrucionwe have he emergence o Salin

Salin he pary policeman showed ha he had nopaience and ha he sraiened economic circum-sances o pos Civil War Russia allowed or no pa

ience wih he onesidedness o Russian inellecu-alism nsead he chose he mos selspecializingaspec o he modern sae he secre police andheir peneraion ino all environs o poliical aciv-iy

The inheren anagonism which Salinism oered


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istrative arty orders ary orders The Soviet teh-niians were rearing theselves or the day o

lans and rodution quotas. In the eantie Stalinwas rearing his blows against seii individualsin the arty. The result o all this in the absene oa uniied oliy delineated by Lenin was that the ditatorshi swallowed the whole o soiety. That wasStalin whose arrival tells us o the onsequenes oan oosite oliy and owerMalenkov, Khrushchev, Brechnev, and Kosygin all

have talked of trying toundowhat Stalinconstructed.What Stalinism established will undo them and allother heralds o soe nebulous great internal reors in Russia

Soialzed worers o Petrograd and osow so-ialized easants o the Russian Ary ade thegreatest soial hange the world has ever nown Theailure to arry through the sae enetration intoass iulse aerward and at an even higher itho soial tension bloed the reonstrution o Rus-sia as a new ivilization.

We are oten told that Lenin the an who antii ated and warred against learning as a dead letteror a ashionable hrase rodued or by eans ohis dotrine rodued a oseh Stalin Ths is re-

vealed or the alse notion it is both by the words oLenin hisel and by the igures o how any Lenin-ists Stalin had to ill the way he had to ill thethe ages that had to be torn out o history boos thesentenes that had to be torn out o editions oLenins own writings

Even the wor o a Trotsy and his agniient oleial war ould not restrain the sread o theidee ie that Leninis rodued Stalinis Onlyorehension o what too lae in Otober and owhat too lae in its ailure an brea u that ideain the anner that it deserves on this histori oa-sion.

Suh a orehension is assisted by the internal


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seig of he ord i hich e ie oday Leiaicipaed i

" he same ime precisey as a resu of heas imperiais ar a mber of couries heEas dia Chia e ceera hae bee compeeydisodged from heir grooe Their deeopme hascompeey shifed The geera Europea fermehas begu o affec hem ad i is o cear o he

hoe ord ha hey hae bee dra io a processof deeopme ha cao bu ead o a crisis i he

hoe of ord capiaism Seeced Works Voume9 Page 398)

These ies of 193 e us a eas i geeramore abou he ord i hich e o ie ha domos of he pages of omorro morigs espaperNo he gif of prophecy b he socia eigh of heRussia peasary pus he uderdeeoped caracer

of he Russia ecoomy eabed Lei o see ha as emergig The Russia experiece poses heprobem of recosrucig a of coemporary sociey aog he mos moder sesibe ies: he ier-iig of he moemes of he peasary ih hoseof he proearia ad a oher reouioary forcesNo uderdeeoped cory has as ye bee abe oescape ha as oce caed he "Russia uesio

The criica compoes of 193 are oday hepreoccupaios of eaders ad ed he orgaized aduorgaized sma orgaizaios ad arge pariesacademic schoars ad he mos ordiary me ad

ome of he sree ad ork pace

TE TRD WORLD TE PESNTRY

The reader i oe ha e are cosay akigabou srugges cofics he aemps of casses odmiae oe aoher or break hrogh o somehige This is supposed o be a specia iciousessirodced io hisory by Marx ad Lei edig ihe ieiabe boodhirsiess ad saagery of Sa


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iism This is o oly urue i is supidMax isised fom he begiig ha he had o

iveed he class suggle ha he had o cojuedi up as a idea o as a mee iepeaio of hisorical acualiy Vaious ohes had doe ha befoehim ad eve moe so afewad mog he mosspecific addiios ha Marx made o social houghwas while hee had always bee class coflics wihhe arival of he wokes a he idusial base ofsociey a class had come upo he scee which ashe culmiaio of is suggle would abolish allclasses ad ay oio of sociey as beig i ay waybuil upo class diffeeiaio

Deep i he evoluio of Euopea philosophy heewas his cocep of a lifeaddeah suggle foevey igle huma beig i which each is egagedfom he vey begiig of his cosciousess of he

wold he mai i has bee he pime pupose ofpoliical leades ad of heir philosophes o deyay such geeal uh eve o idic i as cimialwhile a he same ime employig such a oio oflifeaddeah huma sruggle whe i seves heispecific puposes as fo example i a war Befoeeerig io he quesios ivolvig he woldspeasa peoples we mus examie wo quoaios ohis subjec oe fom a classic of philosophy adhe ohe equally wellackowledged fom sociologyhe sciece of sociey Fs Hegel

he exracs ha follow exacs ha will bediscussed as we go o Hegel is dealig wih he pheomeology of mid ad he is sayig wha ae hemeal pocesses of people i sociey. He deals wih

he meal pocesses of he mase ad he slaveof he ma i chage of a ecoomic developme adhe ma who is wokig fo him

The peseaio of iself howeve as pure absacio of selfcosciousess cosiss i showigiself as a pure egaio of is objecive fom o ishowig ha i is feeed o o deemiae exis


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ene that it is not bound at all by the artiularityeverywhere harateristi o eistene as suh and

is not tied u with lie he roess o brnging allthis out involves a twoold ation ation on the arto the other (the erson ver there) and ation on the

art o itsel. In so a as it is the others ationeah ais at the destrution and death o the other

his is what has been taing le in Detroit andelsewhere in the United States and throughout theworld It says in so ar as it is the other s ation

other two searate eole the relation betweenthe eah ais at the destrution and death o theother

But in this there is iliated also he seond ind o ation sel ativity or the orer iliesthat it riss its own lie

he uestion is tht in a lass relation lie isrised and Hegel says a undaental art o a relation o one seti one an to the other and arand others have alied it to lasses is the at thatthey are ready at a ertain stage the relation de-ands a ight to the death our lie has to be rised

he relation o both sel onsiousnesses is inthis way so onstituted that they rove theselvesand eah other through a lieand death struggle

