rJIABA-m

~16

COTIOCT ABJIEilliE CJIOBOOEP A30BAHIDI B PYCCKOM JI3hiKE M

B JI3biKE XMH)U1

B 3TOH rnaBe paccMaTJ)HBaeTCjl conocTaBneHHe cJioBoo6pa3oBaH~ B

pycCKOM j~JbiKe H B j~3biKe XHH)l.H. qT06bl COllOCTaBAATb o6pa30BaHHe CJIOB

Mbl aHaJIH3HpyeM CllOC06bi o6pa30BaHIDI CJIOB B )l.Byx .»3biKaX, C TOqKH

3peH~ CJIOB006pa30BaH~. flpH aHaJIH3e Mbl paCCMaTJ)HBaeM CXO)l.CTBa H

. pa3JIJiq~ H 3TH CXO)l.CTBa H pa3JIJiq~ TIOMOra.IOT HaM B COllOCTaBJieHHH. B

Hameii pa6oTe 60JibiDOe BHHMaHHe y)l.eAAeTCj~ cyQ>qmKCaJibHbiM H

npeQ>HKCaJibHbiM CllOC06aM o6pa30BaHHe CJIOB H ll03TOMY npH aHaJIH3e OHH

paccMaTJ)HBaiOTC.H no)l.po6Ho. KaKHe cxo)l.CTBa H pa3JIJ1q~ cym,ecTB)'IOT

Me)K)zy CYlPlf.>HKCaiJ,~MH H npeQ>HKCaiJ,~H H KaKoe 3HaqeHHe OHH HMeiOT B

CJIOB006pa30BaHHH B qaCTHOCTH o6pa30BaHHH CJIOB j~BAAJOTCj~ IJ,eJihlO

Hameii pa6oThi.

217

1. MoTHBHpoBaHHhiMH ~BmiiOTC.H cnoBa o6na,ZJ;aiOIIzyie 6onhrneii

<}lopMallbHOH CJlO)J(HOCTbiO no OTHOllleHHIO K HCXO,li;HOM)',

MOTHBHpyrorneM)' CJlOBy; MOTHBHpOBaHHOe CJlOBO CO,D;ep)J(HT B OCHOBe

60J1blllee KOJlHqecTBO MOp<}leM (nOMHMO KOpH.H), qeM MOTHBHpyrornee.

HanpHMep:

nee- nec-H-oii,

CTOJl- CTOJl-OB-a.H

6e)l<aTb - Bbi -6e)l(aTb

llpH O,D;HHaKOBOH <PopMallbHOH CJlO)I(HOCTH ( O,li;HHaKOBOM KOJlHqecTBe

MOp<}leM B OCHOBaX COnOCTaBJl.HeMbiX CJlOB) MOTHBHpOBaHHbiM .HBJl.HeTC.H

CJlOBO, xapaKTepH3yroiiJ:eec.H 60JlbllleH CeMaHTHqecKOH CJlO)I(HOCTblO.

HanpHMep:

HCTOpH.H- HCTOpHK (TOT, KTO 3aHHMaeTC.H HCTOpHeH)

T:py)J(eHHK- T:py)l(eHHl(a ()J(eHll(HHa T:py)J(eHHK).

ECJIH COIIOCTaBJl.HeMble CJlOBa, npHHa,li;Jle)l(all(He K pa3HbiM qacniM

pe1IH, TO)J(,lJ,eCTBeHHbl no Jl.eKCIPieCKOM)' 3HaqeHHIO, HanpHMep:

XO,lJ,HTb - XO,ll,b6a,

BbiXO,li;HTb - BbiXO,ZJ;,

lliHpOiillH - lllHpb,

t'(aneKHH - ,ZJ;anb, To B napax «rnaron - cyrnecTBHTenbHoe

0003HaqaJO:m:ee ,[(eMCTBHe no 3TOM)' rnarony» (KOCHTb- KOCb6a, 3anJlbiBaTb

- 3aTIJibiB H.T.n.), He3aBHCHMO OT <}lopMallbHOH CJlO)I(HOCTH COnOCTaBJl.HeMbiX

CJlOB, MOTHBHpOBaHHbiM npH3HaeTC.H cyrnecTBHTeJlbHOe, nOCKOllbKY

3HatJeHHe ,ZJ;eiicTBH~, KOTopoe OHO nonyqaeT, ,ZJ;enaeT ero ceMaHTHqecKH

6onee CJlO)J(HbiM no OTHOllleHHIO K MOTHBHpyrorneM)' rnarony.

B nape «npHnaraTenhHoe - cyrnecTBHTenbHoe, o6o3Haqarornee TOT

)l(e npH3HaK qTo H 3TO npHnaraTellbHOe» ( CHHHH - CHHb, BbiCOKHH - BbiCe,

218

6eJihiH- 6eJIH3Ha) MOTHBHpOBaHHbiM TaiOKe npH3HaeTC.H cyll(eCTBHTeJibHOe,

IIOCKOJibKY npH3HaKa CBOHCTBeHHO H3BeCTHO,

npHJiaraTeJibHOMY, a )],JI.H cyll(eCTBHTeJibHOfO 3TO 3Ha"tJeHHe .HBJI.HeTC.H

MOTHBHpOBaHHbiM, IIpOH3BO,AHbiM.

B nape «IIpHnaraTeJibHOe - HapeqHe», o6a "lJJieHa KOTopo:H: HMeJOT

o6mee 3Ha"tJeHHe npH3HaKa, MOTHBHpOBaHHbiM npH3HaeTCH CJIOBO,

HMelOII(ee 60Jiblll)'lO <PopMaJibHYIO CJIO)KHOCTb, HanpHMep:

nerKHH- nerK-o

HO Bqepa- BqepaiUH-HH

B nepBOH nape MOTHBHpOBaHHOe CJIOBO - HapeqHe, BO BTOpOH

npHnaraTeJII>Hoe.

2. 06pa30BaHHe HOBOfO CJIOBa IIpOHCXO,AHT C nOMOIUblO cy<l><l>HKCa nJIIOC _

cHcTeMa cpneKcHii npoH3BO,AHoro cnoBa. Cy<l><l>HKcau.HH ,AeHCTByeT B

cnoBoo6pa3oBaHHH cymecTBHTeJibHhiX npHnaraTeJihHhiX, rnar~noB,

HapeqHif. ilpH 3TOM IIpH nOMOII(H cy<l><l>HKCOB o6pa3yJOTCH

cymecnnnennHhie oT cymecTBHTeJibHbiX, npHnaraTeJibHbie oT

npHnaraTeJibHhiX H.T.n., a TaK)Ke cymecTBHTeJibHbie, npHnaraTeJihHbie,

rnaroJibi oT .n;pyrHX qacTe:H: peliH:

i) OT cymeCTBHTeJibHhiX- cymeCTBHTeJibHbie:

rpaKTOp- rpaKTOp-HCT,

YlJHTeJib - YlJHTeJib-HHU. -a,

MOCKB-a - MOCKB-Hq,

"tlaH- qai1:-HHK,

.l(HIIJIOM- ,D;HIIJIOM-aHT,

ii) OT npHnaraTeJibHbiX - npHnaraTeJibHbie

6eJihiH- 6en-oBaT-biH,

CHHHH- CHH-eHbK-HH,

3noll:- 3JI-IDm-nu,

219

iii) oT rnaronoB- cymeCTBHTeJihHhie:

pa3Be,naTh - pa3Be,WIHK,

HaJia.[(HTh - HaJia,n-qJIK,

qJITaTh - qJITa-JihH-.H,

MellaTh - MeliTa-TeJih,

TBOpHTh - TBOp-eu;.

