Reformation IIReformation II

Zwingli, etc.Zwingli, etc.

Huldrych ZwingliHuldrych Zwingli Influenced by ErasmusInfluenced by Erasmus Beliefs were important Beliefs were important

for integration of church for integration of church and stateand state

Bible carried a social Bible carried a social messagemessage

Stressed divine origins Stressed divine origins of civil governmentof civil government

Huldrych ZwingliHuldrych Zwingli

1484-1531—Brought reformed religion to 1484-1531—Brought reformed religion to ZurichZurich

Educated at University of BaselEducated at University of Basel Influenced by humanismInfluenced by humanism Preacher among Swiss mercenary troops that Preacher among Swiss mercenary troops that

fought for the empire.fought for the empire. Met Erasmus in BaselMet Erasmus in Basel Studied Greek writings of the Church fathers Studied Greek writings of the Church fathers

and New Testamentand New Testament

1519, Zwingli struck with plague and survived1519, Zwingli struck with plague and survived Life and death struggle influenced his Life and death struggle influenced his

realization of the power of God’s mercyrealization of the power of God’s mercy Elected as people’s priest in 1519Elected as people’s priest in 1519 Did not preach from prescribed readings, but Did not preach from prescribed readings, but

would rely on Erasmus’ New Testament and would rely on Erasmus’ New Testament and preach it A to Zpreach it A to Z

Believed that Church had to recover its earlier Believed that Church had to recover its earlier purity and reject innovations brought by purity and reject innovations brought by successive popes and councilssuccessive popes and councils

Zwingli believedZwingli believed Equality of believersEquality of believers Justification by faith aloneJustification by faith alone Sufficiency of the gospel as authority for church Sufficiency of the gospel as authority for church

practicespractices Attacked indulgences, penance, clerical celibacy, Attacked indulgences, penance, clerical celibacy,

prayers to the Virgin, statues and images in prayers to the Virgin, statues and images in churches and many other abuses.churches and many other abuses.

Stressed that mass was to be viewed as Stressed that mass was to be viewed as commemorative event, not one that involved the commemorative event, not one that involved the real presence of Christreal presence of Christ

Called communion the “Lord’s Supper”Called communion the “Lord’s Supper” Zurich’s town council adopted these as basis for Zurich’s town council adopted these as basis for

religious reform.religious reform.

Protestant ThoughtProtestant Thought

How is one to be How is one to be

Saved?Saved?

By both faith andBy both faith and

And good worksAnd good works

Faith aloneFaith alone

W/m savedW/m saved

God’s decisionGod’s decision

Where does Where does

Religious authority Religious authority lie?lie?

Both Bible andBoth Bible and

Traditional teach-Traditional teach-ings of the churchings of the church

Word of God Word of God

Revealed in BibleRevealed in Bible

Each person Each person decidesdecides

What is highest What is highest

Form of Christian Form of Christian life?life?

Monastic religious Monastic religious life higher than life higher than secularsecular

All vocations have All vocations have equal meritequal merit

What is the What is the Church?Church?

Id with clergy, Id with clergy, taught community taught community of believersof believers

Entire community Entire community of believersof believers

Clerical, hierarchical Clerical, hierarchical institution headed by popeinstitution headed by pope

Spiritual priesthood of all Spiritual priesthood of all believers not fixed in one believers not fixed in one personperson

Church is structured, pope Church is structured, pope interprets doctrineinterprets doctrine

Invisibility of the church; Invisibility of the church; faith requires no faith requires no institutional structureinstitutional structure

Seven sacraments: Seven sacraments: baptism, penance, baptism, penance, Eucharist, confirmation, Eucharist, confirmation, marriage, holy orders, marriage, holy orders, extreme unctionextreme unction

Scriptures support only Scriptures support only three sacraments: baptism, three sacraments: baptism, penance, Eucharistpenance, Eucharist

