technologytodayRF TECHNOLOGYInnovation for Mission Success

Volume 3 Issue 1

HIGHLIGHTING RAYTHEONS TECHNOLOGY

As we enter this New Year, I am pleased to bring you the latest issue of technology

today featuring RF technology at Raytheon. RF technology is in our roots beginning

with the production of the magnetron and subsequent ship-based radar systems for

World War II.

Much has changed in the RF systems we develop, design and supply to our war fighters.

The once science-fictional designs of Star Trek have now become realities using our

technologies and, today, RF is one of our key technology areas with expertise from

MMIC design and fabrication through large ground-based radars. The depth and

breadth of our expertise is astounding, from active RF sensors for radars, to satellite

sensors for weather monitoring systems, to electronic warfare and signal intelligence for

electronic countermeasures, to RF communications for radios, datalinks and terminals,

and the challenges of GPS and navigation systems. Our future is bright with research

and development in RF components and subsystems, as well as our ongoing, essential

research and development for systems improvements.

We also made significant accomplishments in 2003 on our journey for process excel-

lence as measured through the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)

business model. Most of our major engineering sites achieved Level 3 certification for

software and systems engineering, and our North Texas sites received CMMI Level 5

certification for software engineering. These successes are in recognition of a high level

of process maturity among various disciplines. I believe it creates a framework for

predictable execution, and predictable performance is one of our most important

objectives in Customer Focused Marketing. Great people supported by predictable

processes create a foundation for customer satisfaction and growth.

I encourage each of you to take the time to read through this issue of technology today

you will be impressed. Take the initiative to connect with the RF leaders featured in

this magazine they will share their knowledge and expertise. Share the magazine

with your customers and choice partners so they can learn more about our people, our

processes and the technology expertise that resides within this great company.

Sincerely,

Greg

2

A Message from Greg SheltonVice President of Engineering, Technology, Manufacturing & Quality

Ask Greg on line

at: http://www.ray.com/rayeng/

RF Technology Innovation for Mission Success 4

Radar Active RF Sensors 5

Satellite Sensors 10

Electronic Warfare and Signal Intelligence 11

Engineering Perspective Randy Conilogue 12

RF Communications 13

GPS and Navigation Systems 15

The Future of RF Technologies 16

Leadership Perspective Peter Pao 17

Advanced Tactical Targeting Technology 18

Pioneering Phased Array Systems and Technologies 19

HRL RF Technology 20

Design for Six Sigma 24

CMMI Accomplishments 25

IPDS Best Practices 26

First Annual Technology Day 28

New Global Headquarters Showcases Technology 29

Patent Recognition 30

Future Events 32

TECHNOLOGY TODAY

3

EDITORS NOTE

Raytheon is a technology company; it is something we are very proud of; itdefines who we are and it is a key discriminator. This issue showcases thedepth and breadth of our RF technology capabilities and our expertise,which resides in our people. Technology plays a major role in Performanceand Solutions in our journey to become a more customer-focused company,but the Relationships we develop and sustain are what will drive growth.

Build and value the relationships with your customers; get to know themon a personal level; ask about their family, hobbies and even favoriterestaurants. Relationships have to do with a shared mission or passion. In the words of Jeff Maurer, president and COO of U.S. Trust Corporation,

There are few people who can get through life based on their brilliance and their top perform-ance that can ignore relationships. And if they do, you dont wanna know em anyway.

I once read that Nelson Rockefeller kept a Rolodex of all his clients with notes about their childrenand personal interests. Each time a connection was made, he would open the conversation withquestions about the clients family or personal interests. It pays to be personal. In many businesssituations where price and performance are equal, it is the strongest relationship that wins.

Several of the features in this issue focus on building and sustaining relationships with our cus-tomers, partners and suppliers from our Raytheon technology days, to the opening of our globalheadquarters, to the annual technology symposia. I encourage you to read about these successes,share the magazine with your customers, partners and suppliers. We welcome feedback andwould love to hear about your success stories as well. Enjoy!

Jean Scire, Editorjtscire@raytheon.com

INSIDE THIS ISSUETECHNOLOGY TODAY

technology today is published quarterly by the Office of Engineering,

Technology, Manufacturing & Quality

Vice PresidentGreg Shelton

Engineering, Technology,Manufacturing & Quality StaffPeter BolandGeorge LynchDan NashPeter PaoJean ScirePietro VentrescaGerry Zimmerman

EditorJean Scire

Editorial AssistantLee Ann Sousa

Graphic DesignDebra Graham

PhotographyJon BlackFran BrophyRob Carlson

Publication CoordinatorCarol Danner

ContributorsSteve AlloJohn BedingerEric BoeRandy ConilogueSean ConleyWilliam H. DavisJohn EhlersJohn FoellMark HauheDebra HerreraDenny KingHoward Krizek

David E. LewisAl NaudaDaniel PindaJoseph PreissMichael SarcioneMardi ScaliseMatthew SmithWilliam StanchinaJoel SurfusRuss Titsworth Bob R. WadeWillard Whitaker III

an Product

4

RaytheonInnovation for Mission Success

RF Technology A Legacy of Innovation

M ost of us find sciencefiction stories devel-oped for television andmovies an exciting interlude from

our normal activities one that

takes us into a make-believe world

of action-adventure, full of thought

provoking insights into what the

future may hold for us.

Of the science-fiction/outer-space epics

shown on TV and in movies, one of the

most ground-breaking was the Star Trek TV

series. This anthology which told the

story of space exploration in the distant

future prefigured many astonishing tech-

nological advancements: specifically, the

phaser weapons and photon torpedoes that

protected the ship; the large sensor array

that encased the ship and provided long-

and short-range sensor data in the form of

screen displays of nearby planets, gas

clouds, and space ships; the ships

ability to remotely monitor atmospheric,

environmental and radiation readings and

to send remote probes into hostile environ-

ments in order to monitor events; the force

field surrounding the ship that protected it

from hostile attacks and harmful environ-

ments; the force fields created within the

ship to isolate and contain alien intruders;

hand-held Tricorders that took local read-

ings on environmental and health condi-

tions are among many such precursors.

Those so-called science-fiction technolo-

gies, which then seemed impossible, are

today closer than we realize. But what does

Raytheon have to do with these technolo-

gies? The common denominator is that they

all involve RF sensors and signal processing,

very similar to current technologies under

development within Raytheon today.

For example, phaser weapons and photon

torpedoes are forms of directed-energy

weapons. The Star Trek Enterprises Large

Sensor Array is very similar to our passive

and active array antennas (e.g., F18 AESA,

Ground Based Radars, Space Based Radars,

and EW systems), all of which provide tar-

get tracking and classification along with

ground SAR mapping. Remote sensing of

atmospheric, environmental and radiation

is similarly done by todays satellite Multi-

spectral Sensors (some RF and some opti-

cal). The Enterprises Remote Probe is similar

to todays Unmanned Air, Ground and

Water Vehicles. The spaceships outer force

field and local containment fields are similar

to todays electromagnetic containment

fields used in fission reactors or high fre-

quency microwave weapons, used to cause

enemies discomfort when in the field.

Finally, the Tricorder is similar to miniature

sensors for detecting poisonous gases,

viruses and biological agents under develop-

ment today for homeland defense. All

of these today technologies are the

forerunners of technologies that some may

have thought didnt fall within the laws of

Physics. Many other Star Trek technologies

not mentioned here also have sound, near-

identical facsimiles in todays technologies,

(though we may have to wait to see if

human bodies can actually be transported

through space at the molecular level).

So, just what is this thing called RF

Technology? RF short for Radio

Frequency is defined as any frequency in

the electromagnetic spectrum associated

with radio wave propagation through free-

space. An RF Sensor is an electronic system

that transmits and receives information via

these electromagnetic waves. Thus the term

RF is associated not only with the RF waves

themselves, but also includes other aspects

of RF electromagnetic wave generation and

processing, as well as information coding,

propagation, reflection, detection and, most

importantly, information decoding.

Not all RF waves, however, are propagated

in free space. Other forms of media exist for

electromagnetic propagation, including

copper wires, waveguides, transmission

lines and fiber optics (which are useful in

containing electromagnetic fields in small,

confined regions). Some examples of these

types of RF transmission media include eth-

ernet and coaxial television cables.

The entire electromagnetic spectrum covers

a range from Direct Current (DC), through

microwaves to visible light and on up

through X-Rays and Gamma Rays.

