THEPROTESTANT

REFORMATION

ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

Counter Reformation Approach #1

• The Inquisition– Spanish and Roman– Believed they were saving people’s souls– Burned at the stake and other torture techniques– Persecution of Jewish and Muslim converts– Those who confessed or were found guilty were

pronounced together in a public ceremony at the end of all the processes. Penances might consist of a pilgrimage, a public scourging, a fine, or the wearing of a cross.

Approach #2

• Missionaries– Jesuits– Swear oaths of loyalty to the Pope– Loyola and The Spiritual Exercises– Missions in the New World

Approach #3

Council of TrentWould not reconcile with ProtestantsCurbed abuses with indulgencesSet up new schools for clergyConfirmed the authority of the PopeDefined Church teachings in the areas of Scripture and Tradition, Original Sin, Justification, Sacraments, the Eucharist in Holy Mass and the veneration of saints

Approach #4

• Index of Prohibited Books

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_S81oSR2AA

The Baroque

• See Other power point

Tenets of the Roman Catholic Church

• Hierarchy

The RCC

• Transubstantiation• Indulgences• Worship of Saints• Sources of authority: Bible and High Church Officials• Purgatory• Clerical celibacy• Monasticism

The RCC

• 7 Sacraments– Baptism, – Confirmation, – Holy Communion, Confession, – Marriage, – Holy Orders,– and the Anointing of the Sick

Problems within the Church in the 16th Century

• Role Plays• Papal Behavior

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfpRk9FOFegPope Alexander VI

What does this image reveal about the status of the RCC on the eve of the Reformation?

• The Babylonian Captivity

• The Great Schism• Jan Hus• John Wyclif

• Summary of what they believed or were about

• Explain how they or it would have weakened the RCC before Martin Luther

Tetzel

• Staunch Catholic• Sold Indulgences for the

St. Peter’s Cathedral• “A Coin in the Coffer

Rings, a soul from Purgatory springs!”

• Grand Inquisitor• Condemned for

embezzlement• Later found not guilty

Cards for Calvin and Zwingli

• Where are they from and where did they establish religious communities

• Beliefs about salvation• Beliefs about the

sacrament• Beliefs about the ideal

society

• Beliefs about the separation of church and state

• Other….

Cards for Calvin and Zwingli

• Years living• Ideas about salvation• 3 additional ideas about religion (beliefs)• Where they established their model religious

communities

Knox

• Scottish Reformer• Presbyterian Church• Called for the death of

Mary, Queen of Scotland• Influenced by John Calvin• "None have I corrupted,

none have I defrauded; merchandise have I not made.“

Anabaptists

• No infant baptism• Women could hold

church offices• Mistreated• Model or utopian

communities• Tolerant of other

religions

• http://www.henryviiiandthetudors.co.uk/quiz.htm

• What do the clothes suggest about this person’s social status?

• What does the artist want you to think of this person?

• What characteristics or personality traits might this person possess?

The Tudors

• Family Tree– How long did the family reign?– How many female rulers were there in the Tudor

dynasty?– How many wives did Henry VIII have?– Identify two additional things that the timeline

teaches you.

New Inventions in Tudor times

• Tennis• Sugar• Carpet• First shopping mall• First flushing toilet• Upholstered furniture

Life in Tudor England• The average person drank 8 pints

of “weak beer” per day (even children).

• 9 out of 10 people died before age 40.

• Bathing was considered unhealthy.

• People wanted their teeth to rot to prove that they could afford sugar.

• Girls could marry at age 12 and boys 14; they had to live with their parents until age 16 though.

Henry VIII

• "His Majesty is the handsomest potentate I ever set eyes on; above the usual height, with an extremely fine calf to his leg, his complexion fair and bright, with auburn hair, combed straight and short in the French fashion, and a round face so very beautiful that it would become a pretty woman, his throat was rather long and thick"

The wives

• http://www.henryviiiandthetudors.co.uk/wives.htm (info and children)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fadCAHjN-s

Charles V 1500-1558

• He ruled over extensive domains in Central, Western, and Southern Europe; and the Spanish colonies in the Americas and Asia

• Raised in the Netherlands• Charles was born and raised in

the Netherlands, but spent most of his time as a monarch in Spain, leaving his German provinces to be governed by Hapsburg cousins

• "Plus Ultra", "Even Further"• Staunch Catholic• 40 Year Reign

Charles V

• Age of Exploration and colonies

• Reformation• Ottoman Turks

encroaching on Southeastern Europe

• Most significant enemies, from his point of view, were Catholic France and the Moslem Turks.