Transubstantiation: bread Transubstantiation: bread and wine actual body and and wine actual body and blood of Christblood of Christ

Consubstantiation: bread Consubstantiation: bread and wine not transformed and wine not transformed but Christ is presentbut Christ is present

Societal ImpactsSocietal Impacts

Pulpit and printing press spread Luther’s Pulpit and printing press spread Luther’s messagemessage

Many turned to his ideasMany turned to his ideas City governments resented clerical privileges and City governments resented clerical privileges and

immunitiesimmunities Paid no taxesPaid no taxes Did not defend townsDid not defend towns Held substantial city propertiesHeld substantial city properties

Irregularity and poor quality of sermons Irregularity and poor quality of sermons criticizedcriticized

Prosperous burghers established preacherships Prosperous burghers established preacherships Preachers ere well-educated and had to deliver 100 Preachers ere well-educated and had to deliver 100

sermons of 45 minutes each per yearsermons of 45 minutes each per year After 1517, these preachers taught Luther’s ideas After 1517, these preachers taught Luther’s ideas

and became Protestant leadersand became Protestant leaders Peasants in countryside followed Luther: he Peasants in countryside followed Luther: he

himself had been a peasanthimself had been a peasant Respected Luther’s defiance of the ChurchRespected Luther’s defiance of the Church ““A Christian man is the most free lord of all and A Christian man is the most free lord of all and

subject to none.” incited social unrestsubject to none.” incited social unrest

Peasant EconomyPeasant Economy Worse than in 15Worse than in 15thth Century’ Century’ 1523 and 1524: Crop failures 1523 and 1524: Crop failures

aggravated an explosive situationaggravated an explosive situation 1525: Representatives of Swabian 1525: Representatives of Swabian

peasants met in Memmingen and peasants met in Memmingen and drew up drew up The Twelve ArticlesThe Twelve Articles

The Twelve ArticlesThe Twelve Articles Condemned lay and ecclesiastical lordsCondemned lay and ecclesiastical lords Summarized agrarian crisis of 16Summarized agrarian crisis of 16 thth Century Century PROBLEMS:PROBLEMS: Nobles seized village common landsNobles seized village common lands New rents on manorial properties imposedNew rents on manorial properties imposed New services required of peasants working on New services required of peasants working on

such propertiessuch properties Peasants had to pay unjust death dutiesPeasants had to pay unjust death duties Peasants believed that their demands Peasants believed that their demands

conformed to the Scriptures: thought Luther conformed to the Scriptures: thought Luther could prove itcould prove it

Luther wanted to prevent rebellionLuther wanted to prevent rebellion Initially he sided with peasants, but later sided Initially he sided with peasants, but later sided

w/lords: Luther did not support armed w/lords: Luther did not support armed rebellionrebellion

Peasant Rebellion: used Luther’s words as Peasant Rebellion: used Luther’s words as their reasoning “God’s Righteousness”their reasoning “God’s Righteousness”

Freedom for Luther was freedom to obey word Freedom for Luther was freedom to obey word of God, not freedom in opposition to legal of God, not freedom in opposition to legal established social orderestablished social order

He encouraged the princes to crush the peasant He encouraged the princes to crush the peasant rebellion: 75-100,000 peasants killed in 1525.rebellion: 75-100,000 peasants killed in 1525.

This greatly strengthened the This greatly strengthened the authority of lay rulers and the state authority of lay rulers and the state over the churchover the church

Peasant conditions moderately Peasant conditions moderately improvedimproved

Enclosed lands were returned to Enclosed lands were returned to common usecommon use

Women and the ReformationWomen and the Reformation France:France: Margarite of Navarre (1492-1549) sister of Margarite of Navarre (1492-1549) sister of

Francis I of France (a Catholic) intervened on Francis I of France (a Catholic) intervened on behalf of Lutherans who were condemned by behalf of Lutherans who were condemned by Church authoritiesChurch authorities

Created her own court in south of FranceCreated her own court in south of France Devotional poem: Devotional poem: Mirror of the Sinful SoulMirror of the Sinful Soul

inspired women reformers and was translated inspired women reformers and was translated into English by Elizabeth I.into English by Elizabeth I.

