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reverse transcriptase
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n.

A polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA on an RNA template, found in oncogenicviruses containing RNA, especially the retroviruses.

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Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:

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An enzyme encoded from the genetic material ofretroviruses. Following entry of a retrovirusinto a host cell, reverse transcriptase catalyzes the transcription of the virus'sRNA (ribonucleicacid) into DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). This "reverse" transcription enables the virus's genometo be inserted into the genome of the host cell, resulting in the production of more RNA virusfrom its DNA. Examples of retroviruses encoding reverse transcriptase include Rous sarcoma

virus (RSV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome (AIDS).

For more information on reverse transcriptase, visitBritannica.com.

McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Encyclopedia:

Reverse transcriptaseTopHome > Library > Science> Sci-Tech Encyclopedia

Any of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerases present in particles of retroviruses whichare able to carry out DNA synthesis using an RNA template. This reaction is called reversetranscription since it is the opposite of the usual transcription reaction, which involves RNAsynthesis using a DNA template. See alsoRetrovirus.

The transfer of genetic information from RNA to DNA in retrovirus replication was proposed in1964 by H. M. Temin in the DNA provirus hypothesis for the replication ofRous sarcoma virus,anavian retrovirus which causes tumors in chickens and transformation of cells in culture, andreverse transcriptase has since been purified from virions of many retroviruses. The avian,murine, and human retrovirus DNA polymerases have been extensively studied.

Studies indicate that reverse transcriptase is widely distributed in living organisms and that allreverse transcriptases are evolutionarily related. For example, the organization of the nucleotidesequence of integrated retroviral DNA has a remarkable resemblance to the structure ofbacterialtransposable elements, in particular, transposons.

Reverse transcriptase genes are present in the eukaryotic organisms in retrotransposons and inretroposons or long interspersed (LINE) elements. Both of these types of elements can transposein cells. See alsoDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); Ribonucleic acid (RNA); Transposons.

Gale Genetics Encyclopedia:

Reverse TranscriptaseTopHome > Library > Health >Genetics Encyclopedia
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Reverse transcriptase is the replicationenzyme of retroviruses. Because it polymerizes DNAprecursors, reverse transcriptase is a DNA polymerase. However, whereas cellularDNApolymerases use DNA as a template for making new DNAs, reverse transcriptase uses the single-stranded RNA in retroviruses as the template forsynthesizing viral DNA. This unusual processof making DNA from RNA is called "reverse transcription" because it reverses the flow of

genetic information (from DNA to RNA, rather than from RNA to DNA found in transcription).Because reverse transcriptase is essential for retroviruses such as HIV-1 (the virus that causesAIDS), it is the target of many antiretroviral therapeutics. Reverse transcriptase is also amolecular tool used in the cloning of genes and the analysis of gene expression.

Discovery

Retroviruses were originally known as RNA tumorvirusesbecause they have RNA, not DNA,genomes, and because they were the first viruses recognized to cause certain cancers in animals.At the middle of the twentieth century, Howard Temin was interested in understanding howRNA tumor viruses cause cancer. One finding that interested him was the genetic-like stability of

the uncontrolledcell growth caused by these viruses. It was known then that certain bacterialviruses, called phages, could integrate their DNA into their hosts' chromosomes and persist asstable genetic elements known as prophages. By analogy, Temin proposed theprovirushypothesis, which suggests that RNA tumor viruses can cause permanent alterations to cells byintegrating into host chromosomes. In order for this to occur, Temin suggested thatvirionRNAswere first converted into DNAs, which could then become integrated.

The chemistry of using RNA as a template for DNA seemed possible. However, reversetranscription was at odds with the then-popularcentral dogma of molecular biology, advanced byFrancis Crick, which maintained that genetic information flowed unidirectionally from DNA toRNA to protein. RNA tumor viruses were RNA viruses, so it was assumed that their replication

involved RNA polymerases, as had been demonstrated for other RNA viruses, and not a DNApolymerase. Because his proposal of a reverse flow of genetic information from RNA to DNAseemed heretical, and because the experimental techniques needed to test this idea were not yetdeveloped, Temin and his hypothesis were rebuffed for many years.

The biochemical proof for reverse transcription finally arrived in 1970 when two separateresearch teams, one led by Temin and the other by David Baltimore, simultaneously discoveredthe elusive RNA-copying DNA polymerase in purified virions. In 1975 Temin and Baltimoreshared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their discovery of reverse transcriptase.