iv) Or rnaronoB- npHnaraTeJihHhie:

pa3pe3aTb- pa3pe3-H-OH,

3a.[(JMaThC.SI- 3a,LcyM-liHB-hiH,

paCChinaThC51- paCChlll-llaT-hlH,

IIO.[()J(apHTh- IlO.[()I(ap-HCT-hiH.

v) Or cymecTBHTeJibHhiX - npHnaraTeJihHhie:

KaMeHh- KaMeH-H-hiH

accpanhT -ac·<}larrhT-oB-hiH,

MOpe- MOp-CK-OH,

IIIKOJia- IIIKOJih-HhiH,

KO)I(a- KO)I(-aH-biH,

)'"lJHTeJih- ytiHTeJih-CK-HH.

vi) Or cyrn,ecTBHTeJihHhiX- rnaronhi:

)TliHTeJih - )TliHTeJih-CTBOBa-Th,

o6e.n - o6e.n-a-T:o.

vii) Or npHnaraTeJihHhiX - rnaronhl:

6enhiH - 6en -e..;Th,

llepHhiH- qepH-e-Th

Ba)J(HhiH- Ba)I(H-Hlla-Tb.

viii) Or npHJiaraTeJihHbiX - cymecTBMTeJihHhie:

CMHMH- CMH-eB-a,

I.JepHhiH- qepH-OT-a

CKOpbiH - CKOp-OCTh,

Kp)'TOH - Kp)'T-H3H-a.

ix) Or npoHnaraTeJihHhiX - HapetiH»:

KpaCHBbiH - KpaCHB-0,

xoponmii - xoporn-o,

H3JIHlliHHH- H3JIHlliH-e,

pa,l.(OCTHhiH - pa,l.(OCTH-0,

.l.(py)l(eCKHH- ,npy)l(eCK-ll.

x) Or HapeqnH:- npHJiaraTeJibHhie:

Btiepa- BI.Jepa-IIIH-HH,

cerO,l.(H51 -c·erO,l.(H51-illH-HH.

B R3hiKe XHH,!J;H cycp<}>HKChi IIpHCOe,l.(HHIDOTC51 K KOHizy

cymecTBHTeJibHhiX, MeCTOHMeHH.H llpimaraTeJibHbiX, HapetiHH H rnarOJIOB H

IIpOH3BO,l.(5ITC51 cymecTBHTeJibHhie, IIpHJiaraTeJibHbJe Hapei.JH51 H rnarOJihl.

Cyme c.

11tl

naHti

TipHJIJiar.

·ft1<11Lf)

XHJiacp

rnaron

CycpcpMKC

3w:rG

-MT

Cy<PcpHKC

~

-aT

cycp<PHKC

3FT

cy:rn.ec.

4'qlllct

naHtia»T

cymec.

ft1 C11 Lf) ct

XHJiacpaT

cym.

~

Kax -aH KaxaH

flWr 3Pf f11c;R

MbiJI -aH MbiJiaH

MeCTOHMeHHe cycp$HKC npHJmraTenbHbie

~ ("~) ~/31T ~

ID{ (-bl) TaH/a biTaHa

KaK H3Becmo, cy$$HKCbl npHCOe,UHH»IQTC}I nocne

cymecTBHTenbHbiX, np:mmraTenbHbiX, MeCTOHMeHHM, Hapeqn~ H rnaronoB.

llpH COe,l.(HHeHHH 3THX cy<P$HKCOB o6pa3yroTC.S:I HMeHa H rnarOflbi.

CymecTBYIDT 23 nma coe,n:HHeHH.SI cy$$HKCOB.

i) cyme c. cy$cpHKC cym.ec.

~ ~ ~·f%\J4'1

6y.n:x -H3M 6y,n:xH3M

fF'IHF1 ~ fl '1 I C1 PI \%1

caHaTaH -H3M CaHaTaHH3M

ii) MeCTOHMeHHe cy$cpHKC cymec.

3lfq (~) (Cf ~

an (anaH) -TBa anaHaTBa

3Wf (~) -q;:r 3i4'114'1

an (anaHa) -naH anaHanaH

iii) npmmr. cy$cpHKC cymec.

RFl?"il 3lffiC Rlcf>'115c

qHKaHa -ax aT tiHKaHaxaT

iv) rnaron cycpcpHKC cyme c.

fl1c;r 3f1" f11c;R

222

Mbin -aH MhmaH

v) Hape"tJHe cycpcpHKC cyrn:ec.

~ 3lTI \J1 '&'<ct

3apyp -aT 3apypaT

vi) MeCTOHMeHHe cycpcpHKC MeCTOHMeHHe

3lfq 3m ~

an -ac anac

vii) cyme c. cycpcpHKC npHnar.

-;:p::fCf) ~ ;:pi <#I '"1

HaMaK -HH HaMaKHH

viii) MeCTOHMeHHe cy$cpHKC npHnar.

(ffi (~) ~ ~

}IX (-bl) -TaHa hiTaHa

ix) npHnar. cycpcpHKC npHnar.

~ ~ ~~ ct>:ic61

3K -aKH 3KaKH

x) rnaron cycp<!>HKC npwnar.

\JITlT "f)Cp \J1PI'&CJ5

3ar -pyK 3arpyK

xi) Hape"llHe cycpcpHKC npwnar.

~ ~ ~

6axap -H 6axapH

xii) cyme c. cy$<l>HKC OT rnaron

fEr;:J 3fT RAT

rxHH -a rxHHa

xiii) MeCTOHMeHHe cycp<!>HKC OTM. rna:roJI

WI (31LR) ~ 3lLRT

an (anaH) -a an aHa

xiv) npmmr. cy<l:><f>MKC OT. rnaron.

Tf-4 (l"Rll) 3TT TR1TI

rapM ( rapaM) -a rapaMa

xv) HapetiHe cy<f><f>HKC OT rnaron

~ x:pf 3TT fi'ifl'il

caHcaH -a caHcaHa

xvi) Henep. rnaron cy<f><f>MKC nepe. rnaron

fqc (1fic) 0 1frc

TibiT (nMT) -0 TihiT

XVll Hene.nepe.rnaron cycp<f>MKC HMnepeTMB

~ 3TT ~

JihiX -a JihiXa

xviii) Hene.nepe.rnaron cy<l:><l:>MKC MMTiepeTHB

fffiN err ~'<SJCJI

.iJibiX -Ba JIHXaBa

xix) cyrn.ec. cycp<f>MKC HapeqJfe

cg~xd ~ cg~"!d'i

Ky.[lpaT -aH Ky,npaTaH

xx) MeCTOMMeHHe cy<f>cpMKC HapeqHe

<ffi" (<l) "' "' ~ <®

ID{ (~) -ax a 5IXa

<:ffi (31) ~ ~

5IX (a) ..:6 a6

xxi) npMnr. cy<f><f>MKC HapeqMe

224

KapH6 -aH KapH6aH

xxii) Hene.nepe.rnaron cy<PqmKc HapetiHe

6fu=r ~

6HT -3 6HT3

xxiii) HapetiHe cy<P<PHKC HapetiHe

xT\Jf 3lRT ' xi\J1111

po3 -aHa

TaK Mbl BH.D:HM liTO, B 3TOM acneKTe pyCCKHH ~3hiK H ~3hiK XHH.D:H

HMeiOT CXO.D:CTBO.

