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Rome: Republic. SSWH3: The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of classical Mediterranean societies from 700BCE to 400 CE Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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S S W H 3 : T H E S T U D E N T W I L L E X A M I N E T H E P O L I T I C A L , P H I L O S O P H I C A L , A N D C U LT U R A L I N T E R A C T I O N O F
C L A S S I C A L M E D I T E R R A N E A N S O C I E T I E S F R O M 7 0 0 B C E T O 4 0 0 C E
A. C O M PA R E T H E O R I G I N S A N D S T R U C T U R E O F T H E G R E E K P O L I S , T H E R O M A N R E P U B L I C , A N D T H E R O M A N
E M P I R EC . A N A LY Z E T H E C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F H E L L E N I S T I C A N D
R O M A N C U LT U R E ; I N C L U D E L A W, G E N D E R , A N D S C I E N C E
Rome: Republic
Rome Geography
Italy
Tiber River
The Alps
Mediterranean
Early Republic
Latin & Etruscan immigrants est. Rome in 1000 BCE
Initially kings ruledBuilt Forum
Open air; center of public life (gov’t, law, business)
Citizens drive out last king
Declare gov’t a democratic republic Citizens vote for leaders Citizens were free-born
men
Social Classes in Rome
Patricians Wealthy Owned land Made laws
Plebeians Artisans, farmers,
commoners/everybody else (majority)
Could vote Could not hold office
Rebellion & Government Changes
Plebeians rebelPatricians give them more
power
Plebeian Accomplishments:Tribune – elected
representative who protect the rights of plebeians from unfair patrician officials
Twelve Tables – written law code (all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law)
Government
Consul – 2 Rule army, directed
gov’t 1 year term, veto
power Senate – 300
Legislative (made laws)
Assemblies – Lots Voice of people
Dictator – 1 Absolute power Consuls choose 6 month term during
times of crisis
Rise & Fall of the Roman Empire
S S W H 3 T H E S T U D E N T W I L L E X A M I N E T H E P O L I T I C A L , P H I L O S O P H I C A L , A N D C U L T U R A L I N T E R A C T I O N O F C L A S S I C A L M E D I T E R R A N E A N S O C I E T I E S F R O M
7 0 0 B C E T O 4 0 0 C E . A . C O M P A R E T H E O R I G I N S A N D S T R U C T U R E O F T H E G R E E K P O L I S , T H E
R O M A N R E P U B L I C , A N D T H E R O M A N E M P I R E . B . I D E N T I F Y T H E I D E A S A N D I M P A C T O F I M P O R T A N T I N D I V I D U A L S ; I N C L U D E
S O C R A T E S , P L A T O , A N D A R I S T O T L E A N D D E S C R I B E T H E D I F F U S I O N O F G R E E K C U L T U R E B Y A R I S T O T L E ’ S P U P I L A L E X A N D E R T H E G R E A T A N D T H E I M P A C T O F
J U L I U S A N D A U G U S T U S C A E S A R . E . A N A L Y Z E T H E F A C T O R S T H A T L E D T O T H E C O L L A P S E O F T H E W E S T E R N
R O M A N E M P I R E .
Collapse of the Republic
Why does the republic collapse? Large size of territory Economic Turmoil
Gap between rich & poor Rich land owners lived on
estates & used slave labor Small farmers couldn’t compete sell land homeless
Military Upheaval Generals take power & pay poor
to work as soldiers Soldiers loyal to generals instead
of Republic
Julius Caesar
Military geniusConsul for 1 yearConquers Gaul (France)People & troops love himPompey (political rival)
jealousCaesar marches to Rome w/
his armyPompey flees & is later
defeated44 B.C.E. declares himself
dictator for life
Caesar’s Reforms
Expanded Senate Increased pay for
soldiers Started colonies Created jobs Citizenship
Photo: Brutus & Cassius plot
Caesar’s assassination in
the Roman Forum
After Julius Caesar’s Death…
Civil war breaks outTriumvirate (rule of three):
Octavian (Caesar’s grandson) Mark Antony (general) Lepidus (politician)
Triumvirate fight with each other for power: Octavian is victorious
Octavian & Empire
Becomes “Augustus” – exalted one; Rome’s first emperor
27 B.C.E. – 180 C.E. “Pax Romana” = Roman peace
Set up a civil service – paid workers to manage gov’t affairs
“Pax Romana” Ends180 C.E. after
Marcus Aurelius
Rulers cannot handle Empire’s size
Century of Crisis
Foreign invasion trade affected inflation (rising prices)
Soil over-farmed famine
Military not loyal Mercenaries (foreign soldiers who were paid) no loyalty to Rome
Emperors Try Reform
Diocletian 248 C.E.Limits freedomDoubles militaryControls inflationDivides the Empire:
East – spoke Greek West – spoke Latin
Constantine 330 C.E. Moves capital to
Byzantine (East) Names capital after self
– Constantinople Ends persecution of
Christians in empire
Eastern & Western Roman Empire
West Collapses
Why? Invasions:
Huns invade Germanic homelands
Germanic tribes move south
Sack and overtake Rome
Last Roman emperor ousted by the Germanic tribes in 476 A.D.
Eastern Empire Survives
Byzantine (Byzantium)
Preserves Greek/Roman culture
Lasts until 1453 when Ottoman Turks take over
The Spread of Christianity