Rezultati novijih arheoloških istraživanja u severozapadnoj Srbiji i susednim teritorijama

5/28/2018 Rezultati novijih arheolokih istraivanja u severozapadnoj Srbiji i susednim teritorijama

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2013

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. : ................................................................................. 5. : 1 .............. 17. : : ........................................................................................................ 33. , . . : : , ................................................... 45H.A. Bankoff et al.: New Archaeological Research in the Jadar region ofWest Serbia, 2010 and 2011 ................................................................................................. 57. et al.:

.......................................................................................................... 77R. Boger et al.: Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research in West Serbia: the Need forPaleoclimate Data and Diverse Data Integration ................................................................. 85A. Huska and W. Powell: Tin Sources Associated with Bronze Age ArchaeologicalSites in West Serbia: Initial Findings ................................................................................... 105. . : : ................................................... 113. , . . : ........................................................................................................ 125. . : ....................................................................... 133. : ..................................................................................................................... 153. : - ................................................................................................... 171. : .......................................................................................... 177. : ........................ 193. . :

........................................................................................ 201. . : - - .......... 213. : 2011. .................................................................................................... 225. . : ........................................................................................................ 237. -: , , ................................................................ 249


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ALITRENA PEINA

, Bojana Mihailovi, National Museum, Belgrade

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K : , , , , .

Abstact: alitrena Peina represents up to day the richest Palaeolithic site in Serbia and also theonly site where the layers containing Gravettien, Aurignacien and Middle Palaeolithic tools werediscovered. This is a multi-layered Palaeolithic site that, after cultural and chronological determinationand the quantity of nds may be considered as the richest and most important Palaeolithic site on thewestern Balkan area, and at the same time one of the most important Palaeolithic sites in the south-

eastern Europe. Long period of occupation of the alitrena peina enables to overview the changesthat occurred in culture, economy and the society of the Palaeolithic communities that lived here, andalso enables following the transition from Middle into Upper Palaeolithic.

Ky ods: alitrena peina, western Serbia, Palaeolithic, cave, south-east Europe


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(. 1) , , 6 km 100 km (. 2). , 277 m . 20 m 20 m . - 600 m2 135 m ( 1998).

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1983.1985. 1995. - - . - (2x3m) (4x3 m) 18

m2 (Je i Kaluerovi 1985;Kaluerovi 1991).

. 1. Fig. 1 View on alitrena peina from the west

. 2. Fig. 2 The geographical position of alitrena peina


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C (3x5 m). 2001. - D (3x5) (3x4 m) , .

2004. (2005., 2010. 2012. ) .

65 m2 . ( , G EG) : 1 , ,

-; 2 ,

. 3. 2004 - 2011. Fig. 3 The situation plan of the alitrena peina with marked surface that was excavated in the period2004 - 2011


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T. I- (1 - 3 , 4 , 5 , 6, 7 , 8, 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 )T. I- Gravettien industr (1 - 3 pointed blades, 4 projectile, 5 burin, 6, 7 endscrapers on blades, 8, 9endscrapers-points, 10 double endscraper, 11 endscraper burin, 12 burin point, 13 burin-tpe core)


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. II- (1 - 3 -

, 4 - 14 ). II- Gravettien industr (1 - 3 double retouched tools with retouched back, 4 - 14 steep retouchedtools)


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T. III- (1 - 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 - 10

, 11 , 12 )T. III - Aurignacien industr (1 - 3 core, 4 burin, 5 nosed scraper, 6 - 10 retouched blades, 11endscraper on blade, 12 pointed blade)


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(6-6 E, G EG 3 4 F, H HSP), (. IV) - . . ( ) . .

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. IV - (1, 3 , 2 , 4 , 5 - 8 ,

9 ). IV - Middle Palaeolithic industr (1, 3 cores, 2 notched pieces, 4 burin, 5 - 8 sidescrapers, 9Mousterien point)


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(Mihailovi et al. 2011).

. , IX-IV (Drobniewicz et al.1992) IVb (Tsanova 2003). , -- , , II ( 6-9), , (Valoch1996; Otte et al.1996; Svoboda 1994).

. - (Conard and Bolus 2003) (Mihailovi et al. 2011). , - 4 - (Kozowski 1999). . -

, e , - .

Antonovi, D. 1997.Use of Light White Stone in the Central Balkans Neolithic, Starinar..XLVIII: 33-39.Basl, .1979.Paleolitske i mezolitske regije i kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini. U: Praistorijajugoslavenskih zemalja, Tom I, ur. . Basler, 331355. Sarajevo.Valoc, K. 1996. Lorigine du Gravettien de lEurope Centrale. In: The Colloquia of the XIII

International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, Colloquium XI The LateAurignacian, Colloquium XII The Origin of Gravettian, eds. A. Palma di Cesnola, A. MontetWhite and K. Valoch, 203-212. Forli.Dobniicz, B., Gint, B. and Kozoski, J.K.1992. The Gravettian sequence. In: TemnataCave - Excavations in Karlukovo Karst Area, Vol. 1, eds. J.K. Kozowski, H. Laville and B.

Ginter, 295-501. Krakow., . (.) 1998. , .

.


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, . i Kalovi, Z. 1985.alitrena peina paleolitsko i neolitsko nalazite. Arheolokipregled25: 33-34.Kalovi, Z. 1991. Palaeolithic in Serbia in the Light of the Recent Research. Starinar ..XLII: 1-8.Kozlovski, J.K. 1999. Gravettian/Epigravettian sequences in the Balkans: environment,technologies, hunting strategies and raw material procurement. In: The Palaeolithic Archaeologyof Greece and Adjacent Areas: Proceedings of the ICOPAG Conference, Ioannina, September1994, ed. G.N. Baile [et al.], 319-329. London.Miailovi, B.2008. The Gravettian Site alitrena Peina near Mionica (Western Serbia). In: The

Palaeolithic of the Balkans, BAR International series: 1819, eds. A. Darlas and D. Mihailovi,101106. Oxford., . 1992. - . .

Miailovi, D. and Miailovi, B. 2009. Cultural regionalization in the Palaeolithic of theMiddle Danube basin and western Balkans. In: Le concept de territoires dans le Palolithiquesuprieur europen, BAR International series 1938, eds. F. Djindjan, J. Kozowski, N. Bicho,93-101. Oxford.Miailovi, D., Miailovi, B. and Lopii, M. 2011. The Palaeolithic in Northern Serbia. In:The Prehistory of Banat I The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic, eds. F. Drasovean and B. Jovanovi,77-101. Bucharest.Ott, ., Noit, P., Ciica, V. t Boziak, I. 1996. Rthme evolutif du Gravettien oriental.In: The Colloquia of the XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences,Colloquium XI The Late Aurignacian, Colloquium XII The Origin of Gravettian, eds. A. Palmadi Cesnola, A. Montet White, K. Valoch, 213-226. Forli.Svoboda, J. 1994. The Pavlov Site, Czech Republic: Lithic Evidence from the Upper Palaeolithic.

Journal of Field Archaeology21/1: 69-81.Tsanova, T. 2003.Le Gravettien en Bulgarie du Nord: Niveau IVb de la grotte Kozarnika.In: The

Humanized Mineral World: Towards Social and Symbolic Evaluation of Prehistoric Technologiesin South Eastern Europe,ERAUL 103, eds. T. Tsonev, E. Montagnari Kokelj, 33-39. Liege-Soa.Conad, N. and Bols, M. 2003. Radiocarbon dating the appearance of modern humans andtiming of cultural innovations in Europe: new results and new challenges. Journal of Human

Evolution 44: 331371., J.2002. . 18: 9-23.


