RTI TEST REPORT - t1.daumcdn.net

RTI TEST REPORT

Aerosol Systems Test:

Viking Life-Saving Equipment

Prepared by:

Andrew Dart

RTI International

P.O. Box 12194

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

(919) 541-7279

[email protected]

RTI Project No. 0216052

Task Order 1

Prepared for:

Dorthe Torngren la Cour

PPE Fire Engineering Manager

Viking Life Saving Equipment

Saedding Ringvej 13, 6710 Esbjerg V Denmark

October 5, 2017

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1. Introduction

Under contract with the Viking Life-Saving Equipment, RTI International (RTI) evaluated the

aerosol penetration of two fire fighter protective ensembles. The evaluation consisted of head-to-

head tests of two fire fighter turn out systems for a total of two system-level human-use aerosol

challenge tests. The tests used non-toxic aerosol simulants and were conducted in accordance

with an approved RTI human-use protocol.

The objective of the tests was to measure and compare the aerosol deposition velocities for areas

of the test participants’ skin after wearing the protective ensembles in an aerosol exposure wind

tunnel.

Descriptions of the garment systems and the test matrix are presented in Sections 2 and 3,

respectively. Section 4 presents the test results and Section 5 provides a summary discussion.

Appendix A describes the test facility and procedures used for the tests. Appendix B contains

the donning and doffing sequences. Appendix C presents the complete test conditions and

aerosol deposition velocity for each sample and for each test run.

2. Test Garments

There were two garment ensembles involved in this series of tests, and the components of the

ensembles are listed in Table 1. Photographs of the garment systems taken just prior to entering

the wind tunnel are presented in Figure 1. The donning and doffing procedures are detailed in

Appendix B.

Table 1: Components of the garment ensembles.

Test Item

Configuration Code

1 2

Ensemble Type Turnout Turnout

Condition New New

Description Improved Baseline

Jacket PS1035 PS1000, model 052

Pants PS1085 PS1050, model 554

Hood PS3838 PS3835

Gloves EXKA, 10, LBK, KFT,

18092/A Firescout

EXKA, 10, LBK, KFT,

18092/A Firescout

Boots “45” Fire Chainsaw Boot,

HARVIK

“45” Fire Chainsaw Boot,

HARVIK

Helmet Standard Standard

Respirator Survivar APR Survivair APR

T-shirt No No

Briefs Black (L) Black (L)

Socks Black Cotton Black Cotton

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Figure 1: Pre-test photographs of the garment ensembles. The

corresponding configuration code numbers are shown in the top

left corners of the photographs.

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3. Test Series

Each of the garment ensembles listed above was tested once. The test sequence was chosen to

evaluate configuration one prior to configuration two. Additionally, each test was performed by

the same test participant to mitigate the risk of introducing bias. Table 2 presents a summary of

the test series including the test participant(s).

4. Results

Complete results from the garment tests are presented in Appendix C. The results are presented

as the deposition velocity for each skin sampling area for each test. Also included are the test

conditions (T, RH, and wind speed), the aerosol CT, and the background and post-test

fluorescence values for each skin sampling area.

Table 3 summarizes the results for each garment configuration. In this table, results have been

averaged for selected body areas and for each test, providing a convenient basis for comparison

of the overall garment system performance. Figure 2 presents a graphical summary of the results

for selected body regions for each garment system. Table 4 shows the results for each of the 50

skin sampling locations for each test. The locations of each skin sampling area are shown

schematically in Appendix A.

Representative black light photographs from each configuration are shown in Figures 3 and 4. In

the black light photographs, light blue coloration indicates a relatively light aerosol deposition

while yellow coloration indicates relatively heavy aerosol deposition. Some areas of the skin --

such as back of the elbows, the soles of the feet, palms, and toe and finger nails -- have a bright

natural fluorescence even in the absence of aerosol deposits. Therefore, brightness on the soles of

the feet and on the palms of the hands does not necessarily indicate a problem with the footwear

or glove systems.