In other word the dierent setions o soietyannot wor out any syste and annot ind out whatthey are to eah other and what they are to theselves unless they reah a stage where they areighting to the end and lie and death are involved

hey ust enter into this struggle or they ustbring their ertainty o theselves you have to indout what you are) the ertainty o being or the-

selves to the level o obetive truth and ae thisa at both in the ase o the other and in their ownase as well

hey have to ight to now what they are heyhave to ight to now what they are going or heyhave to ight to the death to now what the other el


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low wns And i is only under hese condiions hsome undersnding of full selfconsciousness is

rechedIAnd i is soey by risking ife h freedom is

obined Oherwise you don know. There re pces where

he sys you live sor of superficil life nd henOnly hus is i ried nd proved h he essenil

nure of selfconsciousness is no bre exisenceis no he merely immedie form in which i firs

mkes is ppernce is no is mere bsorpion inhe expnse of life Rher i is hereby gurneedh here is nohing presen bu wh migh be kens vnishing momen h elfconsciousness ismerey pure sefexisence beingforsef. The indi-vidul who hs no sked his life my no doub berecognized s Person; bu he hs no ined he

ruh of his recogniion s n independen selfcon-sciousness In he sme wy ech mus im hedeh of he oher s i risks is own ife hereby;for h oher is o i of more worh hn isef; heohers reliy is presened o he former s n ex-ernl oher s ouside iself i mus cncel hexernliy The oher is purely exisen conscious-ness nd ennged in mnifod wys; i mus view is

oherness s pure exisence for isef or s bsoluenegion (Hegel Phenomenoogy of Mind Pge 33)

We hve been deling wih he relion beweenmser d slve. Now he goes on o he bondsmn.The mser hs one form of exisence he slve hsnoher. And now Hege sys

"Bu gin shping or forming he objec hs no

ony he posiive significnce h he bondsmn be-comes hereby wre of himself s fcuy nd ob-j ecively selfexisen . . . (Pge 38)

I is in shping he objec for he mser h hebondsmn becomes wre of himsef s fcuy ndobjecivey sefexisen

" his ype of consciousness hs so negive


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iort in ontrast with its irst oent the ele-ent o ear. For in shaing the thing it only be-

oes aware o its own roer negativity . . . " (Page239In woring at the business it realizes its own in-

signiiane its own weaness" . its eistene on its own aount as an objet

through the at that it anels the atual or on-ronting it. But this objetive negative eleent is reisely the alien eternal reality beore whh it

trebld. Now however it destroys this etraneousalien negative airs and sets itsel u as a negative in the eleent o eranene and thereby beoes or itsel a seleistent being (Page 29

By hanging this thing in ront o it and woringor the aster and being the erson who handles itit thereby beoes a seleistent being

In the aster the bondsan eels seleistento be soething eternal an obetive at; in earseleistene is resent within hisel; (but) inashioning the thing seleistene oes to be eteliitly as his own roer being and he attainthe onsiousness that he hisel eists in its oright and on its own aount (Page 29

he an is the slave to the aster and the sel

eistene o the onsiousness o the slave is in reality the aster However they have reahed testage by ighting it out to the death eah understanthe other and soething begins. Now however he hato handle the goods whih his aster is going to enoand he is araid o the aster beause he has thandle this thing and do it well He realizes in hselonsiousness that the aster is in eality thaster o everything But in shaing the thing antaing art in aing it into soething else he threalizes his own selonsiousness as an indeendent being

I we enetrate this bit o Hegel we an oe tunderstand the bitter but inevitable nature o the


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sruggles ha go on in he world and have gone on.rom his we can comprehend he naure of he

sruggle of classes which Marx ook from a common-place observaion o a profound and worldsignificanuniversal philosophical comprehension

The life and deah sruggle ha Hegel alks of ap-pears in he bier characer of peasan wars fromhose in Germany in he Sixeenh Cenury o heguerrilla sruggles in Lain merica and Vienamday I characerizes as well he sruggle of hose

o are some mere decades away from peasan exisece such as he Negro people f he UniedSaes

Wha Hegel exposulaed as philosophy fr he indi-idual hinker Marx proceeded o advance as heovemen of social bodies. Marx wre:

Wha I did ha was new was o prove (1 ha he

eisence of classes is nly bound up wi paricularhisric phases in he developmen of producion( ha he class sruggle necessarily leads o hedicaorship of he prolearia (3) ha his dicaorship iself only consiues he ransiion o he aboliion of all classes and o a classless socieyMarxngels: Seleced Correspondence Page 5alics in he original

Those lines were wrien in 185 hey were pushed a conclusion in Twenieh Cenury erms by Lenin

" . a new source of grea world sorms opened upin sia The Russian Revoluion was fllowed by heurkish he Persian and he Chinese revoluions Iis in his era of sorms and heir repercussions onurope ha we are now living. Whaever may be hefae of he grea Chinese Republic agains hich hearious civilized hyenas are nw baring heir eeh power on earh can resore he old serfdom in sia or wipe ou he heroic democracy of he massesf he people in he siaic and semisiaic coun-ies Seleced Works Volume Page 51

or Lenin is all cnfirmed he class naure of


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olitial struggle and thining about the olitialfuture about the Historial Destiny of Mar' s Do-

trine the title Lenin uses for the revious quotationand the nethe Aiati revolutions have revealed the sae

sinelessness and baseness of liberalis the saeeetional iortane of the indeendene of thedeorati asses and the sae shar line of divi-sion between the roletariat and bourgeoisie of all

inds After the eeriene of both Euroe and Asia

whoever now seas of nonlass olitis and nonlass Soialis sily deserves to be ut in a ageand ehibited alongside the Australian angaroo.Seleted Wors Volue 11, Pages 515)

