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Reconciling local and public knowledge on developing reward
mechanism for watershed service in Indonesia
Elok Mulyoutami, Betha Lusiana, Laxman Joshi, Meine van NoordwijkICRAF Southeast Asia Regional Office
Bogor, Indonesia
Outline• Multi-stakeholders knowledge system• Knowledge acquisition based on case studies• Reconciling local and policy maker’s knowledge in
the context of payment for environmental services• Conclusions
University
Scientist
Environment
Upland
Lowland
NGO’s
Private
Policy maker’s (local, regional, national)
Other gov’t institution
Local gov’t
Multi stakeholder knowledge
LocalEcological Knowledge
Public/PolicyEcologicalKnowledge
HydrologistEcological
Knowledge
Knowledge acquisition (methodology)
• Local stakeholders – RRA, individual interviews, direct observations, group discussions– snowball sample– random stratified sample
• Public/policy makers – individual and group discussion base on stakeholder analysis
• Literature review
Case study from 3 location in Indonesia
• Singkarak Lake, West Sumatra • Kapuas Hulu Basin, West Kalimantan• Lahurus spring, East Nusa Tenggara
Case 1 Kalimantan: Local knowledge on relationship of landscape and hydrological issues
Nanga Hovat
Tanjung Karang
Lunsara
Datah Diaan
Putussibau
Sibau Hilir
Sibau Hulu
Nanga Bungan
KAPUAS
MENDALAM
SIBAU
Sayut
upstream
midstream
downstream
Village
Gold mining
Upland paddy fieldMature tapped rubber
Sub village
Traditional agroforestry system (tembawang)FishingNewly established local rubber
Newly established clonal rubber
Legend
Upstream Mid-region Downstream
Issues Riverbanks collapse Soil erosionSedimentation
FloodsRiverbank collapse, Soil erosionSedimentation
Causing factors
Degraded riparian zonesSoil structure (sandy)
Reduction of forest coverDegraded riparian zonesSoil structures and high rainfall
Land use Traditionally managed complex agroforest (Tembawang system) and dryland field
Rubber systems Semi-permanent upland systems (dry and wetland)
Rubber systems and Semi-permanent upland (dry and wetland),Vegetable patch
Livelihood Hunter and gathering NTFP: eaglewood (Aquilarria sp.), swiftlet nests
Upland rice (fallow systems), rice fieldLivestock breedingTrader
What needs to be done
•Enrichment ‘Tembawang or traditional agroforestry system’•Reducing erosion with planting trees e.g Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri)•Establishing riverbank terraces or ‘barao or terrace mechanic’ to prevent bank collapse
Case 2 Policy maker’s reforestation programme
on Sumatra: Pine (Pinus merkusii) (since 1978)
Perception of villagers surrounding Singkarak lake:• Pines absorb a lot of water from
soil because they have deep roots
• Pines have needles with smooth surface that allows rapid water evaporation
• Dry needles of pines burn easily when dry.
• Holding water capacity of pines root is low
Pines
Needles leaf
Fire hazard.
Cutting Deep root
Land coverage
Soil evaporation
Groundwater
Water Source
Used for fire wood and hut.
Tree density
Banio, Surian, Bayua, Madang (Natural Forest)
Big leaf
Crop
Grass
Season
Type of Soil
Dry
Rainy
Dry
Rainy
Clay
Limestone
After several years… policy makers or public perception• Pine tree planting is a problem in terms of inducing excessive water
use and fire risk. • Pines do impact negatively on catchment function.• Planting of broad leaf trees is better as they use less water.
Perception of people surrounding Lahurus spring about Teak• Teak leaves release a lot of water in air (transpiration)• The amount of water absorbed by Teak is high• Teak makes soil dry• Teak is very competitive for water• Teak should not be planted near other valuable plants
Terraces
Steep slopes
Runoff
Soil erosion
Spring recharge
Soil infiltration
Ground water
Solum depth
Top soil loss
Soil fertility
Teak (Tectona grandis)
Soil evaporation
Forest cover
Canopy closure
Litter thickness
Soil moisture
Root system
Soil type
Case 3 Policy maker’s reforestation programme on
Nusa Tenggara Teak (Tectona grandis) - 1990
Local beliefs about traditional agroforestry system around the spring (mamar) and trees
• Protection of forests/vegetation around springs will maintain water quality and quantity
• Following trees are good for water in the springs: kelapa hutan (Pandanus sp.), jambu air hutan (Syzigium spp), beringin (Ficus sp), mahoni (mahogany), johar/black-wood cassia (Senna siamea), mangga hitam (Mangivera sp), kelapa (coconut), pinang /betelnut (Areca catechu) and kemiri/candlenut (Aleurites moluccana)
Difference characteristics of local and public/policy maker knowledge
Local knowledge Public knowledge
Knowledge holder Local community Multi stakeholder, Multi categories and levels
Generation process
Through long periods of trial-and-error; enlightened guesses, and adaptation
Through some formal education, training, workshop, and sometimes informalLimited by institutional interest
Scope Site specific: plot and landscape level
Covering wide (basin and landscape) area
Characteristics Influence by physical characteristics, social and cultural valueGaps on some detailsExplanatoryInterdisciplinary and holistic
Influenced by structural and political environment (interest and power relation)Exploratory, General, covering wide issues
Approach Plot level and landscape level Landscape level to wider level (basin)
S c i e n ti fi c u n d e rs t a n d i n g w i l l s t re n gt h e n t h e p re d i c t a b i l i t y.
• The importance of study local knowledge: – wisdom, insight realistic– legitimacy of action voluntary– possible criteria and indicator conditionality
• The importance of inclusion of public or policy maker’s knowledge– Previous or existing action or policy condition – realistic– Role of each stakeholder – voluntary– Risk assessment, resolution conflict
• Knowledge articulation can help in understanding similarities, differences and gaps in the knowledge systems of stakeholder groups lead to strategic communication
• Reconciling the knowledge system of each stakeholder is an important step on building strategic communication as a platform for negotiation on integrated natural resource management e.g. reward mechanisms
• Science understanding will strengthen the prediction, together with local and policy makers knowledge can indicate appropriate actions
C o n c l u d i n g r e m a r k s
Thank you