In regions of moderate to heavy aerosol deposition on the skin, circular areas are often visible

where the skin-rinse samples were obtained. These circular areas provide a convenient basis for

judging the level of deposition on the surrounding skin (i.e., the circular areas are relatively clean

in comparison to the surrounding aerosol deposits).

When comparing two or more pictures, note the lighting and the camera’s exposure level may

not necessarily be identical between photos or between tests. Attempts were made to maintain

consistency, but conditions nevertheless vary from photo to photo and test to test. The black light

photographs are best used to show possible areas of aerosol infiltration, the general pattern of

aerosol deposition, and relative intensities of deposition. The photographs compliment and aid in

interpretation of the quantitative analysis that is performed on each sample.

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Table 2: Summary of aerosol deposition velocity results

(cm/min) for garment configurations 1 and 2.

Body Region

Configuration Code

1 2

All (simple average) 0.009 0.030

All except head, neck, ear 0.009 0.028

Chin & Neck 0.003 0.014

Ears 0.040 0.298

Cheeks & Neck 0.003 0.011

Nape 0.005 0.017

Scalp 0.013 0.086

Abdomen 0.008 0.009

Axillae 0.019 0.014

Back 0.006 0.005

Upper Arm (Inner) 0.001 0.001

Upper Arm (Outer) 0.001 0.002

Right Forearm (Volar) 0.221 0.002

Left Forearm (Volar) 0.049 0.000

Buttocks 0.000 0.000

Groin 0.005 0.005

Scrotum 0.001 0.003

Thigh (Dorsum) 0.011 0.011

Thigh (Plantar) 0.012 0.010

Knee 0.014 0.018

Popliteal Spaces 0.011 0.012

Shins 0.021 0.082

Calves 0.033 0.090

Ankles 0.002 0.003

Feet 0.003 0.004

Hands & Wrists 0.001 0.002

Chin & Neck 0.003 0.014

Ears 0.040 0.298

+

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Figure 2: Comparison of averaged results for selected body regions for the

two garment configurations.

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Table 3: Deposition velocity results (cm/min) at each sampling location. The

detection limit is approximately 0.001 cm/min.

Sample Location #

Configuration Code

1 2

Head 1 0.004 0.005

Head 2R 0.018 0.101

Head 2L 0.018 0.151

Neck 3-A 0.005 0.008

Neck 3-B 0.004 0.015

Neck 3-C 0.003 0.027

Neck 3-D 0.001 0.007

Neck 3-E 0.002 0.009

Neck 3-F 0.006 0.021

Neck 3-G 0.006 0.020

upper chest 4 0.005 0.002


mid chest 6 0.009 0.016

lower chest 7 0.003 0.002


upper arm (right) 11 0.001 0.001

lower arm (left) 13 0.049 0.000

pelvic area (right) 14 0.008 0.008

pelvic area (left) 15 0.006 0.005

upper leg 16 0.000 0.002

upper leg 18 0.025 0.013

mid leg 20 0.015 0.023

mid leg 21 0.012 0.013

lower leg (right outside) 22 0.033 0.091

lower leg (right inside) 23 0.045 0.113

lower leg (left inside) 24 0.021 0.068

lower leg (left outside) 25 0.008 0.072

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Sample Location #

Configuration Code

1 2

upper back 29 0.000 0.004

upper back 30 0.001 0.004

mid back 31 0.001 0.000

low back 32 0.000 0.000

low back 33 0.000 0.000

upper arm (left) 34 0.001 0.002

lower arm (right) 35 0.221 0.002

rump 36 0.000 0.000

mid leg 38 0.010 0.009

mid leg 39 0.012 0.015

side of torso (right) 42 0.005 0.009

side of torso (left) 43 0.033 0.019

ear lobe (right) 44R 0.038 0.359

ear lobe (left) 44L 0.042 0.238

scrotum 45 0.001 0.003

side of left foot 47 0.002 0.003

top of left foot 48 0.002 0.003

side of right foot 50 0.002 0.003

bottom of right foot 53 0.004 0.005

back of right hand 55 0.001 0.001

back of lower left arm, near wrist 56 0.002 0.001

palm of left hand 58 0.000 0.005

front of lower right arm, near wrist 62 0.002 0.001

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Figure 3: Black light photographs from configuration 1.