Charles V

• Why would he allow limited Protestant practice in the Holy Roman Empire?

• Why would the spread of Protestantism be a threat to him politically?

• Imperial army sacked Rome in 1527 and drove the Pope into exile because he allied himself with Charles' enemy Francis I.

Charles V

• Reinstated power of the nobles in Spain

• Wealthy Spain during his reign…but the beginning of the end (gold and silver from the New World to fight his wars)

Charles V

• Retired to a monastery in 1556

• Died in 1558

German Peasants’ WarDBQ

• On the back of the Venn• Causes and Reactions (cite the documents)• Each team member should site bias that he or

she sees in a document

Martin Luther

• The man, the myth, the legend!• http://video.pbs.org/video/1379563195/– 5 things learned every 10 minutes

Worldliness – luxurious and materialistic lifestyles of popes and high clergyNepotism – appointing relatives to Church positions to the Church regardless of abilitySimony – buying and selling of Church positionsIndulgences – accepting $ for Church pardons

CAUSES

Clerical pluralism – holding more than one officeClerical ignorance – many priests were illiterate Clerical immorality – gambling, drinking, concubines of women

CAUSES

POPE ALEXANDER VI (1492-1503)

Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377) – Popes lived in Avignon under French KingsGreat Schism (1378-1417) – struggle for Church Supremacy – rival popes Avignon and Rome claim to be the true Pope (3 Popes??? Authority???)Conciliar Movement – periodic councils, assemblies to reform the Church

DECLINE IN PAPAL PRESTIGE

CONCIL OF CONSTANCE

1414- 1418Three objectivesEND SCHISMWIPE OF HERESYELECT A NEW POPE

MARTIN V (1417-1431)

Satire on

Popery1555

Middle Ages (500-1500) – civilizing agentMissionaries – converted the pagan populationHospitals – care for the sickCathedrals and Monasteries – centers for learningPope Leo III crowned Charlemagne 800 C.E. – foundations of the HREPapal States – Pepin the Short (714?-68) granted land to the Pope

POWER OF THE RCC

HRE – “The HRE was neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an

Empire” – VoltaireOriginally Charlemagne

“Emperor of the Romans”Loose confederation of 300+

StatesHoly Roman Emperor elected

by 7 Elector StatesHapsburg Family – Austria –

Powerful (1440-1806)

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

Investiture Controversy – power struggle kings and popes during the Middle Ages1075 Pope Gregory VII – only the Pope could name BishopsGerman King Henry IV challenged the decree claiming Kings had the right to name BishopsKing Henry IV excommunicated – eventually back down

CHALLENGES TO POWER

John Wycliffe (1328?-1384) – English PriestCondemned the wealth and worldliness of the RCCBible highest religious authorityTranslated the Bible into EnglishDenounced by the Pope – followers Lollards harshly persecuted

LUTHER’S PREDECCSORS

MARTIN LUTHERMartin Luther

Great Man?OR

Man of His Times?

WHY WAS LUTHER SUCCESSFUL?

SocialPoliticalReligiousIntellectua

lTechnolog

yEconomic

Reformo – latin “to form again, mold anew, or revive”“Scripture alone” – Bible sole authority, salvation cannot be bought and sold“Faith alone” – Salvation through God’s grace not good works“Christ alone” – No other mediator b/w God and humanity, rejects the hierarchy of the RCC“Glory of God alone” – vocationBible translated into Vernacular (Luther’s German Bible)

REFORMATION THEOLOGY

CONSEQUENCESEnd of a united ChristendomBrutal, bloody wars of religion, religious persecutionReligious, Social, Political conflicts intermingledEmphasis on education – establishment of modern languages (German, English) not LatinConfiscation of Church lands increased power for rulersNew emphasis place on family and marriage

CONSEQUENCESCounter Reformation – RCC reaffirmation of traditional Catholic theologyGrowth of Capitalism – material success a sign of Grace, moral discipline, and individualismItaly, Spain, Austria, Hungary, Poland, S. Germany (Catholic)N. Germany, Baltic region (Lutheran)Scotland, Switzerland, Holland (Calvinist)England (Anglican)

CONSEQUENCES

DID LUTHER SAVE OR DESTROY THE RCC?