The RF band, occupying the lower frequen-cies of the electromagnetic spectrum (from

DC to about 300 GHz), is commonly used

for radio communications, radar detection/

target tracking (although visible light is now

being used for these same purposes) and

remote sensing. (Radar is short for RadioDetection and Ranging.)

The older classification for RF band frequen-

cies covered a range of about 10 KHz-1000

MHz, which included radio and television

transmissions, while todays definition has

expanded to include frequencies from audio

VLF 3-30 KHz 100-10 km Very Low Frequency

LF 30-300 KHz 10-1 km Low Frequency

MF 300 KHz-3 MHz 1 km-100 m MediumFrequency

HF 3-30 MHz 100-10 m High Frequency

VHF 30-300 MHz 10-1 m Very HighFrequency

UHF 300-3000 MHz 1 m-10 cm Ultra HighFrequency

SHF 3-30 GHz 10-1 cm Super HighFrequency

EHF 30-300 GHz 1 cm-1 mm Extremely HighFrequencyMicrowaves

Sub- 300 GHz-3 THz 1mm-0.1 mm Millimeter andmm sub millimeterWave Wavelength

5(less than 20 KHz) to visible light (30,000GHz or 30 Terahertz).

The wide-ranging variety of functions that

together represent the science of RF signal-

ing include the following:

RF frequency synthesis and waveformgeneration

RF signal amplification and processing

Electromagnetic wave radiation andreception to free-space via antennas

Signal and frequency detection

Information coding and decoding

Atmospheric propagation and reflection to/from objects

The range of technologies used to imple-

ment and build these functions is broader

still, extending from tubes to exotic semi-

conductors, antennas to lenses, and wave-

guides to photonic interconnects. Common

uses of RF Waves include communications,

direction-finding, geo-location, radar, pas-

sive signal detection and classification,

remote sensing/radio astronomy, RF heating

and welding.

Raytheons range of RF Systems can be

grouped into four basic functional cate-

gories as follows (although other special-

ized uses may also be developed):

Radars designated for airborne, missile, ground, space, battlefield,shipboard, remote sensing and air-traffic-control uses

Radio communications systems, datalinks and satellite terminals

Electronic Warfare (EW) and SignalIntelligence and

GPS and Navigation systems

In the autumn of 1922, the US NavalResearch Laboratory (NRL) first detected a

moving ship using radio waves. Eight years

later, NRL similarly discovered that reflected

radio waves directed at aircraft could be

detected. In 1934, a patent was granted to

Taylor, Young, and Hyland at NRL for a

System for Detecting Objects By Radio.

The term given to this new science was

Radar (standing for Radio Detection And

Ranging). In other countries around the

world, similar discoveries and inventions of

radars were occuring. Early radar concepts

and experiments performed at NRL in the

U.S. focused on the detection of ships and,

later, aircraft. Early radars were primarily

used for direction finding via radio-location

(an early name for radar). Later, pulsed CW

techniques were added to perform target

ranging, employing a round polar display

with a rotating arc sweep marker, as popu-

larized in movies and TV.

Since those early days, Raytheon and its

subsidiary companies had a long history in

the ongoing development of radar for mili-

tary and commercial applications. Founded

in 1922, Raytheon came into prominence

early in the Second World War when Percy

Spencer, a Raytheon engineer, developed a

method for volume production of high-

quality Magnetron tubes which are critical

to radar operation (and microwave ovens).

Raytheon,and its acquired components

from E-Systems, Hughes Aircraft, Texas

Instruments and General Dynamics all have

a long history in radar sensors which are

currently integrated into nearly every con-

ceivable platform on land, sea, air and

space including strike fighters, bombers,

AWACs, Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) and

commercial aircraft. Add to that a long list

of Naval ships and systems, commercial

marine ships/personal watercraft, ballistic

missile defense ground systems, battlefield

defense and targeting systems, missile seek-

ers, automobiles and satellites, etc.

Altimeters and direction finders are also

forms of radar sensors.

Though most radars are active (in that they

send out a signal to illuminate a target and

detect the reflected signal similar to shining

a light on an object in the dark), some

radar sensors are passive (in that they do

not illuminate the targets, but measure the

targets natural energy and/orsignal emis-

sions). One of these systems referred to

as radiometers are often used on space-

craft to gather information about water, on

and above the Earth, through passive

receivers at various microwave and millime-

ter wave frequencies. These systems

observe atmospheric, land, oceanic and

cryospheric (or frozen mass) parameters,

including precipitation, sea surface temper-

atures, ice concentrations, snow water

equivalent, surface wetness, wind speed,

atmospheric cloud water and water vapor.

Shipboard RadarThe days of Navy surface combatants only

patrolling the high seas and engaging

threats at close range are past. Todays sur-

face combatants perform a variety of mis-

sions, operating in both deep water and

the littorals (continental shelf), and must

counteract a variety of ever-increasing

threats. Current shipboard radar systems

operating over a wide range of RF frequen-

cies provide the capabilities to successfully

carry out these missions. Because current

radar systems typically perform a single or

limited number of mission functions, the

surface warship is host to a number of

independent shipboard radar systems. This

host of radar systems aboard a single ship

can lead to a significant degree of RF inter-

ference between radars, communications

and electronic warfare systems. To reduce

these effects, system and frequency man-

agement, filtering and high-linearity

receivers are an integral part of todays

advanced weapon systems.

The types of radar systems aboard a ship

are strictly a function of the vessels class or

category. As an example, a precision

Continued on page 6

RADARActive RF Sensors

6

RADARS

Continued from page 5

approach landing radar on an aircraft

carrier as compared to a periscope

detection radar on a destroyer. Typically a

surface warship has at least a surveillance/

search radar and an anti-air-defense/fire-

control radar. These two radar systems pro-

vide the ship with the ability to detect,

track and engage a variety of threats.

Through means of volume search and long-

range detection, shipboard surveillance/

search radars provide a total air picture to

the surface warship. These systems (first

fielded during the Second World War) typi-

cally operate at lower frequencies in order

to achieve enhanced search capability at

a lower system cost. Although the basic

function is the same (i.e., detection), these

systems have undergone a significant evo-

lution from their first introduction through

to the next-generation systems that are

currently under development. The require-

ment to operate in littoral regions, coupled

with significant increases in aircraft speed

and traffic, has effected this steady evolu-

tion, which could only have been realized

because of significant advances that took

place within RF technologies. The antennae

used in these radar systems are no longer

mechanically steered, but rather use a

phased array with electronic steering,

which directs the radar beam itself. A

phased-array antenna provides faster beam

switching so the system can track more tar-

gets while increasing information update

rates. Individual tube-based transmitters

and receivers are replaced by thousands of

solid-state transmit/receive (T/R) modules

embedded in the phased-array antenna,

resulting in greatly improved sensitivity. This

allows the radar system to detect targets at

greater distances. The fidelity of the trans-

mitted and received RF signal is also

improved, allowing the radar system to

detect smaller cross-section targets.

Anti Air Warfare (AAW)/fire-control radars,

operating at higher RF frequencies for

improved angle accuracy, detect and track

low-altitude airborne targets. If the target is

classified as a threat, the radar can be used

to direct naval fire against that target. The

first fire-control radars were fielded during

World War II and were used to direct naval

gunfire against surface and airborne tar-

gets. With the advent of missile technology

in the 1970s, fire-control radars moved

from directing gunfire to guiding missiles.

To support this new requirement, a phased-

array antenna replaced the mechanically

steered antenna in the fire-control radar.

Adjunct illuminators, used for missile guid-

ance, were added to the system. With the

ability to track multiple targets and provide

faster update rates, and the ability to guide

missiles against airborne targets, the fire-

control radar steadily evolved into its

current AAW role.

As threats continued to evolve (targets with

smaller radar cross section, increased range

and greater maneuverability/speed),

advanced RF technologies have steadily

made their way into AAW radar systems in

order to effectively counteract these new

threats. Not unlike the next-generation

surveillance radar, the next-generation

AAW shipboard radar system is under

development today with state-of-the-art

RF technology.

The radar systems for tomorrows surface

warrior are under development today at

Raytheon. These defense systems rely on

the latest RF technologies to improve radar

performance against an ever-increasing

number of threats occurring in operational

environments. In addition to achieving

improved radar system performance, these

advanced RF technologies are enabling

next-generation radars to perform a host of

multi-function roles. This, in turn, allows

the development of a more capable surface

defender, with improved survivability at a

greatly reduced cost. The multifunctional

capability of these next-generation systems

also reduces RF interference throughout the

ship by sharply reducing the number of

operating systems.