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Figure 4: Black light photographs from configuration 2.

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5. Discussion of Results

The measured aerosol deposition velocities were generally lower for configuration 1 as

compared to configuration 2. The hot spots on the subject’s forearms in configuration 1

increased the overall average by nearly 50%. Aerosol penetrating the inner sleeve would deposit

on the forearm in this location. Configuration 2 showed a significantly greater amount of

widespread aerosol deposited on the TPs skin than configuration 1.

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Appendix A

SYSTEM-LEVEL AEROSOL CHALLENGE TESTING OF

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE GARMENTS

1. Introduction

Chemical protective clothing has traditionally been used to protect against threats posed by

hazardous gases and liquids. In addition to these continuing threats, aerosolized chemical and

biological agents also pose threats. Through a series of contracts with DOD, RTI has developed

a full-scale aerosol challenge test for chemical protective clothing. The tests use a non-toxic

fluorescently-tagged aerosol simulant. These methods have been used to evaluate the

performance of military and first-responder protective clothing relative to aerosol protection.

Aerosol penetration of garments is dependent upon many variables. These include the garment’s

fabric and closure properties, the surrounding environment in terms of wind speed and aerosol

concentration, and body motions which can create a bellows effect drawing aerosol particles into

the garment. RTI’s test facility and protocols provide careful control of all these variables.

The overall objective of the tests is to measure the aerosol deposition velocity to areas of the

subject’s skin after wearing one of several chemical protective ensembles in an aerosol exposure

chamber.

2. Facilities

The tests are performed in RTI’s wind tunnel exposure room (Figure A-1). The wind tunnel

contains a 7 ft diameter, 40-hp vane-axial fan centrally located in a 28 ft x 50 ft sealed room.

Wind speeds up to 30 mph may be achieved along the test platform. Upon exiting the test

section, the air freely expands into the room and recirculates back to the fan intake. To facilitate

operations, the test section is mounted on a raised platform providing access from below;

overhead access is also available.

To allow for testing over a range of ambient conditions, the wind tunnel is equipped with

cooling, heating, and humidity controls. Temperatures from approximately 40 to 100o F

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Figure A-1: Schematic of RTI’s test facility.

Chem. Lab

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(4 to 38 C) and relative humidities from approximately 20% to 85% may be achieved. The

ventilation systems of the wind tunnel include a recirculating, high-efficiency filtration system

for the removal of aerosol from the wind tunnel atmosphere and an ambient air purging system.

The wind tunnel is supported by several auxiliary rooms: the control room, which is used to set

the wind speed, temperature and humidity, control aerosol samplers, and maintain direct visual

contact with the test volunteer; the staging and doffing room; isolated rooms for background

sampling and donning; chemistry lab for fluorometric analysis and aerosol preparation; and

locker room facilities where the test volunteers shower after the tests.

3. Test Conditions

Environmental Conditions: All tests are performed under carefully controlled conditions

(Table A-1). The environmental conditions are set to a wind speed of up to 30 mph (50 km/hr) at

a temperature of 65 - 75 F and a relative humidity of 30 - 60 %. The target challenge aerosol

concentration is 167 mg/m3 which, when combined with the 30-minute exposure duration, yields

a target CT of 5,000 mg m-3 min.

Challenge Aerosol: The challenge aerosol is a dry, solid-phase, fluorescent powder (Table A-

2). The primary constituent is a synthetic, micron-sized, amorphous silica powder (Syloid®).

