Renewable Energy II

Hydroelectric power systems

high initial investment, low operating cost, long life expectancyno emissions; high capacity, reliabilityreservoirs provide water storage for navigation, irrigation, water supplyflood control, controlled discharge for recreation, fishing

reservoirs flood valuable land; displacement of towns; cultural historyreservoirs may increase evaporation and salinity of waterwater quality may decline due to impoundmentnatural fluctuations in stream flow are reduced – flooding reduced, but...temperature regimes are disrupted – cold water releasedsediment starvation of downstream system

Colorado River – Lake Powell, Lake Mead

Yangtze River – Three Gorges Dam

Nile River – Aswan High Dam

http://www.quarryscapes.no/images/Egypt_sites/aswan_loc.jpg

Aswan High Dam

Completed in 1970

Significant flood controland irrigation advantages

Floodplains downstreamstarved of new sedimentinput.

Delta subsidenceand erosion

Salinity

Destruction anddamage tocultural sites

http://72.232.229.42/thumb/e/e0/Aswan_High_Dam.jpg/200px-Aswan_High_Dam.jpg

http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/images/lw/photos-ancient-egypt_abu-simbel-temple.jpg

http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/images/geog04b.jpg

http://www.cnsm.csulb.edu/departments/geology/people/bperry/geology303/_derived/geol303text.html_txt_NileDeltaEgypt.A2000060.0855.NASA.gif

http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/Three-Gorges-Dam-Map.jpg

Three Gorges Dam

Yangtze River

Hydropower to offsetnew coal-fired plants, flood control

Ecosystem impacts,water quality concernssocial displacement

Earthquakes?

http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/Three%20Gorges%20Dam%204.jpg

http://www.blogthebest.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/three-gorge-dam-01.jpg

Tidal and Wave Power

Tidal systems generally require a control dam (‘barrage’) to directflow through turbines.Some tidal systems have sufficient velocity to drive turbines without impoundment

Wave systems - experimental; disappointing to date

Geothermal

Steam and hot waterHot dry rock – injection and recovery of steam or hot water has beenproblematic

Ground, groundwater and lake geothermal – heat pump systemDepend on low-temperature (66-39 F heat exchangeprovide air conditioningClosed loop systems preferred

http://www.mywindpowersystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/renewable-energy-tidal-2.gif

Tidal barrage systems – Loire estuary, France

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_cwrSE63jF7Y/R_uFKPAwsbI/AAAAAAAAARM/Tt0rHa96yhQ/s400/la_rance_tidal_power_plant.jpg

http://cache.gizmodo.com/assets/images/gizmodo/2008/07/seagen.jpg

http://home.clara.net/darvill/altenerg/images/wave.jpg

http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/proto1.jpg

Wave power – experimentalsystems to date

“Hot’ geothermal systems currently in operation depend onnatural recharge of cool surface water which is heated byhot rock or magma in areas of volcanic activity.

http://www.quantecgeoscience.com/Q_images/HotDryRockDiagram.jpg

Hot dry rock systemsrequire injection of cool surface water andproduction of steam or hotwater from fractured rockat depth.

These systems have not beensuccessfully developed to date. Loss of water to dry rock, and possible triggeringof earthquakes are ongoingproblems.

http://www.harreither.com/typo3temp/pics/d60ec24fd8.jpg

Ground (c) and groundwater (b) geothermal.

http://www.acegeo.com/_wp_generated/pp26641064.jpg

Lake or pond geothermal. Water at bottom of lakedoes not cool below 4C (39F). Heat pump requiredfor residential heating.

Craine Lake - a 22 acre private lake about 5 miles south of Hamilton.

Geothermal potential for 36 residences around the lake??

Craine LakeBathymetric Map

Depth Contours in Meters

Catie Carr – 8/27/08

100 meters

North

UT

M N

ort

hin

g N

AD

83

UTM Easting NAD 83

22-25oC

10-22oC

<10oC

100 meters

North

Craine LakeSummer Temperatures

UT

M N

ort

hin

g N

AD

83

UTM Easting NAD 83

TemperatureAugust, 2008

10 meters

5 meters

Lake surface

summer bottom water<10oC

summer surface layer22-25oC

thermocline layer

Summer thermal structure

Temperature Range

Volume of water

Cooling Capacity

in BTU (based on 2oC degree

temp. difference)

22-25 oC 438,000 m3

118,000,000 gallons

Not calculated

10-22 oC 59,800 m3

15,000,000 gallons

3 x 108 BTU

500 cooling days at 6000 BTU/hr

<10 oC 12,200 m3

3,000,000

6 x 107 BTU

100 cooling days at 6000 BTU/hr

<3.5oC

3.5-4.0oC

100 meters

North

UT

M N

ort

hin

g N

AD

83

UTM Easting NAD 83

Temperature February, 2009

10 meters

5 meters

Lake surface

slightly warmer bottom water<3.5 – 4.0 C

cold surface layer less than 3.5oC

Winter thermal structure

Temperature Range

Volume of water

Heating Capacity

in BTU (based on 2oC

temperature difference)

<3.5 oC 467,000 m3

125,000,000 gallons

3.2 x 109 BTU

(23,000 heating days at 6000 BTU/hr)

3.5-4.0 oC 43,000 m3

11,000,000 gallons

2.8 x 108 BTU

(12,000 heating days at 6000 BTU/hr)