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Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.084

Salt Tolerant Paddy Varieties, Showing Resistance to Brown Spot

during Nursery Stage

Vikash Chandra1*

, Dheeraj K. Tiwari1, A.K. Singh

2, Sunil Singh

1, Ratna Sahay

1,

Archana Singh1 and Ramesh Chandra Maurya

1

ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Unnao-229881Uttar Pradesh (India)

*Corresponding author

A B S T R A C T

Introduction

Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) is a starch food crop

ranks third in world after maize and wheat to

supply feed for world population and enjoy

first position in Asia (Aryal et al., 2016). In

India paddy is cultivated in 43.86 million ha.,

with the annual production level 104.80

million tones and productivity of 2390 kg/ha

(Agriculture - Statistical Year Book India

2017). Paddy crop is suffered by a number of

diseases and pests out of which disease brown

spot caused by Bipolaris oryzae Ou (1972)

and is considered to be chronic one affecting

thousands hectares of paddy crop, thus

causing not only in terms of incurring losses in

grain yield 4-52% of the paddy crop (Barnwal

et al., 2013), but historically causing famous

Bengal famine in 1942 and killing millions of

innocent people of the country (Chakrabarti et

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 12 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Brown spot caused by (Bipolaris oryzae) is a persistent disease of Paddy (Oryza sativa L.)

and associated with reduction in economic yield in the areas under dry and semi dry

climate, with the nutrient poor field. Part of the paddy area under cultivation is salt

affected in India, having longer water stagnation capacity, though having deficiency of

organic matter and other essential nutrient, where during monsoon season only paddy is

grown. In the present study twelve varieties of paddy were evaluated in salt affected soil,

during nursery conditions, and was observed that variety developed for salt tolerance

(CSR30. CSR 36 and CSR 46) to BS disease in all the parameter like Disease incidence

(DI), Disease Index and AUDPC value whereas, these parameter were highest for scented

variety (Kala Namak) having GI in Uttar Pradesh (India) have disease incidence (69.75

and 66.25%) fine grained variety Ganga Kavery with average DI of 60 % and 60.75%,

were more susceptible to the disease in both year (2017 and 2018). During the observation

it was depicted that both DI and AUDPC values varies according to the disease incidence.

It was hypothesized that absorption of Silicon a beneficial nutrient (a major mineral

element conferring resistance to the BS) and conferring Salt tolerance to the plant varieties

salt tolerant varieties (CSR30, CSR36 and CSR 42) is more efficient and then the other

available varieties. Further, it was also observed that in the salt affected main field, along

with normal rainfall reduces disease incidence without any chemical fungicide application.

K e y w o r d s

AUDPC, Brown

spot, Disease

incidence, Disease

index, Salt tolerant

and Silicon

Accepted:

07 November 2018

Available Online: 10 December 2018

Article Info

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677

al., 2001; Padmanabhan, 1973). The disease is

prevalent under dry and semi-dry conditions

and has been noted to reduce yield by

reducing germination percentage of infected

seeds, photosynthetic Leaf area reduction,

resulting in the reduction of yield. Infection

results in weakening of the plants (Wang et

al., 1978; Sundar, 2014). Apart from paddy

field or soils, paddy straw and stubble,

infected paddy seeds are likely sources of

primary inoculums for paddy brown spot

epidemics. The disease is reported to be more

severe in nutrient deficient soil especially K as

limiting factor aggravate the disease (Zadoks

1974) India is having 6.74 million ha area

under soil salinity (Mandal et al., 2009) of

which approximately of 2.46 million ha soil is

suffering from water logging in country,

where paddy cultivation, is practiced, this kind

of soil is basically low in nutrient content

especially in essential nutrient Phosphorus (P)

(Singh et al., 2006; Agostinho et al., 2017)

and Silicon (Si) which is beneficial element

for plant growth especially for the members of

family of Poacae and cucurbitacae (Epstein

E. (2009). Epstein and Bloom, 2005; Ma and

Yamaji, 2008) required for plant sustainability

and confers disease resistance against B.