3. Cy<P<i?MKC, B OTJIHtiHe oT np:mpHKca H nocT<PHKca, BhlllOJIH~eT

KJiaCCH<l>HI1.HPYIOIUYJO <i>YHKI(HIO; OH OTHOCHT CJIOBO K onpe.n:e.rreHHOM)'

cnoBOH3MeHHTeJihHOMY THny. TaK, HanpHMep:

i) CyruecTBHTeJihHhie, o6pa30BaHHbie oT rnaronoB npH llOMOIUH

cycpqmKca - TeJib, KaK npaBHJIO, OTHOCHTC~ K MY)KCKOM)' po.n:y 2-

MY cKJioHeHHIO

rtMTeJib

BO,n:HTeJib

ii) CyruecTBHTeJibHhie c cy<P<PHKCOM - oT-a, o6pa3oBaHHhie oT HMeH

npHnaraTeJihHhiX, - K JKeHCKOM)' po.n:y I -MY cKJioHeHHIO

tiepHOTa,

BhiCOTa,

iii) rJiarOJihi, o6pa30BaHHbie OT cyruecTBHTeJihHhiX IIpH TIOMOIUH

cycpcpHKCa-a,-K 1-0M)' cnp~JKeHHIO.

o6e,n:aTh,

225

4. CycpcpHKcaumi MO)l(eT conpoBO)l(,ZJ,aThCM p»,ZJ,OM H3MeHeHHH Ha rpaHHUe

CJIOB006pa30BaTeJihHOH (MOTHBHpyJOIIJ.eH OCHOBhi H

CJIOB006pa30BaTeJihHOrO cpopMaTHBa) (Ha MOpcpeMHOM IIIBe)

CaMhiM npo,ZJ,yKTHBHhiM BH,ZJ,OM t.Iepa,ZJ,oBaHHH Ha MopcpeMHOM IIIBe

.51BJ151IOTC51 t.Iepe,ZJ,OBaHH51 cpOHeM, napHhiX no TBep,ZJ,OCTH - WITKOCTH:

cecTPa - ceCTPHH,

ChiCpOH - Chlphe,

Mope - MOpCKOH,

KpacKa - KpaCHTh

BTophiM no pacnpocTpaHeHHOCTH B pyccKOM 513biKe MBJIMIDTC»

-qepe,ZJ,OBaHH51 3a,ZJ,He513hll.JHhiX C IIIHII51IIJ.HMH, a TaK)l(e U- "ll

KHHra - KHH)l(HHK,

,n:pyr - ,ZJ,py)l(OK,

. THXHH - THlliHHa,

BJIOK - BJIOl.JHH,

rpaHHUa - rpaHHl.JHTh.

5. qepe,ZJ,oBaHHM cornacHhiX B cnosoo6pa3oBaTeJihHhiX <}lopManmax

( cycpqmKcax) )l,J151 pyCCKOI'O CJIOB006pa30BaHH51 Ma.JIO xapaKTepHHbi.

TaK, t.Iepe,ZJ,oBaHHe m. - l.J Ha6mo.n:aeTC51 B cy<PcpHKcax -m.m<it.IHK, -

~HWl.JHHa: pa3Be,ZJ,l.JHK,

IIJiaKaTl.JHK,

4_}pe3epOBIIJ.HK.

3KCKaBaTOpiUHK,

CKJia,ZJ,l.JHHa

qepe,ZJ,OBaHHe H - p - M OTMet.IaeTC51 B npHCTaBKe HH0513hil.JHOrO

npOHCXO)l(,ZJ,eHH51 HH-/Hp-/ HM CO 3Hat.IeHHeM He

HH)l,eTepMHHH3M,

226

HppaQHOHaJihHhiH,

HMMOpaJihHhiH

,l(Jui pyqHoro j{3hiKa 6onee xapaKTepHo oTnHqHe o,nHoro acpcpHKca

OT .Apyroro HaJIHqHeM HJIH OTCYTCTBHeM Q HJIH ~:

oK!-K

eQ/- [(,

ecK!-cK '

. eCTh/-CTh

B npe$HKca:

B -/BO-'

c -/co-

OT -/OTO­

(npHMepbi y)l(e ,[(aHHhi)

6. qepe.[(oBaHHe He Ha Mop$eMHOM ume ne xapaKTepHhl AJijl pyccKoro

cJioBoo6pa3oBaHHM. Mo)I(HO OTMeTHTh tiepe.[(oBaHHj{ rnacHhiX c HyJieM

3ByKa BHYTPH KopHj{:

7. lJepe.[(oBaHue

,[(eHh - ,[(HeBHOH,

Jio6 - n6Hme,

MOK - MIIIHCThiH

He HMeiOT CaMOCT051TeiThHOrO 3HatieHH51 B

CJIOB006pa30BaHHH, a HCTIOITh3)'lOTCj{ JIHlllb KaK ,[(OTIOJIHHTeiThHOe

cpe.[(CTBO, COTipOBO)I(;[{alOII(ee a$$HKCaQHJO

qepe;[{OBaHHji He jiBJIIDOTCji HOCHTeJij{MH CITOB006pa30BaTeJihHOrO

3HaqeHUj{ npOH3BO,[(HhiX CllOB. Y C'TpaHeHHe HJIH OTCYTCTBHe

:qepe,[(OBaHHj{ HHCKOllhKO He MeHj{eT 3HaqeHHj{ npOH3BO,[(HOrO CllOBa.

HanpHMep, Clle,[()'IOII(He naphl CllOB HMeiOT O,[(HO H TO )l(e

227

. CJIOB006pa30BaTeJihHOe 3Ha~eHHe, XOUI O;l1.HH H3 HJIX o6pa30BaHhi C

~epe,noBaHHj{MJI, a .npyroM 6e3 HHX:

pmK-CK-HM- nefiniJ,Hr-CK-HM

TaraHpO)I(-IJ.-bi- TaraHor-U.-hi

BOJI~-OHOK- ne6e,n-OHOK.

8. CnoBa no cocTaBy H CTPYKTYPe o~eHh pa3Hoo6pa3Hhl. HaMeTHM

OCHOBHhie THnbi CJIOB pyccKoro j{3biKa no COCTaBy Jl C'fPYKType.

i) CnoBa, COCT~IIJ,He H3 O;l1.HOM ~aCTH (KOpHj{) Jl He HMeiOIIJ,He

C'fPYKTYpbi: B,H, JIM, ax, TJT, 3;l1.eCh, ~T06bi, npj{MO,

rocno,nH,

HaBCT}Je~

TaKCH

nphir

ii) CnoBa, COCTO.HII(He H3 KOpHj{ H <PneKCHH, y KOTOphiX

ceMaHTH~ecKaj{ crpyxrypa C03;l1.aeTC.H B3aMMO;ZJ.eMCTBHeM

JieKCH~eCKOrO 3Ha~eHJijf KOpHj{ ( CJIOBOH3MeHHTeJibHOM OCHOBhi) J1

rpaMMaTWieCKHX 3Haqemfii qmaKCHH:

KHHr-a

TP-H,

HOB-HM,

Hec-y,

KT-0,

CTOJI-

iii) CnoBa, COCTO.HIIJ,He H3 KOpHj{ H cpopMoo6pa30BaTeJihHOrO

cy<}lcpHKca, y KOTOpbiX ceMaHTH~ecKaj{ CTPYKTYPa CKJia,nbiBaeTcj{

228

M3 B3aMMO,D;eHCTBM51 JieKCM"tJ:eCKOrO 3Ha"tJeHMH KOpH.si

( cpopM006pa30BaTeJibHOH OCHOBbi) M rpaMMaTM"tJ:eCKOrO 3Ha"tJ:eHH51

cycpcpHKCa.

HeC-51

6y.n;-y-qH,.