Airborne RadarSince the third decade of flight, airborne

radars have been providing information to

pilots about the world surrounding the air-

craft. This information has enabled pilots to

perform their job better, be that navigation,

weather avoidance, or tasks with direct mil-

itary application and usefulness. From the

original 1934 patent by Hyland et al.,

Raytheon and its various companies have

been at the forefront of radar technology

development for airborne applications.

In the simplest form, the purpose of a sen-

sor is to provide useful data to the user (for

example, a pilot). Other examples of useable

data are situational awareness, kill-chain

support and intelligence, surveillance and

reconnaissance (ISR). Raytheons airborne

radars provide that kind of information

today, better than ever before.

Situational Awareness consists of informa-

tion about the environment, and the

objects in it, that surround a user. For a

pilot user, many kinds of information about

the pilots surroundings are useful as an aid

to navigation. For example, terrain follow-

ing, terrain avoidance, radar altimetry, pre-

cision velocity updating, landing assistance

and weather avoidance all assist the pilot in

flying the aircraft. Additionally, man-made

objects are of primary interest! Raytheons

airborne radars provide greater detection

and tracking ranges of a greater number of

targets than ever before achieved.

Kill-chain support is another type of useful

data provided by advanced, multi-mode

Doppler radar systems found on the current

generation of fighter and attack aircraft.

7Radars aboard the

F-15, F-14, F/A-18,

AV8B and B2 all provide kill-chain

support in addition to situational aware-

ness. The classical kill chain is denoted as

find, fix, target, track, engage and assess

(referred to as F2T2EA by the user commu-

nity). The modern multi-mode Raytheon

radar finds and fixes targets on the ground

and in the air by using Doppler search

modes for moving targets, and imaging

modes for fixed targets. Once a target is

located, it is targeted and tracked using

additional waveforms. Targets in track can

be engaged, with radar providing targeting

information and weapons support. Finally,

engagement effectiveness can be assessed

through imaging of a fixed site or termina-

tion of the track of a moving target.

A third type of useful information is intelli-

gence, surveillance and reconnaissance. The

user of this data is as likely to be a ground

commander as it would be a pilot.

Raytheons HISAR, ASARS-2A and Global

Hawk radars provide imaging and moving-

target information of a region of interest

on the ground. Similarly, Raytheons APS-

137 radar on the Navy P-3 Orion, as well as

the international maritime radar, SeaVue,

provide location and tracking information

of maritime targets. All of these modern,

multi-mode ISR radars provide location,

tracking and identification of targets to the

battle field commander or the pilot.

Airborne radars are undergoing several

major, capability-enhancing revolutions. A

simple abstraction of a radar system might

be to view it as an RF transmitter and

receiver, a data processing unit and a

directional antenna. Todays analog trans-

mitters and receivers are being replaced by

programmable, digital receiver-exciters, sim-

ilar to those found on the APG-79. These

receiver-exciters offer the ability to support

a wide variety of radar functions, with the

ability to add growth

functions while under

development. In the same way,

the airborne radar data processor is

undergoing a veritable explosion in capabil-

ity, with the commercial field expanding its

capabilities by 100 percent approximately

every 18 months (a phenomenon referred

to as Moores law). This increase in pro-

cessing throughput and storage is affording

far more sophisticated radar functionality.

Finally, the radar antenna itself is also

undergoing a major change. Earlier,

mechanically steered arrays are being

replaced by the Active Electronically

Scanned Array (AESA). AESA antennas, as

first deployed on the APG-63(v)2, provided

inertia-less beam pointing, permitting the

radar systems engineer to design functions

that can move the beam more rapidly.

Advantages such as increased sensitivity

and tracking capability result in improved

situational awareness.

Predicting the future of airborne radars is

not difficult. As we extrapolate from the

past, the future will require even better

quality user information. Greater tracking

precision and finer imaging resolutions are

currently under development. Larger quan-

tities of hard-to-find targets will populate

future battlefields, and Raytheons research

is addressing those needs. Fused sensors

(both Radio Frequency and Electro-Optical,)

will allow for enhanced effectiveness as

recently demonstrated by Global Hawk dur-

ing Operation Enduring Freedom and

Operation Iraqi Freedom. Additionally, the

lines between RF functions are continually

blurring, with radars providing Electronic

Support Measures and communication

functions. The future holds capabilities not

envisioned by Roddenberrys Star Trek.

Missi le RadarMissile radar seekers were a natural deriva-

tive of radar technology developed for

fighter aircraft. Once radar was incorporat-

ed into fighters, it became quite apparent

that the aircraft could locate a target, but it

was virtually impossible to destroy the tar-

get at any appreciable standoff range,

using bullets or unguided missiles. In order

to engage the target, some sort of closed-

loop control of the missile would be need-

ed. The first radar-guided, air-to-air missile

developed (in the 1940s and 50s) was the

Falcon missile. The Falcon was guided to

the target by homing in on RF energy

bounced off the target by the fire control

radar. This type of missile-seeker radar is

referred to as a semi-active radar. The semi-

active concept continues to be a valuable

operating mode for a number of present-

day missiles. But as technology continued

to develop, more and more capability was

integrated into missiles. Todays missile

radars are closely related to fire-control

radars. Modern missile radars adapt the

waveform parameters, receiver configura-

tion and signal processing for the mode of

operation in use and the missiles environ-

ment (though it should be noted that no

one missile does everything). Some missile

radars perform air-to-air targeting and oth-

ers perform air-to-ground.

Radar-guided missiles use radar sensors for

detecting and tracking both air and surface

targets. These radar sensors provide specific

target information that is used to guide the

missile. The missiles also employ RF com-

munication links, GPS receivers and RF

proximity fuzes for detonating the warhead

when the missile passes close to the target.

Current missile RF-guidance technology

operates primarily at microwave frequencies

(3-30 GHz). For the guidance function, a

forward-looking sensor, employing either

a reflector antenna or a waveguide array

antenna, is mounted on an electro-

mechanical, gimbal-controlled platform. An

aerodynamic nose cone or radome,that is

transparent to RF energy protects the

antenna. The RF signals originate either

from a transmitter on the missile (in an

active system), from an illuminating radar

on the launch ship, ground system or air-

craft (in a semi-active system) or, alterna-

tively, from the target itself (in a passive

system). Signals are reflected from the

target (or originate from the target), and

are received via the missile antenna and

Continued on page 8

8

RADARS

Continued from page 7

receiver. Passive missile receivers, also

known as Anti-Radiation Homing (ARH)

devices, must adapt to the targets fre-

quency and waveform characteristics.

Technology exists to include Synthetic

Aperture Radar (SAR) guidance capability in

a missile. SAR generates a high-resolution

image of the target area, just as if a photo-

graph of the target area were taken directly

above the target area. SAR processing pro-

vides several performance enhancements

that afford a direct benefit to current

weapon capabilities. First and foremost, a

SAR missile allows the combatant to image,

identify and engage a target in all battlefield

environments including smoke, fog, rain,

snow and blowing sand.

Existing missiles thus typically have three or

more additional, independent RF subsystems,

each operating at a different microwave fre-

quency. These include communication links,

GPS receivers and proximity fuzes.

Communication links are implemented with

antennas on the side or rear of a missile. In

most cases, the links have receivers and

transmitters that are separate from the

guidance radar. These links also have their

own signal processing. The links are used

by the fire-control system to control the

missile during midcourse flight in a

command guidance mode, in order to pro-

vide target designation updates to the missile

and to monitor missile status during flight.

Global Positioning System (GPS) is becom-

ing the preferred midcourse guidance

mode for missiles. The missile receives RF

signals from the GPS satellites, establishing

the missiles position and allowing it to

fly to a designated GPS location. The incor-

poration of a GPS receiver in the missile

coupled with the communication link is

used to correct for most alignment errors

between the fire-control radar and missile

coordinate systems.

Missiles also include proximity fuzes. The

proximity fuze is a full radar including a

transmitter, antennas, receivers and the

signal processing.

Future missiles developed by Raytheon will

employ multifunction, electronically steered

array antennas (or ESAs), eliminating the

need for mechanically gimbaled platforms.

The arrays may also conform to the missile

shape rather than being flat. The trend for

guidance and fuzing is to move to higher

frequencies, in the millimeter-wave region.

The shorter wavelengths allow sharper

beams to be formed, resulting in better

angle accuracy. However, it is also desirable

to retain a broad-beam capability for the

initial target acquisition. Multi-band capa-

bility is also desirable in order to accommo-

date multiple functions, including GPS,

communication links, target acquisition,

target track and fuzing, and, to maintain

compatibility with existing ships and air-

craft. Active ESAs, with a solid-state trans-

mitter associated with each radiating ele-

ment or small sub-array, will replace tube-

based transmitters. With greater processing

capability, the ESA will have the capability

to be rapidly reconfigured, in order to

switch frequently among targets and

among functions.

