Revision Booklet [5,S]

7/24/2019 Revision Booklet [5,S]

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SEPARATE AWARD

CHEMISTRY

IGCSEIGCSE

RevisionRevision

BookletBooklet

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Revision listRevision list1. Atomic structure:

- Finding number of protons, neutrons and electrons. Electronconfigurations.

- Isotopes andRelative Atomic Mass calculations.

2. Structure and Bonding:

- Ionic Bonding, Covalent Bonding and Metallic Bonding- Giant Ionic, Giant Covalent, imple molecular and Giant Metallic

structures.

3. Caron C!emistr":- Crude oil is a mi#tureof !"drocarons!learn de$initions"- eparation of a%&anesb# fractional distillation- Crac&ingal$anes- Al$anes as fuels % Combustion and environmental issues !especiall# &it' C("- Homo%ogous seriesand isomers of butane and pentane- Additionof '#drogen and bromine to al$enes !test for al$enes".- Ma$ing plastics !Addition 'o%"merisation"- (ermentationto produce alco'ol vset'ene ) steam- Reactions of a%co!o%s.- Condensation 'o%"meri)ation* n#lon and pol#ester.

*. Ca%cu%ations and Mo%es:- Calculating Relative formula mass from isotopic +.- + of an element in a compound- Reacting amounts from euations !mo%es"- Reacting volumes of gases at room temp.- Empirical-Molecular Formulae of com'ounds !using mo%eratios and RFM"- ercentage #ield calculations.

+. T!e Periodic Ta%e

- Relate group number, no. of outer electrons and metallic c'aracter acrossperiods.

- '#sical and c'emical properties, including trends, of ,rou's - / and t!einert gases.

- Euations for t'e reactions of Group / metals &it' &ater.- Euations for 0alogen displacement reactions.- roperties of c'lorine gas and '#drogen c'loride gas.- + of gases present in air.- Industrial e1traction of o1#gen and nitrogen from air.- Reactions of o1#gen % (1idation and reduction.- 2aborator# preparation of carbon dio1ide and '#drogen.- '#sical and c'emical properties of ammonia.- ollution b# sulp'ur dio1ide and nitrogen o1ides.

0. Reacti1it" series and t!e E#traction o$ Meta%s 0o& metals react &it' &ater, o1#gen !air" and steam.

3'e reactivit# series and dis'%acementreactions.

E1traction of metals from t'eir ores !(e and A% as specific e1amples".

Electrol#sis and RED2reactions.

4ses of metals related to t'eir 'ro'erties.

Cause and 're1entionof rusting.

/. E%ectro%"sis

Recall e1periments on migration of ions. 4rite ionic 'alf%euations representing t'e reactions at t'e electrodes.

Calculate t'e amounts of t'e products of t'e electrol#sis.

Calculations involving Farada#s.

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5etails for t'e electrol#sis of sodium c'loride solution !brine".

5. Energetics 6nderstanding t'e difference bet&een e#ot!ermicand endot!ermicreaction in

terms of bonds bro$en and made. Energ# level diagrams.

Calculating Energ# c'anges and 0 using E 7 m 1 c 1 3

Calculation of H for a reaction given average bond energ# data.

Energ# c'anges in neutrali8ation reactions and reversible reactions.

6. Acids Bases Sa%ts and 7eutra%isation Colours produced b# litmus, p'enolp't'alein, met'#l orange and universal indicator.

5efinitions of acids and al$alis in terms of proton transfer.

5escribe 'o& to carr# out acid%al$ali titrations.

Calculations involving concentrations of solutions.

-8. Pre'aring and Ana%")ing Sa%ts reparation of soluble salts.

reparation of insoluble salts.

Flame tests for metal ions !cations". 3est for 90), Cu;), Fe;)and Fe


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Atomic tructure

-. Fill in t'e table:particle relative mass relative c'arge position !centre of

atom or outside"neutron

electron

proton

9. Complete t'e follo&ing table.

Atom - Ion9umber of

protons9umber ofneutrons

9umber ofelectrons

ElectronConfiguration

= Ar />

;< 9a //

= Ca;) ;=

3. Boron consists of t&o isotopes, Boron*/= and Boron*//.a" 4'at are isotopes?

b" If t'e relative abundances are ;=+ and >=+ respectivel#, &'at is t'eaverage relative atomic mass of Boron?

*. 5ra& a diagram to s'o&ing t'e position of t'e fundamental particles in an atom ofsodium.

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Bonding and Structure

/. 5escribe an ionic bond.

;. 5escribe a covalent bond.


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@. 5ra& a diagram s'o&ing t'e s'ape of t'e follo&ing moleculesa" Met'ane

b" Carbon dio1ide

. !a" 5escribe t'e structure of solid sodium c'loride, in general terms:

!b" 3'e melting point of sodium c'loride is high*/low*


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Caron C!emistr"

/. !a" Crude oil is a mi1ture of '#drocarbons. 4'at is a '#drocarbon?