6biC1p-ee;

HeC-TM,

6e3-TH

v) CJIOBa, COCTO.siiiJ.Me M3 KOpHH M CJI006pa30BaTeJibHOrO acpcpHKCa

( cycpcpHKCa, npecpHKCa TIOCTcpHKCa HJIM MX pa3JIMliHOH

KOM6MHaUHH), MMeiOIUMe CJIOB006pa30BaTeJihHbie OCHOBbi;

ceMaHTM"tJecKa.si CTPYKrypa 3TMX CJIOB CKJia.D;hiBaeTc.si M3

JieKCM"lJeCKOrO 3Ha"tJeHM51 CJIOB006pa30BaTeJibHOH OCHOBbi M

.n;epMBaUMOHHOrO 3Ha"tJeHMH Q.JopManma:

xopom-o,

,D;OM-OH

TIO-HOB-OMY,

Ha-BCTJ)e"ll-y.

I) CJIOBO, COCTO.siiUHe M3 KOpHH, cpopM006pa30Ba'feJibHOrO cycpqm:Kca

H cpJieKCMH, HMeiOIUMe cpopM006pa30BaTeJibHYJO M

CJIOBOM3MeHHTeJibHYJO ocHOBhi, ceMaHTM"lleCKa.si CTPYKTYPa TaKMX

CJIOB o6pa3yeTC51 M3 B3aHMO,D;eMCTBM51 3Ha"tJeHMH OCHOB C

rpaMMaTM"lleCKHMH 3Ha"tJeHM51MM qmeKCHH H cy$cpHKCa:

HeC-IIIMH,

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229

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vi) CJIOBa, COCT051:W:H<l>e H3 KOpH51, OCHOB006pa3yiO:W:ero cy<l><l>HKCa,

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<l>opM006pa30BaTeJihHyiO OCHOBy, CeMaHTWieCKa51 CTpyKT)'pa 3THX

CJIOJIB CKJia,l(biBaeTC51 H3 B3aHMO,neHCTBIDI 3HaqeHHH OCHOBhl H

<PopMoo6pa3oBaTeJihHoro cy<l><l>HKca:

qJfT-a-Th

xo,n-HTh,

CMOTp-e-Th.

vii) CJIOBa, COCTOIDU,He H3 KOpH51, OCHOB006pa3yiO:W:ero cy<l><l>HKCa

( cy<l>$HKCOB ), <l>neKCHH, HMeiOIIUie <l>opMeoo6pa30BaTeJihHyiO H

CJIOJIBOH3MeHHTeJihHyiO OCHOBhl, CeMaHTHqecKa51 CTpyKrypa 3TMX

CJIOB CKJia,ZJ;hiBaeTC51, H3 B3aHMO,ZJ;eHCTBH51 3HaqeH:HH OCHOB H

3HaqeHHH cpJieKCHH:

MaT-ep-H,

HM-eH-a,

qy.ZJ;-ec-a,

6paTb-H-51,

qHT-a-:H:-y

viii) CnoBa, cocT0.51:W:He H3 KopH51, cnoBoo6pa3oBaTeJihHoro a$<l>HKca,

$JieKCHH, HMeiO:W:He CJIOBOH3MeHJ'ITeJibHYIO,

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( acpcpHKCOB ), IPopMoo6pa3oBaTeJihHoro . cycpcpnKca, cpneKCHH,

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232

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31:! + Cf)XUf = 3lj¢'<01

aHy + KapaH = aeyKapaH

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233

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ii)

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234

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235

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236

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iii) TaKHe npe<}>MKChl,

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•

237

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238

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239

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ii) TaKMe cy<flqmKCbi, KOTOpbie npMcoe,n:MH.SIIOTCH M o6pa3YJOT TOJibKO

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240

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241

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~ (IX ~

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~ 3ll"CP ~

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242

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cyme c. cy<l><l>MKC Hape~me

~ 3Ff CJ>I•t•Ft

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0

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243

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w4 (~) 3TT -mlfT

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nepexo,lJ,HbiH rnaron cycpcpHKC TIOBeJ1. HaK.

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npHnaraTenbHbie H rnaronhi BToporo noBenHTeJibHoro Hai<JiaHeHH}I.

HanpHMep:

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qc;r err "'tfC1ciT

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npe:-

244

pa3-0cpHQHaJibHbiH,

pac-ne~aJibHbiH,

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CBepx -CKOpOCTb,

cBepx -6oM6a,

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He)l,O-BH)l,eTb,

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245

nponmo:- nponiBO-TIO)I(apHhiH,

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246

15. Pa3JUfl:IHhi cycpqmKChi H IIpHCTaBKH IIO xapaKTepy Bhipa)l(aeMhiX HMH

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HeKOTOphiH orreHoK, 3HaqeHH51. TaK, rnaronhi c npHcTaBKaMH

· yneTeTh,

npHneTeTh,

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llpHCTaBKa TOJihKO ,no6aBJI51eT K HX 3HaqeHJHO YKa3aHHe Ha

HarrpasneHHe ,nBH)l(eHH51.

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qTo H rnarOJihi rpeMeTh, UBeCTH, IIpHCTaBKa OT- ,no6aBJI51eT JIHIIIh K HX

3HaqeHHIO YKa3aHHe Ha npeKpaiUeHHe ,ne.H:cTBH51.

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pa3JII06e3Hhle, CBepXCKOpOCTHOH H ,np. 0603HaqaiOT TOT )l(e IIpH3HaK, qTo H

cnosa 6e3 npHcTaBOK, Ho c orreHKOM 6onhrno.H: cTeneHH ero npo51BneHH51.

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247

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~ ~

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16. IlpHCTaBKH B pycCKOM 513biKe COe)l.HH5110TC51 npeHMYill,eCTBeHHO C

rnarOJI3MH, I1pHnaraTeJlbHbiMH H HapetiH51MH. 3TH l.J3CTH pel.JH

0603H3l.J3lOT )l.eHCTBH51 (rJiarOJibi) H I1pH3H3KH (npHJiaraTeJibHbie H

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B 513hiKe XHH.UH npeqmKcbi coe.nHH5IlOTC51 npeHMYmecTBeHHO co

cyll.(eCTBHTeJibHbiMH, I1pHJiaraTeJibHbiMH H HapetiHeM.

17. }J,JI51 HMeH cymeCTBHTeJibHbiX COe)l.HHeHHe C I1pHCT3BK3MH He CTOJib

xapaKTepHO, XOT51 H cpe)l.H cyll(eCTBHTeJibHbiX Hape)l.KH CJIOBa,

o6pa30B3HHbie I1pHCOe,UHHeHHeM IIpHCT3BKH:

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,neTeKTHB - 3HTH,UeTeKTHB,

rpynna - no.nrpynna,

pa3)l.eJI - no.npa3,neJI,

248

3J].eCh B XMH.ll.M npe<}>MKChl BHOCHT ,lJ.OTIOJIHHTeJihHhie YKa3aHM51 Ha Mepy,

CTeTieHh MJIM YKa3aHM.H BpeMeHHOrO MJIM TIOCTO.HHHOrO xapaKTepa.

18. 3Ha1JeHM.H cy$$MKCOB KOJie6JIIOTC.H OT 3Ha1JeHMM IIIMpOKMX 11

OTBJielJeHHhiX J].O 3Ha1JeHMM OlJeHh 60JihlliOM KOHKpeTHOCTM.

