S270_ep1-Rolf

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Unit 1

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Unit 1 Objectives

1. Define general categories of aircraft used in fire suppression.

2. List the Four (4) ICS types of air tankers and the criteria that make up each type.

3. List the three (3) ICS types of helicopters and the criteria that make up each type.

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Unit 1 Objectives

4. Define density altitude, ground effect, translational lift, and describe how these factors affect aircraft performance.

5. Calculate density altitude from a density altitude chart when given temperature and pressure altitude.

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Two Categories of AircraftAirplanes = Fixed Wing

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Two Categories of Aircraft

Helicopters = Rotor Wing

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Two Types of Aircraft Engine

• Reciprocating/Piston(using aviation grade fuel know as AVGAS)

• Turbine/Turboprop(using Jet Fuel)

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Reciprocating Engine(Horizontally Opposed Pistons)

AVGAS

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Reciprocating Engine(Radial Pistons)

AVGAS

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Turbine Engine

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Jet Fuel

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Turbine Engine (Turboprop)

Jet Fuel

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Grumman S-2s

ReciprocatingAVGAS

TurbineJet Fuel

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DOF Aircraft Fleet

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DOF Fixed Wing Fleet

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DOF Fixed Wing Missions

• Aerial Fire Observation and Intelligence• Air Attack Supervisor Platform• Fire Detection• Insect and Disease Detection• Firefighter and Supervisor Transportation• Executive Transportation• Cargo Transportation• Search and Rescue• Disaster Relief

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Piper PA-31 “Navajo”

AVGAS

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Piper PA-32 “Cherokee Six”

AVGAS

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Piper PA-28 “Archer II”

AVGAS

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DOF Fixed Wing Locations

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DOF Helicopter Fleet

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DOF Helicopter Missions

• Aerial Fire Suppression• Aerial Observation and Intelligence• Helicopter Coordinator Platform• Aerial Ignition Prescribed Burning• Emergency Personnel Transport• Emergency Cargo Transport• Disaster Relief• Search and Rescue

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Bell UH1-H “Super Huey”

Jet Fuel

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Bell 209 “Fire Snake”

Jet Fuel

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Bell OH-58A+ “Kiowa”

Jet Fuel

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Helicopter Locations

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Air Tankers

• In the Incident Command System, Air Tankers are classified by type according to the amount of retardant they carry.

• Type 1 carries the most and Type 4 the least.

• All Air Tankers are restricted from carrying passengers.

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Type 1 Air Tankers

3000 + Gallons

– Lockheed P-3A Orion– Lockheed C-130 Hercules– Douglas DC-7– Boeing KC-97

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Lockheed P-3A “Orion”

Type 13000 gallon

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Lockheed C-130 “Hercules” (Military)

Type 1

3000 gal

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Douglas DC-7

Type 1 3000 gal

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Boeing KC-97

Type 1 – 4000 gal in Alaska 3000 gal Lower 48

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Type 2 Air Tankers

1800 – 2999 Gallons

– Douglas DC-4– Douglas DC-6– Lockheed P2V– Lockheed SP-2H

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Douglas DC-4

Type 2

2000 gal01-32-S270-EP

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Doouglas DC-6

Type 2 - 2450 gal

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Lockheed SP-2H

Type 2 2000 gal01-34-S270-EP

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Lockheed P2V

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Type 3 Air Tankers

800 - 1799 Gallons

– Grumman S-2F Tracker– Grumman S-2T – Canadair CL-215T– Canadair CL-415– Consolidated PBY

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Grumman S-2F “Tracker”

Type 3

800 gal

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Grumman S-2T

Type 3

1200 gal

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Canadair CL-215T & CL-415

CL-215T

Type 3

1400 gal

CL- 415Type 3 1600 gal

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Consolidated PBY

Type 3 1400 gal

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Type 4 Air TankersSingle Engine Air Tankers (SEATs)