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1RESCUE EXCAVATIONS ON THE JARIITE 1 SITE

, Miroslav Mari, Institut for Balkan Studies, SASA

: , , .. , 2006. 2010. 1. . - -

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K : , , 1, , ,, , .

Abstact:Large rescue archaeological excavations are taking place at the Kolubara coal-mine ba-sin, in the village of Mali Borak, K. O. Lajkovac, under the directorship of Mirjana Blagojevi,archaeologist-advisor from the Institute for the protection of cultural monuments of the Republicof Serbia, Belgrade. In the period between 2006 and 2010, a multi-layered site Jariite 1 has been

excavated. The remains of settlements from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age were discovered. The sitewas located on a large loess formation, oriented in the southwest-northeast direction, above the river

Kladnica valley. The dimensions of the excavated surface were approximately 200x400 m, and theremains of several prehistoric cultures and periods were discovered. Most abundant were the tracesof settlements from Starevo culture, but also the remains of Vina and early Baden cultures were

present.

Ky ods: Coal-mine basin Kolubara, Mali Borak, Jariite 1, multi-layered site, Starevo cul-ture, Vina culture, Baden culture, burial customs in Starevo culture


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, 2006. 2010. , -, 1,

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, 14C ( 6 ),

. 1. 1Fig. 1 The location of the site Jariite 1


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- NOSAMS OS-78624: 6660+/- 35BP, . Cal BC 5625-5604(0.90) BC.1 , -

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Fig. 2 Composite technical drawing of archaeological features (circles represent areas withoutarchaeological features)


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. 3. - . 1.62 (1 2), 1.11 (3) 1.87 (4)Fig. 3 Different shapes of pit-dwellings ofthe Starevo culture. Archaeological fea-ture 1.62 (1 and 2), archaeological feature1.11 (3) and archaeological feature 1.87 (4)

. 4. - (1 2), (?) (3), - (4)Fig. 4 Ovens in the Starevo culture pit-

dwellings (1 and 2), air ow regulator (?)(3), reconstruction of cross-section of theoven (4)


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(Minichreiter 1992: 39), - .

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1.14 1.74, -

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. 5. -

1.74Fig. 5 Double grave of the Starevo culture in thearchaeological feature 1.74


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(. 7/11), - , (Vukovi 2005).


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. 1

. 6. Fig. 6 Ceramic production of the Starevo culture


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. 7. Fig. 7 Objects from baked cla from Starevo and Vina cultures


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, - , , . , - ( 2011). ( 40 50 cm ) , -

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. 8. . 1.177 (1-), 1.185 (2) 1.150 (3)Fig. 8 Different shapes of pits in the Vina culture.Archaeological feature 1.177 (1-b), 1.185 (2) and1.150 (3)


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. 9. Fig. 9 Ceramic production in the Vina culture


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. 1

) - NOSAMS OS-78623: 6260 +/-35BP (. Cal BC 5298-5242(0.90) BC), . ,

, ( 2 ), (. 8/1), (. 8/2-3). , , , , , - . (. 8/3 ) ,

in situ , - , .

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(. 7/7) (. 7/6,8),

. , (. 7/7-8) . (. 7/8) ( ) . . ( 1982: 59), , , -

. (. 7/15) , . , -


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, () .

, , (. 7/16) , , - . , , . , , , . (Garaanin 1979: 152).

, 1 .Black topped - 9 (7 10) , , (. 9/3). - () (. 7/15), () , , (. 1979: 169, . 12/6). - (. 7/16)

, -, , 1 . , ( - 1961, X/1-2) ( ), , 8.7 ( 1936: 11, . 43/-) ( et al. 1979: 17), 6.2 2 .

1 - , (. 9/9). 1 , , - ( 1979: 169, XXVII/6) .


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. 1

. 10. Fig. 10 Ceramic production of the Aeneolithic and the Bronze Age periods


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, , , . (. 10) (. 7/4). , , - , (. 10/5,6,8) , III (. 10/7) (. Krsti 1986: Fig. 10. 5) (. 10/9-11) (Spasi 2008: Pl. 2/3-10).

, ( 2005: 63-72), -- , , (. 9/11) -. (. Krsti 1986: Fig. 4. 1)

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. 1

, .2011. . 5: 27-36., .2005. , -. 4: 31-73., . , . 1979. - . .Gaaanin, M. 1979. Centralnobalkanska zona. U:Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja. TomII,ur. A. Benac, 79-212. Sarajevo.Jovanovi, B. 1982.Rudna Glava. Bor., . 1998. . 3:27-42.Ksti, D. 1986.Vajuga - Korbovo. Rendu des fouilles executees en 1981. III:

148-167. .Minicit, K.1992. Pei u starevakom naselju kod Zadubravlja. Opuscula ArchaeologicaRadovi Arheolokog zavoda, Vol. 16 No. 1: 37-47.Spasi, M.2008.Horizontal and Vertical Communication Axis in the Middle and Late Eneolithic.

Analele Banatului S.N. XVI: 31-45., .1972. . ., . , . 1961. . .Vkovi, J. 2005.The Blagotin amulets and their place in the earl Neolithic of the CentralBalkans. 21: 27-44., . 1936. III. .


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STONE INDUSTRy OF THE TAMNAVA REGION:

FINDS FROM RESCUE EXCAVATIONS ON

THE COAL-MINE KOLUBARA

, ,

: , . . - , , 2005. 2010., 20 000 , ( 0,1 % ).

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K : , , , , , .

Abstact: Rescue excavations on the coal-mine Tamnava is the rst Serbian project that yieldedlarge quantities of material, both from ceramic and stone. This allowed work on a large sample,

previously unavailable in Serbian archaeology. Three prehistoric sites Crkvine, Masinske Njiveand Jariite in Mali Borak village, excavated in the period between 2005. and 2010, yielded over20 000 stone artefacts, mainly tools (only 0,1 % from this number are decorative and cult artefacts).Up to day, material from sites Crkvine and Masinske Njive are fully analysed, while the material

from the site of Jariite is still in the course of the analysis. Such a large sample of stone industryenables the creation of a general picture of the level of technological development during Neolithicand Aeneolithic in the central Balkan area, especially in the north-western Serbia. Certain standardsin the raw material selection were already noted on all three sites, as well the presence of specializedworkshops for stone working. However, the important question on the origin of the stone raw material

the exact location of the stone queries and rock springs exploited by prehistoric craftspersons atthis moment can not be answered.

Ky ods:stone, tools, Neolithic, Aeneolithic, Tamnava region, north-western Serbia


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20 ,

. (2011: 27), , , . 21. .

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45 , 2005. 2010. - , .

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. 1. , - : 1. , 2. , 3.Fig. 1 The location of the sites in the Mali Borak village,on the Kolubara coal-mine: 1. Crkvine, 2. Masinske

Njive, 3. Jariite


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, - 2005-2006. , , 3000m2, 5175 1320 (25,5%) - . , (. 2): 25%

(SiO2), ., - (),2 65% . - ( 2011: 198, . 2).