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rnaronoB 11 npMnaraTeJihHhiX. KaKoe 3Ha1JeHMe MMeiOT cy$$MKChi

npMJiaraTeJihHhiX -!!-, -OB- 11 -cK- B CJIOBaX:

i) aBTo6yc-H-hiM

aBTOM06MJih-H-hiM,

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ii)

iii)

6yMa)I(-H-hiM,

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3Ha1JeHM.H MMeiO 11 rnaroJihHhie cy$$MKChi -Hy- 11 -e-:

a) npMr-Hy-Th,

TOJIK-HJ-Th,

MaX-HJ-Th

249

miTHTOHKa - cynepmiTHTOHKa,

3Kcnpecc - cynep3Kcnpecc,

.l(eMoKpaT- ynh1pa,l(eMoKpaT,

CKOpOCTb - CBepXCKOpOCTh,

»3hiK - npa»3hiK,

):(e):(- npa.l(e.l(

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0.l(HaKO liHCJlO TaKHX CJJOB cpaBHHTeJlbHO C o6me:H MaCCOH

cymeCTBaTeJlbHhiX, He BKJUO"'IalOII.:(HX IIpHCTaBKH, He CTOJlb BeJJHKO.

B cymecTBHTeJJhHhie, TaK )l(e KaK B npHnaraTeJJhHhie, HapetiH»

H rnaronhi, npHcTaBKH o6hi1IHO BHOC»T .l(OIIOJJHHTeJJhHbie yKa3aHH»

Ha Mepy, CTeneHh HJJH yKa3aHH» BpeMeHHoro xapaKTepa.

Ho, B OTJlHliHe OT pyCCKOfO »3hiKa B XHH,l(H ,l(Jl.S HMeH cymecTBHTeJlhHbiX

coe,l(HHeHHe c npecpHKCaMH xapaKTepHo:

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~- ~ ~

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~- \JA" tf\iPl

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6)

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250

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CTaHOBHThC}I KaKHM-HH6y~h:

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cycpqmKChi, CJiy)J(aiQHe M}l o6pa30BaHH}I Ha3BaHHH JIHQ, Ha3BaHHH

npe~MeToB, OTBJielJeHHhiX noH»THH. BHYTPH 3THX o6mHx rpynn ecTh

OT~eJihHhie cy$cpHKChl, 3aKpenneHHhie 3a o6pa30BaHHeM KaKOH-JIH60

y3KOH c<Pephi npe,n:MeToB HJIH »BJieHHH .. TaK, cycpcpHKca -HH:(a) CJIY)KHT

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HeB3pOCJihiX cyi.QeCTB:

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- I

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251

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KOHKpeTHOe 3HalleHHe, H cy<P<l>HKCH, MMeiO:mMe lliHpOKOe a6crpaKTHOe

3Ha"l!eHMe, HanpHMep: cy4>4>HKC OTBJlel.JeHHOrO npH3HaKa -QCTh:

CMeJlOCTh,

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caxapHCTOCTh,

nphirylleCTh,

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Cy4>4>nKc OTBJJe"l!eHHoro )J.ei:fcTBH.H -MHJ:

llTeHHe,

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252

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o6pa30BaHH5l Ha3BaHJfH llHI.J,, Ha:maHHH npe,nMeTOB, OTBllelJeHHbiX

TIOH51THH.

Ho B oTnHlJHe OT pyccKoro 513hiKa B XHH.D:H BHYTPH 3THX o6I.I.J,HX rpynn

TaKHe oT,nenhHhie cycpqmKChi Bcer.na He BcrpeiJaiOTCH, 3aKpenneHHbie 3a

o6o3Ha1JeHHeM KaKo:H-nn6o Y3KOH c$epe npe,nMeTOB HnH Ha3BaHHH.

9. CnoBoo6pa3oBaTenhHbie acpcpHKChi MoryT 6biTh He Bbipa)J(eHhi HHKaKHM

3BYKOM HnH KoMnneKcoM 3BYKOB. TaKHe acp<PHKChi Ha3hiBaiOT

HyneBbiMH.

npOMblB - npOMbiBaTb

pa3pbiB - pa3ph!BaTb

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Cycp4lHKC MO)J(eT 6hiTb He TOllbKO MaTepHanbHO Bbipa)J(eHHbiM, HO H

HyneBbiM. HyneBhie cycpqmKChi npe,ncTaBneHhi, npeHM)'I.I.J,eCTBeHHO B

CllOB006pa30BaHHH HMeH Cyi.I.J,eCTBHTellhHbiX.

XO,nHTb- XO,n­

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CHHHH-CHH-

cyxo:H - cyrn -

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cnoBoo6pa3oBaHH5l HMeH cyi.I.J,eCTBHTenhHhiX. KpoMe 3Ha1JeHHM

OTBllelJeHHOrO ,neHCTBH5l, HyneBhie a<}>qmKCbl MOryT o603Ha1JaTh llllll,O TIO

253

)J,eMCTBHIO HJJH no npH3Hai<y OTBJie~eHHbie npH3HaKH H HeKOTOpbie

.npyrHe 3Ha~eHmi.

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rna.nb.

B ~3biKe XHH)J,H eyneBbie cy<P<!>HKCbi .neiicTBYIOT npeHMYIIJ.eCTBeHHO B

CJIOB006pa30BaHHH HMeH cylli.eCTBHTeJibHbiX H rnarOJIOB.

t9C -0 t9C c- c-

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Tan -0 Tan

~ -0 ~

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w -0 w nyT / -0 nyT

20. HyneBbiX npHcTaBOK B pyccKOM ~3biKe HeT. 06o~CH~eTc~ 3TO TeM, ~To

B pyCCKOM ~3biKe HeT TaKHX CJIOB, KOTOpbie BblpiDKaJIH 6bi 3Ha~eHHe, -

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254

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3HaqeHHeM BhiCOKOH CTeiieHH o6Hapy)KeHH51 IIpH3HaKa, HaiipHMep:

npe - npeMHJihiH,

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csepx­

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BhiCOKOH CTeiieHH o6Hapy)KeHH51 IIpH3HaKa, HanpHMep:

orpOMHhiH,

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,n:aHHhiX

255

llHhiMII CilOBaMII, B pycCKOM 513hiKe HeT CilOB, KOTOphie Bhipa)l(anii 6bi

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3Ha1JeHII51.

a- Kan aKan

a- caMa:H acaMa:H.

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OCHOBhl ( qepe,n;oBaHIIe <Po HeM), TaK KaK Ha rpaHIIne MOp$OB

IIpOIICXO,ll;HT B3aiiMOIIp1ICIIOC06neHIIe OCHOBhl II cy<l>$1IKCa.

ropox- roporn-cK, roporn-IIH (a)

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B 513hiKe XIIH.n;H TO)I(e rrpoiicxo,n;IIT II3MeHeHHe rrpw cyt:P$HKcanHII B

CTpOeHHH CilOBa.

raM- -TII raTH

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o6pa3oM, rrpiiCTaBKH Be.nyr ce651 B cnoBe KaK 3neMeHThi

t:PopManhHO 6onee OTbe.n;HHeHHhie, caMocT051TenhHhie, IJeM

cy$<l>IIKChl.

npe-BecenhiH,

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256

co-rpa)l()l.aHHH,

co-6paT,

CO-TOBapmn.