Ground and Batt lef ie ldRadarThe term ground-based radar covers a

broad spectrum of radar systems. These

radar systems are as varied in their opera-

tional frequency, capabilities and physical

characteristics as are the missions theyre

designed to perform. Early warning, missile

defense and fire-finder radars are just a few

examples of the many radar systems that

fall under this general heading.

Early warning systems, which typically have

an RF operating frequency in the UHF

range, are designed to detect and track

airborne and space-borne targets at great

distances. Given their low operational RF

frequency and required system sensitivities,

the antennas for these radars are often

close to 100 feet in diameter. With some of

the early warning radar, as is the case with

BMEWS, the antenna is built into the side

of a multi-story building that houses the

radar. Missile defense radars operate at

much higher RF frequencies than early

warning radars. Here the higher operational

frequency affords greater track accuracy

Matt Smith is the RF SystemsTechnical Area Director for RaytheonCorporate. This is a one-year rotationalposition that identifies common technologypursuits and coordinates joint technologydevelopment efforts among Raytheon busi-nesses. He acts as a technical liaison to theRaytheon Technology Networks, facilitatingactivities such as technology roadmaps,competitive assessments, collaborativeworkshops and knowledge databases. Matt

also works with univer-sities and other externalresearch agencies identi-fying and developingstrategies to exploitpotential disruptivetechnologies. He hailsfrom RaytheonsNetwork CentricSystems Business in St.Petersberg where hes

responsible for technical management of,and active participation in, research anddesign of microwave/millimeter-wave hard-ware for spaceborne remote sensing andcommunications programs. His focusrecently has been on advanced space tech-nology such as Si micromachined K-BandMMIC Radiometers with integrated anten-na arrays. Matt holds four patents (withthree patents pending) and has authored/co-authored 20 refereed IEEE/SPIE technicalpapers. He is a Senior Member of IEEE andholds a dual degree (BSEE, BSNS & MSEE).Matt has over twenty years experience inspace and military microwave design onDMSP, ALR-67, ALQ-131, NESP, CEC,GEOSAT, FEWS, TIROS-N, MILSTAR, LONG-BOW, SEAWINDS and various classifiedspace programs.

Matt worked as a professional musicianwhile in engineering school with entertain-ers such as the Mills Brothers, BobbyDarren, Rodney Dangerfield and Joe Pesci.Although his ultimate goal is pursuing aPh.D. in Electrical Engineering, he still per-forms and teaches jazz and woodwinds inthe Tampa Bay area. It is more evidenteach day to me that engineering and musicare not orthogonal; instead they are closelyaligned through math, physics and, most ofall, creativity.

Matts advice to new engineers is, Take some time out to publish technicalpapers. Start with a survey paper that youthink would be useful to you and your colleagues. Stay active in Raytheon techni-cal networks, symposiums, lunchtime seminars and professional societies like IEEE and AIAA.

P R O F I L E

9and target discrimination, which are

required for intercepts. The size of the

antenna for missile defense radars varies

from a couple of square meters for tactical

defense (such as Patriot) to tens of square

meters for national defense. Firefinders are

battlefield radars that detect and track bal-

listic shells or artillery. Based on the meas-

ured track of each projectile, the system

calculates the launch site. To achieve the

required track accuracy and system mobili-

ty, these systems operate at higher RF fre-

quencies. As an example, the AN/TPQ-37

Firefinder operates in the S-band.

Despite the varied characteristics of the sys-

tems, RF technologies are at the heart of all

ground-based radar systems. As these tech-

nologies have evolved, so too have the cor-

responding systems capabilities. The most

significant advance in radar performance

was realized with the introduction of active,

electronically scanned arrays. Here the

directed RF energy is electronically not

mechanically steered, and single trans-

mitters and receivers are replaced by thou-

sands, if not tens of thousands, of solid-

state, transmit/receive (T/R) modules

embedded into the antenna. This has

afforded the radar system many key bene-

fits. The beam switching rate of an elec-

tronically scanned array is much faster than

that of a mechanically steered array. This

development has allowed the radar system

to simultaneously track multiple targets,

and/or targets with higher dynamics, and

to perform multi-function radar operation.

The improved radar sensitivity realized with

solid state T/R modules permits tracking of

smaller targets at greater ranges.

Currently, Raytheon is in active production

of several ground-based radar systems and

is developing several, next-generation,

ground-based radar systems. These systems

incorporate state-of-the-art RF technologies

in order to achieve the radar performance

required for a multi-function battlefield

radar, cruise missile defense radar,

and theater and national ballistic

missile defense radars.

Commercia l RadarsAs the cost of RF technologies drops, radar

products are finding applications in the

commercial sector. Two examples of this

introduction into the commercial market

are leisure-boat radars and automobile

collision-avoidance radars. Raytheon is

currently engaged in the production of a

product line of leisure-boat radar systems.

These systems, which operate at X-band

frequencies, provide 360 coverage for the

detection and tracking of both stationary

and moving objects. The information is

presented as a two-dimensional image on

a liquid crystal (LCD) display as an aid in

vessel navigation.

The development of an automobile colli-

sion-avoidance radar is leveraging missile

seeker technology. This forward-looking

radar is mounted in the automobiles

bumper in order to detect objects in close

proximity to the automobile. Through elec-

tronic switching, the radar covers an angu-

lar region in front of and just to the side of

the vehicle. This information, coupled with

the speed of the detected object relative to

the automobile, allows the radar to discrim-

inate between objects. That is to say, the

radar can identify objects that represent a

danger (e.g., a stopped car

in front of the automobile)

vs. others that are non-

threatening, (e.g., a car pass-

ing alongside). Using this infor-

mation, first-generation systems

will function as a warning system

to drivers. In the future, these same

systems could be used to realize auto-

matic speed control and, in all

probability, enable automatic

driving on smart

highways. n

P R O F I L E

Mike Sarcione is a PrincipalEngineering Fellow in IDS and RaytheonsRF Technology Champion. He began hisinterest in engineering while working inhigh school in the audio-visual department. Iused to videotape oursporting events and dothe play-by-play. Oncehe realized that hecouldnt compete withGil Santos (voice of theNew England Patriots) orJohn Facenda (voice ofNFL films), his interest focused on how thevideo camera, tape machines and electron-ics systems worked. He continued thisinterest working as a videotape engineerfor ABC Television in New York. Mike leftABC to further his education at theRochester Institute of Technology.

Early in his career at Raytheon, Mikedesigned a digital processing simulator forthe Patriot Data Link Terminal. In 1980, hetook an educational leave of absence toattend Worcester Polytechnic Institute toget his MSEE. When he returned toRaytheon, he joined the Microwave andAntenna Department. Throughout hisRaytheon career, Mike has been involved invirtually every major surface radar antennadesign in the Northeast. He is frequentlyasked to participate in our most challengingdesign activities. Mike is one of the drivingforces behind the extension of Raytheonsphased array technologies and capabilitiesinto the next generation of Army and Navyradar and communication systems.

Mike is also diligently working on leveragingRaytheons talent pool into the area of RFTechnology. He explains, Weve decided tofocus our enterprise-wide energies in theareas of AESAs, Digital Receivers, AdvancedMMICs, Flat Panel Arrays and MultifunctionRF Systems.

For Mike, work and volunteering are similar;there are problems to be solved: You rollup your sleeves and try to help. In somecases you lead, in others you participate,but its always a team activity. The workrewards are contributing to program wins,solving problems, getting colleagues towork together, watching younger engineersgrow with enthusiasm, taking on moreresponsibility and trying to learn somethingnew every day. In volunteering its thesmiles, respect and interest of the students,in knowing that we may have ignited aflame or had some influence on motivatingothers to think, and to pursue a career inengineering, science or math.

Space-borne MicrowaveRemote Sensing Microwave remote sensing has evolved into

an important all-weather tool for monitor-

ing the atmosphere and planetary object

surfaces, which emphasizes the characteri-

zation of the earth phenomenology. This

type of sensing encompasses the physics of

radio wave propagation and interaction

with material media, including surface and

volume scattering and emissions. Active

remote sensors include scatterometers,

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and altime-

ters, whereas passive sensors are known

as microwave radiometers. Raytheon has

a 30-plus-year history in space Satellite

Communications (SATCOM) and within the

last decade, has added remote sensing pay-

loads to our repertoire of outstanding

orbital performances.

