REVIEW

CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5

HOW ECOSYSTEMS WORKHOW ECOSYSTEMS WORK

Which of the following is one of the largest carbon reservoirs on Earth?

A. Atlantic OceanA. Atlantic OceanB. LimestoneB. LimestoneC. Amazon rain forestC. Amazon rain forestD. Fossil fuelsD. Fossil fuels

B. Limestone

Where would an ecologist be least likely to go to study primary succession? A. A locked, abandoned asphalt A. A locked, abandoned asphalt

parking lot in New York Cityparking lot in New York City B. The Amazon Rain ForestB. The Amazon Rain Forest C. A new island formed by a C. A new island formed by a

volcanic eruptionvolcanic eruption D. A gravel-filled valley that had D. A gravel-filled valley that had

been covered by a glacier until been covered by a glacier until recentlyrecently

B. The Amazon Rain Forest

If an insect eats a plant and a bird eats the insect, about how much energy from the plant is stored in the insect for the bird to use?A. 90%A. 90%B. 50%B. 50%C. 10%C. 10%D. 1%D. 1%

C. 10%

Plants play a crucial role in the carbon cycle because they

A. Allow carbon to enter an A. Allow carbon to enter an ecosystem through photosynthesisecosystem through photosynthesis

B. Have special bacteria that live in B. Have special bacteria that live in their root systemstheir root systems

C. Do not release carbon dioxide C. Do not release carbon dioxide during cellular respirationduring cellular respiration

D. Are chemically converted into D. Are chemically converted into fossil fuels when burned.fossil fuels when burned.

A. Allow carbon to enter an ecosystem through

photosynthesis

What term is used to refer to the many feeding relationships that are possible in an ecosystem?A. Energy transferA. Energy transferB. Energy pyramidB. Energy pyramidC. Food chainC. Food chainD. Food webD. Food web

D. Food web

Which of the following statements is NOT correct A. Rare bacteria that live deep in the A. Rare bacteria that live deep in the

ocean get their energy from ocean get their energy from hydrogen hydrogen sulfide in hot watersulfide in hot water

B. Plants and other producers get their B. Plants and other producers get their energy directly from the sunenergy directly from the sun

C. Animals get their energy from the sun C. Animals get their energy from the sun indirectlyindirectly

D. Consumers get their energy directly D. Consumers get their energy directly from the sun.from the sun.

D. Consumers get their energy directly from the sun.

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about cellular respiration?

A. It is essentially photosynthesis in A. It is essentially photosynthesis in reversereverse

B. Sugar molecules are its primary B. Sugar molecules are its primary productsproducts

C. Oxygen is one of the primary reactantsC. Oxygen is one of the primary reactants D. It produces energy for organisms to D. It produces energy for organisms to

useuse

B. Sugar molecules are its primary products

Consumers are organisms that

A. Occupy an ecosystem’s lowest A. Occupy an ecosystem’s lowest energy levelenergy level

B. Get solar or other energy B. Get solar or other energy indirectlyindirectly

C. Are also known as self-feedersC. Are also known as self-feeders D. Eat only other animal speciesD. Eat only other animal species

B. Get solar or other energy indirectly

Succession is possible because

A. Climate change over timeA. Climate change over time B. It is a rapid and chaotic process B. It is a rapid and chaotic process

that is very difficult to control that is very difficult to control C. Existing plants reproduce C. Existing plants reproduce

quicklyquickly D. New species make the D. New species make the

environment less suitable for environment less suitable for previous onesprevious ones

D. New species make the environment less

suitable for previous ones

Which of the following is NOT a likely component of soil formed during primary succession? A. Broken bits of stone and rockA. Broken bits of stone and rock B. Decayed lichens and bacteriaB. Decayed lichens and bacteria C. Cast-off parts of shrubs and C. Cast-off parts of shrubs and

trees trees D. Dust particles from the airD. Dust particles from the air

C. Cast-off parts of shrubs and trees

Which item is a carbon sink and NOT part of the carbon cycle?

A. Consumers breaking down A. Consumers breaking down carbohydrates into carbon dioxide carbohydrates into carbon dioxide during respirationduring respiration

B. Carbon dioxide being converted into B. Carbon dioxide being converted into carbohydrates during photosynthesiscarbohydrates during photosynthesis

C. Carbon in the atmosphere in the form C. Carbon in the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxideof carbon dioxide

D. Carbon found within limestone rocksD. Carbon found within limestone rocks

D. Carbon found within limestone rocks

Which gas makes up 78% of our atmosphere but can be used by plants only when transformed by bacteria first?A. NitrogenA. NitrogenB. OxygenB. OxygenC. Carbon dioxideC. Carbon dioxideD. HydrogenD. Hydrogen