B cnoBax 3aHMeCTBOBaHHhiX MO)KeT npoHCXO.ll.HTh B3aHMO­

npHcnoco6neHHe npHCTaBKH H KOpHH, npH KOTOpOM MeHHeTCH He

KOpeHh, a npHCTaBKa TIO)l. BJIHHHHeM HaqaJibHOH cpoHeMhl KOpHH,

npHcnoco6JIHBaHCh K HeH:. TaKHM o6pa3oM HanpaBJieHHe B03)l.eH:cTBH.H

3)l.eCh cnpaBa HaJieBo, HanpHMep:

HH-)l.eTepMeHH3M (H- nepe)l. Ha"llaJihHhiM 3y6HhiM),

HM-MaTepHaJIH3M (M- nepe)l. Ha"llaJihHhiM ry6HhiM)

HM-MOpaJihHhiH,

Hp-panHOHaJIH3M {p-nepe)l. HaqaJihHbiM p)

Hp-perynHpHhiH

TipH 3TOM acneKTe npecpHKcanHH XHH)l.H TIOKa3hiBaeT CXO)l.CTBa C

npecpHKcanHeH: pyccKoro H3hiKa. 3.n.ech npH npHcoe)l.HHeHHH npecpHKCOB

B KOpHeBOM CJIOBe HH"llero He H3MeH.HeTC.H, HO npH npHCOe)l.HHeHHH

MO)KeT npOHCXO)l.HTh H3MeHeHHe 3BYKOB TipH o6pa30BaHHH CJIOB.

3Tj ~ 3ljcn'I!UI

aHy- + KapaH = aeyKapaH

~ ~ ~

npaTH- + HTH npaTHTH

~ Wl1UT 3lffifu~UI

aTH- + KpaMaH = aTHKpaMaH

y.n.- + xap - y.n..n.xap

257

as- + raT = asraT

3,n:eCb B XMH)J,M OHM OThe)J,MHeHHbie, CaMOCTmrreJibHbie TeM cycpqmKCbl.

23. 06oco6neHHOCTb npMCTaBOK B COCTaBe CJIOBa no.n:,n:ep)I(MBaeTC51

ell(e O,Z:UIOH MX oco6eHHOCTIO. OHM MOryT MMeTb no60liHOe

y,n:apeHHe B COCTaBe CJIOBa.

apxM-Henenhiii,

aHTM-,n:eMOKpaTHliHbiH,

npOTMBO-B03.I1:YliiHbiH,

TipOTHBO-TIO)I(apHbiM,

CO-HaHMMaTeJIH

BHYTPM-KJieTOliHhiii,

BHYTPH-ynheBoii,

CycpcpHKcaM 3TO He csoiicTBeHHO.

oco6oro y,n:apeHMH

CaMOCT051TeJibHOCTb B COCTaBe CJIOBa npMBO.I1:5IT K TOMY, liTO

TI03HI(MOHHbie M3MeHeHWI rJiaCHbiX, pacnpOCTpaH51101I(HeC51 Ha BCe

MopcpeMbi cnosa, MoryT He 3arparHBaTh npMcTaBOK. HanpHMep,

TipMCTaBKa CO- CO 3HalleHMeM, COBMeCTHOCTM, HeCyll(a51 no6o~moe

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Ha,n:eneHHbie no6oliHbiM y,n:apeHMeM ..

258

Me)K-K0ilX03HOe copeBHOBaHHe,

Me)K-nnaHernoe coo6meHHe.

ll03HIJ,HOHHhie H3MeHeHml cornaCHhiX Ha CThiKC npHCTaB_KH H

KOpmi HHhie, "tJeM Ha CTbiKe KOpWI H cy<P<l>HKCa.

24. YHHBepcanhHOCTh 3Ha"tJeHH.SI npHcTaBoK, 6mnoCTh HX ceMaHTHKM K

CeMaHTHKe "tJacTeu, M MX

CaMOCTO.SITeilhHOCTh B COCTaBe CllOBa npMBO,IVIT K TOMY, "liTO

npMCTaBKM B CBOeH Macce .SIBll.SilOTC.SI 6onee npo.n;yKTMBHhiMH

Mop<PeMaMH, "tJeM cy<P<PMKChi. Mx ynoTpe6neHMe MeHee

pernaMeHTHpyeTC.SI orpaHM"lleHH.SIMM, CB.SI3aHHhiMH C CeMaHTMKOH

OCHOBhi.

B XMH.[(H npe<PMKChi HMeiDT oco6yiO cnoco6HOCTh Bhipa)KaTh

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3Ha"tJeHM.SI, OHM MMeiOT HOBbie 3Ha"tJeHH.SI, 3aBHCMMhie OT KOHTeKCTa.

OHM MOryT npMCOe.[(MH.SITbC.SI MHhiM npOM3BO.[(HhiM CilOBaM B MHOM

3Ha"lleHMM.

npaKxaH.n;

npapyn

25. CMhicnoBhie M CTpYKTYPHhie pa3nM"tJH.SI Me)K.ny cy<P<l>HKCaMH H

npMCTaBKaMH Bhl3hiBaiOT H eme O.[(HO pa3ilH"lJHe npMCTaBKH "tJali(e M

nar"tJe, cy<P<l>HKCbi, npHo6peTa10T B03MO)KHOCTb ynoTpe6JI.SieThC.SI

CaMOCTO.SITenbHO, KaK OC06hle CJIOBa: «HaKOHeiJ, TIOXO.[( OKOH"lJeH,

I

259

e,zzyr B 3neKTHqKe .noMoiL.». A ,noMa uenYJO He,nemo OTMhiBaThC~

OTCbiTiaTbc~, OThe,naThC~ ... A eme .nec~Tb «OT ... ».

26. B ~3hiKe XHH.UH ecTh pa3HHUa no xapaKTepy MeJK.ny npe<l>HKCaMH H

cy<l><l>HKCaMH. IIpe<l>HKCbi npe,ncTaBniDOT ce6e KaK cnoJKeHHe, Ho

TaKoii xapaKTep He BCTPeqaeTc~ B cy<l><l>HKcax .

. HanpHMep:

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cy<l><l>HKCa 1Ff (naH) He TaKoro po.na.

27. B ~3biKe XHH.UH npe<l>HKChi ynoTpe6n~IOTC~ nepe.n

cymecTBHTenbHhiM, npHnaraTenhHbiM, HapeqHeM H rnaronoM.

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28. B ~3biKe XHH.[(H npe<l>HKCbi He ynoTPe6n~TC~ nepe.n

MeCTOHMeHHeM.

II pH npH Mbl BH.[(HM,

cymecTBHTenbHhie He o6pa3yiOTC~ npH coe,nHHeHHH K Haqany

MeCTOHMeHH~. B 3TOM BM~e npe<l>MKCaUH~ XHH.[(H HMeeT CXO.[(CTBO

C pycCKOM ~3biKe.

29. Coe,nHHeHHe npe<l>HKCOB:

B ~3hiKe XHH.UH npe<l>HKChi ynoTPe6niDOTC~ K · Hal!any

cymecTBHTenbHhiX, npHnaraTenhHhiX rnaronoB, Hapetrn:H H

npoH3BOMTC~ cymecTBHTenbHbie, npHnaraTenhHbie, rnaronhi H

HapeqH~.

ii)

260

BcT}Je"llaiOTC5I ,neB5ITh THTIOB coe.z:u·meHH5I B 5I3hiKe XHH,nH.

HanpHMep:

i) nepcp. cyrn. cyrn.

npecpHKChi: 3T a-

3FT aH-

3ft ay

cg KY-

-qx nap-

~ 63-

.~ 6a:H-

ill na-

"ff ca-

~ ca6-

~ cap-

~ cy-

611 xaM-

.npecp. cyrn. npHJI.