What one ertained to Euroe is now of A sia andof uh ore he lifeanddeath struggle desribedin a lassi hilosohial wor is in eality lass olitis the lass olitis that enoasses theworld. At a tie when soiety as a ivilied entityis endangered by soial stratifiation whih allsitself deorati or liberal or soialist we areoelled to reonsider those oents of artiia-tion of the easant asses whih hel aount forwhatever iviliation we still have

he nae of Solon is still to be found in the news- aers and the shool tets as a ersonifiation of olitial wisdo What he did was to set Greee onthe road to what is legitiately laied to be theost rearable ahieveent of iviliation. He in-volved the easantry in the revolution whih broete ower of the landed aristorats. rade and indus-try of the eleental ind was substited but the

easantry too the great role oen to it by bringingabout the new regie and what we now now of asthe glory that was Greee eseially that startlingonentration of ivilied aolish ent that wasAthens

In Roe there too lae the great revolution led


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by the Grai It ailed but easants right throughthe eninsula o Italy insisted that itizenshi ould

no longer belong only to the inhabitants o the ity oRoe but should be the ossession o the eninsulaas a whole Under the Roan Eire any histori-ans believe it was this notion o a universal itizen-shi whih was etended to all the ree inhabitantso he Eire that was ruial in aintaining thatrearable olitial ahieveent. Indeed the veryonet itizenshi in Roe ae to be assoiatedwith the very reality o ivilization itsel It is i orant to reeber this today

What ollowed in the late iddle Ages was onti-nuity along a siilar line he reason or the ailureo suh highly advaned enters o ivilization as theity states o Florene and north Italy was that theywere unable to inororate the easanry o the sur

rounding areas. It roved iossible to aintain the olarization o urbanized artisti eonoi and soial sohistiation at one end with rural idioy su

erstition and isolation at the oite etree heitystate had to give way to aitalisti soietya onarh heading the whole nation suorted to asubstantial degree by the eudal landowners he ailure o the rologue to odern soiety the attet othe itystates o Italy and indeed those o the Lowountries at oular deoray was based on theailure to involve the easant asses

he irst great odern revolution was the one thatowes ore to the easantry than to any other setiono soiety he yeoan arers o England in theEnglish Revolution o the Seventeenth entury were

the basis o the inest ary that Euroe u to thatdate had nown it irst and oreost ensured thesuess o that revolution Seondly the ary in dis-ussions with its leader liver rowell roduedas a olitial oration the Levellers the leadersand soesen who orulated the Agreeent o thePeole in its various ors hese laid down the


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releva priciples of democracy he popular demo-craic coe of which has o ye bee fulfilled i

ay moder coury Thus he yeomary was o olyhe fudameal mass leverage of he overur of heacie moarchy ad is accompayig feudalismi also pu forward clear ad disic poliical ideaswhich mus be he basis of ay socialis sociey

From he vaage poi of he exesive Russiapeasary Lei repeaedly explaied ha you caohave socialism wihou carryig democracy o is ex-

reme a cocep impossible o udersad i a his-orically cocree way uless oe begis wi hepary of he Levellers

Everyoe kows ha i was he peasa evoluiowhich helped o break he power of he Frech aris-ocras Bu here is somehig else which he majoriy of people do o kow All over Frace village

commues cosisig of peasas ad agriculuralworkers orgaized ogeher ad formed he variousfederaios which became he differe disrics ofwhich Frace is composed oday While Paris spear-headed he revoluio he ew Frace was buil ohe Federaio esablished by he acios of he popu-lace i he couryside

We believe ha his achieveme of he peasary

i esablishig wha we kow as moder Fraceeeds o be solidl esablished oday whe he peas-as of he world have oce agai laid claim o hemakig of hisory ad he advaceme of civiliza-io his ime o o a ciy or aioal bu o aworldwide scale I is o accideal ha his re-medous hisorical eve is regisered i a piece ofwriig by Michele he famous hisoria of he

Frech RevoluioMichelet writes : "This opposition becomes com-

pletely inSignificant in the midst of the immensepopular movement which was assertingitself every-where. Never since the Crusades was there such ashaking up of the masses, so general sodeep In '90

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the impetus of fraternity now the impetus of war Where did this impetus begin ? Everywhere No

precise origins can be fixed for these great sponta-neous acts In the summer of 1789 during the terror-ism of the brigands the scattered population eventhose of the hamlets are afraid of their isolation hamlets are united with hamlets villages with vil-lages even the city with the country Confederationmuual help brotherly friendship fraternity this isthe idea the title of these pacts ew very few areas yet written down At first the idea of fraternity islimited involved only neighbors and at most theprovince The great federation of Brittany and njoustill has this provincial characte Convened onNovember 26th it achieved its purpose in JanuaryAt the center of the peninsula far from the mainhighways in the lonely little town of Pontivy the rep

resentatives of 10,000 national gards are meetingOnly the horsemen wear a common uniform redjackets with black lapels all the others distinguish-able by their pink purple and suede lapels et ceterarecalled at this same gathering the diversity of thecities which sent them In their coalition to whichthey invited all the muniipalities of the kingdom

they nevertheless insisted upon forming a permanentfamily of Brittany and nou whatever new depart-mental division may be necessary for the administration They established a system of correspondencebetween their cities In the general disorder in theuncertainty in which they find themselves due to thesuccess of their new order they arrange at least tobe organized separately

In the less isolated countries at the cring oflarge routes especialy on the rivers the pact offraernity takes on a wider scope Under the oldregime with the multitde of toll charges and inter-nal customs the rivers were merely limits obstacles fetters but under the rule of liberty they be-came the main routes of irculation they put men in

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contact with ideas with eelings as well as withcommerce.

"It is near the Rhone two leages rom alencein the smal market town o Etoile that or the irsttime he province is renounced; ourteen rural com-munes o Dauphine unite and embrace the greatFrench unity (November 9th 789) A very eectiverepy rom these peasants to the politicians and tothe Mouniers who appealed to provincial pride to thespirit o partition who were trying to arm the prov-

ince o Dauphine against France"This Federation renewed at Montelimart is no

longer only Dauphinoise but is mixed with severalprovinces rom both banks Dauphine and ivarais Provence and Languedoc This time thereore theyare French. Grenoble sends people there o its ownaccord in spite o the municipality in spite o its

politics; she no longer cares about her role as capi-tal she preers to be part o France Al togetherthey repeat the sacred oath which the peasants havealready sworn in November No more provinces !the Nation And to help each other to eed oneanother to pass the corn rom hand to hand along theRhone (December 3th .