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, 5. Fig. 2 Percentages of the stone raw materials used onCrkvine: 1. silica, 2. ne-grained gre-greenish rocks,3. light white rocks, 4. sandstones and conglomerates,5. other

. 3. ( ): 1. 5, 1.5, 2. 24, 5-6. . Fig. 3 Tuff akes (light white rocks): 1.Trench 5, AU 1.5, 2. Trench 24, 5-6. . laer


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- (-

2011: 207, . 10; - 2011: 234, . III).3 5 - 43 % (. 3).

680 . , , -. , ( 1,. 4).

- (. 5).

%

2 0,29 I/1 150 22,04 III/1, III/2, III/3, III/4, III/5, III/6, III/7, III/8 63 9,26 V/1, V/2, V/3, V/4, V/5, V/8 40 5,88 VI/1, VI/2, VI/3, VI/4, VI/5, VI/6 15 2,21 II/2, VII/1, VII/2, X/2 211 31,03 XI/1, XI/3, XI/4, XI/5, XI/6, XI/7 32 4,71 XII/1, XII/2, XII/3, XII/4, XII/5, XII/6 30 4,41 XIV/1, XIV/2, XIV/4 137 20,15 680 100

1. .

3 , (-2011).

. 4. : 1. (, , ), 2. (,), 3. , 4. Fig. 4 Percentages of the tool tpes made from

polished stone from Crkvine: 1. tools with cutting edge(axes, adzes, chisels), 2. abrasive tools (grindstones,whetstones), 3. querns and pounders, 4. other


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.4 - (2006-2007..) 6619 : 4957 - 1662 - . 75% -

(. 6).

1662 - 1045 ( 2, . 7-8). 617,

4 .

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. 5. -, , : 1. , 2. -, 3. , 4. Fig. 5 Percentages of nal products, semi-nishedartefacts, raw material blanks and akes from processof manufacture in the material of ground stones fromCrkvine: 1. nal products, 2. semi-nished artefacts,3. raw material blanks, 4. akes from manufacturing

process

. 6. - : 1. ,2. , 3. , 4. , 5. Fig. 6 Percentages of stone raw materials fromMasinske Njive: 1. siliceous stones, 2. ne-grainedgre-greenish rocks, , 3. light white rocks, 4. sandstones

and conglomerates, 5. other


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, , -

(, , ).

%

1 0,1 I/1 4 0,38 II/1 183 17,51 III/1, III/2, III/3, III/4, III/5, III/6, III/7, III/8 26 2,49 V/1, V/2, V/3, V/5, V/6, V/8, V/9 65 6,22 VI/1, VI/2, VI/3, VI/4, VI/5, VI/6 2 0,19

2 0,19 461 44,14 XI/1, XI/3, XI/5, XI/6 20 1,91 XII/1, XII/2, XII/3, XII/4, XII/5, XII/6, -

4 0,38 XIII/2, XIII/3, XIII-VI/6

154 14,74 XIV/1, XIV/2, XIV/3, XIV/4, XIV/5, XIV/6/ 12 1,11 XI/6-XIV 5 0,48 XVII/3 106 10,14 , , , 1045 100

2. .

. 7. : 1. (, , ), 2. (, ), 3. , 4.Fig. 7Percentages of the tool tpes made from polishedstone from Masinske Njive: 1. tools with cutting edge(axes, adzes, chisels), 2. abrasive tools (grindstones,whetstones), 3. querns and pounders, 4. other

. 9. -, , - : 1. ,2. , 3. , 4. Fig. 9 Percentages of nal products, semi-nished ar-tefacts, raw material blanks and akes from processof manufacture in the material of ground stones fromMasinske Njive: 1. nal products, 2. semi-nished ar-tefacts, 3. raw material blanks, 4. akes from manu-facturing process


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. ...

. 8. : 1. III/1/a, 2. III/5/d, 3. XI/6/b, 4. , 5. V/2/a, 6. V/2/c, 7.

XIV/2, 8. XI/6/cFig. 8 Stone tools from Masinske Njive: 1. adze, tpe III/1/a, 2. adze, tpe III/5/d, 3. grindstone, tpeXI/6/b, 4. semi-nished perforated hammer, 5. chisel, tpe V/2/a, 6. chisel, tpe V/2/c, 7. quern, tpeXIV/2, 8. grindstone, tpe XI/6/c


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,

. , , , (. 7 9).

. . ,5 - - . 60,96 % -

, 39,04 % . - : (, , ,) 62 % - . (. 10).

, -, (, , ; 3, . 11-12). , (. 13), , - . , .

5

. , .

. 10. - : 1. 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. Fig. 10 Percentages of stone raw materials fromJariite: 1. siliceous stones, 2. ne-grained gre-greenish rocks, 3. light white rocks, 4. sandstones andconglomerates, 5. other


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% 1,13 I/1, I /3 19,18 III/1, III/2, III/3, III/4, III/5, III/6, III/7, III/8 2,87 V/2, V/3, V/5, V/8 3,90 VI/1, VI/2, VI/3, VI/4, VI/5, VI/6 40,62 XI/1, XI/2, XI/3, XI/5, XI/6, XI/7, XI/8 3,69 XII/1, XII/2, XII/3, XII/4, XII/5, XII/7,

-

0,72 XIII/1, XIII/2, XIII/3, XIII-VI/6

8,21 XIV/1, XIV/2, XIV/3, XIV/4, XIV/5 /

1,64 XI/6-XIV

0,62 IV/5, X/2

17,44 , , ,, ,

3. .

. ...

. 11. : 1. - (, , ), 2. (, ), 3. , 4.Fig. 11 Percentages of the tool tpes made from

polished stone from Jariite: 1. tools with cutting edge(axes, adzes, chisels), 2. abrasive tools (grindstones,whetstones), 3. querns and pounders, 4. other

. 13. -, , - : 1. , 2. -, 3. , 4. - Fig. 13 Percentages of nal products, semi-nishedartefacts, raw material blanks and akes from processof manufacture in the material of ground stones fromJariite: 1. nal products, 2. semi-nished artefacts,3. raw material blanks, 4. akes from manufacturing

process


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. 12. Fig. 12 Ground stone tools from Jariite


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, , , . ( 900 , ). - ( 2008: 205)., , ( ), , ,, III ( 2009: 73).6

, a, , ( , -III -; 2009: 74). - , . , , .

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2011; - 2011), . , - , - ( 2005; Crnobrnja et al. 2009). - .

6 .

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-

, . : , , (177020) - (177023) .

, . 2011. : 5,

5: 195 212., . 2005. , -,4: 31 77., . , . 2008. 2006. , , , 32: 61 65., . , . 2008. 2006. , , , 32: 65 68., . , . 2009. : -

2007. 2008. , 33: 71 74.-, . 2011. 5 ,5: 213 238., . , .2008. -, 24: 189 208.


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CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE NORTH-WESTERN SERBIA: SITES

OF THE OBROVAC TyPE FORTy yEARS LATER

, , ,

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: , . 70- XX - . 2010.

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K : , , , , .

Abstact: The Obrovci represent hilly locations in the north-western Serbia. The data availableup to day suggest they were inhabited during various prehistoric periods, mainly during the Neolithicand the Copper Age. They were singled out as distinctive type of settlements during 1970s andinterpreted as specic adaptation of prehistoric inhabitants to the marshy landscape. Survey carried

out in 2010. demonstrated that numerous obrovci were damaged by agricultural activities, and someare even completely destroyed. The sites are classied into several categories after the conditionencountered, degree of damage on them and possible further threats, and this should serve in futureas useful starting point for creating the strategy of protecting these north-western Serbian prehistoric

sites.