Laboratory Uses of Reverse Transcriptase

Reverse transcriptase went on to play a critical role in the molecular revolution of the late 1970sand 1980s, especially in the fields of gene discovery andbiotechnology. Genes can often bediscovered most easily by isolating and analyzing the messenger RNA(mRNA) production in acell. Reverse transcriptase allowed the synthesis of cDNA, orcomplementarycopies ofmessenger RNAs. The cDNA can then be expressed in a model organism such asEscherichiacoli, and the protein it codes for can then be made in abundance. The cloning of cDNA wasinstrumental to gene discovery in the later part of the twentieth century. Using cDNA copies of
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genes is necessary when bacteria are used to produce human protein-based pharmaceuticals. Thisis because bacteria lack the machinery necessary to recognize unspliced genes, but bacteria canuse cDNAs to direct the synthesis of human or other higher organism proteins.

Even though the human genome sequence was reported in 2001, copying RNAs with reverse

transcriptase remains important. One reason for this is that some human diseases result frommutations in genes whose products act to adjust the sequences of RNAs after transcription butbefore protein synthesis. Thus, even though prototype human sequences are available, it appearslikely that molecular diagnostics will include screening cDNA copies of individual people'sRNAs. Other uses of cDNA include generating probes to screen microarrays to assess variationin gene expression and regulation.

Reverse Transcriptase and Aids

Soon after AIDS was recognized in the early 1980s, Luc Montagneer of France and,subsequently, the American Robert Gallo determined that the causative agent was a retrovirus.

Like other retroviruses, HIV-1 contains reverse transcriptase and must generate DNA.Differences between reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA polymerases in the sorts of DNAprecursors (nucleosides) that they can utilize have been exploited to develop drugs that areselectively toxic to HIV-1.

Azidothymidine (AZT) is an example of anucleoside analog DNA precursor that can serve as areverse transcriptase "suicide inhibitor," because AZT incorporation into viral DNA preventslater steps in viral replication. However, the effectiveness of these sorts of drugs is limited byseveral factors. AZT is occasionally incorporated into cellular DNA, which contributes to thetoxicity some patients experience when treated with reverse transcriptase inhibitors.Additionally, reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance often develops during antiretroviral

therapy. This resistance results from reverse transcriptase's high error rate, which generates aremarkable amount of genetic variation within HIV populations. If some viral genetic variantsare less sensitive to antivirals than other variants, the resistant mutants will replicate duringantiviral therapy. Despite these complications, reverse transcriptase inhibitors remain importantcomponents of the combined antiviral regimenthat has dramatically lengthened the lives ofmany HIV-infected patients since the mid-1990s.

Reverse Transcription and the Human Genome

When reverse transcriptase was first described, it was believed to be a peculiarity of retroviruses.However, researchers now know that reverse transcription also occurs during the replication ofthe DNA virus hepatitis B, and that RNA-copying DNA polymerases function within humancells. One of these host reverse transcriptases istelomerase, an enzyme that helps maintainchromosome ends.

Other human reverse transcriptases are parts ofendogenousretroviruses and retroelements, suchas those that encoded the majority of the repetitive "junk" DNA in human chromosomes. Manyof these retroelements integrated their DNAs into our chromosomes so long ago that they predatehuman speciation. Because of this, molecularphylogeneticists can use sites of retroelement
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insertions to determine the lineages and ancestral relationships of species. Thus, whileretroviruses, in the form of HIV-1, represent one of the newest diseases of humans, theprevalence of other retrovirus-like elements in our genomes demonstrates the long-standingrelationship of humans with reverse transcribing elements.

Bibliography

Kazazian, Haig H., Jr. "L1 Retrotransposons Shape the Mammalian Genome." Science 289, no.5482 (2000): 1152-1153.

Varmus, H. "Reverse Transcription." Scientific American 257, no. 3 (1987): 56-59.

Alice Telesnitsky

Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry:

reverse transcriptaseTopHome > Library > Science> Biochemistry Dictionary

EC 2.7.7.49; recommended name : RNA-directed DNA polymerase;systematic name :deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed); other names :DNA nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed); revertase. A DNA polymerase enzyme, foundparticularly in retroviruses and possibly in normal animal cells, that uses either DNA or RNA asa template. It catalyses a reaction between a deoxynucleoside triphosphate and DNAn to formpyrophosphate and DNAn +1; this protein also has ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity. When the

single-stranded RNA of the retrovirus enters a cell, the en-zyme first makes a DNA copy of oneof the long terminal repeatsof the viral genomic RNA strand using a tRNA as a primer. Thestretch of RNA used as a template is then digested by the RNase H activity of the enzyme,releasing the newly synthesized stretch of DNA, which then pairs with a complementary stretchof viral RNA to form a DNA-RNA hybrid. This heteroduplex is then used by the same enzymeto make a double-stranded DNA, which circularizes and integrates into a host cell chromosome.Re-verse transcriptase lacks a proofreading exonuclease function and is highly error prone. It canthus evolve even within a single pa-tient, and this interferes with long-term therapy. Reversetranscriptase is used in vitro to make cDNA from mRNA in a reaction requiring deoxynucleosidetriphosphates (dNTPs) and a primer such as oligo dT (12 18). Enzymes from avianmyeloblastosis virus (AMV) and Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) are suitable for this

purpose. Telomeraseis a template-bearing reverse transcriptase.