The SeaWinds remote sensor has a special-

ized Ku-band radar (scatterometer),

designed to accurately measure the ampli-

tude scattering return from the ocean and

convert the data into global ocean surface

wind speeds and directions. A normalized

radar backscatter coefficient of the ocean

surface is measured at the same point on

the ocean surface at four different incident

angles, and is a function of the angle of

incidence and the sea state. Receive power

is determined by measuring the power in

narrow- and wide-band filters, then solving

two simultaneous equations from the

received power and the ubiquitous receiver

noise. The science community experimen-

tally and analytically established a geophysi-

cal model of wind vectors and wind geom-

etry over the last two decades to achieve

this complex indirect measurement from

space. The Scatterometer Electronic

Subsystem (SES) was designed and devel-

oped by Raytheon St. Petersberg for the

NASA/JPL program, and is currently on orbit

and fully operational. Examples of previous

wind vector maps of the Atlantic and

Pacific oceans and newly acquired data

from QuikScats SeaWinds are shown in the

figure (center column). The radar operates

at a carrier frequency of 13.402 GHz with a

nominal peak power of 110 watts, pulse

rate of 192 Hz and pulse width of 1.5

m/sec. The highly stable receiver measures

the return echo power from the ocean to a

precision of 0.15 dB. Key measurements

are a 1,800 km swath during each orbit

providing 90 percent coverage of the

Earths oceans every day, with wind speed

measurement range from 3 to 30 m/sec

with a 2 m/sec accuracy and wind direction

accuracy of 20 degrees at a vector resolu-

tion of 25 km.

Fifteen times a day, the satellite beams

collected science data to NASA ground sta-

tions, which relay the data to scientists and

weather forecasters. Winds play a major

role in weather systems and directly affect

the turbulent exchanges of heat, moisture

and greenhouse gases between the Earths

atmosphere and the ocean. They also play

a crucial part in the scientific equation for

determining long-term climate change.

Data from SeaWinds two-year mission will

greatly improve meteorologists ability to

forecast weather and understand longer-

term climate change. SeaWinds provides

ocean wind coverage to an international

team of climate specialists, oceanographers

and meteorologists interested in discovering

the secrets of climate patterns and improv-

ing the speed with which emergency pre-

paredness agencies can respond to fast-

moving weather fronts, floods, hurricanes,

tsunamis and other natural disasters.

Operating as NASAs next

El Nino watcher,

QuikScat will be

used to better

understand

global El Nino

and La Nina weather abnormalities. A

recent example of the advantages of space-

borne sensing was demonstrated when an

iceberg the size of Rhode Island had ellud-

ed ship-borne and airborne surveillance

devices and was drifting undetected off

Antarctica until Quikscat located it and

mapped its location (see figure above).

Another on-orbit remote sensor is the US

Navy GeoSAT Follow-On Ku-Band Radar

Altimeter, designed to maintain continuous

ocean observation from the GFO Exact

Repeat Orbit. This satellite includes all the

capabilities necessary for precise measure-

ment of both mesoscale and basin-scale

oceanography. Data retrieved from this

satellite is useful for ocean research, off-

shore energy production, ocean circulation

patterns and environmental change. GFO

was launched aboard a TAURUS launch

vehicle on Feb. 10, 1998, from Vandenberg

Air Force Base in California and still pro-

vides valuable data sets for the U.S. Navy

today. The radar uses co-boresighted

radiometers, a Raytheon design, for water

vapor correction. Radiometer calibration

has become a niche area of research, and

Raytheon holds several patents in calibrating

radiometers using variable Cold Noise

Sources based on MHEMT technology that

have been validated at NIST.

Space-borne SATCOMPayloadsFrom Iridium to MILSTAR to FLTSATCOM,

Raytheon has played a key role in the

development of commercial military space

satellite communications. Raytheon is the

major supplier of UHF SATCOM products

and services to the warfighter, including

space and ground hardware, software,

Continued on page 30

10

SATELLITESensors

11

Historically, Electronic Warfare (EW) hasbeen referred to as Electronic Countermeasures

(ECM) jamming, pure and simple. As the

electronic battlefield became more sophisti-

cated, EW has included Electronic Attack

(EA), Electronic Protect (EP) and Electronic

Support (ES). Technological advances have

contributed to larger roles for EW, for

example, Situational Awareness, Passive

Counter Targeting and Precision Emitter

Identification. Since EW

has come to be used uni-

versally, it has become a

necessary and integral part

of both mission planning

and campaign strategy.

Radar and Electronic

Countermeasures have

similarly evolved together

over the years as another

facet of the arms and

armament race. By todays

standards, the early radars

were quite unsophisticat-

ed. Operation could be

disrupted simply by transmitting more noise

within the radar bandwidth than was

returned from the target echo. Jamming

was relatively easy to carry out, because

substantial losses were sustained in the bi-

directional path from radar to target and

back, compared to the one-way transmis-

sion associated with the jamming method.

Radar designers responded with transmit-

ters having more and more power and

antennas having higher gain in order to

increase the radars Effective Radiated Power

(ERP). In addition, jammers also became

more powerful. The measure of perform-

ance of EW systems was based almost

entirely upon the Jam-to-Signal Ratio (J/S).

Radars got the task of not only detecting

threats, but also tracking and targeting

them. Chaff, bunched as bundles of tinfoil

strips which were cut to the resonant

length of the radar, burst into clouds when

dispensed from an aircraft, with the result

that alternative targets were offered to the

enemy radar to track. Tracking algorithms

for the radars improved from conical scan

to scan-on-receive-only to obscure scanning

from EW jammers. Jammers could jam

scanning radars generating false scanning

signals by slowly varying scanning modula-

tion through a range of potential values.

The base measure of performance for EW

systems continued to be J/S.

Radars having a monopulse tracking capa-

bility were soon invented. By having several,

independent receive channels, detection,

ranging and tracking could all be done

using a single received pulse. Since only a

single pulse was needed for tracking, jam-

ming modulations became ineffective. A

number of new jamming techniques were

devised to defeat monopulse tracking

radars. For example, during the Cold War,

war plans included having aircraft enter

and exit the target area at very low alti-

tudes, allowing the aircraft to hide in the

radar clutter. Raytheon EW invented the

Terrain Bounce technique in case an inter-

ceptor acquired target lock. The Terrain

Bounce technique simply received the radar

signal, amplified it and retransmitted it in a

narrow beam in front of the entering air-

craft. The bounce off the ground tech-

nique, while experiencing a degree of sig-

nal loss, nevertheless provided a true false

angle that the monopulse-tracking radar

would follow. Other techniques, such as

cross-polarization and cross-eye, provided

false angle information to monopulse-

tracking radars at the expense of severe

loss of coupling into the radar information

bandwidth. As a result, jammers continued

to have a high power requirement.

Raytheon EW has produced a number of

high-power radar jammers over the years.

For example, Raytheon has supplied almost

all the transmitters for the

EF-111 and EA-6B stand-

off jammers. The very

high-powered SLQ-32

provided protection for

the Navys Cruisers,

Battleships and Carriers.

The ALQ-184 jamming

pod provided self-protec-

tion for tactical aircraft like

the A-10 and F-16. The

SLQ-32 and ALQ-184

produced high ERP using

novel Rotman Lenses. The

Rotman lens enabled high

gain retrodirective jam-

ming on a pulse-by-pulse basis, without the

need of computing an angle of arrival of

the radar signal.

Radars have basically won the RF Power

arms race against jammers, because it

became increasingly difficult to provide high

power jammers with robust techniques that

would be effective against a wide variety of

radars. Not only could radars generate high

ERP efficiently, but digital technology vastly

improved their processing gain by using

post-detection integration, pulse coding

and Doppler filtering.

EW has continued to exploit radar vulnera-

bilities throughout the kill chain of

weapons systems. For example, Raytheons

ALE-50 is a small repeater/transmitter

towed behind the protected aircraft. The

ALE-50 transmits a stronger signal than the

echo bounced off the protected aircraft

Continued on page 12

ELECTRONIC WARFAREand Signal Intelligence

ALE-50

12

ELECTRONIC WARFARE

Continued from page 11

and therefore becomes a preferential target

to the missile seeker. Thus, the missile is

redirected from tracking the aircraft during

the endgame and instead tracks the towed

decoy. The ALE-50 decoy self-protection

concept has been proven in combat in

Kosovo and Iraq.