Oryzae (Nanda et al., 1984; Yamauchi et al.,

1987; Leandro et al., 2014; Datnoff et al.,

1990; Datnoff et al., 1991) which is normally

available to in the soil at PH range of 5.5-6.5

as mono silicic acid (McKeague and Cline

(1963) which is the form absorbed by Plant.

Paddy is cultivated in the form of Direct

Seeded Rice in dry or semi dry areas,

Transplanted rice in large area under irrigation

and SRI method in few pockets. For the

transplantation of paddy, seeds are grown in

nursery (1/10th

area of field to be transplanted)

when the seedlings become of 25-30 days old,

seedlings are uprooted and transplanted in the

field..

Raising of disease free nursery is the prime

importance, as the soft seedling is prone to be

attacked by large number of diseases and

Insect Pests, which if not controlled reaches to

the main paddy field and affects crop growth

followed by yield (Ibaraki T. 1988).

Interaction among availability of plant nutrient

in the soil, climatic condition, presence of

pathogen inoculums, and plant variety plays

the deciding role in development of disease.

Although biological and chemical control is

available for the management of brown leaf

spot (Gupta V et. al 2018), host plant

resistance is most economical and

environment friendly and it is desirable to

have plant variety in hand having endurance to

multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. In the

present study, nursery of twelve varieties of

the paddy were raised at the Farm of ICAR-

Krishi Vigyan Kendra Dhaura Unnao

(Longitude 80.6604483 and Latitude

26.8154276) during kharif seasons of 2017

and 2018 using scientific methodology viz,

and proper seed treatment, fertilization,

irrigation etc. Crops were monitored routinely

for incidence of diseases and pests and data

were recorded with the objectives to find out

suitable variety with minimum disease

incidence.

Materials and Methods

Paddy variety used for study

In the present study following twelve varieties

were evaluated, fine grained scented variety

Kala Namak, Kala Namak Dwarf, Varieties

showing tolerance against soil salinity

(CSR30, CSR 36, CSR46), fine grained high

yielding varieties (NDR3112, NDR2064,

NDR359, Ganga Kaveri, NP 360, Shri Ram

502, and Chinnour).

Soil condition and field preparation

Soil of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Farm located at

Longitude 80.6604483 and Latitude

26.8154276 being salt affected with PH of

nursery field 8.6, Electrical Conductivity 0.29

ms/cm., Organic matter content 0.31%, clayey

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678

in nature, having hard calcareous layer below

the 8-10 feet, soil is inherently low in essential

element (NPK).Nursery was sown after wheat

harvest, wheat straw (left over after crop

harvest using combine harvester) was

incorporated in the field by ploughing,

followed by flooding, and application of 1

tone /1000 m2 FYM. Field was flood irrigated

and well ploughed with cultivator and

Rotavatar and 40 kg /ha DAPS and 10 Kg

MOP/1000 m2 was broadcasted.

Seed treatment

Seeds of all the varieties were soaked

overnight in water and treated with

Carbendazim 50% WP (trade name Crostin by

Shivalik Agro Chemicals) 2.5 gm/kg of seed,

Plantimycin (Aries Agro) 6gm/20kg of seed,

and Tricyclazole 75%W.P. (trade name

Blaster manufactured by Sulphur Mills

limited) 0.6g/kg seeds and kept in shade for

germination.

Sowing of seed and time

Seeds of each variety were taken at the rate of

35 kg/ha for nursery raising, and Pre-

germinated seeds were broadcasted in 1000

M2

area to transplant 1 ha paddy field. The

nursery was shown every year 25th

of May.