The work o rural people in transorming society

and eradicating ancient ills was continued in theAmerican Civil War. White armers and black ormerslaves intervened to bring merican civilization to anew height the irst hal o that conlict the arm-ers o the American northwest opposed the extensiono slavery into the ree states and territories. Thesearmers played a crucial role in the creation o anew political party the Republican Party dedicatedto ree states and territories.

In the inal decisive years o that war the slavestheselves locked to the NorthernArmy to guaranteethe unity o the country and to saeguard and deepentheir own emancipation The stage was being set orsomething in the next century.


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Not only do the present genertion of fromeri-cns themselves few genertions y from South-

ern soil, rurl people undergoing the new mpct ofurbn life nd industril cpitlism, ble for equlity in every sphere of lie They demnd in relitythe outline of n entirely new meric Rurl peoplein their trnstion to urbn life hve nurtured theprecondition of new ordering of the constitutiveelements tht mke meric

In the Twentieth Century the Russin pesnts took

the stge required the Russin pesntry of tworevolutions, 1905 nd 1917, plus the counterrevolu-tion of the 1920s, to enble us to see clerly nexperience tht is now thorouhly interntionl Stlinws forced in his drive for mstery not only to destroy the Bolshevik Prty, to stifle free intellectulnd rtistic development nd behed, shckle, nd

fetter the working clss He hd to subjugte thepesntry to ensure his domintion of ll tht hdbeen the produt of the Russin Revolution domin-tion which enbled him to defet tht revolution in wy tht ll the rectionry rmies hd not been bleto do Stlin, with his eyes set on the necessity ofeconomic development of bckwrd Russin societys whole, unloosed wr upon those he cled

Kulks n insulting word referring to the middlelyer nd the welltodo mong the griculturl popu-ltion He sent millions of pesnts, torn wy fromtheir lnds by militry power, to Siberi

t the very sme time, in the turn from the portcities of Shnghi nd Cnton to the pesntry in theinterior tht took plce in 192728, the Chinese Com-

munist Prty mde its own turn but in n oppositedirection t first it went into the interior of thecountry for tcticl resons to escpe the persecu-tions opened upon it in the cities Mo Tsetung wstheoreticlly unprepred for the intriccies of thegrrin question But the obective situtio wssuch, nd the rediness of the pesnts for self

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arming so ingrained in the Chinese countryside thatwhile paying lip service to Stalin the Chinese Com

munists began to root their own party situation in thestruggles against landlordismThe fruit of all this was Chinese national independ-

ence and the troubles this has given the bourgeoispowers of the West and the traditional Comunistmovement ever since Without the Peasant Associations of China, which did not wait for their formationupon any Communist Party, all this could not have

come about. The peasantry was announcing its entryinto world politics What may have happened to theChinese Revolution after the consolidaion of nationalindependence is another question But the achieve-ment of national independence by a peasant armystands as an unquestionable fact by all willing to see

Th e Indian national struggles ater World Wa r Ifollowed something of the path whereby the Russian

intelligentsia went to the peasant mass a century be-fore The Indian leader Gandhi, made his nae andfame by emulating the life of the peasant and engagingin all kinds of activities which would capture thepeasants imagination Even those who called them-seles Socialist in India, would, by the late 930s,attempt to carry the whole peasantry with them in the

effrt to expel the British Gandhi found a unifyingtactic in the refusal to pay taxes , the peasants drovethe struggle forward to inclue assaults on the landlords and moneylenders

It was the intervention of war which moved themass of the sharecroppers into the new struggle TheJapanese had inaded East Bengal peasant committees began t administer affairs in the village and

order ustice there Undoubtedly among the vital reasons that the British imperial authorities were pre-pared to leave the subcontinent that is India andPakistan was the determination of the peasants toengage in uncompromisable struggles which no a-mont of diplomatic conferences with Indian Congress


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Party adr coud i ay way obviat A orgaicocia rptur wa tig pac i th lgth ad

bradth of Aia with th a of paat a itctr ad politica idpdc a it viab rultPrhap thr i o or igular ilutratio of

th powr of th paatry tha th word ipact ofVita paat Th Vita paat hav iffct ow obilizd who ctio of th Aricapopulatio ad iobiizd who ctor of thArica Stat Th Vita a a popl liv ia idutrialy priitiv civiizatio rvolvig aroudth cutivatio of ric ad th ioatio of a vilagbad ocia tructur Yt thy ar faig th tr-dou powr of th Uitd Stat with a rgya durac ad a hroi which caot b xcdd Napoo th gratt a of ilitary affair ofth at cri facd it i Spai h facd it i

paat Ruia h facd it i Sa Doigo Ad todayth Vita farr how u what th paatrycotai i itlf

Africa i i ay way ky to th udrtadi ofth rol of th paat i a world ordr i traitio Th firt w idpdt tat o b tablihd o that cotit wa Ghaa Th ri ofNkruah i Ghaa wa utiatly dtrid by thpaat popuatio i both poitical ad ocial trmWhil Nkruah buit a crtai ba for hi poiticalparty i th aor city of Accra it wa hi tirlcapaigig i th ot outyig part of th coutryaog th rura pop which producd th ituatiowhr th oc allpowrfu Cooial Offic had tobrig hi out of ail to govr No o l cold

govr th coutry Th populatio rady Nkruah ha writt for aythig had to tt

Th clo of th city pop to th paatr Ghaa cratd th obctiv virot for th uificatio of th a of th populatio i both city adcoutry Th arkt wo who hav for cturiuitd tow ad coutry through wlltablihd