799 Gallons or Less

– DeHavilland Beaver– Ayres Turbine Thrush – Pezetel Dromader M-18– Air Tractor (400/500/600/800 series)

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De Havilland BeaverDe Havilland Beaver

Type 4 90-125 gal

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Ayres Turbine Thrush

Type 4

300 – 660 gal01-43-S270-EP

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Pezetel Dromader M-18

Type 4 450-500 gal01-44-S270-EP

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Air Tractor 802

Type 4 Contracted for 799 gal

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SEATs Can Operate From Smaller Airports and Unpaved Landing Strips

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Trailer With Fuel and Mixing System For SEATs

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Helicopters

U.S. Forest Service does not allow use of reciprocating engine helicopters on fires.

Turbine Engine Reciprocating Engine

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Helicopters

ICS classifies helicopters into three types based on:• Number of passenger seats• Gallons retardant or water capacity • PayloadOnly one criterion must be met for each type.Some helicopters are “restricted” and can’t carry passengers.

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ICS Helicopter Types

Type Passenger Minimum Minimum Seats Gallons Payload

1 15+ 700 5,000 lbs

2 9-14 300 2,500 lbs

3 4-8 100 1,200 lbs

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Helicopters

• Not all makes of helicopters are equal

• May have 10 seats, but can’t lift that much weight

• Density altitude and other environmental factors dramatically affect payload

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Helicopters

• Different models within the same series may look the same, but newer models generally have increased performance, e.g., Bell 206 “Long Ranger” Series (L-1, L-3, L-4)

• Within same make and model some may have engine and/or rotor blade modifications that dramatically increase performance.

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Type 1 Helicopters

• Passenger seats = 15+

• Minimum retardant or water = 700 gallons

• Minimum allowable payload = 5,000 lbs. (at 59° Fahrenheit at sea level)

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Kaman K1200 “K-MAX”

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Kaman H-43 “Husky”

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Bell 214 B-1

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Sikorsky S-70

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Sikorsky UH-60 “Blackhawk”

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Aerospatiale AS-332L“Super Puma”

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Boeing Vertol 107-II

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Boeing Vertol 234/CH-47

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Sikorsky S-64 “Skycrane”

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Sikorsky S-61

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Type 2 Helicopters

• Passenger seats = 9 to 14


• Minimum allowable payload = 2,500 lbs (at 59° Fahrenheit at sea level)

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Bell 204B

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Bell 205A-1

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Bell Super 205

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Bell UH1-H “Super Huey”

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Bell 212

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Bell 412

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Sikorski S-58T

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Eurocopter BK 117 A-401-74-S270-EP

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Type 3 Helicopters

• Passenger seats = 4 to 8


• Minimum allowable payload = 1,200 lbs (at 59° Fahrenheit at sea level)

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MD 500D

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MD 500E

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MD 530F

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MD 900 NOTARMD 900 NOTAR

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Bell 206 B-III “Jet Ranger”

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Bell 206 L-3/4 “Long Ranger”

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Bell OH-58A+ “Kiowa”

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Bell 407

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Aerospatiale AS-350“A-star”

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Aerospatiale AS-355 “TwinStar”

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Aerospatiale SA-315B “Lama”

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Aerospatiale SA-316B Alouette III

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Eurocopter MBB BO 105 CB

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Bell 47G01-89-S270-EP

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Hiller 12D/E

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Summary

• ICS types of air tankers and helicopters provide a general classification of capability.

• Aircraft dispatched to incidents are generally what is available.

• Firefighters need to know general capabilities of air tankers and helicopters to effectively and efficiently use aircraft assigned to an incident.

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Density Altitude

Density Altitude is not a height reference; rather, it is an index to aircraft performance:

Low D.A. increases aircraft performance.

High D.A. decreases aircraft performance.

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Density Altitude

Density altitude refers to a theoretical air density which exists at a given altitude as compared to standard conditions.

