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The Respiratory
System
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Respiration: Three Major
Steps1. Pulmonary ventilation Moving air in and out of lungs2.
External respiration Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
3. nternal respiration Gas exchange between blood and cells
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Organs of the Respiratory
System !pper respiratory system "ose and pharynx
#ower respiratory system #arynx$ trachea$ bronchi$ bronchioles$
and lungs
%&onducting 'one( consists of )ll airways that carry air to
lungs*
"ose$ pharynx$ trachea$ larynx$ bronchi$ bronchioles$
andterminal bronchioles
%+espiratory 'one( ,ites within lungs where gas exchange
occurs
+espiratory bronchioles$ alveolar ducts$ alveolar sacs$and
alveoli
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Upper Respiratory System:
Nose
-unctions arm$ humidify$ filter/trap dust and microbes
Mucus and cilia of epithelial cells lining nose
0etect olfactory stimuli
Modify vocal sounds
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Upper Respiratory System:
Pharynx
nown as the %throat( ,tructure -unnelshaped tube from internal
nares to larynx
3 parts
hree regions !pper* nasopharynx4 posterior to nose Middle*
oropharynx4 posterior to mouth #ower* laryngeal pharynx
&onnects with both esophagus and larynx* food and air
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Respiratory System: Head
and Neck
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Loer Respiratory System:Larynx
%5oice box( Made largely of cartilage hyroid cartilage*
5shaped
%)dam6s apple(* pro7ects more anteriorly in males
5ocal cords %strung( here 8and to arytenoids9 Epiglottis*
leafshaped piece4 covers airway
0uring swallowing$ larynx moves up so epiglottis coversopening
into trachea
&ricoid cartilage* inferior most portion )rytenoids 8paired$
small9 superior to cricoid
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Loer Respiratory System:Larynx
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Loer Respiratory System:Trachea %indpipe( #ocation )nterior to
esophagus and thoracic vertebrae
Extends from end of larynx to primary bronchi
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Loer Respiratory System: !ronchi"!ronchio#es ,tructure of
bronchial tree :ronchi contain cartilage rings Primary bronchi
enter the lungs medially n lungs$ branchingsecondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchiterminal bronchioles
hese smaller airways ;ave less cartilage$ more smooth muscle.
n
asthma, these airways can close. &an be bronchodilated by
sympathetic nerves$
epinephrine$ or related medications.
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$o#%me&Press%re 'hanges inL%ngs 5olume and pressure are
inversely related )s lung volumealveolar pressure
)s lung volumealveolar pressure
&ontraction of diaphragm lowers diaphragm
lung volumealveolar pressure so it is atmospheric pressureair
leaves lungs =
exhalation
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L%ng $o#%mes
Measured by spirometer nspiratory reserve volume 8+59 = volume
of air
that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume 859
Expiratory reserve volume 8E+59 = volume of air
that can be exhaled beyond 5)ir remaining in lungs after a
maximum expiration
= residual volume 8+59
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L%ng 'apacities
nspiratory capacity = 5 ? +5 -unctional residual capacity
8-+&9 =
+5 ? E+5 5ital capacity 85&9 = +5 ? 5 ? E+5 otal lung
capacity 8#&9 = 5& ? +5