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domestc marketng arrangements, the nternal mgraton of people, and the sophstcaton of the coastal

populaton, provded the brdge to the more dstantrural populaton

Nkrumah was able to respond to ths readness ofthe populaton, ths closeness between town and coun-try, and to express the aspratons of the total populaton But more than ths He was the most vocalspokesman for Afrcan unty, for the noton of a PanAfrcan movement the contnental unty of peasantpeoples

W e have now surveyed the role of the peasantrythroughout the world, and have dealt wth the reac-tonary prejudce that t wll take hundreds of yearsbefore supposedly backward masses are brought upto the level of supposedly advanced people s Hstorcal example after example show that the popular

mass need only see the possbltes of a new socetyand the possbltes of assstance, not domnaton, ofthe advanced techncal knowledge of the world wthnffteen or twenty years we can have a totally dfferentworld socety

Poltcal ndependence s only, however, the frststep n a long and dffcult process Now must comethe workng out of the dffcul nternal problems, the

work relatons, th connectons between town andcountry, the utlzaton of popular resourcefulnessThe mess left by the colonal powers, stll not by anymeans totally out of the pcture , must be cleared up.

The work and slm wrtngs of a leader of themovement for ndependence n Tanganyka, D. KChsza, offer the most conc rete and penetratnganalyss of the problem before Afrca and ndeedthe re st of the former colonal terrtores that weknow Chsza, unfortunately klled n a n automobleaccdent when barely thrty provdes that knd ofunderstandng that the archtects of the new Afrcamust have


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Th grat strgth of Chsa' s aayss s thfact that t bgs ad ds th sprt of cocrwth th ty pr ct of th popuato whch srura d trba It s through ths mphass that havods th abstract tratmt ypca of odfashodautocracs ad modr buraucracs Wh awarof th gra probm of Afrca th mdst of thcod war ad th dagrs of atomc ahato ocooast cooc cotro ad trvto by wayof potca trgu ad mrcary arms Chsa

kps hs sghts amd at th trasformato of thAfrca trbast to a dustra ct Thuquss of hs aayss ad ts gra uavaa-bty ot oy Europ ad Amrca but Afrcaas w fuy justfs a xtsv quotato fromhs work ths documt Th foowg s takfrom hs Rats of Afrca Idpdc pubshd 1961

M fock from rura aras to tak up jobs dustra trprss Thy ar taught crta sksBut o soor s th trag ovr tha thy dcd tortur hom' Thus moy tm ad vauab ffortw hav b wastd o trag m who w kpo track wth dustry Wors st wh ths mrtur to th dustra ctrs for aothr bout of

mpoymt thr s o arragmt to gt thmbac to th jobs for whch thy wr trad Th rsut s that thy tak up w jo bs for whch thy havto rcv w trag. But bfor og th procsss rpatd a ovr aga th m tur thr backso dustry ad had for hom'. Govrmts whchhav schms for trag form charg hadsmchacs artsas ad othr skd or sm

skd workrs fac prcsy th sam ad o ssa probm. Ths w probaby prov to b o of thmost tractab probms cofrotg Afrca govrts

Th qusto must b askd Why s t that Afr-cas from rura aras fd t dffcut to sk roots


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indstial centes ? Why wont they settle down toegla indstial employment ? Thee ae six an-

swes to this qestion " (a) Becase they feel lonely in ban aeas An

Afican who has been boght p in an extended familysystem, nde which family ties ae vey stongcannot bea to be away fom his family and elationsfo long. e is sbjected to a loneliness which comesclose to being a tote Those who ae boght p ina hoizntal family system may not flly appeciateits intensity Bt it is thee eal, intense, meciless.

" (b) Becase towns sbject them to a sense of insecity Tibal lfe evolves aond the instittionof mtal aid and coopeation' fom which peopledeive a temendos sense of secity Lie land itis the eqivalent of bans, savings, insance poli

cies, old age pensions, national assistance schemes,and social secity This mtal aid and coopeation is nonexistent in towns becase ban comm-nities ae made p of people dawn not fom one btfom nmeos tibes conglomeations in whichthe instittion cannot svive even if it wee into-dced

" (c) Becase they have obligations to thei people

bac home which can be flfilled only in peson Thepeople who come to wo in indstial centes ae atonce childen of thei paents, fathes, hsbands,bothes, and ncles. Accoding to Afican cstomthey mst theefoe loo afte and tae ove the e-sponsibilities of thei aging paents they mst peiodicaly bild hoses fo themselves and the oldpeople' they mst initiate thei male chiden in thecstoms and taditions of thei tibes and they mstdischage thei dties as hsbands al of whichcannot be done fom afa.

" (d) Becase they find it tying to adjst themselves to the mode of life of ban aeas Town lifebeas little esemblance to the life they lead in al


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aeas In fac s a wonde ha hey ae able o puup wh he complexes and vcssudes of uban lfefo as long as hey do he gap beween he waysof lfe s so wde ha one can coss pemanenlyonly a he sk of poaced psychologcal dscomf-ue. I s a fa cy fom he wold of he hoe , deehunng, wa dances canoe egaas , and moal ec-ude o ha of he conveyo bel, enns, ango, andpomscuy

U (e) ecause a good many of hem feel ha one

canno bng up chlden popely n owns. Juvenledelnquency hoolgansm, posuon, maage n-sably geed, and ndvdualsm whch chaacezelfe n uban aeas ae evolng o ual peoplesha s why hose of hem who ae foced by c cum-sances o ask he wves o on hem owns, sendhe chlden back home o be bough up n headonal way

U (f) ecause he goals ae ealzed quckl Menwho come o owns have defne goals n mnd I maybe he puchase of a sewng machne, a plough, a b-cycle , clohes , o kchen uensls. hey may be yng o ase money o enable hem o uld bckhouses o o sele cases o o pay axes As soon ashe goals ae acheved s deemed me o pu odds

and ends ogehe and head fo homeAll hese easons combne o compel he ualAfcan o eun o he ual aeas whee men aemen and women ae poud of hem. (Chsza, Reales of Afcan Independence, Page 2)

Wha makes hese dealed analyses exemplay nhe pecepveness s ha hey coe spond o hepoblems of peoples yng o make he way evey-

whee Fom he ognal eny of he Russan peas-any ono he foefon of polcal expeence o heemegence of moden Afca, he ovedng cenalssue has been he dvson beween own andcouny-sde, beween ve cenalzng bueaucas and heesoucefulness of local nave.