Standard conditions are: – Sea level elevation– Atmospheric pressure = 29.92 Hg (inches

of mercury)– Temperature equals 59 degrees

Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius)

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Density Altitude

Definition: Density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for temperature and humidity.

Factors that affect density altitude:

– Atmospheric pressure

– Temperature

– Humidity (to some degree)

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Density Altitude

Atmospheric pressure:

• The lower the atmospheric pressure at a given elevation, the less dense the air.

• Aircraft performance is decreased.

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Density Altitude

Temperature:

• The greatest influence on density altitude is temperature.

• As temperature increases, air expands and becomes less dense.

• Aircraft performance is decreased.

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Density Altitude

• High density altitude reduces aircraft performance. Pilots must factor effects of density altitude on aircraft performance for every flight.

• To determine density altitude from a chart, you need to know temperature and pressure altitude.

• Aircraft Altimeter converts barometric pressure to pressure altitude - Set altimeter to 29.92 Hg and read pressure altitude.

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Density Altitude Chart

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Calculate Density Altitude for these conditions:90°F and 4,000ft

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Determine Density Altitude

Example 1:

80 degrees Fahrenheit

5,000 feet pressure altitude

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Density altitude

= 7,600 feet

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Determine Density Altitude

Example 2:

30 degrees Fahrenheit

6,000 feet pressure altitude

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Density altitude

= 5,500 feet

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Density Altitude

Effects of high density altitude:

– Increases takeoff and landing distance

– Decreases climbing rate

– Decreases maneuvering performance

– Reduces fuel load (less flight time)

– Reduces payload (cargo, passengers)

– Reduces mission efficiency

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Ground Effect

An Increase in lift of an aircraft flying (or hovering) very near the ground.

Ground Effect disappears when the aircraft is about a half wing span or half rotor span above the ground.

Here: A condition of improved rotor system performance encountered when a helicopter is hovering near the ground.

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Hover-In-Ground-Effect (HIGE)occurs when helicopter is hovering approximately less than one-half the rotor diameter distance from the ground.

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Hover-In-Ground-Effect

Cushion of air between the ground and helicopter increases helicopter lift.

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Hover-Out-of-Ground-Effect (HOGE)occurs when helicopter exceeds approximately one-half the rotor diameter distance from the ground.

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No cushion of air - maximum performance of helicopter is required; Payload may have to be reduced.

Hover-Out-Of-Ground-Effect

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Maximum performance operations increase risk because helicopter has no power reserves; effectively reducing overall safety margins.

Hover-Out-Of-Ground-Effect

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Translational Lift

Translational (additional) lift is gained as a helicopter moves from the turbulent air created from hovering to “undisturbed” clean air.

This occurs at 15 to 18 mph indicated airspeed.

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Translational Lift

Effective translational lift occursAt 15 to 18 mph indicated airspeed

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ExerciseWorkbook Page 1.29

As a passenger on a helicopter you see that there are several seats not filled on each flight. From what we have discussed concerning aircraft performance factors, which of the following three scenarios would be your best course of action?

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ExerciseWorkbook Page 1.29

1. Find the person in charge and express concerns about the inefficiency in the air operations.

2. Ask if you can take some extra things on the flight because there is so much room available.

3. The reason for the empty seats may be for various factors affecting helicopter performance. Loads are being adjusted for each flight as a safety factor.

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Review Unit 1 Objectives

1. Define general categories of aircraft used in fire suppression.

2. List the Four (4) ICS types of air tankers and the criteria that make up each type.

3. List the three (3) ICS types of helicopters and the criteria that make up each type.

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Review Unit 1 Objectives

4. Define density altitude, ground effect, translational lift, and describe how these factors affect aircraft performance.

5. Calculate density altitude from a density altitude chart when given temperature and pressure altitude.

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Questions

Questions,Comments,

Suggestions?

Rolf D. Preuss

407.251.2356

[email protected]

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S270_ep1-Rolf