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Respiratory SystemChapter 23
Superficial To Deep
Nose Produces mucus; filters, warms and moistens
incoming air
Superficial To Deep
Pharynx Passageway for air and food
Superficial To Deep
Larynx Air passageway; prevents food from entering
lower respiratory tract Houses vocal cords
Superficial To Deep
Trachea Air passageway; cleans, warms and moistens
incoming air
Superficial To Deep
Pleurae Produce lubricating fluid and
compartmentalizes lungs
Superficial To Deep
Lungs House passageways of bronchial tree and
alveoli
Superficial To Deep
Bronchial Tree Air passageway connecting trachea with
alveoli; warms and moistens incoming air
Superficial To Deep
Alveoli Main sites of gas exchange
Who is the Main Player?
ALVEOLI Site of gas exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Inspiration and Expiration
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to 760 mmHg.
In order to inhale, pressure inside the lungs must decrease by at least 1.
Inspiration and Expiration
Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends; rib cage rises)
Inspiration and Expiration
Thoracic cavity volume increases
Inspiration and Expiration
Lungs stretched; intrapulmonary pressure drops
Inspiration and Expiration
Intrapulmonary pressure drops (at least 1 mmHg relative to the atmosphere)
Inspiration and Expiration
Air (gases) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)
Inspiration and Expiration
In order to exhale, pressure must be greater in the lungs than outside.
Inspiration and Expiration
Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises; rib cage descends due to gravity)
Inspiration and Expiration
Thoracic cavity volume decreases
Inspiration and Expiration
Elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases.
Inspiration and Expiration
Intrapulmonary pressure rises (at least 1 mmHg relative to the atmosphere)
Inspiration and Expiration
Air (gases) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
Inspiration and Expiration
Intrapleural pressure is always -4mmHg compared to intrapulmonary
pressure Pleural fluid secures the pleurae together,
similar to two slides held together by water.
Inspiration and Expiration
The importance of the negative pressure is: Any condition that equalizes the intrapleural
pressure with intrapulmonary pressure (or atmospheric) causes lung collapse.
Inspiration and Expiration
The presence of air in the intrapleural space is called pneumothorax
One lung can be fine and the other be collapsed since they are in separate cavities
Structure and Function
External respiration, or ventilation, brings oxygen into the lungs
Internal respiration exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells
Cellular respiration changes acid produced during metabolism into harmless chemicals in the cells
Mechanics of Breathing
Following the Inhalation Process
Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or mouth
Air from the nose or mouth is then funneled through the throat and into the trachea
The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi
Following the Inhalation Process
Each bronchus enters one of the lungs and then branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles
The bronchioles have small sacs at their ends called alveoli
Capillaries in the walls of the alveoli exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide by the process of diffusion
Assessment Techniques
Rate The normal rate of respiration varies with age,
gender, posture, exercise, temperature, and other factors
Character Respirations should have a regular rhythm,
occurring at regular intervals
Sounds Breath sounds can be heard by using a stethoscope
Assessment Techniques (continued)
Lung volume The amount of air that can be brought into the
lungs is called respiratory capacity
Blood gases Studies measure how much oxygen (O2) and carbon
dioxide (CO2) are in the blood, the blood's pH and other gases
Respiratory Capacity
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Anthrax Caused by spores of the bacterium
Asthma attack May result from exposure to an allergen, cold
temperature, exercise, or emotion
Atelectasis A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by a
tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury
Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
Bronchitis An infection of the bronchi
Carbon monoxide poisoning Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease A group of chronic respiratory disorders including
asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema
Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
Cold A respiratory infection
Cystic fibrosis A genetic disorder of the exocrine glands
Emphysema The alveoli lose elasticity and become dilated and
do not exchange gases well
Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
Hay fever A respiratory inflammation caused by allergens
such as plants, dust, and food
Lung cancer Directly linked to smoking and smoke products
Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
Pleural effusion A condition in which air or fluid enters the pleural
cavity
Pleurisy An inflammation of the membranes that line the
lungs
Pneumonia An inflammation of the lungs, in which a buildup of
excessive moisture impairs breathing
Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
Respiratory distress syndrome A condition that occurs when the alveoli do not
inflate properly
Sinusitis An inflammation of one or more of the paranasal
sinuses
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) A respiratory disorder of newborns
Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
Tuberculosis Caused by bacteria that are difficult to destroy, and
it can be transmitted through the air
Upper respiratory infection Caused by a virus or bacteria in the nose, pharynx,
or larynx