Crop management

To control weeds in paddy nursery herbicide

Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 WP (Sathi

manufactured by UPL limited) was sprayed @

215 gm/ha. On the 3rd

day after the

broadcasting of seeds, excess water was

removed from the field. On 7th

day

supplementary irrigation was given in the field

by Flood irrigation. 60 Kg Urea and 20 kg

Zinc Sulfate were broadcast in the field for

good seedling growth.

Disease survey

Nursery of paddy was monitored routinely

from the date of sowing, for the incidence of

disease and pest data were recorded from the

year kharif 2017 and kharif 2018.

Microscopy

Affected plant sample was brought to the

laboratory and microscopy of leaf sample was

done as per method given by Quintana et al.,

(2017). The sample was observed at 100X

using light microscope CosLab model HL-10.

Disease incidence study

The data for disease incidence were recorded

at 7 days interval from the days of nursery

sowing, to assess the incidence of disease on

different varieties 1X1m2 area of each plot

were selected randomly and number of

infected plants were counted over total

population. Disease scoring was done by using

standard disease rating scale of IRRI, 2002,

Aryal L., 2016 (Table 1).

Disease index

Disease severity was calculated as Disease

index on 21 days after 28 days after nursery

sowing of paddy nursery, disease index was

calculated by the formula given by (Chaube

HS and Pundhir, 2009).

DI=(0(X0)+1(X1)+2(X2)+3(X3)-------+n(Xn)/

X0+X1+X2+X3-------+Xn)X100

Where X represents no of entries within a

grade and 0-and is the grade of disease as per

disease rating scale. For the calculation of

disease intensity 1X1M2 areas was selected in

each variety and 25 plants of each variety was

selected randomly for the calculation of

disease index

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AUDPC curve study

The progress of the disease within a nursery

plant population was calculated by under

disease progress curve (AUDPC), which gives

the quantitative measure of disease

development and the rate of disease

development (Reynolds et al., 1997), also

assist in to group varieties under distinct

extent of hostility to the pathogen. It was

calculated by summation of disease incidence

observed over a fixed period of time, a

formula given by Campbell et al., (1990)

given as follows by

Where n is the number of observations

Yi =is disease incidence at the ith

day

Ti = day on which the disease was scored

Results and Discussion

Symptomatology

Initial symptoms of the disease were observed

in the in all the varieties as small spots on

leaves which enlarges up to of 1-2.5cm in

length (Fig. 1A). Likewise, symptoms also

appeared on leaf sheaths and coleoptiles. The

affected nursery can often be seen from a

distance as sun burn appearance due to the

mortality of apical leaves of the seedlings,

disease were more severe on Ganga Kaveri,

Kala Namak, Kala Namak dwarf, Sri Ram 502

and NP 360 where more or less all the plant

were infected, However few spots were seen

on the variety CSR30, CSR 36, CSR46,

NDR3112, NDR2064, NDR359 (Fig. 1B-M).

However when all the varieties were

transplanted in field at a spacing of 25X25 cm

using 2-3 seedling per hill disease incidence

was reduced to negligible level without any

chemical application.

Microscopy

In light microscope conidia of Bipolaris

oryzae were seen as club shaped to cylindrical,

generally curved, light brown to golden

brown, with 6 - 12 horizontal cell walls, Data

not shown, similar to described earlier in the

literature (Subramanian, 1966, Lidia Quintana

2017).

Incidence of the disease

Incidence of the disease in all paddy variety

was recorded at seven days, fourteen days,

twenty one days and after twenty eight days

for the two consecutive years highest average

(Avrg) disease incidence was observed in

paddy variety fine grained scented variety

Kala Namak (KN) (69.75% and 66.25%)

followed by non scented fine grained variety

Ganga Kaveri (G.Kaveri) (57.5% and 60.75%)

while lowest incidence was observed for the

varieties tolerant to the salinity (CSR 30

CSR36 and CSR 46) during the survey it was

also observed that variety like Shriram 502

(SR 502), NDR 3112, NDR 2064, NDR 359,

NP 360 and Chinnour have moderate level of

disease resistance of whose data have been

given below in table 3 and Figure 1, based

upon disease rating scale, Host Response (HR)

have been also given in the table.