Ky ods: obrovci, Mava, north-western Serbia, prehistory, Neolithic


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50- ( 1951) - (. . 1953), -.1 ( ) . - . , , , -

. , , 1000 km. , , , . , , - , . , , .

, , - , . , . 1967. - ( 1967), ( 1973; 1980; 1972; 1973). -

, . , , - . , - , ,

1 35.

, 24. 26. 2012. : , 5 000 -2 500 47 001 .


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. , . . : ...

. 1. ( 1983). 1-- ; 2- ; 3- ; 4-

; 5- ; 6- ; 7- ; 8- ; 9- ; 10- ; 11- ; 12- ; 13- ; 14--

; 15- ; 16- ; 17- ; 18- ; 19 20- ; 21- ; 22- ; 23- ; 24- ; 25- - ; 26, 27 28- ; 29- 1 ; 30-2 ; 31- ; 32- ; 33- -

; 34-- ; 35, 36 37- ; 38, 39 40- ; 41- ; 42- ; 43- ; 44- ; 45 46- ; 47- ; 48--

Fig. 1 The diffusion of the settlements of the obrovci tpe (after Trbuhovi and Vasiljevi 1983).1-Staro Selo in Gluci; 2-Dudin anac in Lipolist; 3-Veliki Obrobac in Majur; 4-Motovilo in Majur;5-Brdanjak in Ribari; 6-Bari near Subotica; 7-Kulaa in Gradojevi; 8-Vodice near Valjevska Slatina;9-Obrovine in Lug near Dubalj; 10-Prokia anac in Dubalj; 11-anac in Obrovine in Dubalj;12-anac in Penjive in Dubalj; 13-anac on Obrva in Beloti; 14-Obrovac in Majur; 15-Segedin inLipolist; 16-Parlozi in Desi; 17-Bari near Subotica; 18-Ada near Skupljeni; 19 and 20-Kleje in NovoSelo; 21-Obrovine in Lug near Dubalj; 22-Lizalovica in Dubalj; 23-anac in Kulina Bara near Dubalj;24-anac on Livada in Beloti; 25-anac in Iovaa in Beloti; 26, 27 and 28-anine in Obrovinein Beloti; 29-Keca 1 in Bogati; 30-Keca 2 in Bogati; 31-Kuzmanov Breg in Klenje; 32-Brestinein Badovinci; 33-Tadia Zidine in evarice; 34-Obrovac-Kuite in Slepevi; 35, 36 and 37-StariSlepevi in Slepevi; 38, 39 and 40-Tufegdia Zabran in titar; 41-argia Brdo in titar; 42-Likiauma in Bogosavac; 43-Bus in Maovi; 44-Kalinovac in Grui; 45 and 46-Svrajak in Miokus;47-Obrovac in Milaka in Lipolist; 48-Kuite-Crkvine in Ribari


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, . (.) 1953. I - . : ., . 1967 . - , V: 121-157., . 1967 -, . 9: 21-22., .1972. , , .- 14: 166., . 1973. . 15: 134-160., . 1980. . 21:205-227.

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society. British Archaeological Reports International Series 117. Oxford: BAR.


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New ArChAeOLOGICAL reSeArCh IN The

JADAr reGION OF weST SerBIA, 2010 AND 2011

2010. 2011.

H. Arthur Bankoff, Brookln College CUNyAleksandar Bulatovi, Archaeological Institute, Belgrade

Slobodan Mitrovi, Brookln College CUNyVojislav Filipovi, Archaeological Institute, Belgrade

Rebecca Boger, Brookln College CUNyWane Powell, Brookln College CUNyAndrea Huska, Brookln College CUNy

Charuta Kulkarni, Brookln College CUNy

Abstact: Tin (Sn), an essential component of bronze, is at the center of many questions about theBronze Age. Tin is a rare metal and its elusive sources still present a conundrum for archaeologists,as well as geologists. Due to its very rarity and indispensability for making bronze (a copper-tinalloy), tin can be used as a key indicator in studies of prehistoric trade and cultural interconnections.

Following the work of A. Durman, we hypothesize that at least some of the tin used locally, in the

Bronze Age Aegean, and elsewhere was mined in West Serbia, the source closest to Greece. Inthe Jadar Geoarchaeological Project, begun in 2009, we posit that tin production integrated thearea into wider trade networks for at least several centuries. First phase of this project focuses oncollecting evidence of metallurgical process, to investigate the connection between tin resourcesand archaeological sites. Reconnaissance in Western Serbia in 2010 and 2011 has located both tin

sources and Bronze Age sites.

Ky ods: West Serbia, Jadar Region, Archaeology, Research, Tin, Bronze, Bronze Age

: (Sn) , . , , . ( ),

. . - ,

. , 2009. , - . - , .

2010. 2011. .

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Bronze, an allo of copper and tin, is harder than its constituent metals and readilcast. It was the eponmous technolog for its era, and plaed a critical role in later pre-

histor of Eurasia (ca. 3000 to 1000 BCE). While man copper sources are known, theelusive sources of tin still present a conundrum for archaeologists and geologists (Daton1971; Penhallurick 1986; Haustein et al. 2010; Weiner 2010). Due to its ver rarit andindispensabilit for making bronze, tin has been used as a ke indicator in studies of pre-historic trade and cultural interconnections (Aruz 2008). In the words of Anthon Harding(2000: 201), the author of a seminal work on the Bronze Age of Europe, [t]hrough muchof Europe, it is unknown how the bronzesmiths who turned out such enormous quanti-ties of bronzework ac-quired their supplies. For

instance, the source of tinin the Aegean Bronze Ageworld is rarel discussedin studies of bronze arti-facts (e.g. Iakovidis 1982;Rapp 1988, 1999; Skar-pelis 2003), although asource outside of Greeceis assumed. Following the

work of Durman (1997),we hpothesize that atleast some of the tin usedin the Bronze Age Aegeanand elsewhere was minedin West Serbia, the sourceclosest to Greece (Fig. 1).In theJadar Geoarchaeo-logical Project, begun in

2009, we also posit thattin production integratedthe area into wider tradenetworks for at least sev-eral centuries.

Phase 1 of this project focuses on collecting evidence of resource availabilit andprocurement, along with smelting with its associated slag production, to investigate theconnection between tin resources and archaeological sites. Such research can contributeto an in-depth understanding of the interpla between resource, processing, and site lo-

cation with respect to a signicant source of tin needed in the European Bronze Age. Itcontinues a longstanding interest in the possible role plaed b Aegean and Black Sea

Fig. 1Tin sources in the Aegean area. 1. (after/: McGeehan-Liritzis and Talor 1987)


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contacts in the development of the distinctive culture of small Bronze Age communitiesthat contrast with tpical nucleated settlements of the southeastern Europes Vina Neo-

lithic and Eneolithic culture (Bankoff 1977; cf. Sherratt 2004; Bankoff and Greeneld1985).

This rst phase of the Jadar Project has the following two goals: The exploration and documentation of the initial operational sequences of tin

metallurg (Table 1), that is, ore procurement and smelting. Understanding the Bronze Age environment vis--vis metal sources and archae-

ological sites.To locate the tin sources, geological surve, streambed gravel sampling, and GIS

cartograph assume importance. All earl tin mining consisted in gathering up the ore

from stream beds or in digging through the shallow laers of more recent silt so as toreach the ore remaining in the old stream beds (Hedges 1964:13). As demonstrated bour 2010 and 2011 surves, the tin ores are still extant in the rivers. Despite the encour-aging surve results, the possibilit still remains that tin was never there in sufcientabundance for exploitation (for discussion see Muhl 1972 [1973]). Much of the originaltin resources ma have been used up during the Bronze Age and subsequent periods. Inthat case, elements or minerals found geologicall in association with tin ores or streamdeposits of tailings associated with panning ma reveal its former presence and pro-curement (Thorndcraft et al. [1999] discuss the difculties inherent in this approach).