This powder establishes the particle size of the resultant aerosol and serves as the carrier for the

fluorescent tagging agent. The fluorescent tag is comprised of two fluorescent compounds and a

solute. Uranine is the fluorescent compound used for quantitative analyses. Its uncommon

excitation and emission wavelengths minimize background interferences and lead to low

detection limits. Tinopal is a fluorescent compound that enhances the black light response of the

aerosol deposits. Tetraethylene glycol is a safe, low volatility solute for the two fluorescent

compounds. A blending process is used to dissolve the fluorescent compounds in the

tetraethylene glycol, and then to combine this fluorescent tag with the silica powder. The use of

fluorescent tracers allows accurate measurement of sub-microgram quantities of deposited

aerosol on skin and clothing and minimizes background interference (e.g., from ambient aerosol,

shed clothing fibers and carbon dust).

The resultant aerosol has an aerodynamic mass median diameter (MMD) of approximately 2.5

µm with a geometric standard deviation of approximately 2.6.

Motion Routine: During each test, the test subject performs a prescribed motion routine. The

routine includes standing, walking, bending, squatting, twisting, running in place, dropping to a

prone position, and rolling over on the back. The motions simulate common field motions and

provide some stress to the garment and to the various closures. Table A-3 outlines a typical

motion routine.

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Table A-1: Typical Test Conditions.

Parameter Target Level

Wind Speed 2 - 30 mph

Temperature 70o F

Relative Humidity 50%

Aerosol Concentration 167 mg/m3

Challenge CT 5,000 mg m-3 min

Exposure Duration 30 minutes

Aerosol Type An aerosolized dry powder of fluorescently-

tagged amorphous silica.

Aerosol Particle Size 2.5 µm mass median diameter

Motion Subjects performed a prescribed motion routine

throughout the 30-minute exposure duration.

Sample locations

Up to 52 locations on the subjects’ skin were

sampled including the head, neck, torso, arms,

legs, feet and hands.

Method of analysis

Quantitative fluorometric analysis of skin-rinse

samples and qualitative visual UV examination

of subject under black light.

Table A-2: Composition of the Challenge Aerosol.

Chemical

Purpose

Weight

Percent

Amorphous

silica

Safe, solid-phase, powdered carrier for

fluorescent tag; establishes desired size range 50%

Tetraethylene

Glycol Solute for fluorescent compounds 42%

Uranine Primary fluorescent tracer for quantitative

analysis 6%

Tinopal Secondary fluorescent tracer to enhance black

light response for qualitative visual assessment 2%

A-15

Table A-3: Typical Motion Routine.

The test participant begins the test by facing toward the fan and starting the first cycle of the

motion routine.

1. Stand: 30 seconds. Stand stationary with arms at sides and feet spread slightly.

2. Walk: 30 seconds. Walk back and forth at a brisk pace on the 16 ft platform, standing

tall and with arms swinging slightly at sides.

3. Bend and Reach: 30 seconds. Start by standing with hands on hips. Slowly bend at the

waist and reach toward the left toes then the right toes, rotating hands at wrists as if

working with tools. Return to standing position with hands on hips. Extend arms upward

above head and reach up to the left then up to the right, rotating hands at wrists as before.

Return hands to hips. Repeat this sequence for the remainder of the 30 seconds.

4. Squat and Reach: 30 seconds. Start from a standing position. Bend down on one knee,

reach down toward the left then down toward the right, rotating hands at wrists as if

working with tools. Return hands to hips. Extend arms upward above head and reach up

to the left then up to the right and look up as if you were fixing something overhead.

Continue this motion for the remainder of the 30 seconds.

5. Trunk Twist: 30 seconds. Start by standing with hands on hips. Turn upper body to the

left 90º while forcefully extending arms to the left as if directing traffic. Return to

starting position, and then repeat motion while turning upper body 90º to the right. Feet

remain planted and pointing forward throughout this motion. Repeat this sequence for

the remainder of the 30 seconds.

6. Walk: 1 minute. Same as #2, but for a full minute.

7. Run: 30 seconds. Run in place for 30 seconds, lifting feet off the floor.

8. Stand: 30 seconds. Same as #1.

9. Bend and Reach: 30 seconds. Same as #3.

10. Squat and Reach: 30 seconds. Same as #4, but bend down on the other knee.

11. Trunk Twist: 30 seconds. Same as #5.

12. Walk: 30 seconds. Same as #2.

13. Prone Sighting Position: 30 seconds. Lie down on stomach with head facing the fan.

Take a posture as if you were sighting a gun – arms bent at elbows, one leg slightly bent

at the knee.