Previous: reverse osmosis, reverse mutation,reverse gyrase

Next: reverse transcription, reverse turn, reversed phase

Mosby's Dental Dictionary:
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reverse transcriptaseTopHome > Library > Health >Dental Dictionary

n

An enzyme within a retrovirus that converts its ribonucleic acid into deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA), which then penetrates the cell nucleus and joins the hosts DNA.

Wikipedia on Answers.com:

Reverse transcriptaseTop

Home > Library > Miscellaneous> WikipediaReverse transcriptase

(RNA-dependent DNA polymerase)

Crystallographic structure ofHIVreverse transcriptase where

the P51 subunit is colored green and the P66 subunit is

colored cyan.[1]

Identifiers

Symbol RVT_1

Pfam PF00078

Pfamclan CL0027

InterPro IPR000477

PROSITE PS50878

SCOP 1hmv

[show]Available protein structures:

RNA-directed DNA polymerase
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Identifiers

EC number 2.7.7.49

CAS number 9068-38-6

Databases

IntEnz IntEnz view

BRENDA BRENDA entry

ExPASy NiceZyme view

KEGG KEGG entry

MetaCyc metabolic pathway

PRIAM profile

PDB structures RCSB PDBPDBePDBsum

Gene Ontology AmiGO /EGO

[show]Search

In the fields ofmolecular biology andbiochemistry, a reverse transcriptase, also known asRNA-dependent DNA polymerase, is aDNA polymeraseenzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA. It also helps in the formation of a double helix DNAonce the RNA has been reverse transcribed into a single strand cDNA. Normal transcriptioninvolves the synthesis of RNA from DNA; hence, reverse transcription is the reverse of this.

Reverse transcriptase was discovered by Howard Temin at the University of WisconsinMadison, and independently by David Baltimore in 1970 atMIT. The two shared the 1975Nobel

Prize in Physiology or Medicinewith Renato Dulbecco for their discovery.

Well studied reverse transcriptases include:

HIV-1 reverse transcriptase from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (PDB1HMV) M-MLV reverse transcriptase from theMoloney murine leukemia virus AMV reverse transcriptase from the avian myeloblastosis virus Telomerase reverse transcriptase that maintains thetelomeresofeukaryoticchromosomes

Contents

1 Function in viruseso 1.1 Process of reverse transcription

1.1.1 Process in class VI viruses 2 In eukaryotes 3 In prokaryotes 4 Structure 5 Replication fidelity 6 Applications
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o 6.1 Antiviral drugs

o 6.2 Molecular biology

7 History 8 See also 9 References

10 External links

Function in viruses

The enzyme is encoded and used by reverse-transcribing viruses, which use the enzyme duringthe process of replication. Reverse-transcribing RNA viruses, such as retroviruses, use theenzyme to reverse-transcribe their RNA genomes into DNA, which is then integrated into thehost genome and replicated along with it. Reverse-transcribing DNA viruses, such as thehepadnaviruses, can allow RNA to serve as a template in assembling, and making DNA strands.HIV infects humans with the use of this enzyme. Without reverse transcriptase, the viral genome

would not be able to incorporate into the host cell, resulting in the failure of the ability toreplicate.

Process of reverse transcription

Reverse transcriptase creates single-stranded DNA from an RNA template.

In virus species with reverse transcriptase lacking DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity,creation of double-stranded DNA can possibly be done by host-encoded DNA polymerase ,mistaking the viral DNA-RNA for a primer and synthesizing a double-stranded DNA by similarmechanism as inprimer removal, where the newly synthesized DNA displaces the original RNAtemplate.

The process of reverse transcription is extremely error-prone and it is during this step thatmutations may occur. Such mutations may cause drug resistance.