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Here is this problem in the Russian Revolution atthe eve of the long dark night of its deterioration and

degeneration Lenin is speaking"Under certain conditions the exemplar organiza-

ion o local ork even on a small scale is of fargreater national importance than man branches ofcentral state ork And these are precise the con-ditions e are in at the present moment in regard topeasant farming in general and in regard to the ex-change of surplus products of agriculture for the

manufacture of industr in partiular xemplarorganization in this respect even in single vlost isof far greater national importance than the exemplar improvement of the central apparatus of anPeople' s Commissariat for our central apparatushas been built up during the past three and a halfears to such an extent e cannot improve it quickl

to an extent e do not kno ho to do it Assistancein the more radical improvement of it a ne flo offresh forces assistance in the successful struggleagainst bureaucrac in the struggle to overcome thisharmful inertness must come from the localitiesfrom the loer ranks ith the exemplar organization of a small hole precisel a hole that is not one farm not one branch of the econom not one

enterprise but the sum total of economic relationsthe sum total of economic exchange even if onl in asmall localit

Those of us ho are doomed to remain on ork atthe center ill continue the task of impoving theapparatus and purging it of bureaucrac even if inmodest and immediatel achievable dimensions Butthe greatest assistance in this task is coming and

ill come from the localities Selected WorksVolume 9, Page 191 Emphasis in the original

That phrase hose of us ho are doomed to re-main on ork at the center is the ultimate isdomthe need the overhelming desire of the greateststudent of human affairs that an government has


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evey known. His masey of philosophy poliicaleconomy and poliics could find is climax and fui-ion only in going o wok among he peasans in aRussian village

THE UNITED STATES ANDTHE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

Wha has happened in elaions beween Russia andhe Unied Saes ove he las dozen yeas is of pi-may significance fo us. Ame ican powe has ac-commodaed iself o Russian powe because hehea of wokingclass evoluion agains Salinispowe is moe fighening han he compeiion wihmoden Russia. While he conflic has no ceased, ihas been c aefully conolled. This new sage in heelaionship was maked by he Ocobe of 956 , heHungaian Revoluion. This was a evoluion of he

enie Hungaian populaion, led by he woking class,agains Russian occupaion and he ommunis aydicaoship. In he pas in he cold wa beweenAmeica and Russia, he Ameican govenmen e-sponded quickly and focefully o wha i consideedhe challenge of inenaional communism Bu ime he iing of he Hungaian woking class in heface of emendous miliay odds wih he insisenceha he epession of Hungay was an inenal maeof he Wasaw ac" signaoies. Ameica acquiesced in he slaughe of he Hungaian poleaianevoluion, a evoluion ha maked he fuhes sageof he evoluionay developmen of he moden wok-ing class i he woking class demonsaed ha icould dispense wih poliical paies and ely solely

on he powe of is diec oganizaion in wokescouncils a he poin of poducion This wokes'powe was oo gea a hea o Ameican capialism;Ameican capialism did no mind ha Russian anksdefeaed i

Today he Ameican and Russian woking classes


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stand as the hers of the Hngarian worers of 195 Therefore only an analyss of the nterpenetration of

Rssian and Amercan woring classes can allow sto see the way ot of the tensions that portend themang of World War

n 1917 the largest and most modern factory in theworld was the Ptlov wors n Sant Petersbrg Thesocal organzaton to correspond to that howeverwas not n Rssia at all t was at the plant of theFord Motor Company in Hghland Par Michigan The

Rssian worers overthrew czarsm and then thecaptaist government of erensy in order to taepossesson of the Ptilov wors and all the rest fRssian indstry. Bt the socal order which theywere revoltng against and whch they were to faceagain in another form had reached its hghest development at Ford

Ford had ntrodced the assembly line to raselabor prodctvty to new heights Bt the assemblylne raised more than prodctivity t rased thealenaton and fragmentation of worers to newheghts And so Ford introdced a new soc ial organ-zation to correspond to the technical organzation ofthe assembly line Ths was the Ford Servce Department whch organized a totaltaran control over the

lves of Ford worers at wor and at home whchwas to become notorios for its vciosness for itscorrpton and for ts pervasveness Combined wththe ltmate in alienation and control was the FveDollar Day Ths was evidence rght at the start of anew stage of captalist prodcton that the intensfication of explotaton was no longer to be synonymoswith low ages

What the Ford system was was the embryoncform limted to one company and one commnity offascsm or totalitaransm When the Ford system ofprodcton became the niversal one n all indstrialnations the attempt to mpose the Ford social systemalso became niversal was sccessfl in taly t


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was sccessul in Germany nd it was the systemwhich Stalin turned to in order to destroy the con-

quests o 1917 and to industrialize Russia at the ex-pense o the Russian workers Harry Bennett'sService Department on the grand scale the G Uorganizer o purges organizer o assassinationsorganizer o slave labor camps.

one sense the act that the peak o capitalistsocial oganization had been reached in the UnitedStates and not in Russia was a sign o the weaknesso the Russian working cass lthough the utilovworks was the largest in the world and containedunder is roo the largest concentration o workersever assembled until that tme Russian industry as awhole was smal and weak nd the Russian workingclass was small and weak Not o course in relationto czarism but in rlation to the needs o a modern

industrial civilizationThe merican working class despite the greater

intensity o its exploitation in 1917 and in the yearsthat ollowed proved powerul enough to prevent theimposition o the ord social system that isascism on the nation as a whole The attempts toimpose totalitarian order and regimentation on thenation especially aer the explosions o the depression days were continuous ascist organizationswere ormed and reached considerable strength insome instances nd the interest in promoting an imposed social peace on the nation through totalitarianinstruments reached into the New Deal cabinet oranklin Roosevelt But the outbursts the strikes the sitdowns the political organization proved strong

er than the counter revolution and what emerged wasWelare State Capitalism instead o Totalitarian StateCapitalism