!b" 0o& is crude oil separated? E1plain 'o& t'e process &or$s.

!c" Complete t'e follo&ing table.Crude oi% (raction Main use

Camping gas

gasoline Fuel for cars

Ma$ing c'emicals

5iesel

Fuel oil

Road surfaces

;. 3'ermal decomposition reactions can be used to split up large molecules.!a" 9ame t'e process used to t'ermall# decompose large molecules in t'e 'eav#

fractions of crude oil.

!b" 4'at are t'e conditions reuired for t'e process.3emperature . Catal#st .

!c" E1plain &'# oil companies need to carr# out suc' reactions !t&o reasons".

!d" 6sing structural formulae, s'o& 'o& t'e C@al$ane, 'e1ane, undergoes t'ermaldecomposition:

!e" 5escribe a test for one of t'e products in !c", and sa# &'ic' one:

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Et!ano%" 5ra& t'e structural !displa#ed" formula of Et'anol?

@" 5ra& t'e structural !displa#ed" formulae of t'e products from t'e 5e'#drationof et'anol?

" 5escribe 'o& et'anol is made industriall# from et'ene.Include an# important conditions and a balanced euation.

4'at are t'e Advantages and disadvantages of t'is met'od?

>" 5escribe 'o& et'anol is made from t'e Fermentation of sugars.

Include an# important conditions and a balanced euation.

4'at are t'e Advantages and disadvantages of t'is met'od?

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Po%"merisation

D" 4'at are differences bet&een condensation and addition pol#merisation.

/= a" 5ra& a section of t'e pol#mer formed &'en ropene is 'eated under pressure

&it' a suitable catal#st.

b" 4'at is t'e name of t'e pol#mer formed from propene?

c" 4'at t#pe of pol#mer is t'is?

//" Give t&o uses of !/" pol#!propene", and t&o for !;" pol#!c'loroet'ene".

/;" tud# t'e formulae of pol#mers A and B and ans&er t'e uestions.

C 9 !C0;"@ 9 C !C0;": C 9

00

( (

!C0;"@

C C C C C C C C C C

0 00

0 0 0

0

F 0 F

0 0 0

F 0

0

FF

0 0

A

B

(

0

9

0

!a" 4'ic' molecule is an e1ample of !i" an addition pol#mer?

!ii" a condensation pol#mer?

!b" 5ra& t'e structural !displa#ed" formula of t'e monomer used to ma$e B.

!c" 5ra& t'e t@omonomers used to ma$e A.

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Ca%cu%ations/. Calculate t'e percentage b# mass of:

!a" Fe in 'aematite, Fe;(, find its molecularformula.


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. 4'en et'ane is burnt in air t'e reaction is:

;C;0@ ) (; C(; ) @0;(

Calculate t'e volume of o1#gen needed to burn /==.=g of et'ane, at room temperatureand pressure. !/ mole of an# gas at room temperature and pressure occupies ;.=dm


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Periodic Ta%e-. !a" In &'at order are t'e elements placed in t'e eriodic 3able?

!b" 4'at are t'e electronic structures of c'lorine and potassium?Cl: H:

!c" 4'at is t'e electronic structure of a potassium ion?

9. 3'e table lists properties of four metals:meta% m.'t.oC densit"gcm3 !ardness 'ro'erties o$ su%'!ate

A D> =.D;= soft &'ite, soluble in &aterB >= /.= moderate &'ite, insoluble in &ater C /= >.D== 'ard green, soluble in &ater 5 /D ./= uite 'ard &'ite, soluble in &ater

4'ic' one is an al$ali metal? E1plain #our c'oice:

3. Rubidium is immediatel# belo& potassium in t'e eriodic 3able!a" 4rite a balanced s#mbol euation for t'e reaction of rubidium &it' &ater.

!b" 4'at safet# precautions &ould #ou use for t'e reaction in !b", and &'#?

!c" 6se #our $no&ledge of patterns in t'e eriodic 3able to predict &'et'er!i" rubidium is more or less reactive t'an potassium. E#'%ain "our c!oice:

!ii" rubidium 'as a 'ig'er or lo&er melting point t'an potassium. E#'%ain "ourc!oice:

*. Fluorine is immediatel# above c'lorine in t'e Group of t'e eriodic 3able.

a" 0o& &ould #ou e1pect t'e reactivit# of fluorine to compare &it' t'at of c'lorine?E1plain #our reasoning.

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b" 4rite a balanced s#mbol euation, &it' state s#mbols, for t'e reaction of c'lorine&it' a solution of potassium bromide.

c" 5escribe t'e observations t'at &ould be observed for t'e reaction in part b".