Process in class VI viruses
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Class VI viruses ssRNA-RT, also called the retroviruses are RNA reverse transcribing viruseswith a DNA intermediate. Their genomes consist of two molecules ofpositive sensesinglestranded RNA with a 5' cap and 3' polyadenylated tail. Examples of retroviruses includeHumanImmunodeficiency Virus (HIV) andHuman T-Lymphotropic virus (HTLV). Creation of double-stranded DNA occurs in the cytosol[2] as a series of steps:

1. A specific cellulartRNA acts as a primer and hybridizes to a complementary part of thevirus genome called the primer binding site or PBS

2. Complementary DNA then binds to the U5 (non-coding region) and R region (a direct

repeat found at both ends of the RNA molecule) of the viral RNA3. A domain on the reverse transcriptase enzyme calledRNAse H degrades the 5 end of the

RNA which removes the U5 and R region4. The primer then jumps to the 3 end of the viral genome and the newly synthesised

DNA strands hybridizes to the complementary R region on the RNA5. The first strand of complementary DNA (cDNA) is extended and the majority of viral

RNA is degraded by RNAse H6. Once the strand is completed, second strand synthesis is initiated from the viral RNA
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7. There is then another jump where the PBS from the second strand hybridizes with thecomplementary PBS on the first strand

8. Both strands are extended further and can be incorporated into the hosts genome by theenzyme integrase

Creation of double-stranded DNA also involvesstrand transfer, in which there is a translocationof short DNA product from initial RNA dependent DNA synthesis to acceptor template regionsat the other end of the genome, which are later reached and processed by the reversetranscriptase for its DNA-dependent DNA activity.[3]

Retroviral RNA is arranged in 5 terminus to 3 terminus. The site where theprimeris annealedto viral RNA is called the primer-binding site (PBS). The RNA 5end to the PBS site is calledU5, and the RNA 3 end to the PBS is called the leader. The tRNA primer is unwound between14 and 22nucleotides and forms a base-paired duplex with the viral RNA at PBS. The fact thatthe PBS is located near the 5 terminus of viral RNA is unusual because reverse transcriptasesynthesize DNA from 3 end of the primer in the 5 to 3 direction (with respect to the RNA

template).Therefore, the primer and reverse transcriptase must be relocated to 3 end of viralRNA. In order to accomplish this reposition, multiple steps and various enzymes including DNApolymerase, ribonuclease H(RNase H) and polynucleotide unwinding are needed.[4]

The HIV reverse transcriptase also hasribonucleaseactivity that degrades the viral RNA duringthe synthesis of cDNA, as well asDNA-dependent DNA polymeraseactivity that copies thesense cDNA strand into an antisense DNA to form a double-stranded viral DNA intermediate(vDNA).[5]

In eukaryotes

Self-replicating stretches ofeukaryoticgenomes known asretrotransposons utilize reversetranscriptase to move from one position in the genome to another via a RNA intermediate. Theyare found abundantly in the genomes of plants and animals. Telomerase is another reversetranscriptase found in many eukaryotes, including humans, which carries its ownRNA template;this RNA is used as a template forDNA replication.[6]

In prokaryotes

Reverse transcriptases are also found in bacterialRetron msr RNAs, distinct sequences whichcode for reverse transcriptase, and are used in the synthesis ofmsDNA. In order to initiate

synthesis of DNA, a primer is needed. In bacteria, the primer is synthesized during replication.

[7]

Structure

Reverse transcriptase enzymes include an RNA-dependentDNA polymerase and a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, which work together to perform transcription. In addition to thetranscription function, retroviral reverse transcriptases have a domain belonging to the RNase Hfamily which is vital to their replication.
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Replication fidelity

There are three different replication systems during the life cycle of a retrovirus. First of all, thereverse transcriptase synthesize viral DNA from viral RNA, and then from newly madecomplementary DNA strand. The second replication process occurs when host cellular DNA

polymerase replicates the integrated viral DNA. Lastly, RNA polymerase II transcribes theproviral DNA into RNA which will be packed into virions. Therefore, mutation can occur duringone or all of these replication steps.[8]

Reverse transcriptase has a high error rate when transcribing RNA into DNA since, unlike anyotherDNA polymerases, it has noproofreadingability. This high error rate allows mutations toaccumulate at an accelerated rate relative to proofread forms of replication. The commerciallyavailable reverse transcriptases produced by Promega are quoted by their manuals as havingerror rates in the range of 1 in 17,000 bases for AMV and 1 in 30,000 bases for M-MLV[9]

Applications

The molecular structure ofzidovudine (AZT), a drug used to inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase

Antiviral drugs

For more details on this topic, see Reverse transcriptase inhibitor.