Disease Index (DI)

Highest DI was for the variety Kala Namak

(583 and 611 after 21 days (d) and 28 d in

2017 and 568 and 598 in same time interval in

2018) followed by Ganga Kaveri 534 and 593

after 21 days (d) and 28 d in 2017 and 520 and

589 in same time interval in 2018), followed

by SR 502 and Kala Namak Dwarf and NP

360 NDR 3112 NDR 2064 NDR 359 and

Chinnour data is given in table 4 and figure 2.

While lowest Disease intensity value was the

variety Developed to tolerate salt Stress viz

CSR30, CSR36, CSR 46. When

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two years DI Value was plotted against

Variety it certainly shows that variety Kala

Namak Ganaga Kaveri, are more susceptible

to the disease followed by Shriram 502, Kala

Namak dwarf, NP 360 where as, Chinnour,

NDR 359, NDR2064, NDR 3112 shows

moderate level of resistance to the disease to

the disease and CSR30, CSR36, CSR 46 were

resistant to the disease.

Table.1 The disease rating scale used for screening of rice varieties against brown spot caused

by Bipolaris oryzae Scale % infection (Plant Disease (Severity) Host response

1 No incidence Immune

2 Less than 1% Highly Resistant

3 1 – 3% Resistant

4 4 – 5 % Resistant

5 11 – 15% Moderately Resistant

6 16 – 25% Moderately Resistant

7 26 – 50% Susceptible

8 51 – 75% Susceptible

9 76 – 100% Highly susceptible

Table.2 Incidence of disease in all the 12 variety for the year 2017-18 and 2018-19 Variety 2017-18 2018-19 HR

Plant Disease incidence (%) Plant Disease incidence (%)

Days 7 d 14 d 21 d 28 d Avrg 7 d 14 d 21 d 28 d Avrg

KN1 41 68 81 89 69.75 37 64 82 87 66.25 S

KND2 18 32 49 61 40 26 39 50 58 43.25 S

CSR30 3 5 11 25 11 4 7 18 27 14 I

CSR 36 1 7 11 18 9.25 0 5 9 13 6.75 I

CSR46 0 5 13 15 8.25 2 4 6 18 7.5 I

NDR3112 17 23 31 39 27.5 14 25 36 51 29 R

NDR2064 9 19 27 29 21 9 17 29 42 24.25 R

NDR359 6 15 28 33 20.5 4 11 31 39 21.25 R

G.Kaveri3 24 49 78 89 60 22 51 79 91 60.75 S

NP 360 15 31 49 59 38.5 14 28 47 54 35.75 S

SR 5024 25 37 52 68 45.5 21 27 53 71 43 I

Chinnour 18 27 31 37 28.25 11 19 28 42 25 R

Table.3 Calculated value of disease index for all the variety under evaluation Variety Disease Index:2017-18 Disease Index:2018-19

21 d 28 d 21 d 28 d

Kala Namak 583 611 568 598

Kala Namak Dwarf 421 489 443 479

CSR30 169 198 164 186

CSR 36 151 183 157 181

CSR46 149 168 132 167

NDR3112 297 318 279 301

NDR2064 278 297 293 319

NDR359 237 262 243 369

Ganga Kaveri 534 593 520 589

NP 360 393 428 381 405

Shri Ram 502 468 509 477 511

Chinnour 256 302 245 298

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Figure.1A: Typical brown spot symptoms on paddy varieties, Symptoms on, B. Kala Namak Dwarf C. Kala Namak D. NDR352 E.