. 0#drogen c'loride gas is produced in t'e laborator# in a similar manner b# reactingsodium c'loride &it' sulp'uric acid.

a" 5escribe &'at &ould be observed if universal indicator &as added to '#drogenc'loride gas dissolved in &ater.

b" 5escribe &'at &ould be observed if universal indicator &as added to '#drogen

c'loride gas dissolved in met'#lben8ene.

@. 4'at is t'e + composition of gases in dr# air?

. 0o& are o1#gen and nitrogen obtained from air.

>. 5ra& a dot and cross diagram for nitrogen gas, 9;and e1plain &'# it is unreactive.

D. 5escribe t'e c'emical test for &ater.

/=. 5escribe 'o& carbon dio1ide is produced in t'e laborator#.

//. 4'at &ould #ou observe during t'e t'ermal decomposition of copper!II" carbonate?

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Reacti1it" Series and E#traction o$ meta%s

/ 4'en t'e metal scandium is dipped into a solution of copper!II" sulp'atesolution, t'e solution c'anges from blue to colourless, and a pin$ deposit appears on t'esurface of t'e scandium.

4'en scandium o1ide is 'eated strongl# &it' magnesium 'eat is given out and scandium

metal is formed.

a" 6se t'is information to put t'e t'ree elements scandium, magnesium and copper inorder of increasing reactivit#, e1plaining #our reasoning:

!b" uggest a met'od !not using a different metal" b# &'ic' scandium ma# be e1tractedfrom is compounds.

;. 5escribe 'o& iron is e1tracted from its ore.!Include euations and a consideration of 'o& t'e impurities are removed".


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uantitati1e E%ectro%"sis

/. 5escribe 'o& potassium manganate!II" can be used to s'o& t'at ions moveduring electrol#sis.

;. 4rite 'alf euations for t'e reactions occurring at t'e electrodes during t'eelectrol#sis of molten CaCl;.


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Energetics

/. In an e1periment, =.@= g of propane !C" &as completel# burned in air. 3'e 'eat

evolved raised t'e temperature of /== g of &ater b# @.D C. 6se t'is data to

calculate t'e ent'alp# of combustion of propane.!3'e specific 'eat capacit# of &ater is ./> J g%/H%/".

;. In an e1periment, /.== g of propanone !C0


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. 4'en '#drogen reacts &it' iodine, &e can s'o& t'e reaction as follo&s0 * 0 ) I * I ; !0 * I"

!a" Given t'e follo&ing bond energies, calculate t'e 'eat of reaction.!0 * 0: $J"

!b" 5ra& an energ# level diagram for t'e reaction.

. 3emperature &as recorded as an al$ali &as added to / cm


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Acids Bases Sa%ts and 7eutra%isation

-.Complete eac' &ord euation, t'en &rite a balanced c'emical euation underneat':

!a" 8inc ) '#droc'loric acid

Euation

!b" magnesium '#dro1ide ) '#droc'loric acid

Euation

!c" calcium carbonate ) sulp'uric acid

Euation

!d" ammonia ) sulp'uric acid

Euation

!e" redict t'e products of t'e follo&ing reactions, b# completing t'e &ord euations:

!i" copper!II" o1ide ) nitric acid

!ii" ammonium carbonate ) et'anoic acid

!iii" iron ) sulp'uric acid

;. 4'at is an acid?

4'at is an al$ali?

4rite t'e ionic euation for neutrali8ation.


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. 4'at volume of / mol dm%


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Pre'aring and Ana%")ing Sa%ts

Give t&o e1amples of soluble salts. !6se different t#pes of salts"

5escribe using bullet points 'o& #ou &ould ma$e a pure solution of sodium nitrate.

5escribe using bullet points 'o& #ou &ould ma$e pure barium sulp'ate.

Complete t'e follo&ing tables5etecting Gases

TEST (2R TEST METH2D 2BSERATI27S

0;

C(;

(;

0Cl

Cl;

0;(

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3esting for anions

TEST (2R TEST METH2D 2BSERATI27S CHEMISTRY E;uation

C239

S2*9

C%

Br

I

3esting for cations

TEST (2R TEST METH2D 2BSERATI27S

F

Ca9F

7aF

(e9F

(e3F

Cu9F

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olubilit# of alts

Sa%t So%u%e Sa%ts Inso%u%e Sa%ts

7itrates

C!%orides

Su%'!ates

Caronates

H"dro#ides

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9a;( 3est for 9a) (

;%E1perimental tec'niue

in bullet points

Made industriall# b#

3'ree Euations for process

0;(

3est for 0;(usingConditions for process

Bonding 5iagram of tructure

3est for9a)

Cl%

9aCl

olution electrol#sis Made in lab b#

roducts

Euations: Cat'ode

Anode

pecial apparatus feature

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Fe;(

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Revision Booklet [5,S]