14. Lay on Back: 30 seconds. Roll over from the prone sighting position onto back with

legs bent at the knees. Arms should be bent at the elbows with hands close to the body as

if you were crawling under something.

The motion routine is repeated four times during a 30-minute test. Each time through the cycle,

the test participant will rotate 90º to the right from the previous position. Walk, Prone Sighting

Position, and Lay on Back are always performed facing the fan regardless of which way the test

participant is facing during the cycle.

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4. Donning and Doffing of the Protective Garment

The garment custodian provides the test subject with each item of test clothing in the donning

room. After the subject removes his street clothes, background skin-rinse samples are taken and

immediately analyzed to confirm low background fluorescence levels. The volunteer then dons

the test garments. A test assistant is available to answer any questions about proper donning

procedures. After donning the ensemble, the volunteer walks to the control room of the wind

tunnel. The test operator independently confirms that the proper garments are worn for the

assigned test and that the garments are donned properly.

After the 30 minute exposure in the wind tunnel, the subject exits the chamber into the adjacent

clean doffing room. An 800 cfm HEPA filter air cleaner is used to control any airborne dust

generated from doffing the garment. The test assistant helps the subject doff the garments in a

careful manner to prevent contact of the heavily contaminated outside surface of the garments

with the subject’s skin. After doffing, the subject moves to the sampling room.

5. Sampling of Deposited Aerosol on the Skin

Aerosol that has deposited on the subject’s skin is extracted by rinsing prescribed areas with a

0.01 N sodium hydroxide solution. Because tetraethylene glycol, uranine and Tinopal are all

water soluble, they readily dissolve into the sodium hydroxide solution. For uranine to fluoresce,

the solution must be basic. The 0.01 N sodium hydroxide solution provides the needed basic pH

and does not cause skin irritation. The extraction is performed by firmly pressing a small PVC

tube against the skin, adding 20 milliliters of 0.01 N sodium hydroxide followed by removal of

the liquid by pipetting into a sample vial (Figure A-2). The solution is washed over the skin for

about 20 seconds and then pipetted into a clean container. This is done for approximately 50

locations on the skin, including the arms, legs, torso, neck, and head (Figure A-3). Different

diameter tubes are used to accommodate the different sized areas of the skin; 1" diameter tubes

are used on narrow or areas of high curvature such as the neck and head, 1-1/2" diameter tubes

used for the arms and 2" tubes used for larger areas such as torso and thighs. (The area of the

sample is taken into account in the data analysis.) To sample the earlobe and scrotum, a series of

three swab samples are taken rather than using the tube method.

Once the skin sampling is completed, the subject is examined under black light and photographs

are taken to document the nature of the deposition. Viewing under black light provides a useful

visual qualitative assessment of the amount of deposition on the skin that often aided in

interpreting the quantitative fluorometric analyses performed in the lab. After the black light

examination, the volunteer’s participation for the day is over and he goes to a nearby locker

room to shower.

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Figure A-2: Sampling the subject’s skin for deposited aerosol particles.

6. Fluorometric Analysis

The skin-rinse samples are analyzed in the adjacent chemistry lab. A portion of each skin

sample is pipetted into a cuvette and placed in a fluorometer where the amount of fluorescent

tracer is quantified. The amount of fluorescence is directly related to the mass of aerosol present

in the sample (typically 1 µg of aerosol equals approximately 100 fluorescent units). By proper

selection of the emission and excitation wavelengths within the fluorometer, background

fluorescence (the limiting factor relative to sensitivity) in the samples can be minimized and very

low detection levels can be achieved. The detection level for the tests is approximately 0.3

microgram of deposited aerosol per sample. To minimize possible contamination, new transfer

pipets, cuvettes, and sample containers are used for each measurement.