NDR 3112 F. Ganga Kavery G. CSR 36 H.CSR 42 I. CSR 46 J. NDR2064 K. ShriRam 502, L Chinnour M. NP 360

A B C D E

F G H I J

K L M

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Fig.2 2A and 2B, Graphical representation of plant disease incidence of all the varieties in the

2017-18 and 2018-19

Fig.2 A

Fig.2B

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Figure.4 4A and 4B, Graphical representation of AUDPC obtained against disease in incidence

of all the 12 varieties for the year 2017-8 and 2018-19

Figure 4 A

Figure 4 B

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Fig.3 Graphical reprenstaion of Disease index of all the varieties in the 2017-18 and 2018-19

Table.4 Resistant category for twelve different varieties of rice based on mean AUDPC values

on leaves at nursery condition in salt affected soil

Mean AUDPC Value Host Response Code

0-250 Immune I

250-500 Resistance R

500-750 Moderately Resistance MR

750-1000 Susceptible S

1000 and above Highly Susceptible HS

Table.5 Area under disease progress curve value of two years of all the variety under screening

AUDPC 2017-18

Var.→

Kala

Namak

Kala

Namak

dwarf

CSR

30

CSR

36

CSR

46

NDR

3112

NDR

2064

NDR

359

Ganga

Kaveri

NP

360

Shri

Ram

502

Chinnour

AUDPC

2017-18

1484 843.5 210 154 178.5 574 455 437.5 1284.5 819 948.5 598.5

AUDPC

2018-19

1456 917 283.5 143.5 140 654.5 500.5 444.5 1305.5 763 882 514.5

Mean

AUDPC

1470 880.25 246.75 148.75 159.25 614.25 477.75 441 1295 791 915.25 556.5

Host

Response

HS S I I I MR R R HS S S MR

Area under disease progress curve

Based upon plant disease incidence data

recorded after 7 days interval and given in

table 2), Area Under Disease Progress Curve

was calculated for all the 12 varieties by the

formula as given above with value of n equal

to 4 and Highest AUDPC value was obtained

for the Kala Namak (1484 and 1456 for 2017-

18 and 2018-19) and Ganga Kaveri (1284.5

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685

and 1305.5 for 2017-18 and 2018-19)

followed by Shri Ram 502, Kala Namak

dwarf and NP 360 value given in the table 4

while lowest value of AUDPC was for variety

CSR 36, (154 and 143.5) CSR 46 (178.5 and

140) and CSR 30 (210 and 230) for both the

year 2017-18 and 2018-19 where as moderate

AUDPC value was obtained series and

NDR359 NDR 2064, NDR3112 and

Chinnour. When AUDPC Value was plotted

against the plant variety two peaks were

obtained in both the year one was for Kala

Namak and second was for Ganga Kaveri

followed by Shriram 502, Kala Namak Dwarf

and NP 360, while least was gain for CSR 36

CSR 46, CSR 30. Based upon AUDPC value

a scale was developed to recognise host

Response which is given in table 4, and host

response is given in table 5 (Fig. 4).

From the figures 3 it is clear that disease

progresses with increase in time, and this

increase was more in the nursery of Kala

Namak, Ganga Kaveri followed by Shri Ram

502, Kala Namak dwarf, NP 360, and NDR

Series and Chinnour, disease progresses was

least in case of CSR series of varieties

(especially bred for salt tolerance).

There was wide variation in the timing of

symptoms development in all the twelve

paddy varieties. The earliest symptoms

reported in the paddy variety Kala Namak

(Local scented rice) akin to Basmati Rice

followed by Ganga Kaveri, Shri Ram 502,

Kala Namak Dwarf, NP 360 and. Incidence of

the disease increases with the time in all the

12 varieties and it was observed that Highest

disease incidence was for variety Kala Namak

and Ganga Kaveri followed by Shri Ram 502,

Kala Namak Dwarf, NP 360, lowest disease

incidence was observed for the varieties

developed for salt tolerance viz CSR 36, CSR

42, CSR 46 and severity of the disease and

Area Under Disease Progress curve also

varies with variety as shown in the disease

index table 3 and 5. Huge research data is

available on the effect of plant nutrition and

effect of climatic condition in incidence of

brown spot in paddy. With the data recorded

during study the sowing of paddy nursery at

end of May, where there is no rainfall,

artificial irrigation is provided to supplement

the water requirement. As considered

Bipolaris oryzae is mostly seed, soil & weed

born pathogen (Ellis et al., 1971; Nyvall et

al., 1999; Biswas et al., 2008) and require

optimum temperature 25°C and relative

humidity of >89% and free water on leaves

(Dasgupta et al., 1977; Percich, 1997;

