Rate on a scale 1 51 = most abnormal…. 5 = least

abnormalA. Woman exercises 3 times a dayB. Man stands in street & directs traffic away from demons

C. PMSD. 1st cousins fall in loveE. woman cooks baby & feeds it to husband

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

ANXIETY DISORDERSSOMATOFORMDISSOCIATIVEMOODPERSONALITYSCHIZOPHRENIA

WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR?

WHAT’S ‘ABNORMAL’? 1) UNUSUALNESS 2) SOCIAL DEVIANCE (situational) 3) EMOTIONAL DISTRESS 4) MALADAPTIVE 5) DANGEROUS 6) FAULTY PERCEPTIONS or INTERPRETATIONS OF REALITY (hallucinations &/or delusions)

WHAT ARE PSYCH. DISORDERS? Behavior, thoughts, & emotions must be:

1) personal distress 2) impaired functioning 3) prolongedInvolve disturbances in

Behavior -- Perceptions Thinking -- Emotions

PREVALENCE 50% of U.S. adults will develop

30% of U.S. adults currently suffering

CULTURAL BASESMust take cultural context into acct when making judgments about abnormal behavior!

Abnormal behavior patterns can be expressed in diff’t ways in diff’t cultures ex. depression China vs. depression U.S.

Culture-bound syndromes: psych. disorders found in only 1 or a few culturesex. Dhat Syndrome

CAUSES OF PSYCH DISORDERSMODEL

Way of explaining abnormal behavior patterns or mental disorders

BIOLOGICALPSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIOCULTURAL

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL

DSM IVDiagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) of the APA

Objective & consistent way to diagnose

Classifies psych. disorders into categories distinctive features or symptoms

Discover connections among disorders

ppl can experience symptoms from several disorders

All known disorders usually fit into a diagnostic categoryMajor grouping

INFLUENCES OF RECEIVING A DSM ‘LABEL’NEGATIVE POSITIVE

Reduce sense of responsibility

Affects how other ppl treat or think about them

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Links ppl to resources

live a better life

Not the only one suffering

Can treat it

ANXIETY DISORDERS•Conditions in which fear, caution, worry,nervousnessbecomes very intense and long-lasting

Most common type of mental disorders Life consumed by inappropriate fears Difficulty forming stable & satisfying relationships

Self-defeating & ineffective prob. solving

Expressed in constant worrying, mood swings, physical symptoms (sweating, headaches, etc)

Avoid dealing w/ probs. Sense of personal inadequacy

GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDERFree floating anxiety

Can’t explainShakiness, fidgeting, inability to relax

Can’t deal w/ relationships & responsibilities b/c preoccupied w/ worry

PHOBIC DISORDERS Severe anxiety is focused Specific phobias – narrow focus on 1 thing

Social phobias – fear of embarrassment/ judgment in a social settingEating in public, mtg. strangers, etc.

AgoraphobiaExtreme fear of going into a public place

PANIC DISORDER Sudden episodes of panic attacks Panic

overwhelming feeling of helplessness, terror, doom

Symptoms sense of smothering, chocking, shortness of breath, dizziness, chest pains, nausea, pounding of heart, fear of losing control

constant fear of having a panic attack

OCD Obsession – nagging, intrusive thoughts

Compulsion – repetitive behavior(s) or rituals to deal w/ obsessive thoughts

Why dev? Serve as distractions from real fears

ppl w/ OCD realize thoughts/actions are irrational but feel helpless to stop it

Trichtolillomania

SOMATOFORM DISORDERSReal or imagined physical symptoms no physical cause

Cause rooted in psych. probs

CONVERSION DISORDER REAL change or loss of a physical function

emotional difficulties voluntary body function speech, movement, feeling/sensation, sight

Calmness & lack of concern

HYPOCHONDRIASIS Person whose in good health becomes preoccupied w/ imaginary ailments

Excessive concern that physical complaints are signs of an underlying serious illness; look for signs

Look for ‘signs’; misinterpret minor probs

Cont. to believe a disease/malfunction exists even when medical exams are always negative!

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Alterations or loss in memory, identity, or consciousness

Separate themselves from stressful events by selectively forgetting them

DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER2 or more distinct identities exist w/in the same person (original ‘shatters’)Each has memories, & own patterns of thinking & behaving

Each has characteristicsof original identity

Result of individual’s effort to escape from a part of the self or reality usually suffered from severe abuse

Secret ‘self’ emerges in form of separate identity(s)Don’t know about each other

Women average 15; men average 8

SCHIZOPHRENIASevere & chronic disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, & behavior

Psychotic disorder confuses reality vs. fantasy (?)Hallucinations & delusions

Exhibit bizarre behavior, incoherent speech, & illogical thinking

mental processes aren’t integrated Ex. thoughts & feelings

1/100 people in worldNo ‘cure’… but effective treatments

50% do not respond to treatmentTends to dev. in adolescence or early adulthood

Causes: genetic tendencies; biochemical imbalances in the brain (esp. dopamine); abnormal structure & function of the brain (pruning?); stressful life experiences

SYMPTOMS1) Abnormal perceptions

HallucinationsDetachment

outside looking in @ environsEmotional expressions are exaggerated or inappropriate

2) Disorganized thoughts absence of logical connections btw thoughts

Inappropriate or chaotic associations‘word salad’ – very chaotic patterns

Dear Sirs: Pertaining to our continuing failure to prosecute violations of minor’s rights to sovereign equality which are occurring in gestations being compromised by the ingestation of controlled substances… the skewing of androgyny which continues in female juveniles even after separation from their mother’s has occurred, and as a means of promulflagitating my paying Governor Hickel of Alaska fro my employees to have persona services endorsements and controlled substance endorsements, … the Iraqi oil being released by the United Nations being identified as Kurdistanian oil, and the July 1991 issue of the Siberian Review spells Eltsin’s name without a letter y.