AsHIV uses reverse transcriptase to copy its genetic material and generate new viruses (part of a

retrovirus proliferation circle), specific drugs have been designed to disrupt the process andthereby suppress its growth. Collectively, these drugs are known as reverse transcriptaseinhibitors and include the nucleoside and nucleotide analogues zidovudine(trade name Retrovir),lamivudine (Epivir) and tenofovir(Viread), as well as non-nucleoside inhibitors, such asnevirapine (Viramune).

Molecular biology
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For more details on this topic, see Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Reverse transcriptase is commonly used in research to apply thepolymerase chain reactiontechnique to RNA in a technique called reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The classical PCRtechnique can be applied only to DNAstrands, but, with the help of

reverse transcriptase, RNA can be transcribed into DNA, thus makingPCRanalysis of RNAmolecules possible. Reverse transcriptase is used also to createcDNA librariesfrommRNA. Thecommercial availability of reverse transcriptase greatly improved knowledge in the area ofmolecular biology, as, along with otherenzymes, it allowed scientists to clone, sequence, andcharacterise DNA.

Reverse transcriptase has also been employed in insulin production. By inserting eukaryoticmRNA for insulin production along with reverse transcriptase into bacteria, the mRNA can insertitself into the prokaryote's genome, and large amounts of insulin can be created, sidestepping theneed to harvest pig pancreas and other such traditional sources. Inserting eukaryotic DNA(instead of mRNA) into bacteria would not work because it is fragmented, with introns, and

would not transcribe successfully using the bacteria's ribosomes.

History

The idea of reverse transcription was very unpopular at first as it contradicted the central dogmaof molecular biology which states that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translatedinto proteins. However, in 1970 when the scientists Howard Teminand David Baltimore bothindependently discovered theenzyme responsible for reverse transcription, named reversetranscriptase, the possibility that genetic information could be passed on in this manner wasfinally accepted.

See also

cDNA library DNA polymerase msDNA Reverse transcribing virus RNA polymerase Telomerase Retrotransposon marker

References

1. ^ PDB1HMV; Rodgers DW, Gamblin SJ, Harris BA, Ray S, Culp JS, Hellmig B,Woolf DJ, Debouck C, Harrison SC (February 1995). "The structure of unligandedreverse transcriptase from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1".Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. U.S.A.92 (4): 12226. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.4.1222. PMC42671.PMID7532306.2. ^ Bio-Medicine.org - RetrovirusRetrieved on 17 Feb, 2009
http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain-reactionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/polymerase-chain-reactionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/polymerase-chain-reactionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/rnahttp://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain-reactionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/polymerase-chain-reactionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/dnahttp://www.answers.com/topic/dnahttp://www.answers.com/topic/polymerase-chain-reactionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/polymerase-chain-reactionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/polymerase-chain-reactionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/cdna-libraryhttp://www.answers.com/topic/cdna-libraryhttp://www.answers.com/topic/cdna-libraryhttp://www.answers.com/topic/messenger-rnahttp://www.answers.com/topic/messenger-rnahttp://www.answers.com/topic/messenger-rnahttp://www.answers.com/topic/enzymehttp://www.answers.com/topic/enzymehttp://www.answers.com/topic/insulinhttp://www.answers.com/topic/intronhttp://www.answers.com/topic/intronhttp://www.answers.com/topic/central-dogma-of-molecular-biologyhttp://www.answers.com/topic/central-dogma-of-molecular-biologyhttp://www.answers.com/topic/howard-martin-teminhttp://www.answers.com/topic/howard-martin-teminhttp://www.answers.com/topic/david-baltimorehttp://www.answers.com/topic/enzymehttp://www.answers.com/topic/enzymehttp://www.answers.com/topic/cdna-libraryhttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/multicopy-single-stranded-dnahttp://www.answers.com/topic/retrovirushttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/telomerasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/retrotransposon-markerhttp://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-pmid7532306_0-0http://www.answers.com/topic/protein-data-bankhttp://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1HMVhttp://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1HMVhttp://www.answers.com/topic/digital-object-identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.92.4.1222http://www.answers.com/topic/pubmed-centralhttp://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=42671http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=42671http://www.answers.com/topic/pubmedhttp://www.answers.com/topic/pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7532306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7532306http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-1http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-definition/Retrovirus/http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-definition/Retrovirus/http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain-reactionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/polymerase-chain-reactionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/rnahttp://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain-reactionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/polymerase-chain-reactionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/dnahttp://www.answers.com/topic/polymerase-chain-reactionhttp://www.answers.com/topic/cdna-libraryhttp://www.answers.com/topic/messenger-rnahttp://www.answers.com/topic/enzymehttp://www.answers.com/topic/insulinhttp://www.answers.com/topic/intronhttp://www.answers.com/topic/central-dogma-of-molecular-biologyhttp://www.answers.com/topic/central-dogma-of-molecular-biologyhttp://www.answers.com/topic/howard-martin-teminhttp://www.answers.com/topic/david-baltimorehttp://www.answers.com/topic/enzymehttp://www.answers.com/topic/cdna-libraryhttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/multicopy-single-stranded-dnahttp://www.answers.com/topic/retrovirushttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/telomerasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/retrotransposon-markerhttp://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-pmid7532306_0-0http://www.answers.com/topic/protein-data-bankhttp://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1HMVhttp://www.answers.com/topic/digital-object-identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.92.4.1222http://www.answers.com/topic/pubmed-centralhttp://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=42671http://www.answers.com/topic/pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7532306http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-1http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-definition/Retrovirus/