To archaeologicall elucidate the tin metallurg process, possible tin processing sitesmust be found, evidence from artifacts and features relating to tin production must berecognized and the operational steps must be analzed (cf. Mantell 1970; Harding 2000;Hauptmann 2010).

Pojct istoy and pliminay slts

Brookln Colleges Department of Anthropolog and Archaeolog has a long histo-

r of involvement in Balkan archaeolog (Fewkes et al. 1933; Ehrich and Bankoff 1992;Bankoff and Winter 1982, 1985; Bankoff et al. 1986, 1988, 1990, 1996; Bankoff andPalavestra 1986a, 1986b; Bankoff and Stefanovich 1998; Ochsenschlager and Popovi1971; Winter and Bankoff 1989). After a decade-long hiatus, a new Brookln Collegeteam was formed to take a new look at the possible tin sources in West Serbia. The proj-ect team included not onl archaeologists, but geologists and paleoclimate specialistsfrom the Colleges Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences. The proximit ofhitherto unknown Bronze Age sites to tin and copper sources added to our interest, andinitiated our investigation of the correlation of tin distribution and archaeological sites.

In 2010 and 2011, the pilot seasons of this new joint American-Serbian project (fundingprovided b the Institute for Aegean Prehistor and Professional Staff Congress - Cit

H.A. Bankoff et al. New Archaeological Research in the Jadar region of West Serbia


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Universit New york) found eight new Bronze Age sites, documented the presence ofcassiterite (SnO

2) in tributaries of the Jadar River, and made signicant headwa in de-

veloping methods and strategies for investigating the Bronze Age paleoclimate (Bogeret al., this volume).

The Jadar Project was initiated in 2010 as a collaboration between Brookln Col-lege (Cit Universit of New york) and the Cultural Heritage Preservation Institute ofValjevo under the project rubric Mapping the Bronze Age Metallurgy in West Serbia.Archaeological and geological eldwork was conducted in the vicinit of the towns ofBeloti and Bela Crkva. In earl 2011, a long-term memorandum of collaboration wassigned b Brookln College and the Archaeological Instituteof theSerbian Academof Arts and Sciences, which ofciall established the Jadar Project as an international

collaborative project. The regional Cultural Heritage Preservation Institute of Valjevocontinues as a project partner. The connection on both the regional and national level tothe archaeological institutions in Serbia became conducive to new and exciting aspectsof research.

A second season of archaeological and geological eldwork was conducted in thesummer 2011, expanding the stud area to include the south slope of Mt. Cer, west ofthe village of Tekeri (Bankoff et al. 2011). Permits for surve and excavation were ob-tained from the appropriate agencies with the support of our Serbian partners. A total offteen American and twelve Serbian undergraduate students participated in these pilot

activities. Ke personnel included: Radivoje Arsi of the Cultural Heritage PreservationInstitute; Aleksandar Bulatovi and Vojislav Filipovi of the Archaeological Institute;H. Arthur Bankoff and Slobodan Mitrovi of the Department of Anthropolog and Ar-chaeolog, and Rebecca Boger and Wane Powell of the Department of Earth and Envi-ronmental Sciences of Brookln College. Graduate students Andrea Huska and CharutaKulkarni of the latter department provided crucial help to the project while sharing thedata and analses for M.A. and Ph.D. theses.

Tin Os

The metallurgical chain (Harding 2000; Hauptmann 2010) begins with nding theore. Tin sources in West Serbia area are mentioned in the literature as far back as 1954(Mari 1954), and there is mention of tin in slag from an undatable mine b the Sarajevocastle (Davies 1935: 212). In his compilation of tin deposits of Europe, Penhallurick(1986: 63) describes mountains Cer and Bukulja as recent [tin] discoveries of uncertainpotential. The presence of tin mineralization (cassiterite) in Cer and Bukulja plutonswas reported b Durman (1997:11 and personal communication 2010, 2011). An unpub-

lished mining industr report b M. Pani, cited b Durman, specicall emphasizes Mt.Cer as a source. The same report came with an anecdote of a recovered 13kg nugget of


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tin, conveed b Pani to Durman. However, no published source provided a detailed de-scription of the tin mineralization (e.g. distribution, abundance, composition, associated

minerals). A conference in Donji Milanovac in 1989 brought together archaeologistsand mining engineers in one of the last meetings of its kind, that shortl thereafter werecurtailed b the yugoslav civil wars (Jovanovi 1995).

Cassiterite (SnO2, the onl important tin ore mineral) is strongl resistant to chemi-

cal weathering. The ultrastable nature of cassiterite, and its high densit (~7g/cm 3) al-low for the formation of placer tin deposits in uvial sediments. All earl tin miningexploited this granular form of tin ore, usuall b panning and washing the streambedsediments (Hedges 1964). Furthermore, prospecting for cassiterite in stream sedimentsis a proven method for discovering new tin-bearing orebodies (e.g, Moon 2010), as well

as orebodies that were worked during prehistor (e.g. Thorndcraft et al. 1999, 2004).Our hpothesis that Bronze Age sites in the Jadar region were involved in tin mining

for the production of bronze is fundamentall reliant on the existence of an exploitablecassiterite placer in the local area. Accordingl, the priorit in the pilot phase of the Ja-dar Project was to conrm the presence of cassiterite in the streams that drain the southslope of Mt. Cer, as reported b Durman (1997). This entailed Wane Powell and AndreaHuska walking the stream beds of these Jadar tributaries and collecting samples of sandand gravel from the stream bottoms and banks. The samples were brought back to thebase camp laborator, sorted into larger and smaller fractions, and then tested for cassit-

erite content using a hand-held x-ra uorescence counter, which provided counts of theamount of the constituent elements. In 2010, sampling focused on recent sand and graveldeposits in the Milinska Reka which takes on the name Lenica downstream from thevillage Joeva, at the conuence with Joevica. In 2011, stream sampling was expandedto cover all major tributaries of the Milinska and Lipovac. Based on the 180 samples col-lected in 2011 and analzed, tin-bearing sands are limited to four stream sstems (Huskaet al. 2011, see Powell and Huska, this volume)

Acaological Sits

Prior to our work, research concentrated on the tumulus burials of West Serbia(Garaanin and Garaanin 1958, 1962, 1967). Due to the dearth of settlements, the para-digm of Balkan archaeolog viewed the entire Middle to Late Bronze Age populationin the area as nomadic or semi-nomadic (Garaanin 1983d, 1983g; also see Garaanin,pers. comm., in Babi and Tomovi 1996), which provides an explanation as to whthere are no permanent settlements to be found. Our work makes this view untenable(also see Chapman et al. 2009). Surves conducted in the summer seasons of 2010 and

2011 have increased the number of known sites to eight or nine, and at least four of thesedate to Late Bronze Age. Two of these, a at settlement Spasovine, and a hilltop site



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Likodra (previousl known and excavated in 1979 and 1980, but onl published sum-maril, Garaanin 1983b, Garaanin 1997) were tested with small exposures in 2011,

conrming their chronolog and stratigraph. The pilot pedestrian surves, done in thesummer, were hampered b ground cover visibilit masking, and were subject to sam-pling error. The were limited to walking cornelds, mostl along the terraces within200 meters of the tributar streams. Locations were examined without prior knowledgeof their tin-bearing status. The sites found form the rst corpus of Bronze Age localitieswith occupation horizons known from the Jadar region, and further surve will add tothese preliminar data.