Many of the EW Systems being developed

today increase the benefits of stealth tech-

nology. Situational Awareness alone can

provide protection simply by avoiding detec-

tion by using low observable coatings and

materials most effectively. The new Radar

Warning Receivers (RWRs) like the Navys

ALR-67(V)3 and the USAFs ALR-69A are

being designed with channelized digital

receivers using a polyphase architecture.

The digital receivers are smaller and lighter

weight than conventional receivers, thus

better fulfilling the RWR role. In addition,

the linear phase responses permit using

algorithms that exploit situational aware-

ness, passive precision location for counter-

targeting and specific emitter identification.

Modern EW is not restricted to the RF

spectrum. One of the most significant

threats to aircraft having close

ground engagements for

example, the A-10 and

C-130, is the shoulder-fired

IR missile. Raytheon has

developed the Comet pod,

which dispenses pyrophoric

(heat emitting that is, igniting

spontaneously on contact with air) foils

that substitute false targets for the IR mis-

sile seekers. Pyrophoric material is basically

iron that oxidizes rapidly in order to provide

radiation in the IR spectrum, with the bene-

fit that there is no identifiable signature in

the visible spectrum. Dispensing of

pyrophoric foils, in concert with a missile

warning radar, is being proposed to the

Department of Homeland Security in

response to their initiative to find cost-

effective means to protect commercial air-

craft from IR missiles in proximity to airports.

Todays technology is being applied to

Electronic Warfare Systems to make them

smaller, faster and more intelligent than the

Weapons Systems that place them under

attack. In their roles of Suppression or

Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses

(SEAD/DEAD), the systems rely more on

finesse rather than raw power. New algo-

rithms and computational power enable

Precision Engagement (PE) and full partici-

pation in Network Centric Warfare (NCW).

Additionally, the newly developed digital

receivers also enable an expanded role for

Intelligence Surveillance and

Reconnaissance (ISR).

Future EW systems will incorporate not only

wideband digital receivers, but also trans-

mitter exciters that contain Digital RF

Memory (DRFM). DRFM converts the

received RF signal to a stream of zeros and

ones via high speed sampling and stores

the bitstream in memory for later recall.

The stored bitstream is a high-fidelity replica

of coded pulses, such that pulses transmit-

ted at a later time as jamming signals are

accepted as valid signals by the victim

radar and are passed on with the full pro-

cessing gain of the radar receiver. This EW

technology is necessary to

keep pace with the future radar systems

that will have electronically steered antenna

arrays, advanced coded signal processing

and pulse-to-pulse agility.

Raytheon is a full participant in modern EW

systems, using the latest in digital receiver,

fiber optic, steerable antenna array and

solid-state technologies. The use of finesse

rather than raw power makes EW a

participant in four strategic initiatives:

the Suppression or Destruction of Enemy

Air Defenses (SEAD/DEAD), Precision

Engagement (PE), Network Centric Warfare

(NCW) and Intelligence Surveillance and

Reconnaissance (ISR). n

Comet pod

EngineeringPerspective

Randy ConilogueEngineering Fellowand Chairman RFSTN

Upon joining HughesAircraft in 1976, my jobwas to design a MicrowaveIntegrated Circuit (MIC)amplifier using a singleGaAs FET transistor manu-

factured by Hughes Research Laboratories (now HRL).Our CAD design tool for simulating these early RFMICs was a Teletype machine with an acousticmodem tied to a mainframe, running S-Parametersimulations. My desktop design tool was a Smithchart on a piece of plywood with a floating mylar diskpinned to the plywood with a push pin. I used a pen-cil to mark the S-parameters on the mylar, rotate themylar around the Smith Chart, and apply parallel andseries components to match the transistors to 50ohms. I cut my circuits on Rubylith, etched my ownMIC circuits, put the parts down with eutectic solderand did my own wire-bonding. Next I tuned up thecircuits, tested and moved on to the next iteration ofthe circuit.

Its a different RF world out there today. Detailed sim-ulations can be run on a desktop with electromagnet-ic simulations of circuit elements, parasitics, transi-tions and interactions. MICs on Alumina Substrateshave been replaced by Monolithic MicrowaveIntegrated Circuits (MMICs) that can be placed direct-ly on Printed Wiring Boards (PWB) or packaged withother MMICs to form Transmit/Receive modules andother RF subsystems. RF Circuits and CAD Toolsappear to be following Moores Law in their exponen-tial growth: Components and packaging are shrink-ing; integration levels are growing; sophistication ofRF subsystems is rising; and digital content is increas-ing. Digital speeds are becoming faster with SiGe andthe ever-shrinking MOSFET technologies. Analog-to-digital converters are pushing further up the RF pro-cessing chain, replacing many of the classical RF/ana-log circuits with digital equivalents that provide high-er accuracy than their RF equivalents but at whatprice? There are difficult tradeoffs between the sim-ple-but-elegant RF or Analog circuit and the moreaccurate digital equivalent in terms of size, power andcomplexity. These tradeoffs require the RF subsystemengineer to know more than just RF design. TodaysRF designers need to have additional skills in analog,digital, DSP, algorithms, architectures, system perform-ance and customer needs. In other words, todays RFdesigner needs to become more of a systems engi-neer. Though Raytheon will still build RF componentsand RF subsystems, our future lies in our ability toapply new technologies to new and novel sensors andplatforms for our customers.

The key to unlocking great opportunities for Raytheonis enterprise-wide collaboration leveraged byRaytheon Technology Networks. Applying the righttechnology to each product is an ongoing effort thatmakes steady progress every year.

Telegraphy was the first form of electroniccommunications developed by Joseph Henry

and Samuel F. B. Morse in the 1830s.

Telegraphy soon evolved to include voice

communication in the 1870s following the

invention of the telephone by Alexander

Graham Bell and Elisha Gray. Guglielmo

Marconi, Reginald Fessenden and other

radio pioneers made wireless communica-

tion possible by the end of the 19th

Century, enabling communication between

any two points on the Earth. Throughout

the 20th Century, RF communications tech-

nology evolved rapidly. Commercial broad-

casting, television, the world-wide tele-

phone network, satellite communications,

the Internet and cellular telephones are

examples of the continuing progression of

RF communication technology. Now in the

21st Century, the continuing development

of communications technology has made it

possible to rapidly communicate events and

information across the world in seconds.

Operating hand-in-hand with the communi-

cations network (i.e., the Internet and the

computer), this capability has brought the

worlds population together into what some

refer to as the global village. The same

technology has in many ways enhanced the

advancement of other technologies and, for

better or worse, shaped the world in which

we live today.

Raytheon and its acquired business entities

have been involved in military voice com-

munications since the 1920s when a

predecessor company, Magnavox, supplied

noise-canceling microphones for use in air-

craft radios. Weve supplied complete radio

systems in support of national defense since

1950. Raytheon and its acquired companies

have been leaders in both voice and digital

communications development for battlefield

communications, and facilitation of defense

command-and-control operations. These

efforts have led to the development of

radio terminals that relay communication

across the world, provide highly secure,

jam-resistant, encrypted data links, spread

spectrum digital communications and tacti-

cal wireless networking.

HF/VHF/UHF Tact icalCommunicat ionsHistorically, radios provided communications

through dedicated waveforms in a specific

frequency band. These radios were imple-

mented using a fixed configuration, and

Communications Security (COMSEC) was

employed through

externally mounted

hardware devices, such

as the KY-57. Various

radio products were devel-

oped in order to expand the

frequency coverage and address increasing

military demands. By the 1970s, Raytheon

(vis vis Magnavox) was the leading pro-

ducer of radio products covering the fre-

quency range from 2 to 400 MHz. Some of

these radios include the AN/ARC-164 (AM

airborne radio), the AN/VRC-12

(primary Combat Net Radio) and the

AN/GRC-106 (HF SSB radio).

Increasingly diverse mission requirements

and difficult operating conditions (for

example, jamming, crowded spectrum, etc.)

resulted in the need for Electronic Counter-

Counter Measures (ECCM) capability. This

led to the development of more sophisticat-

ed waveforms such as HAVE QUICK by the

late 1970s. This waveform was implement-

ed into several radios, including the

AN/ARC-164 and the RT-1319 ground man-

pack. Increasing military demands resulted

in the development of radios providing

selectable waveform modes and increased

frequency coverage. By the 1980s and

1990s, radios such as the AN/PSC-5

Multi-Band Multi-Mission Manpack Radio

(MBMMR) and AN/ARC-231 airborne radios

were developed. These radios are software-

controlled, highly versatile and support

waveforms such as AM, FM, HAVE QUICK,

SINCGARS, SATCOM and DAMA SATCOM

in various analog-voice,

digital-voice and data formats,

and include various embedded

COMSEC protocols, eliminating the

need for any external COMSEC device.