Mary of Hungary (1505-1558)Mary of Hungary (1505-1558) Sister of Charles V and Ferdinand I, as well as Sister of Charles V and Ferdinand I, as well as

Queen of Hungary, she later became regent of Queen of Hungary, she later became regent of the Netherlandsthe Netherlands

Was patron to Hungarian reformersWas patron to Hungarian reformers Mary was more humanist than protestantMary was more humanist than protestant But Luther dedicated an edition of his Psalms But Luther dedicated an edition of his Psalms

to herto her Mary read Luther’s worksMary read Luther’s works Her religious independence infuriated her Her religious independence infuriated her

brothersbrothers

PolandPoland Bona (1493-1558), wife of Sigismund I of Bona (1493-1558), wife of Sigismund I of

Poland important to eastern reformPoland important to eastern reform Spread both Renaissance art and humanist Spread both Renaissance art and humanist

learning in Polandlearning in Poland She was one of the largest landowners in She was one of the largest landowners in

PolandPoland She initiated widespread agricultural and She initiated widespread agricultural and

economic reformseconomic reforms Her private confessor was one of Poland’s Her private confessor was one of Poland’s

leading Protestantsleading Protestants

Impact on average womenImpact on average women Doctrine of equality of all believers put men Doctrine of equality of all believers put men

and women on equal spiritual footing—men and women on equal spiritual footing—men still dominated the ministrystill dominated the ministry

Family life became the center of faith when Family life became the center of faith when salvation was removed from control of the salvation was removed from control of the Church.Church.

Education of girls became importantEducation of girls became important Girls’ schools were founded in German citiesGirls’ schools were founded in German cities Townspeople could use their new skills as Townspeople could use their new skills as

shopkeepers, family accountants, teachersshopkeepers, family accountants, teachers

Home became focus of the faith: love Home became focus of the faith: love tenderness, reconciliationtenderness, reconciliation

Women no longer had to confess their sexual Women no longer had to confess their sexual liveslives

Marriage was seen as a cure for clerical Marriage was seen as a cure for clerical concupiscenceconcupiscence

Marriage became a woman’s career: raising Marriage became a woman’s career: raising children, keeping the home, work in the children, keeping the home, work in the churchchurch

BUTBUT removal of female images (saints) from removal of female images (saints) from churches caused Protestantism to become male churches caused Protestantism to become male dominateddominated

Bible reading reinforced image of women as Bible reading reinforced image of women as weak and sinful.weak and sinful.

Germany and Protestant reformGermany and Protestant reform

Germany not centralizedGermany not centralized Power resided in local lords, who Power resided in local lords, who

strengthened their hold on territories and strengthened their hold on territories and weakened imperial powerweakened imperial power

7 elector representatives elected Charles 7 elector representatives elected Charles V to be Holy Roman Emperor in 1519—V to be Holy Roman Emperor in 1519—he was 19he was 19

Hapsburg Dynasty:Hapsburg Dynasty: Maximilian I Mary of Maximilian I Mary of FerdinandFerdinand IsabellaIsabella Of Hapsburg of Burgundy of AragonOf Hapsburg of Burgundy of Aragon of Castilleof Castille

Philip JoannaPhilip Joanna Catherine Henry VIII Catherine Henry VIII of Burgundy of Castileof Burgundy of Castile of Aragonof Aragon of of

EnglandEngland

Charles VCharles V

Phillip IIPhillip II Mary TudorMary Tudor

Charles V (HRE)Charles V (HRE)