Sites along the Milina River(Fig. 2)

Potoarska Mala (village Joeva, 44.3534N,19.2348E, elevation 200m), smallplateau overlooking the Lenica valle, at the northwest end of the village, produced astone tool and potter fragments identied as dating from the Neolithic to later prehis-tor.

Reanska Mala (village Joeva, 44.35N, 19.2430E, elevation 140m)On the Jevri propert and to the north on the right side of Joevica, produced

sherds and stone tools from surveed corn elds, identied as dating to the Middle toLate Bronze Age.

Kamenica (localit Ivanovii, hamlet Kamenica, village Joeva 44.3430N,19.2629E, elevation 160m), on both sides of the road to Jadranska Lenica, produced

Fig. 2Sites surveed along the Milinska Reka in 2011: 1. Potoarska Mala, 2. Reanska Mala, 3.Kamenica, 4. Spasovine and 5. Lipovac. 2. 2011. .: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. 5.


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a large amount of Bronze Age and Earl Iron Age potter fragments, stone tools, andfragments of architecture (daub). Highest concentration was in the valle of the stream

Kamenica, where the stream meets Milinska river, although fragments of similar potterwere found to the north on the slopes of Slacko hill. The site was tested with two small (1x 1m) test pits. All fragments showed signs of exposure to elements or long term rolling,which heavil abraded the potter surface.

Spasovine (village Milina, 44.3436N, 19.2760E, elevation 200m), close to thenew cemeter of Milina village, on the right side of the Milinska River, just before itmakes a turn to the west, was the most intensivel investigated of the surveed sites.Five small (1.5 x 1 m) test pits were excavated at various points within the larger sitearea. Two of these ielded ceramics, daub and lithic material from a culture level varing

from ca. 20 cm to 50 cm in thickness. Much of the slope from the old village cemetertoward the river bears traces of archaeological material, which seems to have erodedfrom higher up. The site dened b the material remains extends to the south side of theroad to Jadranska Lenica, some 500m north to south, as well as east-west. The sherdsand stone tools could be dated to the Middle to Late Bronze Age. Some material wasalso found closer to the next stream valle to the west, Brezaci, which ma be a part ofSpasovine.

Lipovac (village Trbosilje, 44.349N, 19.2958E, elevation 200m), producedonl few potsherds, that were similar to the ones from Spasovine and Kamenica, and

will be additionall surveed. The nds come from different micro-locations and pos-sibl related to one another due to general proximit of the nd spots.

Frequentl mentioned since the end of XIX centur, the nd of tumulus with asword and Middle Bronze Age urn from Joeva (Trojanovi 1892; Garaanin 1954: 10-11; Harding 1995: 26), as well as the Late Bronze Age pin from Milina (Vasi 2003: 38)ma also relate to our sites.

Sites along the Jadar(Fig. 3)Krugli (village Belotic, 44.24 9N, 19.3124E, elevation 260m), site at the ver

end of the narrow plateau stretching some 500m to the northeast of the northern tip ofumar in Beloti, was tested b in 2010. The localit provides a great vista of Radjevina,and overlooks three karstic sink holes on the west side of the stream Ravnajica. Thelocation for the test trench was chosen for minimal destruction of the propert. A stonefoundation of a corner of a building was documented), and a concentration of ceramicfragments, stone tools, and metal objects dating to different periods were found, as wellas fragments of daub and pieces of iron slag. The site is tentativel dated to the latter partof the Bronze Age and earlier Iron Age, with evidence for occupation in Ancient Romantimes. It is particularl interesting as a possible settlement site close to the necropolis at

umar in Beloti, as well as other documented Late Bronze Age burial sites Cerik andBandera in Bela Crkva (Garaanin and Garaanin 1954, Garaanin 1979).



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Kier (village Beloti, 44.2352N, 19.3213E, elevation 270m), small plateau tothe southeast of Krugli, on the east side of Ravnajica and due east from the northern tip

of umar, produced pot sherds and stone tools, which could date from the Neolithic tolater Prehistor.

Majdan (village Komiri, 44.2426N, 19.323E, elevation 240m), to the northeastof Krugli toward Jadar, on the east side of Ravnajica. Like the nearb Kier producedpot sherds and stone tools, which could date from the Neolithic to later Prehistor andClassical times. It is itself near the summarill published Neolithic site of Panadjurite(Grujii).

From the 2010 and 2011 surves, the locations of the riverine sites along MilinskaReka-Lenica indicate a possible connection with tin sources, as Late Bronze Age sites

were found primaril along tin-bearing streams and were absent from those withoutcassiterite.Although not all the stream/river valles look necessaril habitable, and thesample size is small, nonetheless there seems to be a strong correlation. The sites pointto Middle to Late Bronze Age (in the terminolog of Serbian archaeologists this pe-riod is either separated to indicate earlier and later absolute dates, or is lumped togetherinto razvijeno bronzano doba developed Bronze Age, see Tasi 2003-4, Filipovi2008), and as such the relate chronologicall quite closel to other previousl knownburial sites in Radjevina, around Beloti and Bela Crkva, and to the northwest alongJadar (big Bronze Age necropolis Paulje). Some of these sites ma well have been occu-

pied b the population that buried their dead in umar in Beloti, and Cerik and Banderain Bela Crkva (see Garaanin and Garaanin 1958, 1962, 1967; Garaanin 1979).

Fig. 3Sites surveed along the Jadar in 2011: 1. Krugli, 2. Kier and 3. Majdan

. 3. 2011. .: 1. , 2. 3.


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We believe that the two illustrated areas share archaeological identit, as shownfrom burial rites and material remains. A nd that might be a prox, a snapshot of livel

communication between our sites in the north and in the south in the Late Bronze Age isthe pin from Ravnaja (Vasi 2003: 38), ver similar to the one from Milina above, andlikel pointing to the same craftsman.

T Ft (2012-2015)

Field OperationsFor the next three ears, each eld season will consist of two periods of archaeo-

logical eldwork, one in the earl spring (two weeks of archaeological surve) and onein the summer (three weeks of stream surve/test excavation). The spring archaeologicalsurve transects will take place when the weather has ameliorated and the vegetationdoes not obscure the surface (usuall March - minor pedestrian surve was done ontwo occasions, during springs 2010 and 2011, to check what the terrain looks like whenplowed). The excavations in June/Jul have been planned deliberatel as small test ex-posures on multiple surveed sites to conrm magnetometric results and to investigatesite preservation and chronolog.

SurveySurvewill locate sites, establish relationships and patterns, and collect soil and

other samples in accord with the projects major goal of modeling the Bronze Age en-vironment. The surve will concentrate rst on the wider tin-bearing area in the Jadarvalle (approximatel 50 square kilometers), the vicinit of the sites discovered in thepilot reconnaissance of previous ears. Intensive eld surve and thorough total-stationdocumentation will secure geomorphological points and create a functional grid for fu-ture GIS-based laborator work. Pedestrian surve will identif sites of high potentialfor follow-up magnetometer surve, targeted phosphate analsis and test excavation.