When necessary, the samples are diluted with additional 0.01 N sodium hydroxide solution until

an on-scale reading is obtained. All the fluorescent readings are normalized by the amount of

sodium hydroxide used in the original sample and the number of serial dilutions needed. These

same procedures are used to measure the fluorescence of the mass and cascade impactor

samples. From these fluorometer readings, the deposition velocity for each skin sample is

calculated.

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Figure A-3: Sampling locations on the skin.

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7. Deposition Velocity

The rate of aerosol deposition to the subject’s skin is expressed as the aerosol deposition velocity

(DV). The general equation for computing DV is:

( ) TCDV

m

−=

Area Sample

Mass BackgroundAerosol Deposited of Mass

Where:

Cm = Aerosol Mass Concentration (typically in mg/m³)

T = Sample duration (typically in minutes)

Because the fluorescence of the samples is directly related to the mass of the aerosol in the

samples, the fluorescence of the samples is used instead of determining the mass of aerosol in the

samples. Therefore, deposition velocity is computed as:

( ) TCDV

f

−=

Area Sample

ceFluorescen BackgroundAerosol Deposited of ceFluorescen

Where:

Cf = Aerosol Fluorescence Concentration (F/m³ for example)

For samples where the measured fluorescence is less than or equal to twice the background

fluorescence, the deposition velocity is computed using the background level:

( ) TCDV

f =

Area Sample

ceFluorescen Background

This establishes the minimum measurable deposition velocity and precludes reporting zero and

negative values (which may occur when the measurements are at the noise level).

8. Summary

The aerosol challenge test methodology utilizes a non-toxic, micron-sized, fluorescently-tagged

challenge aerosol. The use of this aerosol, coupled with fluorometric analysis of skin-rinse

samples, allows reliable quantification of aerosol deposition on the body with minimal

background interference. Using these methods, RTI evaluates the aerosol protection afforded by

military and first-responder protective clothing.

B-1

Appendix B

DONNING AND DOFFING PROCEDURES

Donning: all configuration codes

ITEM Donning Instructions

Undergarments Don briefs and cotton socks.

Trousers and Boots

1. Don trousers

2. Secure fly zipper and waist buttons. 3. Position suspenders over shoulders and fasten snap couplers. Trouser length

can be adjusted by raising and lowering suspenders – should fit comfortably along the inseam.

4. Secure waist adjustment tabs. 5. Don turnout boots.

Over boots

1. Don over boots and secure the closures on the. 2. Position leg over the and secure the Velcro straps.

Ear Plugs Don ear plugs.

Coat

1. Don coat so that gloves are outside the sleeve cuff. 2. Close coat zipper slider up to neck, and close outer flap. Make sure zipper

slider is tucked entirely under the outer flap. 3. Make sure the wrist areas (gauntlets) of gloves are completely closed. 4. Fasten the hook and loop sleeve tabs. 5. Make sure all pockets on the coat and trousers are closed.

Fire Scout

Gloves

1. Don gloves

2. Assistant tightens gauntlet by pulling hook and loop strap around wrist and fastening to close.

Survivair Mask

1. Don the mask and secure the harness straps. 2. Don the flash hood over the mask and pull the opening of the hood over the

face piece of the mask. 3. Attach the filter canister(s) to the mask.

B-2

Doffing: all configuration codes

SCBA and Helmet

• Release SCBA waist belt

• Loosen SCBA shoulder straps and gently pull off the shoulders and down to the floor.

• Release the clasp at the chin and remove helmet.

Gross Decon

• Spray entire ensemble.

• Decon outer gloves with damp sponge.

• Decon the overboots and lower leg with a damp sponge.

• Decon the hood, mask, and shoulders starting from the top of the head.

• Decon arms and wrists, and front, side and back upper torso, and trousers.

Hood and Coat Removal

• Loosen wrist straps and re-attach loosely.

• Starting at the bottom, open outer flap and neck closure.

• Decon zipper pull tabs, zipper and exposed outer flap using damp sponge.

• Slowly open zipper of coat to mid-chest.

• Decon your gloves.