Believed he was on path to world monarchyBelieved he was on path to world monarchy His duty was to maintain political and His duty was to maintain political and

religious unity of Western Christiandomreligious unity of Western Christiandom Germans proposed governmental reforms:Germans proposed governmental reforms:

Place administration in hands of imperial council Place administration in hands of imperial council whose president (emperor’s appointee) had whose president (emperor’s appointee) had executive powerexecutive power

Imperial financesImperial finances ArmyArmy judiciaryjudiciary

Charles V not interested in reform:Charles V not interested in reform: 1521—11521—1stst Diet of Worms: goal to be Diet of Worms: goal to be

sole ruler of Empire;sole ruler of Empire; Wanted to be treated greater than Wanted to be treated greater than

predecessors because he was more predecessors because he was more powerfulpowerful

German revenues and German troops German revenues and German troops were subordinate to needs of other were subordinate to needs of other parts of the empire: Burgundy was first parts of the empire: Burgundy was first priority, then Spainpriority, then Spain

Political ImpactPolitical Impact

PatriotismPatriotism Anti-Roman SentimentAnti-Roman Sentiment Humanism: Translation of BibleHumanism: Translation of Bible 1520: 1520: Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the

German NationGerman Nation: gained Luther strong support : gained Luther strong support of noblesof nobles

Charles VCharles V

Defended CatholicismDefended Catholicism Co-existence of 2 religions not deemed Co-existence of 2 religions not deemed

possiblepossible Did not understand political situation in Did not understand political situation in

GermanyGermany Did not have resources to oppose ProtestantsDid not have resources to oppose Protestants Turkish threatTurkish threat 1521-1555 France and Charles V warred1521-1555 France and Charles V warred

Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg

1555, Peace signed that accepted status quo1555, Peace signed that accepted status quo Recognized LutheranismRecognized Lutheranism Each prince determined the religion in his Each prince determined the religion in his

realmrealm North+Central Germany LutheranNorth+Central Germany Lutheran South CatholicSouth Catholic NOFREEDOM OF RELIGION!!NOFREEDOM OF RELIGION!!

John CalvinJohn Calvin

Born in NW France 1509 (1564)Born in NW France 1509 (1564) Catholic, then Protestant 1533, then CalvinistCatholic, then Protestant 1533, then Calvinist Believed he was selected to reform the churchBelieved he was selected to reform the church 1541: went to Geneva to establish Christian 1541: went to Geneva to establish Christian

SocietySociety Institutes of the Christian ReligionInstitutes of the Christian Religion: :

PredestinationPredestination

Genevan SocietyGenevan Society

High standards of moralityHigh standards of morality Complete mastery of scripturesComplete mastery of scriptures Genevan Catechism: memorization of set Genevan Catechism: memorization of set

questions and answersquestions and answers Genevan Consistory: 12 laymen and Pastors to Genevan Consistory: 12 laymen and Pastors to

keep watch on people’s lives; goal to correct keep watch on people’s lives; goal to correct wrongswrongs

1542-1546: 76 banished 58 executed1542-1546: 76 banished 58 executed

Most perfect school of Christ since ApostlesMost perfect school of Christ since Apostles Religious refugees visitedReligious refugees visited Model for Presbyterian church of ScotlandModel for Presbyterian church of Scotland

Huguenot Church in FranceHuguenot Church in France Puritan church in EnglandPuritan church in England

For Women:For Women: Sense of belongingSense of belonging Husband had authority over familyHusband had authority over family Wife obedientWife obedient Outlet for sexual desires in marriageOutlet for sexual desires in marriage

Religious feelings in home:Religious feelings in home: PrayingPraying Recite catechismRecite catechism Read Bible to children/servantsRead Bible to children/servants Aid poorAid poor Wealth women founded schoolsWealth women founded schools Set up orphanagesSet up orphanages Dowries for girlsDowries for girls Funds for poor widowsFunds for poor widows

International Protestantism:International Protestantism: All work dignifiedAll work dignified Hard work done well was pleasing to Hard work done well was pleasing to