Now ater 50 years we have come ull circle andRussian and merican workers once again share andamentally similar situation In the Soviet Union ittook the organization o labor itsel the Communist


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Party, to ipose the bruta discipine required by theneeds of capit The organiztion of abor trans-fored into its opposite the insruent of capitaistdiscipline in production In the United States too athough in ore oderate for the od socia orderproved inadequate to contro and regient the working cass and one of the consequences of WefareState Capitais is that that task is ore and oreassued by the organizations of abor, the unions (Inngand the process is even ore visibe in the

Labour Party) Here too, the organization of abor istransfored into its opposite, the instruent of capitalist discipine in production And old Henry Foldknew what he was doing his pattern is iitated tothis day He knew that he had to cobine the carrotwith the stick the ive Doar Day with the ServiceDepartent So the union contracts of today cobinethe high wages and fringe benefits with the increase

of discipine and intensification of the speedupIn 1917 it was stil possibe for different parts of

the world to trave different roads Today that is noonger true What Russian workers wi find it neces-sary to do , or what Aerican workers wil find itnec essary to do wil aso be done by their feowworkers on the other side of the word

The Russian working class traveled a rocky andtortuous road fro 19 1 7 to 1967 n 19 1 7 the Russianworkers were unable to end the contradiction betweeneconoics and politics They astered politics andfored Soviets But they did not succeed in asteringecnoics They proved too sa too bakward tooisoated to anage production A s a resut they weredriven back The battles of the Civi War took a tre-

endous to Thousands of the workers who had adethe Revoution fel in batte The physica pant ofRussian industry deteriorated with the resut that theworking cass itsef was scattered with an additionaoss of productive skis Skied workers unabe towork at their trade because of ack of equipent or


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of materials drifted ito black market trade or backto te farm or accepted uskilled work Te fial

blow was te Staliist couterrevolutio wc a-iilated te rak ad file militats te factory lead-ers, te workerBolseviks

I 1917 te Russia workers put ed to Russiafeudalism. A decade later 1928 Stali itroduced tefirst ive Year Pla to impose a capitalist disciplieo te workers But it was a almost ew workigclass drive from te farms troug te forced col-lectivizatio of agriculture wic was iteded botto supply te workers ad to feed tem I 1928 teaim was te largest possible mass of labor trougte subordiatio of te workers to te speciaists igeeral By 1931 idustrializatio ad reaced te

poit were exploitatio could be itesified by i-creasig te pay of idividuals troug te istitutioof te piecework system By 1935 tis is developedito fully blow Stakaovism, te piece worker asidividual ero te competitio betwee workers Itis brutal way was idustrializatio itroduced tostate capitalist Russia ad illiterate peasats tras-formed ito disciplied workers. I 1936 te ewStaliist Costitutio codified te ew system ad

establised te " itelligetsia ; tat is te experts,te party leaders, te maagers as te ew capitalistclass

e power of te small Russia workig class of1917, its overtrow of czarism ad its cotrol of testate, called fort te absolute extreme oftotalitariaterror to overtrow it ad te to domiate ad disciplie te ew Russia workig class. By te time ofWorld War II Russia idustrializatio ad reacedte poit were te maciery itself could begi todisciplie ad orgaize te workers Piecework be-comes more systematized i te form of competitiobetwee factories.

Te maor turig poit is 1943 Tis is e yearof te coversio to te coveyor belt system It cor


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respds t the theretil dmissi i Letiers Pliticl Emy i the Siet Ui ht the lwf lue pertes i the Siet Ui But the -eyrbelt system idictes mre th tehilleel f sphisticti. idites tht mder i-dustril prletrit hs bee frmed fr i def the Russi wrkers f 1917 Ad the lss struggle begis t deelp s the wrkers ttemp t r-gize their resistce t the itese explittiI begis i Vrkt d the sle lbr mps be-

fre the deth f Stli d the spreds t ll fRussi Stli's deth d the relxti f the ppressi els the ft tht the hge i rulersdid t use the thw but merely rrespded the pressures f the wrkers.

At the Twetieth Cgress f the Russi Cm-muist Prty i 1956 i speeh t whih epid y tteti becuse i ws public (ulike theseret speeh deuig Stli) Khrushche pitsut tht there is gret del f disrder d c-si i the system f wges d rtefixig Cses f wge leelig re t umm O thether hd pymet fr the sme type f wrk sme-times differs betwee rius bdies d ee withi sige bdy. Algside the lwpid wrkers there

exists ctegry f wrkers smll e it is truei whse wges ujustified exesses re tlerted

h this mes f curse is tht the Russiwrkers he sueeded i estblishig the ifrmlshpfr rgitis f struggle kw i ll i-dustril utries. They he bee ble t mke mckery f the til pl d t frce djustmets

i wges d f ecessity wrkig cditis) shp r deprtmet bsisThe stge tht the mder idustril prletrit f

ttlitri stte cpitlist ti hs rehed wsidited egtiely by Khrushhe It ws idictedpsitiely by the Hugri Reluti where the p-piti betwee emis d plitis ws filly


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bursts started without the approva and against thewishes of the eaders of the new unions the sitdownsaready forete the fundamenta spit between workers and union leaders that is the hallmark of the la -bor movement today. And just as the workers' revo-ution of 1 9 1 7 brought forth totaitarian state capitaism to suppress it so the worker s revot of the1930s aso brought forth the massive intervention ofthe state in the form of Wefare State Capitaism tosuppr ess it A of the abor and socia refor ms of

the New Dea were designed to provide ordery bargaining through representatives supervised by thestate and to put an end to workers representingthemseves in sitdowns and widcats The massiveuprising of the 1930s had finay broken through theseparation of economic s and poitics but because itwas not compete because it ended in unions insteadof contro the workers were abe to transform