A. Nitrogen

Which statement describes how humans are affecting the balance of carbon in the atmosphere? A. Fewer agricultural crops are planted, A. Fewer agricultural crops are planted,

reducing the amount of COreducing the amount of CO2 2 released into released into the the atmosphereatmosphere

B. Burning fossil fuels in great quantities has B. Burning fossil fuels in great quantities has increased the amount of COincreased the amount of CO2 2 in the in the

atmosphereatmosphere C. Overgrazing of grasslands has reduced the C. Overgrazing of grasslands has reduced the

amount of COamount of CO2 2 in the atmospherein the atmosphere D. Severe drought in large areas of the world D. Severe drought in large areas of the world

has decreased the amount of COhas decreased the amount of CO2 2 that is that is released into the atmospherereleased into the atmosphere

B. Burning fossil fuels in great quantities has increased

the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere

What type of succession occurs after a natural process such as a volcanic eruption or flood?

A. Old-field successionA. Old-field successionB. Climax communityB. Climax communityC. Primary successionC. Primary successionD. Secondary successionD. Secondary succession

D. Secondary succession

The bacteria that live within the roots of a soybean plant are a critical part of the nitrogen cycle because they A. Provide the plant with sugars needed A. Provide the plant with sugars needed

for growthfor growth B. Transform nitrates into nitrogen gas B. Transform nitrates into nitrogen gas

for releasefor release C. Change atmospheric nitrogen into a C. Change atmospheric nitrogen into a

usable formusable form D. Release nitrogen by decomposing D. Release nitrogen by decomposing

dead plant partsdead plant parts

C. Change atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form

Which of the following is an example of secondary succession? A. Pioneer plants begin to grow after A. Pioneer plants begin to grow after

glacial meltingglacial melting B. Appearance of weeds in cracks in a B. Appearance of weeds in cracks in a

concrete surfaceconcrete surface C. Breaking down of bare rock by fungi C. Breaking down of bare rock by fungi

and mossesand mosses D. Growth of plants after a forest is D. Growth of plants after a forest is

destroyed by fire.destroyed by fire.

D. Growth of plants after a forest is destroyed by fire.

Which kind of organism obtains energy only from producers?

A. OmnivoresA. OmnivoresB. DecomposersB. DecomposersC. HerbivoresC. HerbivoresD. All of the aboveD. All of the above

C. Herbivores

What kind of natural disaster helps some forest communities by allowing some trees to release their seeds, by clearing away deadwood, and by encouraging new growth? A. FireA. Fire B. FloodB. Flood C. WindstormC. Windstorm D. DroughtD. Drought

A. Fire

The energy consumed by organisms

A. Is not partially lost during digestionA. Is not partially lost during digestion B. Can be stored in fat and sugar B. Can be stored in fat and sugar

moleculesmolecules C. Remains constant at all trophic levelsC. Remains constant at all trophic levels D. undergoes magnification in food D. undergoes magnification in food

chainschains

B. Can be stored in fat and sugar molecules

What type of vegetation would you expect to find on an abandoned farm that has remained undisturbed for 150 years

A. Short grassesA. Short grasses B. ShrubsB. Shrubs C. Young pine treesC. Young pine trees D. Tall, mature oak treesD. Tall, mature oak trees

D. Tall, mature oak trees

Which of the following does NOT contain carbon from the bodies of plants and animals that died millions of years ago? A. CoalA. Coal B. OilB. Oil C. Natural gasC. Natural gas D. Phosphate saltsD. Phosphate salts

D. Phosphate salts

Which of the following are photosynthetic organisms?

A. Intestinal bacteriaA. Intestinal bacteriaB. Freshwater algaeB. Freshwater algaeC. Deeply buried soil bacteriaC. Deeply buried soil bacteriaD. Fungal decomposersD. Fungal decomposers

B. Freshwater algae

Which of the following is responsible for making nitrogen in the atmosphere usable by living organisms?

A. Nitrogen-fixing bacteriaA. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria B. Absorption of nitrogen into water B. Absorption of nitrogen into water

systemssystems C. Decomposing bacteriaC. Decomposing bacteria D. Conversion of nitrogen into D. Conversion of nitrogen into

carbohydrates by photosynthesiscarbohydrates by photosynthesis

A. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Which organism is likely to be in the bottom trophic level of a food chain?

A. Leopard sealA. Leopard sealB. AlgaeB. AlgaeC. KrillC. KrillD. Killer whaleD. Killer whale

B. Algae

Which of the following plants is likely to be a pioneer species?

A. GrassA. GrassB. ShrubB. ShrubC. LichenC. LichenD. Oak treeD. Oak tree

C. Lichen