3FT ~ ~

aH- M3JI aHM3JI

IIpecpHKChi: 3T a-

~ aH-

3TC1 an-

\j y-

261

~ ay-

cg Ky-

~ JJ.Y-

frr HH-

{,[X 6ap-

-m 6a-

~ 63-

~ 6aii-

c;rr na-

tf ca-

~ cy-

WT xaM

iii) Tipecp. Cym. Hapet.me

~ ~ fll~*1~

6a ,nacryp 6a,nacryp

llpecpHKCbi: 31ci an-

G"X ,nap-

~ cpHJI-

~ 6a-

{,[X 6ap-

-m 6a-

~ 63-

tf ca-

~ 6axap-

iv) Tipecp. llpHJI. llpHJI.

262 .

a- K)'H,n

llpm}mKCbi: 3l a-

3R aH-

31(1 arr-

\Yl YH-

tg. KY-

f.1 HM-

~ 6ap-

v) llpe<!J. llpMn. Hape~me

"GX o:rnc1 G-xo:rnc1

,nap- a carr .napa carr

npe<IJMKC: "GX .nap-

vi) llpe<!J. rnaron rnaron

\J ~ ~

y- BXap yBxap

llpe<IJMKC: \J y-

vii) llpe<P. rnaron cy:w;ec.

3R q;:r 3Rq;=f

aH- 6aH aH6aH

flpe<IJMKC: 3R aH-

viii) llpe<!J. rnaron npMn.

~ WT m

ca- 3ar ca3ar

IIpecpMKc: 3l a-

263

3Ff aH-

~ ay-

.\3" KY-

~ ca-

Xj cy-

ix) Tipe$. Hape~me Hapel!He

frr ~ ~

HH- Kxaplle HHKXaplle

30. Cne.rzyiO:rn:He <l>opMhi CllHTaiOTC51 KaK npe$HKChi B .H3hiKe XHH,ZJ;H B

rpa,ZJ;MU:MOHHhiX rpaMMaTHKax:

3fCl a,nx

t-1 3H

~ KXYIII

i'R raMp

~ Ha

-c#r $M

6G 6a.n

~ 6biH

~ 6hma

~ BXap

~ xap

fiTEf) xacp

~ xa:H.n

264

Ho OHH He Moryr C"t.J:HTaTbCH npeqmKcaMH. ,[(e:HcTBHTeJibHO a<}><}>HKChi

HBJIHIOTCH TaKOH "llaCThlO, KOTOpaH HH HMeeT CB060)l;HOrO 3Ha"t.J:eHHH. 0HH

npHMeHHIOT 3Ha~eHHe TOJibKO npHCOe)l;HHH.sl K 3Ha"t.J:HTeJihHOH CB060)l;HOH

e)l,HHHIJ,e H 3aBHCHT TO)l(e OT TaKHX )l(e CJIOB, C KOTOpbiMH OHM COe)l,HHHIOTCH.

EcJIH Mhi BHHMaTeJihHO CMOTPHM, To npe)l.ocTaBJIHeTcH, "t.J:TO Bbime

YKa3aHHhie c}JopMbi He HBJIHIOTCH a<}><}>HKcaMH. BHH3Y )l,aeTcH 3Ha~HTeJibHOe

cBo6o)l.Hoe 3Ha"t.J:eHHe Ka)l()l,Oro. TaKoe )l(e 3Ha"t.J:eHHe, KOTopoe npeMeHHeTCH

B <}>opMe ac}J<}>HKCOB HBJI.HeTCH HCHbiM B CJie)l,YJOIIJ:HX npHMepax:

i) 3lt:f A)l.X

~or~cr<IT~~?

3l1'ClT cpc;r ~ ~ 3l1'ClT 1ffi=IT I

Y ce a)l.X6YHa Kay -qxop )l.biH?

A)l.xa KaJI 6yHaHa ayp a)l,xa napco

ii) ~ 3H

~ "CfCffi" lR 3Wl ~ I

~cffit~m~t1

3H BaKT nap an naxyq3

3H BaXH KH TO 6aT XaH

31. flpou,ecc COe)l,HHeHHH Me)l()l.y npH<}>HKCOM H KOpHeBbiM CJIOBOM

HMeiOT TecHyiO CBH3h. HanpHMep:

Tipe<}>. KopHeBax c}JopMa npOH3BO)l,HaH <}>opMa

3Ff fTI 'ia'"'l 31'1 fTI 'i a"'l

aH- rHHTH aHrHHTH

3Ff fcltrr 3Afclm

aH- Bhi)l.Xa aHBH)l,Xa

Of cpc;jcB) 3lct>C'i<:B1

265

a- KaJiaHKH aKaJiaHKH

3Tc>1" +ffifi 3l c>1 Ji tct)

aJI- MaCTH aJIMaCTH

cg -;wfi cg'i 14'1

KY- HaMH eyHaMH

f.i ~ ~

HH- .n.ape HH,ll,ap3

B Bhiiiie YKa.3aHHhiX npHMepax fTr;ffil rHHTH, fcrcn" BH,ll,Xa, ¢61¢1

KaJiaHKH, ~ MaCT11, ~ HaMH, ~ ,ll,ap3 .HBJUIIOTC» KOpHOBaMH <t>opMaMH,

KOTOphie yiiOTPe6JI.HIOTC» B »3hiKe XHH,ll,H TO:JKe 6e3 npe<l>HKCOB. HanpHMep:

WT~~~~

cMT~~st~l

An 6hma .n.ape -qane 3aib

Ka:H:cH Macni "IJ:Xa:H: xy·:H: xa:H:

B 3THX npe,ll,Jlo:JKeHHHX .n.ap3 H MaCTH ynoTPe6n.HIOTC» 6e3 npe<!>HKCOB.

06hi"IJ:HO IIpecjmKChi IIpHCOe,ll,HH.HeTC.H K Ha"IJ:any TaKHX :JKe CJIOB.

Ho B »3hiKe XHH,ll,H TaK:JKe BCTPe"IJ:aiOTC.H TaKHe KOpHeBhie <PopMhi,

KOTophie He ynoTPe6n.HIOTC.H 6e3 npe<!>HKCa. HanpHMep:

y- TXana yrxana

TXana He yno'Tpe6n»eTc» CBo6o.n.Ho. TaKHe <PopMhi Bcer.n.a

BCTPe"IJ:aiOTC» c npe$HKcaMH. B TaKHX KOpHeBhiX <PopMax BCTPe"IJ:aeTc.H

QeHTPaJihHa51 <!>opMa H IIOCJie 3TOM BCer.n.a HMeeTC» KaKa»-HH6y,ll,h "IJ:aCTHQa.

HanpHMep:

266

npOM3BOJJ:HOe CJIOBO

32. KpoMe OTHOCMTeJibHOro MeCTOMMeHJfj{ 3{l"qff (anac) B j{3biKe XMH,n:M

npOM3BOJJ:Hbie MeCTOMMeHJfj{ He BCTPe~aiOTCj{.

Bee MeCTOMMeHJij{ B j{3biKe XMHJJ:M KOpHeBbie CJIOBa. Ho, npM nOMOID:M

HeKOTOpbiX KOpHeBbiX MeCTOMMeHMH npOM3BOJJ:jJTCjJ cymeCTBMTeJibHbie,

npMnaraTeJibHbie M Hape~Mj{. HanpMMep:

33.

34.

~3fT 3WIT

an -a ana ( cymec.)

<:16 (~) ~ ~

jJX -bl -TaHa biTaHa ( npMJI.)