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3. ^ Telesnitsky, A., Goff, S.P. (1993). "Strong-stop strand transfer during reversetranscription". In Skalka, M. A., Goff, S.P.Reverse transcriptase (1st ed.). New York:Cold Spring Harbor. p. 49.ISBN0-87969-382-7.4. ^ Bernstein, A.; Weiss, Robin; Tooze, John (1985). "RNA tumor viruses".Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses (2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring

Harbor Laboratory.5. ^ Doc Kaiser's Microbiology Home Page > IV. VIRUSES > F. ANIMAL VIRUSLIFE CYCLES > 3. The Life Cycle of HIV Community College of Baltimore County.Updated: Jan., 20086. ^ Monty Krieger; Matthew P Scott; Matsudaira, Paul T.; Lodish, Harvey F.;Darnell, James E.; Lawrence Zipursky; Kaiser, Chris; Arnold Berk (2004). Molecularcell biology (5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and CO. ISBN0-7167-4366-3.7. ^ Hurwitz J, Leis JP (January 1972). "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activityof RNA tumor viruses. I. Directing influence of DNA in the reaction".J. Virol.9 (1):11629. PMC356270.PMID4333538.8. ^ Bbenek, K., Kunkel, A. T (1993). "The fidelity of retroviral reverse

transcriptases". In Skalka, M. A., Goff, P. S..Reverse transcriptase. New York: ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press. p. 85. ISBN0-87969-382-7.9. ^ Promega kit instruction manual (1999)

External links

MeSHRNA+Transcriptase animation of reverse transcriptase action and three reverse transcriptase inhibitors Molecule of the month (September 2002) at the Protein Data Bank HIV Replication 3D Medical Animation. (Nov 2008). Video by Boehringer Ingelheim.

[show]v d eTransferases: phosphorus-containing groups (EC 2.7)

2.7.1:OHacceptor

Hexo-Gluco-Fructo- (Hepatic) Galacto-Phosphofructo- (1,Liver,Muscle,Platelet,2) RiboflavinShikimateThymidine (ADP-thymidine) NAD+ GlycerolPantothenateMevalonatePyruvateDeoxycytidinePFPDiacylglycerolPhosphoinositide 3 (Class I PI 3,Class II PI 3) SphingosineGlucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase

2.7.2:COOHacceptor

PhosphoglycerateAspartate

2.7.3:Nacceptor

Creatine

2.7.4:PO4acceptor

PhosphomevalonateAdenylateNucleoside-diphosphate Uridylate Guanylate
http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-2http://www.answers.com/topic/international-standard-book-numberhttp://www.answers.com/topic/international-standard-book-numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87969-382-7http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-isbn0-87969-167-0_3-0http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-4http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/viruses/hivlc.htmlhttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/viruses/hivlc.htmlhttp://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-isbn0-7167-4366-3_5-0http://www.answers.com/topic/international-standard-book-numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-4366-3http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-pmid4333538_6-0http://www.answers.com/topic/pubmed-centralhttp://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=356270http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=356270http://www.answers.com/topic/pubmedhttp://www.answers.com/topic/pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4333538http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4333538http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-7http://www.answers.com/topic/international-standard-book-numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87969-382-7http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-8http://www.promega.com/pnotes/71/7807_22/7807_22_core.pdfhttp://www.answers.com/topic/medical-subject-headingshttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=RNA+Transcriptasehttp://www.tibotec.com/bgdisplay.jhtml?itemname=HIV_discovery&product=none&s=2http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/pdb33_1.htmlhttp://www.answers.com/topic/protein-data-bankhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RO8MP3wMvqghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RO8MP3wMvqghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kinaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kinaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Kinases&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Kinases&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Kinases&action=edithttp://www.answers.com/topic/transferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/transferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphorushttp://www.answers.com/topic/ec-numberhttp://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2http://www.answers.com/topic/alcoholhttp://www.answers.com/topic/hexokinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/hexokinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/glucokinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/fructokinase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/hepatic-fructokinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/galactokinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphofructokinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphofructokinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphofructokinase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/pfklhttp://www.answers.com/topic/pfklhttp://www.answers.com/topic/pfkmhttp://www.answers.com/topic/pfkmhttp://www.answers.com/topic/pfkphttp://www.answers.com/topic/pfkphttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphofructokinase-2http://www.answers.com/topic/riboflavin-kinase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/shikimate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/shikimate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/thymidine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/adp-thymidine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/nad-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/nad-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/nad-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/nad-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/glycerol-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/glycerol-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/pantothenate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/pantothenate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/mevalonate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/pyruvate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/deoxycytidine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/deoxycytidine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/deoxycytidine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/pfp-enzymehttp://www.answers.com/topic/pfp-enzymehttp://www.answers.com/topic/diacylglycerol-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphoinositide-3-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/class-i-pi-3-kinaseshttp://www.answers.com/topic/class-ii-pi-3-kinaseshttp://www.answers.com/topic/class-ii-pi-3-kinaseshttp://www.answers.com/topic/sphingosine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/glucose-1-6-bisphosphate-synthasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/glucose-1-6-bisphosphate-synthasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/glucose-1-6-bisphosphate-synthasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2http://www.answers.com/topic/carboxylic-acidhttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphoglycerate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/aspartokinase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/aspartokinase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2http://www.answers.com/topic/nitrogenhttp://www.answers.com/topic/creatine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/creatine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2http://www.answers.com/topic/phosphatehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphatehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphomevalonate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/adenylate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/adenylate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/nucleoside-diphosphate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/nucleoside-diphosphate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/ump-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/guanylate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/guanylate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-2http://www.answers.com/topic/international-standard-book-numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87969-382-7http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-isbn0-87969-167-0_3-0http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-4http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/viruses/hivlc.htmlhttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/viruses/hivlc.htmlhttp://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-isbn0-7167-4366-3_5-0http://www.answers.com/topic/international-standard-book-numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-4366-3http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-pmid4333538_6-0http://www.answers.com/topic/pubmed-centralhttp://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=356270http://www.answers.com/topic/pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4333538http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-7http://www.answers.com/topic/international-standard-book-numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87969-382-7http://www.answers.com/topic/reverse-transcriptase#cite_ref-8http://www.promega.com/pnotes/71/7807_22/7807_22_core.pdfhttp://www.answers.com/topic/medical-subject-headingshttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=RNA+Transcriptasehttp://www.tibotec.com/bgdisplay.jhtml?itemname=HIV_discovery&product=none&s=2http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/pdb33_1.htmlhttp://www.answers.com/topic/protein-data-bankhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RO8MP3wMvqghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kinaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kinaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Kinases&action=edithttp://www.answers.com/topic/transferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphorushttp://www.answers.com/topic/ec-numberhttp://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2http://www.answers.com/topic/alcoholhttp://www.answers.com/topic/hexokinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/glucokinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/fructokinase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/hepatic-fructokinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/galactokinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphofructokinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphofructokinase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/pfklhttp://www.answers.com/topic/pfkmhttp://www.answers.com/topic/pfkphttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphofructokinase-2http://www.answers.com/topic/riboflavin-kinase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/shikimate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/thymidine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/adp-thymidine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/nad-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/glycerol-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/pantothenate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/mevalonate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/pyruvate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/deoxycytidine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/pfp-enzymehttp://www.answers.com/topic/diacylglycerol-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphoinositide-3-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/class-i-pi-3-kinaseshttp://www.answers.com/topic/class-ii-pi-3-kinaseshttp://www.answers.com/topic/sphingosine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/glucose-1-6-bisphosphate-synthasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/glucose-1-6-bisphosphate-synthasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2http://www.answers.com/topic/carboxylic-acidhttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphoglycerate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/aspartokinase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2http://www.answers.com/topic/nitrogenhttp://www.answers.com/topic/creatine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2http://www.answers.com/topic/phosphatehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphomevalonate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/adenylate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/nucleoside-diphosphate-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/ump-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/guanylate-kinase


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Polymerase

DNA polymerase

DNA-directed DNA polymerase:DNA polymeraseIDNA polymerase IIDNA polymerase IIIholoenzyme

RNA-directed DNA polymerase:Reversetranscriptase (Telomerase)