Todays battlefield is more dynamic and

advanced than ever before, with instant

communication of battlefield locations, pic-

tures, voice, data and live video. Firepower

can be precisely directed at target positions

within a moments notice. Widely available

and accurate situation-awareness data

through Raytheons SADL and EPLRS net-

works prevents fratricide and enables

rapid response and extraction of downed

pilots and wounded personnel. EPLRS and

SADL work across US services to digitally

connect US Army EPLRS equipped ground

forces with USAF SADL aircraft. In addition,

Raytheon continues its leadership in the

communications area with the EPLRS and

MBMMR radios.

Continued on page 14

13

RF CommunicationsRadios, Data Links and Terminals

AN/ARC-164 Radio family

14

Continued from page 13

RF Communicat ions TodayRaytheon is currently involved in the devel-

opment of the following systems which

employ RF technologies:

EPLRS Secure anti-jam mobile data radio Backbone of the Tactical Internet Situation Awareness Data Link (SADL) Weapon data links (AMSTE, JDAM) JTRS Cluster 1 waveform implementation

Networking Technology FCS-Comms DARPA research and development

programs Directional antennas Protocol development Information Assurance Modeling and Simulation

Wideband Data Links USC-28(V) DECS Netfires Tactical Tomahawk Satellite Data Link

Terminal (SDLT)

Large Scale System Engineering &Integration DD(X) Mobile User Objective System (MUOS)

satellite communication system Peace Shield (Saudi Arabia BMC4I system) MC2A Data fusion SLAMRAAM

Battlespace Digitization Force XXI Battle Command Brigade

and Below (FBCB2) Army and Marine Tactical Internet

Architecture Tactical Routers (MicroRouter) Bosnia Defense Initiative Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Iraqi Freedom

Radios Software Defined Radio

technology (SCA, JTRS) EPLRS MBMMR ARC-231

RF Communicat ions The FutureIn the future, Network-Centric Battlefield

communications will involve the network-

ing of all radio/comm links in a massive,

interconnected network, similar to the

World Wide Web, except it will be entirely

wireless. This network will be able to

exchange information from a warfighter on

the ground to a satellite, airplane, ship or

sensor. Networks will be ad-hoc and self-

healing in the event of node failures.

Raytheon is a major participant in the

definition and development of the

Network-Centric Battlefield through pro-

grams such as Netfires and JTRS. We were

the prime contractor in the development

of the Core Framework for the Software

Communications Architecture for the

JTRS program.

Increasing mission requirements are putting

additional demands on future military com-

munications, including broader frequency

coverage (2 MHz to greater than 2 GHz)

and broadband transmit and receive chains

with high speed analog to digital convert-

ers in the 1 Gsps range and higher, result-

ing in digital hardware being positioned

closer to the antenna as this technology

matures. Antennas will become arrays in

order to incorporate Space Time Adaptive

Processing (STAP) for nullifying jammers

and interference. Frequencies will move to

the KA band. These new radios will

incorporate frequency-agile waveforms that

will permit operation in dense cosite envi-

ronments. Radios and datalinks will become

Network-centric battlefield

communications will involve

the networking of all

radio/comm links in a massive,

interconnected network,

similar to the World Wide

Web, except it will be

entirely wireless.

software definable, allowing reconfigura-

tion on the fly and easy upgrades to new

modes and waveforms. JTRS emphasizes an

open architecture for easy software

reprogramming, which will allow users to

access newly developed waveforms and

communication protocols without changing

radios. This provides the tactical user with

all essential communications within a

single unit.

In support of the Network-Centric

Battlefield, Raytheon is developing the

technology for including a radio/link on

every platform through the Miniature Low

Cost Data Link (MLCDL) program. Raytheon

builds satellite modems (a form of data

link), voice communication radios and

RF COMMUNICATIONS

NetFires Enables NLOS Network Centric Control of Missiles In-flight Non-Line-of-Sight Launcher System (NLOS-LS/NetFires) is the Armys first net-

centric weapon system for indirect fires and has the potential to make possible

revolutionary changes in future combat. For the first time, commanders will be

able to deploy a fully networked missile beyond the line of sight and exercise

real-time control over the missile while in flight. The missile as part of a

communications network can communicate potential target reports, battle

damage information and target imagery to the net in real-time while in flight

to the target area, loitering over it or when attacking the target. The network

connection allows the warfighter to direct a missile in flight, provide target

location updates for movers or receive a laser target command from the mis-

sile once it enters the search area, all with minimum latency.

15

GPS and Navigation Systems

The RF Challengeremote battlefield sensors to sense troopmovements and relay the information tocentral command. In future urban warfare

situations, a network of sensors will be

used to detect and report enemy combat-

ants. This network will relay information

from one sensor to the other to enhance

the sensor coverage area. This will be a

major part of the Network-Centric

Battlefield concept.

Raytheon additionally uses its communica-

tions expertise to support products for

gathering signals for intelligence purposes.

Another planned initiative involves the

development of the Future Combat System-

Communications (FCS-C), designed to

seamlessly integrate ad-hoc mobile net-

working with adaptive full spectrum, high

data rate low-band (~10 Mbps) and high

data rate high-band (~72 Mbps) communi-

cations, with both bands employing adap-

tive beam-forming antenna technology. The

Raytheon Teams FCS-C system design will

provide assured, networked high data rate,

low probability of intercept/detection, and

anti-jam (LPI/LPD/AJ) networked communi-

cations. This will facilitate on-the-move

communications in restrictive (forested,

mountainous, urban) terrain engagements

for potential use in various types of robotic

and manned FCS vehicles. This is a quan-

tum leap from currently deployed systems

capabilities which:

Are limited to frequencies well below 1 Mbps,

Do not employ smart antennatechnology, adaptive waveforms, nora high-band subsystem that can beintegrated with low band

Do not have reliable, ad-hoc, mobile-to-mobile networking.

This communications system will create a

tactical information grid that will support

network-centric operations for all FCS vehi-

cles. By integrating both low- and high-

band radios with dynamic antenna beam-

forming technology (in an adaptive ad-hoc

mobile network), the FCS Unit Cell is fully

equipped to demonstrate superior com-

mand, control, situational awareness,

mobility, lethality, survivability and support-

ability for the FCS Objective Force. n

Military GPS receiver RF designs havealways presented unique challenges. Early

GPS RF designs relied upon dual and triple

conversion schemes to down-convert the

GPS L1 and L2 signals (1-2 GHz) to either

IF or base band, prior to signal correlation

and demodulation. These designs uti-

lized discrete, off-the-shelf, GaAs

amplifiers and mixers, with custom-built

L-band and IF filters, resulting in large

and costly designs. As digital and

microprocessor technology has

advanced, the size and cost of GPS

receivers related to signal correlation

and processing have diminished.

The RF design has, in fact, begun to

dominate the GPS receivers size and

cost. One way to reverse this trend is

through the development and use of RF

ASIC technology. The commercial GPS

manufacturers have been very successful

in developing single-chip GPS receivers

using mixed-mode, SiGe (silicon-germani-

um) ASIC technology. This commercial tech-

nology is specifically designed to support

the L1 frequency (civil) and is inexpensive,

resulting in very low cost and smaller com-

mercial GPS receivers. However, this tech-

nology is not applicable to military GPS

receivers due to limited bandwidth and

low dynamic range.

Recently due to the requirements to

incorporate 911 capabilities into cellular

telephones a number of RF component

manufacturers have been designing and

manufacturing an expanded line of inte-

grated RF devices that have applicability

to military GPS receiver designs. RF Micro

Devices and Nippon Electric Company have

both developed highly integrated GPS RF

down-converter, ASIC devices that integrate

the synthesizer, RF down converter and A/D

functions into a single ASIC. These devices,

although not specifically designed for mili-

tary GPS applications, provide performance

characteristics that allow them to be used

in, and adapted to, low-performance

military GPS applications supporting single-

frequency operation. Still, these RF ASIC

designs only marginally live up to military

GPS receiver design requirements and

cannot be used in high performance GPS

applications.

What is needed is a highly integrated RF

ASIC that has widespread applications for

both military and civil GPS use. The RF

design challenge is to use commercially

viable, RF ASIC SiGe technology in the cre-

ation of an evolutionary design that provides

the functionality required for both emerging

military anti-jam, multi-channel GPS receiver

designs, as well as offering significant

improvements to standard military and

commercial GPS receivers. Designing for the

commercial market takes advantage of the

higher-volume, commercial applications to

minimize the cost for military applications.