Emphasis will be on obtaining archaeological, geological/pedological, topographic, andmaterial remains data for GIS analsis. Geoarchaeological coring will provide samplesfor phosphate and pollen analsis, and allow for the characterization of soil tpes.

Spring season surve crews will be primaril composed of Serbian undergraduatesfrom Belgrade Universit and advanced high school students from the Petnica ScienceCenter, under the direction of Serbian and American eld directors, graduate studentsand Petnica staff. This will decrease international travel costs, allow a larger crew, andintroduce Serbian students to eld surve methods. Hdrolog, soil tpes, present andreconstructed past ground cover and maps of known sites and tin-bearing streams will

inform a pedestrian surve designed to locate habitation/ore-processing sites and delin-eate their relationships to the mineral resources. Surve transects of 1 kilometer b 20



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meters will be laid out, stratied b the models predicted probabilit of archaeologicalsite locations. For the rst season, transects will cover zones of all levels of probabilit,

rening the model with results as transects are completed. Artifact, ecofact, and mineraloccurrences will be entered into the geodatabase dnamicall while walking. Both siteand non-site occurrences will be noted in real time; samples will be retained for identi-cation and analses. Artifact densit maps and distribution of temporall-sensitive arti-facts will be documented and drawn in the eld. At least ten transects will be completedeach spring season.

Stream survey, tin analysis, and bedrock mappingThe ultimate goal of the stream sediment sampling surve is to locate efcientl all

locations within the northern Jadar and adjacent watersheds that ma have ielded placertin deposits in the past.

Geological eld efforts will expand our efforts to full dene the distribution ofplacer tin in stream sediments that were derived from Mt. Cer. Based on the metallo-genic characteristics of tin ores, the are likel restricted to the peralumious two-micagranite phase of the Cer pluton. The 1:100,000 geological maps of the Geoloki Institut(Zvornik and Vladimirci quadrangles; Monthel et al. 2002) indicate that the majoritof this rock occurs on the easternmost slopes of Mt. Cer. The occurrence of Sn-bearingsands in the avinac stream suggested an unmapped peralumious granite bod in the

east-central section of the pluton. Accordingl, the 2012 and 2013 surves will completethe sampling and tin analses in the as et undocumented streams, beginning in the southeast (between Milinska and avinac) and continuing in a counter-clockwise pattern (seePowell and Huska this volume).

Placer deposits occur when heav minerals such as cassiterite can no longer betransported due to rapid reduction in stream ow, or where the heav minerals are con-centrated due to winnowing (for the process of formation of alluvial tin see Muhl 1985;Craddock 1995). For inland hill West Serbia, deposits occur in stream environmentson point and sand bars below rapids which are common in the uplands of Mt. Cer, and

along narrow, incised sections of streams (Prost 2001). These environments have beentargeted for sampling. Initial sampling focused on positions on streams adjacent to thegranite-sedimentar contacts where topographic slope reduction is most likel to resultin placer accumulations. Those streams that test positive for tin will be targeted for amore intensive phase of the stream sediment sampling along their length, and includingtheir various tributaries. Bulk samples will be taken from the sample sites where thehighest tin concentrations are found.

B the eld season of 2013 eld, stream sampling will be complete and GIS anal-sis of placer tin distribution and topograph will indicate which watersheds on Mt. Cer

host bedrock tin mineralization. The 2013 eld season will focus on nding and docu-menting the bedrock sources of cassiterite on Mt. Cer so that we can better assess the


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nature and degree of weathering that has affected them. This is important in determiningwhether these sources could have been utilized in prehistor.

MagnetometryThe sites currentl known from surve are large (between 2 and 20 hectares) and

apparentl diffuse, with sparsel distributed surface artifact scatter. To maximize thepossibilit of locating possible buildings and the work areas connected with tin metal-lurg (for example, kilns and roasting ovens used in the smelting process, slags producedin smelting [cf. Timberlake 2007:31]), the logical initial step before choosing a site toexcavate extensivel is to do a thorough magnetometric surve of each site. Test unitswill be sited based on the distribution of the magnetometric anomalies. In the unlikel

event that no anomalies are found, densit of artifacts or presence of slag will determinethe siting of the test operations. Magnetic prospection will be carried out in 40m gridsusing a metronome to maintain a constant speed when walking to cover approximatel2ha per da (more than 400,000 points with 0.1 0.5m resolution) (cf. Szentmiklosi etal. 2011:832). For magnetometr, Brookln College has ordered a Geometrics G-858cesium magnetometer (Geometrics 2011; Becker 1999). The magnetometer can detecteven ver faint magnetic anomalies from deepl buried structures (LeBorgne 1955;Fassbinder and Stanjek 1993; Becker 1995; Tabbagh 2002). A cesium magnetometer hasbeen shown to be a better choice than a uxgate radiometer for this work (Dabas et al.

2007, Erkul et al. 2005). Preliminar magnetometric surve will be done in spring onelds to be planted with corn and wheat; if necessar, more extensive magnetometr willbe done in the summers over other ground cover.

Phosphate samplingThis will serve to establish on and off-site patterns and locate zones of activit, and

outline local ecological/landscape changes (collection and analses in collaboration withthe Petnica Science Center).

Elevated concentrations of phosphate are a generalized signature of human activit

in soils. As bone, manure, cess, cooking and food processing residues are deposited, con-centrations begin to accumulate. There are other possible sources that ma contribute topositive scoring such as certain modern fertilizers and local geolog. Both of these issueswill be addressed. Qualitative phosphate results are scored on a scale of 1-5, whereb ascore of 1 is negative for phosphates and scores of 2-5 is positive. Increasing numbersare correlated with an increase in qualitative phosphate levels.

Phosphate testing can establish a baseline for prehistoric sites in the Jadar region.We will attempt to better dene settlement site boundaries b collecting phosphate sam-ples at 25 meter as well as 50 meter intervals.

The strateg of taking cores ever 50 meters allows the identication of archaeolog-ical sites as well as potential modications of the landscape. Direct analsis of contextu-



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al laers along with a number of test cores and shovel test pits from a known occupationsite, can identif strata and site area b elevated and distinct phosphate readings. Taking

samples at smaller intervals increases the resolution and better identies cultural depos-its surrounding the site. We will map at 50 meter intervals along the site surve transectsduring the spring, with 25 meter intervals where site surface scatter or high phosphatevalues warrant. Given the dense cover of vegetation and difculties in assessing surfacescatter in the wheat stubble and corn elds that often cover the area, phosphate analsisholds a great deal of potential for locating sites in West Serbia.

Test Excavations (summers 2012, 2013, 2014).Test trenches (tpicall 2x2 m) will explore the existence, nature and preservation

of tin procurement and processing installations on surveed sites as informed b mag-netometr.

Our main objective is to clarif the technolog of tin production in the Bronze Agethrough the identication and excavation of work areas connected with tin metallurg.We do not envision large-scale exposures for this phase of the project. We limit theexcavation to small test operations which will ground-truth the surve and magnetomet-ric data. The areas to be tested will initiall be identied b magnetometr, which canhighlight kilns and roasting ovens used in the smelting process. Should the processingarea(s) be poorl preserved or absent, artifactual remains associated with tin process-

ing as outlined above will provide evidence for other points in the process. Finds willbe documented following current best practices and data stored in a geodatabase. Theexcavation will also provide contexts from which macrooral, phtolithic, and possiblpollen samples can be extracted for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Flotation will re-cover ner scale archaeological and ecofactual material, which will be the rst inclusionof this technique as recover method on an site in the area. Excavation will be done bhand, all dirt screened through 1 cm wire mesh and oated through 4mm mesh. A largernon-excavated area will be covered b phosphate testing to show the site extent.