<:16 (~) t'R ~

jJX -bl -.romp hi.n:xap

KpoMe MeCTOMMeHM51 -an .n:pyrne MeCTOMMeHJfj{ He o6pa3YJOT

rnaroJI

3flll (3l1l) -;:n m

aH - Ha an aHa

B j{3biKe XMHJJ:M ~acnu~a He ynoTPe6Jlj{eTCjJ Me)l(.n:y KapHeBOH

<PopMo:H: M cy<P<l>MKCaMM. TaK Me)l(.n:y KopHeBoif <PopMo:H: M

cy<P<l>MKCOM cyrn;eCTByeT TeCHO CBj{3aHHOe M npj{MOe OTHOilleHMe.

tR 3lAT ~

rxap -aHa rxapaHa

Gffir 3WIT ' GI'RII'il

JJ:OCT -aHa .n:ocTaHa

267

35. Bcrpe~aiOTC.H TaKHe CJI)"::aH B .H3hiKe XHH,n;H, Kor.n;a ,n;Ba HJIH TPH

cycpcpHKCa ynorpe6JI.HIOTC.H BMeCTe TIOCJie KOpHeBbiX CJIOB. TipH

TIOMOIIJ.H CXeMbi MO)KHO TIOKa33Tb TaK:

KOpHeBrui <iJopMa nepBhiH cy<iJ<}>HKC

268

BTOpOH cy<}><}>HKC

npOH3BO,[(Hrui <iJopMa

npOH3BO,[(Hrui <}>opMa

TipOH3BO,[(Hrui <}>opMa

1) OTrJiarOJibHOe cy<}><}>HKC Henepe. cy<}><}>HKC cym.ec. cym.ec. rnaron

~ 3lCP ~ 3R ~

,n:xap -aK .n:xapaK -aH ,n:xapaKaH

'Cih? w:n ~ 3Pf lf>'$¢1

cpap aK <}>apaK -aH <iJapaKaH

Henepe. cytfl<}>. nepe. cy<lJcp.cym.ec. cytfltfl. npHn. rnaron rnaron ~ ~ ~ qc ~~ICJc ~ ~~1Cie1 ,[(biX -a .D:biXa -BaT ,[(biXaBaT H ,[(biXaBaTH

B pyccKoM 513biKe BCTpeqaeTC5I TaKa5I )Ke CHTyaUH51.

TieperpynnHpOBKa

36. TipH npecpHKCaUHJf B 513biKe XHH,[(H COe,[(HH51eTC51 6onee "tJeM O,[(HH npe<}>HKC K Ha"tJaJIY CJIOBa H H3MeH5IeT ee 3Ha"tJeHHe O"lJeHb MHOrO. HanpHMep:

fct 3fCf 5R Cll Cj i51'< BH + aB + xap = B5IaBxap ~ 3fCf 5R 31Cl!Cii51'< aBXH+ aB+ xap = aBX5IaBaxap ffi 3IT CRUT f.ixiCI'<ol HHp+ a+ BapaH = HHpaBapaH

269

aBxH+ npa+ ali = aBxHnpali TpH H l.JeThipe npe<i.>HKCa TOJKe Moryr coe.[{HHjJThCjJ.

~ ~ 3fq~~ .zzyp + a.nxH + aB +cali = .ll.ypa,l(XjfaBcali

B 3TOM acneKTe pyccKHli jJ3hiK noKa3hiBaeT 6onhmoe pa3nHl.JHe. llpH npe<i.>HKCaQHH He 6onee O.ll.HOro npe<i.>HKCa ynoTPe6JijJeTCjJ B o6pa3oBaHHH CJIOB.

npOTHBO KOHTP TIO)].

-)].eliCTBHe

-y.ll.ap -rpynna

3 7. llpH cy<i.><i.>HKCaQHH B jJ3biKe XHH.[{H cy4>4>HKC ,ll.eJIHTCjJ B KaTeropHH «rnaroJihHoe» H «HMeHHoe». Ho 3TO Bcer)].a TaK He H.lJ.eT, noTOMY liTO B XHH,ll.H HMeiQTCjJ TaKHe cy<P<i.>HKChl, KOTOpbie yTIOTPe6JijJIQTCjJ KaK «rJiarOJihHOe» TaK H «HMeHHOe».

HanpHMep: ~ali p1'f rnarOJihHOli cycp<i.>HKC -

RJ_<"ll~ CHJiali

~ KXy,ll.ali ~ napxali

~ napxali

~ Ta,ll.BH)]. cy4>4>HKC - ~ KXy)].ali , Cf>fd;:ll~ KaTXHHali

~ ca<Pali ilg'!l~ llarypaM:

B pyccKoM jJ3hiKe HeT pa3rpaHHqeHH.H Me'1K.lJ.Y cy<i.><i.>HKCaMH KaK «rJiarOJihHOe» HJIH «HMeHHOe» O)].HH cy<P<!>HKC MOJKeT COe,ll.HHjJTbCjJ C pa3HhiMH l.JaCTjJMH pel.!H H o6pa3yeT cymecTBHTeJihHhie.

HanpHMep: rnynhili - rnyneQ 6opOThCjJ - 6opeQ TBOpHTh - TBOpeQ KOMCOMOJI - KOMCOMOJieQ

38. B jJ3hiKe XHH.lJ.H cy<!><!>HKC pe,ll.Ko coe)].HHjJeTCjJ c cy<P<!>HKCOM H TOJihKO BCTPellaeTCjJ B caHcKpHTe.

HanpHMep:

270

+ ll}IT + Ta = ll}!Ta

B pyccKOM }13hiKe TO)Ke coe.zumeHHe cyl!>qmKca c cyl!><l>HKCOM He

BCTpe-qaeTC}I.

39. IlpH cy<l><l>HKCa[(HH B }13hiKe XHH,l{H Mhl Ha6mo,naeM, qTO 3,l{eCh

CYlP<l>HKChi COe,l{HH}IIOTC}I K KOH[(y MeCTOHMeHH}I H o6pa3YJOTC}I

HMeHa cymecTBHTenhHhie.

MeCTOHMeHHe CYlPlPMKC cym.

3lN ~ 01 ~

an anaHa -TBa anaHaTBa

3lN ~ 1R 314'1141 an anaHa -naH anaHanaH

40. · IlpH CYlP<l>HKCa[(HH B }13hiKe XHH,l{H Mhi Ha6niO,naeM, qTo

CYlPlPMKChi HMeiOT O,lUIO oco6oe 3HaqeHHe, KOTOpoe }!Bll}leTC}I

O,l{HHaKOBhiM.

HanpHMep:

3lCP aK

~ naTXaK

~ neKXaK

TOT KTO qJITaeT

nHCaTenh.

TaKYJO )Ke CHTYaUHIO Mhi Ha6niO,naeM npH cy4>4>HKCa[(HH B pyccKOM }13hiKe.

HanpHMep:

-Tenh CO 3HaqeHHeM «npOH3BO,l{HTenh ,l{eMCTBH}I»

MeqTa -Tenh

HCnOnHH -Tenh

BhiKniOqa -Tenh

41. IlpH npel!>HKCa[(HH Mhl Ha6niO,naeM, qTO HeKOTOphie npel!>HKChi

npHCOe,l{HH}I}I K cnoBy, npOTHBOnOCTaBll}IIOT 3Ha"lleHHe CllOBa.

\JJ<T 4 '< I \Jill ,n)KaM napa.l{)Kaii

~ ~

,naH a,naH

XPT fcWr par BHpar

271

MaH aBXHMaH

B pyccKoM 513biKe ecTb HeKoTopbie cycpcpHKCbi, KOTOphie ynoTPe6miiDTC51

C 06IUHM 3HalJeHHeM I1pOTHBOTIOJ10)KHOCTH.

HanpHMep:

aHTH- : aHTH -BemecTBO

aHTH-MHp

I1pOTHBO- I1pOTHBO-~eHCTBHe

He- He-clJaCThe

a-He-pJKOBO~HTeJlb

a-poMaH

a-Mopanb.