Specifically, the capabilities required for

this highly integrated GPS RF ASICs are as

follows:

C/A, Y, and M code compatibility

L1, L2, L2 (civil) and L5 operation

Multi-channel RF Processing anddown conversion

Jamming Resistance

RF, IF and Digital Outputs

Continued on page 17

As shown in the systems described, RF Sensors and RF processing arekey components in a large number of Raytheons systems. RF is used to

transmit information via electromagnetic waves through space and

translate these waves into intelligible information. RF components such

as magnetrons, klystrons, amplifiers, semiconductors and MMICs have

been conceived, developed, manufactured and improved ever since

Marconis invention of the wireless telegraph in 1896.

Todays research and development at Raytheon is focused on technology

that will improve the performance and capability of current systems. This

research will afford cost-effective solutions to our customers changing

scenarios and challenges related to national defense. New and emerging

threats (such as terrorism and urban warfare) need to be counteracted

with new approaches and quick implementation of RF technology.

Raytheon possesses both the technology and the expertise to mold this

technology into solutions to combat these new threats.

Specific technology directions in research and development related to RF

components and subsystems at Raytheon include:

Solid-State Active Electronically Scanned Antennas (AESA)

High-efficiency power amplifiers

Directed energy technologies

New semiconductors, including SiGe, InP and GaN for higher levels of integration, higher power and higher speed.

High Density MMICs and TR Modules

Frequency Agile sources

Digital receivers and transmitters (signal processing)

Software Defined Radio Architectures and their implementation

Higher bandwidth and higher sensitivity RF components

Radar stealth coatings and materials

Micro Electro Mechanical Structures (MEMS) Switching

Just as important is Raytheons ongoing research and development

related to systems improvements:

Ka band frequencies for higher resolution and pointing accuracy

Integrating multiple beams and simultaneous modes into single systems

Space-time, adaptive processing (STAP) and jammer-nulling techniques

Composite airframes

Netted Communications across platforms

The Raytheon RF engineering community continues to change along with

changing system requirements by improving collaboration and communi-

cation among engineers through symposia and information sharing. In

addition, future RF engineers will be transforming themselves into sys-

tems designers as we work to find the best and most cost-effective

solutions to our customers continuing needs. n

16

THE FUTUREof RF Technology

2003 RF Symposium ProvidesInteraction With Customers

This was one of the best technology forumsthat I have participated in, says Tim Kemerley, Aerospace

Components Division Chief, Air Force Research Laboratory.

He praised the 2003 RF Systems Technology Network (RFSTN)

Symposium at the Don CeSar Resort, April 21-24, 2003,in St.

Petersberg Beach, Fla. The quality and the breadth of the

technology papers presented were very impressive, he says.

I have worked with various components of Raytheon for 30

years. It is amazing to see them coming together in a powerful

way! Thanks for inviting Department of Defense customers.

The annual Raytheon-wide symposium facilitates exchange

of research results and novel ideas for microwave, millimeter-

wave and radio-frequency technology. Reflecting this years

theme, Innovative Technology for Customer Success,

Department of Defense (DoD) participants (Raytheon cus-

tomers) attended to provide their perspectives. Usually kept

company proprietary, this was the first RF symposium where

customers were invited to participate in all technical sessions,

joining the 390 Raytheon attendees and about 170 others

from across the country who participated via webcast.

Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Science and

Technology, Dr. Charles Holland, delivered the keynote

address, stressing how selected RF technologies were

enablers of future critical missions. Dr. Bobby Junker, Head,

Information, Electronics & Information Sciences, Office of

Naval Research, described the importance of advanced multi-

function RF technologies to the Navy. Tim Kemmerly,

Aerospace Components Division Chief, Sensors Directorate,

Air Force Research Laboratory, presented an overview of Air

Force sensor technology needs and key technical challenges

for RF components. Dr Robert Leheny, Director of DARPAs

Microsystems Technology Office, gave his perspectives on

the future of microelectronics for military systems, anticipat-

ing the end of Moores Law and citing the vital role of

nanotechnology.

Customers had the opportunity to

view over 230 technical papers

presented among the four parallel

tracks. Interaction was encouraged

with two poster sessions, two work-

shops on RF Filters and Antenna,

Radome, Array Error Analysis and 30

vendor displays.

This was the fifth annual Raytheon RF Symposium. DoD

participation was very well received from Raytheon customers

and participants. It was frequently mentioned that the

interaction was worthwhile and should be encouraged in

future symposia.

Leadership Perspective GPS

Dr. PETER PAOVice PresidentTechnology

Your responsibi l i ty in aCustomer-FocusedCompany

Being a customer-focused company is the

foundation of Raytheons business strate-

gy. The three pillars of this Customer

Focused Management (CFM) strategy are

Performance, Relationships and Solutions.

But what does this mean to you as a

Raytheon engineer? What is your role in

executing this strategy? I would like to

share some of my thoughts with you.

Performance is about meeting our com-

mitments providing the best value solu-

tions to our customers. It includes system

performance, reliability, supportability,

cost, schedule, weight, size, power and a

few other critical requirements. We need

to pay attention to all these parameters in

every design phase. For example, not only

does the design have to meet performance

requirements, it must be viable and meet

cost targets. We need to have a cost

model so we can estimate production cost

during system design. We can draw similar

conclusions on reliability and maintainability.

As many of you know, this means bal-

anced design, and Raytheon Six SigmaTM is

the right tool for this purpose. I strongly

encourage you, as engineers, to learn and

practice Raytheon Six Sigma. It is the path

to follow on the journey of meeting our

total commitment.

Relationships are about building positive

and solid connections with our customers.

This can only be accomplished by under-

standing their challenges, anticipating their

needs, proactively responding to their

requests and following through on our

commitments. Most of our major pro-

grams today are built on this kind of cus-

tomer relationship. It always starts with a

few engineers determined to understand

and solve a customers problems. Building

relationships takes time but, if we persist,

customers will realize they can count on us

and our company; that is how we win

their trust and their business. To our cus-

tomers, we are Raytheon. Our attitudes,

our actions and our outcomes determine

our image. Building customer relationships

is not just for BD or program managers.

It is up to each and every one of us.

Providing solutions is our business, and

innovative technology solutions are what

we sell our customers. We must remember

that the technology is the means, not the

end. We can not do technology for

technologys sake, and we certainly cannot

let our own bias our love for the tech-

nology we develop restrict or blind us.

It is up to us to apply the most appropriate

technology to provide the best solution to

our customers, regardless of the source of

that technology. This means, one, we need

to work together as One Company to

offer the best to our customers. And, two,

we need to be lifetime learners as we

continually track global technology devel-

opment so we can apply it to solve our

customers problems.

Today our customers are facing different

challenges. Their needs are changing, and

our market is transforming at a rate that

has never been experienced before in our

industry. Companies that understand these

changes and are capable of providing

the best solutions will be the winners of

this transformation. We have that capabili-

ty but, now more than ever, this is the

time we need to be customer-focused.

When we connect with our customers,

provide superior performance and solve

their problems, we will grow our company.

For more information about Raytheon Six Sigma,

visit http://homext.ray.com/sixsigma/

Continued from page 15

To meet the dual requirements for increased

tracking performance and anti-jam, military

GPS receivers require low phase noise, high

dynamic range and precisely matched, RF

down conversion channels. In order to meet

these requirements, RF designers had to

revert back to discrete GaAs amplifiers and

mixers and precisely matched RF and IF filters.

Shown on page 15 is a two-channel RF

design for a high anti-jam GPS system. As

shown, the large, discrete RF and IF filters

dominate the design.

Raytheon is studying ways to reduce the size

and cost of these designs by a factor of 10,

using state-of-the-art SiGe 0.18 CMOS RF

ASIC technology and Thin Film Resonator

(TFR) filters. The requirements for this GPS

down converter include greater than 40 dB of

channel-to-channel isolation, greater than 70

dB of dynamic range and very small channel-

to-channel differential group delay. It is also a

priority to have more than one down convert-

er channel in an RF ASIC design.

Raytheon is leveraging

state-of-the-art technology to

greatly reduce the size and cost

of RF designs.

TFR filters provide promise, in that they have

very linear phase characteristics over the

required bandwidths and are small and low

cost. However, the TFR manufacturers are

concentrating on commercial applications.

Specific custom filter designs for military GPS

receivers using this new technology should be

developed and tested.

The GPS RF design rep