Signicanc of t Poposd rsac

TinWorks that deal with tin sources (Charles 1975; Muhl 1973, 1976, 1985; Maddin

et al. 1977, Gillis et al. 2003) usuall do not mention tin ores closer to the Aegean thanCornwall, the Iberian Peninsula or Central Europe (sometimes also cited are Brittan,Sardinia, and Tuscan, but for problems with size of deposits and doubts that an ofthese sources were utilized during an time in the Bronze Age, let alone suppling the

Aegean, see Muhl 1985; Penhallurick 1986; Knapp and Cherr 1994; Niederschlag etal. 2003). Niederschlag et al. (2003) conducted a lead isotope ratio analsis of Central


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European (Unjetice) bronzes and their possible relationships with tin mines in Erzge-birge, at the border of Czech Republic and German. No correlation was found, and the

authors stress that the tracing method is still in its infanc. The also point to the fact thatno Bronze Age settlement was ever found near the alluvial tin deposits of Erzgebirge(Bartelheim and Niederschlag 1998), although the are present in the region (Bouzeket al. 1989). Trace element analsis of bronzes has proved inconclusive at least in partsince both the alloing process and the remelting and recasting of possible disparatebronze items introduces variabilit that ma not have been present in the original tin(Muhl 1972, 1985; Gale 1997;Stos-Gale et al. 1997; Begemann et al. 1999; Pernicka1999; Pernicka et al. 1997;Weiner 2010:39). Haustein et al. (2010, with literature) haverecentl had some success with tin isotopic analsis. Citing available literature, Harding

suggests that parts of West Serbia are under-researched, and could prove to be extreme-l important (2000: 201). McGeehan-Liritzis and Talor (1987: 290-292) maintain thatthe closest tin-rich area to the Aegean world is West Serbia, and argue that the tin forAegean bronze production could have been supplied from the central Balkans. In a cru-cial article, underutilized b archaeologists, Durman (1997) documented the presence oftin ores in West Serbia and hinted at a possible connection between the Serbian tin andBronze Age cultures to the south.

Several copper sources have been documented in West Serbia (Jovanovi 1988),including one at the headwaters of the Jadar. The presence of copper ores nearb makes

West Serbian tin at Cer and Bukulja (Durman 1997) even more valuable. Bronze couldhave been conceivabl alloed on the spot or the tin transported either as nished prod-ucts, blanks, unformed pieces or ingots (as evident from Bronze Age shipwreck nds atUluburun and Cape Gelidona off the coast of Turke [Hauptmann 2010]).

The Jadar Project is one of the rare archaeological projects in the Balkans to in-tegrate the documentation of metal sources (tin and copper in this case) with a searchfor later prehistoric communities that utilized these resources (see Radivojevi et al.2010). As such, it represents a signicant new direction in the archaeolog of this region,and builds on previous scholarship involving well documented copper metallurg in

the Neolithic and Eneolithic of the area. Finding and characterizing the placer depositsof tin in the Jadar tributar streams is an integral part of the project design and, alongwith the paleoclimatic research, is what gives the project its interdisciplinar or trans-disciplinar (cf. Boger, this volume) character. Not onl are the tin ores in these placerdeposits able to be found in the eld and described through the use of x-ra uorescence,but fuller trace-element associations and isotopic composition will be completed in theanaltical laboratories in New york, using ICP-MS spectrograph, as well as a multi-collector Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer. These facilities allow high precision,high throughput analses of tin isotope sstems. Thus, we hope to be able to follow the

chain of tin production from its initial steps of resource procurement through eventualalloing.



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ArchaeologyInvestigation of West Serbian Bronze Age cemeteries began in the nineteenth cen-

tur, but research on metallurg, and technolog in general, has had an impact predomi-nantl insofar as it related to material culture studies. Environmental studies (e.g. ofecolog and landscape) have been largel underrepresented for several reasons, of whichlack of funding and fragmentation of knowledge are the most important (Bankoff 2004).This is somewhat less the case in northern Serbia (Vojvodina) where readil visible tellsettlements such as Feudvar, Gomolava, and idovar have been excavated (these threesites also have horizons that chronologicall directl relate to West Serbian Bronze Age;Hansel and Medovi 1998; Tasi and Petrovi [eds] 1988; Lazi [ed] 1997). Exceptat Feudvar, the success of these integrated efforts has not been followed up in Serbia.

Neighboring countries, such as Romania (OShea 1996, 2011; OShea et al. 2006) andHungar (Chapman et al. 2009; Magari et al. 2008, 2010) have been more successful.

Future phases of this project will pursue the information derived from surve. Morecomplete excavation of one or more of the Bronze Age sites of the Jadar region will oc-cur after the surve phase is completed. Magnetometr and soil phosphate analsis willallow greater precision in trench placement and better estimation of site size, as wellas comparison among excavated and unexcavated sites. Landscape and environmentalreconstruction (Boger et al., this volume) will add to our understanding of site place-ments and climatic constraints. Of importance in understanding trade and Bronze Age

social organization is the question of the extent of distribution of the West Serbian tin.The interrelated geological and archaeological analses of the metal resources, sites andartifacts come together at this point. The variet of objects made of bronze and the pres-ence of amber in burial contexts, especiall in the Drina and Jadar valles (Palavestra1993, Lazi and Miki 2007) distinguish West Serbia in the Bronze Age (representativeare tumuli A and K at Paulje, Madas 1990, Cani-Teanovi and Gligori 2001). Tradeinvolving metal going in one direction, and amber in the other has been widel docu-mented elsewhere (Vandkilde 1996; Kristiansen and Larsson 2005: 122-127). Also ofnote are the long bronze pins, some up to a meter in length, found in the West Serbian

graves. Thirteen of these have been recorded; and while the have some parallels to laterCentral European nds (Tasi 1983: 87; Filipovi 2008), the are not found elsewhere(Garaanin 1979: 58). Another idiosncratic characteristic of the grave mounds in ourarea are the distinctive re installations found inside the burial circle (Zotovi 1985: 62).

The north slopes of Mount Maljen (near Valjevo) and the Jadar valle are the dens-est in Bronze Age remains (71 M/LBA tumuli, a total of 86 graves [Filipovi 2008:3;Lazi 1989: 50]), and in the last two decades some twent prehistoric tumuli dating tothe Late Bronze Age were excavated at burial areas in Prorite and Paulje alone. (Madas1990, Cani-Teanovi and Gligori 2001, Filipovi et al. 2008). Through isotope anal-

sis of the tin in bronze artifacts, beginning with nds from these local cemeteries andproceeding outwards, we can build a picture of the movement of ore or metal from the


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west Serbian area. Eventuall, we would like to include the tin resources of the Bukuljamountain area as well (Durman 1997). The distribution of the tin ma be restricted to the

local west Serbian region, found in artifacts in these tumulus cemeteries. On the otherhand, analses ma show that the tin found its wa into bronze artifacts as far aeld asthe northern Banat or Mcenaean Greece. Either of these ndings would give some indi-cation not onl of the importance (or lack thereof) of the west Serbian area in the widerworld of the developed Bronze Age, but would have implications to be explored in termsof the organization of trade and societ as well. We look forward to this exciting futurewith enthusiasm and hope.

rfncs

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