American poitics but not to contro itThe period of Word War is the period of the

codification of the socia egisation of the New DeaThe sion between unions and government is madecompete The workers me one ast atempt tobreak it in the immediate postwar years and whenthe first round of postwar trikes has ony imited

succes s winning the siding sc ae of wages in theauto industry) both sides in the confict move in newdirections American industry in the eary Fiftiesembarks on a massive program of automation to freeitsef from the restrictions imposed on it by theworkers and made possibe by the technoogica ad-vances during the war in miitary products) Theworkers begin the necessary reorganization to cor-

respond to the new form of production 1955 theyindicate what that new form is n the massive widcats against a union settement in auto the workersput forward their own I speific oca grievanceswhich in their totaity show the desire of workers

4


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to cotrol productio ad demostrate their totaseparatio from the uio No loger wil the uiobe the istrumet to make sigificat social gais Quite the cotrar through the uiocompa cotract the io becomes the istrumet of capitalmaitaiig discipie i productio maitaiig labor peace

I the Uited States b a differet road ad imodified form the labor orgaizatio the Uiobecomes the orgaizer of productio correspodig

to Russia State Capitalism uder which the abororgaizatio the Comuist Part) becomes theorgaizer of productio The America workig classtoo athough comig b a differet road has aoreached the poit where it is demostratig its capacit to gover productio ad societ i its owam The Hugaria Revoutio becomes the hal-ma rk ot o of the Russia workig class but ofthe workers of a idustrialized coutr above alof the Uited States

I 17 the Russia workers demostrated masterover politics but failed i ecoomics The Americaworkers were the most advaced ecoomical butwer e beate dow politica. Fif ears ater bothhave achieved the maturit the orgaizatio the

freedom from bureaucr atic domiatio to make thefia eap the socialist revolutio


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S O


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C.L.R. James, II

George Jackson

The pevous nlyss d the neton o the blck

stules n Ac should show the method tht sben used n ths ess It would be qute sd not dculous to ttempt to ve some sot obef o concetted ccount o blck stules the Unted ttes To do tht popely would eque book o sees o lecues Insted I shll cotnue n ct ntensy the method tht I hve beensn so The most motnt nme n the hstoy o blck stules n the wold t le o n theUnted ttes s D W E . B DuBos All thknbout blck stules tody nd some yes stontes fom hm Hee howeve I hve to tkeone snle quotton om hs wok Blck Reconstucton n Amec 1860888, D DuBos sumsup hs uue of blck stules n the wold t le

He concludes wth pctue o the ustton sufeed by blcks n the Uted ttes He wtes onPe 7 0 :

Such mentl ustton cnnot ndentelycontnue Some dy t my bust n e ndblood Who wll be to blme And whee theete cost Blck folk e ll hve lttle to lose but Cvlzton hs ll. Ths theAmecn blck m knows : Hs ht hees ht to the fnsh Ethe he des o hewns If he wn t wll be by no subteueo evson o mlmton He wll entemoden cvlzton hee n Amec s


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a an on tes of pefect and unliitedeqaity with any white man, o he will ente

not at all Eithe extemination oot andh, o absolute equality Thee can beno copoise This is the last geat battleof the est

hat is whee in 1971 we have to begin 1938 Ivisited the United States, and by 1948, speaking onthe atfo of the Sociaist okes Paty (Tot-

yi, whih I le thee yeas aftewad), I into-ed a eoution on the Nego question In theoe of it I said as follows:

e opae what we have to say that isnew oaing it pevious pitions onthe eo question in the Socialist ove-

ent he poetaiat, as we now, ustead the stuggles of al the oppessed anda those who ae peseuted y capitalismt this has een intepeted in the past andy oe vey good soiaists too in thefoowin sense The independent stugglesof the Ngo people have not got much oethan an episodic vale, and as a atte of

fat, an constitute a geat dane not only the Negoes theseves, t to the o-ied la oveent The eal leade- of the Nego stuggle ust est in thend of oanied a and of the Maxista ithot that the Nego stuggle is notoy wea, t is ikely to cause difficultiesfo e Negoes and danes to oganizeda h as I say, has een the positionhed y any soialists in the past Someeat soiaists in the United States haveen asoiated with this attitude.

5


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policy There it was made qite clear that the blackstrggles i the Uited States wold be the edcatio

o the whole society i the realities o cotemrarypolitics That is precisely what is happeig todayad the best proo I ca give o it are two qotatiosrom the letters o a yog ma George Jacksopblished der the title Soledad Brother Jacksowas i priso at the age o 18 ad was shot ad killedi the priso at the age o 28. O the te years that

he spet i priso seve were spet i solitary co-iemet The letters are i my opiio the most re-markable political docmets that have appeared i-side or otside the Uited States sice the death oLei. Here is the irst qotatio

here is a elemet o cowardice great ig-orace ad perhaps eve treachery i

blacks o his geeral type Ad I agree withEldridge ad Malcolm we are ot protectigity whe we rerai rom attackig themActally its the reverse thats tre We caever have ity as log as we have theseidiots amog s to cose ad righte thepeople Its ot possible or ayoe to stll

thik that Wester mechaized warare isabsolte ot ater the experieces o theThird World sice World War II The rechhad taks i Algeria the US had them iCba Everythig I mea every trick adgadget i the maal o Wester arms hasbee throw at the C ad they have throwthem back twisted ad ried ad they have

writte books ad pamphlets tellig s howwe cold do the same Its obvios thatightig ltimately depeds o me ot gad-gets So I mst coclde that those whostad betwee s ad the pigs who protectthe marketplace are either cowards ortraitors robably both .

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Te secod quotatio explais ad istorically placeste first Jacso claims tat all te prisoers i is

priso wo are specially cofied ad specially puised tik exactly as e does. He says tat wordslie oey, a word tat is commoplace for abuseof wite people by blac revolutioaries, tese yougme ever used. Here is wat Jacso says of tem

. . . All of tese are b

Documents

Radical America - Vol 5 No 6 - 1971 - November December