• With a slight outward roll, carefully move hood off the head without contacting the skin.

• Doffing assistant places hand on voicemitter to hold the mask in place.

• Lead doffer decons his gloves then loosens lower and mid mask straps.

• Assistant removes the mask from the face as the lead doffer lifts the harness over

SUBJECT’s head.

• Unzip the coat completely.

• Move to back of SUBJECT.

• Instruct SUBJECT to hold arms back, away from body and make a fist.

• Remove coat by rolling coat off shoulders and pulling coat off, of the arms. The SUBJECT’s

outer gloves should come off with the coat.

• Decon your gloves.

• Unhook suspenders and remove over the shoulders.

Trouser and Boot Removal

• Undo waist tab closures.

• Open fly snaps and slowly unzip fly.

• With an outward roll, pull trousers down to knees.

• For stability, instruct SUBJECT to grab the assistant’s shoulder.

• Starting with the RIGHT, lead doffer grasps garment legs and boots as SUBJECT steps out.

C-1

Appendix C

AEROSOL DEPOSITION VELOCITIES

FOR EACH SAMPLE

RTI Wind Tunnel Number: 2400 2404

Test Date: 9/21/2017 9/26/2017

Volunteer Number: 19 19

Configuration Code: 1 2

TEST CONDITIONS

Aerosol Substance Fluorescently-tagged amorphous silica powder

Average Temperature (ºF) 68.7 71.2

Average Relative Humidity (%) 49.9 49.5

Average Wind Speed (mph) 10.3 10.1

Aerosol MMD (µm) 2.5 2.5

Mass Loader Flowrate (cc/min) 13.5 13.5

Mass Loader Fluorescence 5.34e6 6.02e6

Exposure Time (min) 30 30

Mass Concentration (mg/m³) 167 189

CmT (mg min/m³) 5007 5684

Selected Average Deposition Velocities (cm/min)

All (simple average) 0.009 0.030

All except head, neck, ear 0.009 0.028

Head only (1,2R,2L) 0.013 0.086

Neck only (3-a,b,c,d,e,f,g) 0.003 0.014

Front of neck (3-a,b,c,d) 0.003 0.015

Back of neck (3-e,f,g) 0.005 0.017

Chest (4,5,6) 0.005 0.008

Back (29,30,31,32,33) 0.000 0.002

Torso (4,5,6,7,8,29,30,31,32,33,42,43) 0.005 0.006

Arm (11,13,34,35) 0.003 0.001

Upper Leg (14,15,16,18,36) 0.008 0.006

Lower Leg (20,21,22,23,24,25,38,39) 0.020 0.051

Ear lobes (44R,44L) 0.040 0.299

Scrotum (45) 0.001 0.003

Ankles (47,50) 0.002 0.003

Hands and wrists (55,56,58,62) 0.001 0.002

Feet (48,53) 0.003 0.004

head 2L 0.018 0.151

neck 3-A 0.005 0.008

neck 3-B 0.004 0.015

neck 3-C 0.003 0.027

neck 3-D 0.001 0.007

neck 3-E 0.002 0.009

neck 3-F 0.006 0.021

neck 3-G 0.006 0.020

C-2


Test Date: 9/21/2017 9/26/2017



Deposition Velocity forEach Sample (cm/min)