3) Disturbed thoughtsPersecution

someone/thing plotting against them

Grandeur inflated worth or power

Thought broadcasting thoughts can be heard by others

Thought stealing or insertion others are preventing or ‘stealing’ their thoughts; other ppl’s thoughts are appearing in their mind

SUBTYPES Disorganized –confused behavior, incoherent speech, vivid/frequent hallucinations, delusionsNonsensical talk, inappropriate behavior, neglect hygiene, probs. Relating to others

Paranoid – characterized by delusional thinking & frequent auditory hallucinations Most common subtypeGrandeur, persecution, jealousy

Catatonic – bizarre mvmt, posture, or facial expressionsMotionless or hold unusual, fixed postures for extended periods of time

don’t respond to environ. during ‘episodes’ (mute)

PERSONALITY DISORDERSLife-long patterns that are disturbing/

unsatisfying

Self-defeating personality patternsMaladaptive or inflexible ways to dealing w/ others & environs

SYMPTOMS1) unable to est. & keep meaningful relationships

2) unable to assume social responsibilities

3) unable to adapt to social environ.

ANXIOUS-FEARFULDEPENDENT

Helplessness; can’t make own decisions

Excessive need to be taken care of Submissive & clingy behavior

AVOIDANTavoid all social interaction for fear of being ridiculed, humiliated, or disliked; feel sense of alienation; oversensitive to criticism

DRAMATIC-ERRATICHISTRIONIC

Excessively displays emotion & seeks attn.

NARCISSISTICArrogantly overestimate abilities & achievements; entitled to special treatment

BORDERLINELack of stability in relationships; self-esteem; emotional outburst; impulsive; suicidal threats; fear of abandonment; most common

ANTI-SOCIAL Most serious when it comes to public safety

Persistent disregard for & violation of other’s rights

People & objects = tools for gratification

Impulsive; no shame, guilt, anxiety, or remorse

Get away w/destructive behavior; arrogant ‘con’

Well-liked, intelligent, entertaining, manipulative, fake emotions

Genetics & lack of/inconsistent discipline

ODD-ECCENTRIC SCHIZOID

No interest in being social; emot. ‘cold’ PARANOID

Distrusts others; everyone has evil motives

SCHIZOTYPAL Feels intense discomfort in relationships; delusions, ‘magical’ behavior/thinking… odd & disorganized thinking patterns Wants to be social!

MOOD DISORDERS Severe or persistent disturbances of mood

limit ability to function effectively & interact w/ others

helplessness to change it

BIPOLAR DISORDERS alternate btw moods of mania & depression

Excessive/inappropriate happy or unhappy period of ‘normalcy’ in btw (?)

Manic episode Euphoria, confusion, distracted, racing thoughts, exaggerated self-esteem & invulnerability, high E, restlessnessReckless behavior, talkative, flight of ideas, delusions, risky behavior

Depressive episode feelings of failure, worthlessness, hopelessness, paranoia, sinfulness, & despair

3% of U.S. adults

Genetics (?)

DEPRESSION Adjustment Disorder Child SAD Post-partum

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER Persistent period of downcast mood

Symptoms – inability to concentrate, changes in sleep /appetite, lethargy, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, loss of interest in pleasure activities, apathy, suicidal thoughts, inability to adjust, internalizing failures, anxiety

Most common mood disorder 10% – 25% of women5% – 12% of men

Completed suicide occurs w/ 15% of ppl w/ severe MDD

2/3 episodes end w/ complete recovery

Silent suffering!

SUICIDENOT A DISORDER! Not all people who commit suicide are depressed

Why?Escape from painend the torment of unacceptable feelings

punish themselves or others

Agemost common w/ older adults & teens3rd leading cause of death for ppl 15-24

Threats & attempts are seriousdon’t want to die90% have a psych.

disorder70% that succeedhave threatened w/in last

3 mnths

SELF-INJURYNOT A DISORDER!regulate strong emotions (baseline)

distraction Compensate for lack of control

express things that can’t be put into words

Manipulate other ppl Delusion (prevent something worse from happening)

History of abusetending to wounds = care & soothing never learned how to in a direct way

EATING DISORDERSUnhealthy eating patterns

Preoccupation w/ body-image (distorted)

depression, anxiety, mood swings, irritability

ANOREXIA NERVOSASelf-starvation refuse to maintain a healthy body weight

intense fear of gaining weightUnrealistic perception of the shape/size of body

Serious medical complications

Problems w/ restrain & control

BULIMIA NERVOSAEpisodes of binge eating are followed by purging the food from the bodyPrivate: Vomit, laxative, exercise, dieting, fasting

keep healthybody weight

Obsessed w/ weight; constant self-evaluation;

distorted body image

PICApersistent & compulsive cravings to eat nonfood items.

Feces, dirt, soap, cigarettes, paper, cotton

Most common in childhood (20%-30%)pregnant women

nutritional deficiencies; neglect; food deprivation; dev. disabilities