GodGod Aggressive, vigorous activismAggressive, vigorous activism

AnabaptistsAnabaptists

““to baptize again”to baptize again” Only a few could receive inner lightOnly a few could receive inner light Religious tolerationReligious toleration Did not force values on othersDid not force values on others All churches independentAll churches independent Own ministers and own affairsOwn ministers and own affairs Women admitted to ministryWomen admitted to ministry

Shared goodsShared goods Refused public officesRefused public offices No conscriptionNo conscription Stressed pacifismStressed pacifism Good deeds= sign of Christian faithGood deeds= sign of Christian faith Immitate meekness and mercy of Immitate meekness and mercy of

ChristChrist

FollowersFollowers

Attracted poor, unemployed uneducatedAttracted poor, unemployed uneducated Separation of church and stateSeparation of church and state Suffered fanatical hatred and persecutionSuffered fanatical hatred and persecution Today: Quakers, Baptists, Today: Quakers, Baptists,

CongregationalistsCongregationalists US constitutionUS constitution

English RefomationEnglish Refomation

Lollards driven underground 15Lollards driven underground 15 thth Century Century Ideas attracted working class:Ideas attracted working class: Individual interpretation of BibleIndividual interpretation of Bible No stock in value of sacramentsNo stock in value of sacraments Anti-clericalAnti-clerical Opposed ecclesiastical wealth, veneration of Opposed ecclesiastical wealth, veneration of

saints, prayers for dead, all warsaints, prayers for dead, all war Individual’s soul directly responsible to GodIndividual’s soul directly responsible to God

William TyndaleWilliam Tyndale

1524: calls for reform1524: calls for reform Visits Luther in WittenbergVisits Luther in Wittenberg 1525: printed New Testament in English1525: printed New Testament in English Distributed by LollardsDistributed by Lollards Lollards still in minority, but ideas gained Lollards still in minority, but ideas gained

supportsupport

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Married Catherine of Aragon—his brother Married Catherine of Aragon—his brother Arthur’s widowArthur’s widow

Pope Julius II gave a papal dispensation for Pope Julius II gave a papal dispensation for the marriage: the marriage: LeviticusLeviticus

Catherine has only one surviving child: MaryCatherine has only one surviving child: Mary Does not want anarchy or disputed successionDoes not want anarchy or disputed succession

—wants son—wants son 1527--Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn 1527--Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn

Appeals to Pope Clement VII to annul Appeals to Pope Clement VII to annul marriagemarriage

Pope Clement refusesPope Clement refuses 1527, Charles V had sacked Rome1527, Charles V had sacked Rome Henry removes English church from papal Henry removes English church from papal

jurisdiction through Parliament:jurisdiction through Parliament: 1533: Act in Restraint of Appeals1533: Act in Restraint of Appeals 1534: Act for the Submission of the Clergy 1534: Act for the Submission of the Clergy

and Oath of Allegianceand Oath of Allegiance 1534: Supremacy Act1534: Supremacy Act 1536:Act of Succession1536:Act of Succession

Henry’s WivesHenry’s Wives

Anne Boleyn has one daughter, Elizabeth Anne Boleyn has one daughter, Elizabeth 1536: Henry charges her with adultry and she 1536: Henry charges her with adultry and she

is beheadedis beheaded 1536: Henry marries Jane Semour: has 1536: Henry marries Jane Semour: has

Edward, she dies in childbirthEdward, she dies in childbirth Anne of ClevesAnne of Cleves Catherine HowardCatherine Howard Catherine ParrCatherine Parr

1535-1539: Dissolution of the monasteries1535-1539: Dissolution of the monasteries Overseen by Thomas CromwellOverseen by Thomas Cromwell Henry gets landHenry gets land Nationalization of church and dissolution of Nationalization of church and dissolution of

monasteries led to important changes in monasteries led to important changes in governmentgovernment