head 1 0.004 0.005

head 2R 0.018 0.101



mid chest 6 0.009 0.016



upper arm (right) 11 0.001 0.001

lower arm (left) 13 0.049 0.000

pelvic area (right) 14 0.008 0.008

pelvic area (left) 15 0.006 0.005

upper leg 16 0.000 0.002

upper leg 18 0.025 0.013

mid leg 20 0.015 0.023

mid leg 21 0.012 0.013

lower leg (right outside) 22 0.033 0.091

lower leg (right inside) 23 0.045 0.113

lower leg (left inside) 24 0.021 0.068

lower leg (left outside) 25 0.008 0.072

upper back 29 0.000 0.004

upper back 30 0.001 0.004

mid back 31 0.001 0.000

low back 32 0.000 0.000

low back 33 0.000 0.000

upper arm (left) 34 0.001 0.002

lower arm (right) 35 0.221 0.002

rump 36 0.000 0.000

mid leg 38 0.010 0.009

mid leg 39 0.012 0.015

side of torso (right) 42 0.005 0.009

side of torso (left) 43 0.033 0.019

ear lobe (right) 44R 0.038 0.359

ear lobe (left) 44L 0.042 0.238

scrotum 45 0.001 0.003

side of left foot 47 0.002 0.003

top of left foot 48 0.002 0.003

side of right foot 50 0.002 0.003

bottom of right foot 53 0.004 0.005

back of right hand 55 0.001 0.001

back of lower left arm, near wrist 56 0.002 0.001

palm of left hand 58 0.000 0.005

front of lower right arm, near wrist 62 0.002 0.001

C-3


Test Date: 9/21/2017 9/26/2017



Raw Fluorescence of Samples

head (top) 1 15 21

head (right) 2R 62 399

head (left) 2L 63 593

Neck 3-A 17 34

Neck 3-B 13 61

Neck 3-C 9 105

Neck 3-D 5 27

Neck 3-E 6 37

Neck 3-F 22 85

Neck 3-G 19 80

upper chest 4 58 31

upper chest 5 26 65

mid chest 6 98 201

lower chest 7 30 32

lower chest 8 16 141

upper arm (right) 11 6 6

lower arm (left) 13 169 3

pelvic area (right) 14 91 103

pelvic area (left) 15 70 59

upper leg 16 3 30

upper leg 18 279 171

mid leg 20 169 302

mid leg 21 141 175

lower leg (right outside) 22 376 1177

lower leg (right inside) 23 508 1452

lower leg (left inside) 24 242 878

lower leg (left outside) 25 91 926

upper back 29 4 56

upper back 30 13 49

mid back 31 6 4

low back 32 3 7

low back 33 5 3

upper arm (left) 34 6 18

lower arm (right) 35 758 15

Rump 36 3 9

mid leg 38 108 119

mid leg 39 130 195

side of torso (right) 42 52 115

side of torso (left) 43 367 247

ear lobe (right) 44R-A 80 761

ear lobe (right) 44R-B 42 522

ear lobe (right) 44R-C 38 333

ear lobe (right) 44R 160 1616

side of torso (left) 43 367 247

C-4


Test Date: 9/21/2017 9/26/2017



ear lobe (left) 44L-A 78 538

ear lobe (left) 44L-B 52 346

ear lobe (left) 44L-C 45 191

ear lobe (left) 44L 175 1075

scrotum 45-A 19 98

scrotum 45-B 14 44

scrotum 45-C 20 64

scrotum 45 53 206

side of left foot 47 0 1

top of left foot 48 1 1

side of right foot 50 4 5

Bottom of right foot 53 19 32

back of right hand 55 2 4

back of lower left arm, near wrist 56 6 5

palm of left hand 58 1 21

front of lower right arm, near wrist 62 6 5

BLANK

Sample Background Fluorescence (Raw)

Blank 0 0

Head – Top A 1 3

Head – Side B 1 2

Right side, Neck C 0 1

Left side, Neck D 0 1

R. Arm (outside below shoulder) E 0 0

Left Arm (inside above elbow) F 0 1

Right Leg (front thigh) G 0 1

Left Leg (back calf) H 0 11

Upper back I 0 1

Lower back J 0 1

R. Arm (outside above elbow) K 0 1

Right wrist (back) L 0 0

Left wrist (back) M 0 0

Left wrist (front) N 0 0

Right wrist (front) O 0 0

Top of right foot P 0 0

Bottom of left foot Q 11 27

HEAD – AVG. 1.0 2.5

NECK – AVG. 0.0 1.0

TORSO – AVG. 0.0 1.0

LEG – AVG. 0.0 6.0

ARM – AVG. 0.0 0.7

HAND – AVG. 0.0 0.0

FOOT – AVG. 5.5 13.5

SWAB – AVG. 3.3 3.3

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