DNA nucleotidylexotransferase/Terminaldeoxynucleotidyl transferase

RNAnucleotidyltransferase

RNA polymerase/DNA-directed RNA polymerase:RNA polymerase IRNA polymerase IIRNApolymerase IIIRNA polymerase IVPrimaseRNA-dependent RNA polymerase

PNPase

Phosphorolytic3' to 5'exoribonuclease

RNase PHPNPase

UridylyltransferaseGlucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferaseGalactose-1-phosphateuridylyltransferase

GuanylyltransferasemRNA capping enzyme

Other Recombinase (Integrase) Transposase

Phosphatidyltransferases

CDP-diacylglycerolglycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase CDP-diacylglycerolserine O-phosphatidyltransferaseCDP-diacylglycerolinositol 3-phosphatidyltransferaseCDP-diacylglycerolcholine O-phosphatidyltransferase

Glycosyl-1-phosphotransferase

N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase

2.7.10:protein-tyrosine see tyrosine kinases

2.7.11:protein-serine/threonine

seeserine/threonine-specific protein kinases

2.7.12: protein-dual-specificity

seeserine/threonine-specific protein kinases
http://www.answers.com/topic/polymerasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase-ihttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase-ihttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase-ihttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase-iihttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase-iii-holoenzymehttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase-iii-holoenzymehttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase-iii-holoenzymehttp://www.answers.com/topic/telomerasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerase-ihttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerase-iihttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerase-iiihttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerase-iiihttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerase-iiihttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerase-ivhttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerase-ivhttp://www.answers.com/topic/primasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-replicasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/polynucleotide-phosphorylase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/phosphorolysis-1http://www.answers.com/topic/exoribonucleasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/rnase-phhttp://www.answers.com/topic/polynucleotide-phosphorylase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/nucleotidyltransferase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/udp-glucose-pyrophosphorylasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/udp-glucose-pyrophosphorylasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/galactose-1-phosphate-uridylyltransferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/galactose-1-phosphate-uridylyltransferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/guanylyl-transferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/mrna-guanylyltransferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/recombinaseshttp://www.answers.com/topic/integrasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/transposasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/cdp-diacylglycerol-serine-o-phosphatidyltransferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/cdp-diacylglycerol-serine-o-phosphatidyltransferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/cdp-diacylglycerol-inositol-3-phosphatidyltransferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/cdp-diacylglycerol-inositol-3-phosphatidyltransferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphatidylcholine-synthasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphatidylcholine-synthasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphatidylcholine-synthasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/n-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate-transferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2http://www.answers.com/topic/tyrosine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/tyrosine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/tyrosine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2http://www.answers.com/topic/serine-threonine-specific-protein-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/serine-threonine-specific-protein-kinasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Serine/threonine-specific_protein_kinaseshttp://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Serine/threonine-specific_protein_kinaseshttp://www.answers.com/topic/polymerasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase-ihttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase-ihttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase-iihttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase-iii-holoenzymehttp://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase-iii-holoenzymehttp://www.answers.com/topic/telomerasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerase-ihttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerase-iihttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerase-iiihttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerase-iiihttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-polymerase-ivhttp://www.answers.com/topic/primasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/rna-replicasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/polynucleotide-phosphorylase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/phosphorolysis-1http://www.answers.com/topic/exoribonucleasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/rnase-phhttp://www.answers.com/topic/polynucleotide-phosphorylase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/nucleotidyltransferase-1http://www.answers.com/topic/udp-glucose-pyrophosphorylasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/galactose-1-phosphate-uridylyltransferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/galactose-1-phosphate-uridylyltransferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/guanylyl-transferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/mrna-guanylyltransferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/recombinaseshttp://www.answers.com/topic/integrasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/transposasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/cdp-diacylglycerol-serine-o-phosphatidyltransferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/cdp-diacylglycerol-inositol-3-phosphatidyltransferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/cdp-diacylglycerol-inositol-3-phosphatidyltransferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphatidylcholine-synthasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/phosphatidylcholine-synthasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/n-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate-transferasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2http://www.answers.com/topic/tyrosine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/tyrosine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/tyrosine-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2http://www.answers.com/topic/serine-threonine-specific-protein-kinasehttp://www.answers.com/topic/serine-threonine-specific-protein-kinasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Serine/threonine-specific_protein_kinaseshttp://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Serine/threonine-specific_protein_kinases


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2.7.13: protein-histidine

Protein-histidine pros-kina

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