Minnatullah et al., 2002) these conditions are

easily met to the early sown nurseries as of

Pre-Monsoon activities which favour earlier

disease development. Incidence of the disease

vary significantly in all the varieties, variety

developed for salt affected soil have lowest

disease incidence, lowest disease index and

AUDPC value, reason may be due to effect of

plant nutrition, Si is seems to be low in salt

affected soil (Liang et al., 1994; Tavakkoli et

al., 2011; Datnoff, 1991; Coskun et al., 2016).

to young seedlings, the salt tolerance is high

for these varieties (CSR30, CSR-36, CSR-

46), which may be strengthened by Si by

binding Na+ to the root zone of paddy (Gong

et al., 2006; Rios et al., 2017; Fageria et al.,

2014), and wheat Ahmad et al., (1992) by

reducing rate of transpiration (Agarie et al.,

1998; Nanayakkara et al., 2008) thus reducing

free water availability in plant surface

required for pathogen germination,

silicification to the leaves surface Flowers T.

J (1994), also reduces rate of penetration by

the pathogen, these varieties, may have

adoption for salt tolerance by more efficient

uptake of Silicon. Si is an semi essential plant

nutrient conferring resistance to plant against

fungal pathogen (Leandro et al., 2014) higher

uptake of silicon is also reported to stop

pathogen for utilisising host ethylene

pathways (Fadzilla et al., 1997 and Jonas Van

Bockhaven et al., 2015). This is also in favour

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of salt tolerant variety being resistance to

Bipolaris oryzae. It is also observed

previously paddy variety differ in utilization

of silicon from the soil. (Ma et al., 2007;

Sahebi et al., 2017), and varietal difference

were also observed in the incidence of brown

spot disease Magar (2015), varieties like Kala

Namak, Ganga Kaveri, are tall in height and

very much prone to the lodging, which may

be due to deficiency of Silicon in the soil and

deferential ability of genotype of paddy to

uptake silicon. Varieties like Kala Namak

Dwarf, NP 360, Shri Ram 502,

NDR3112.NDR 359 and NDR 2064, have

shown partial resistance to the disease may be

up taking Si in some amount which is in

support of work done by (Idris et al., 1975;

Majumadar et al., 1985). Secondly closer

spacing in the nursery may have provided

conducive microclimate for the disease spread

among population Mondal et al., (2013).

During observation of symptoms on crop

management, one interesting observation was

made when the infected nursery was

transplanted in the main paddy field followed

by regular rainfall due to monsoon, incidence

of the disease was reduced significantly

without any application of the chemical

application this might be due to proper

spacing and monsoon downpour may have

washed the infected propagule from the plant

surface, and due to water stagnation in the

field (having salt affected soil) having high

water retention capacity in soil, conidia were

not able to germinate and subsequent crop life

cycle was free from the disease (Brown spot).

In the Survey of twelve paddy varieties for

the two consecutive years (2017-18 and 2018-

19), have revealed that Variety Kala Namak

and Ganga Kaveri were highly susceptible to

the disease followed by Shri Ram 502 Kala

Namak dwarf, were fall in susceptible

category where as by NDR 3112, NDR 359,

NDR 2064 and Chinnour have shown some

level of resistance to the pathogen at nursery

conditions, whereas Variety bred for the salt

tolerance viz CSR30, CSR32, CSR46 were

more or less immune to the disease, having

drawback of being bold seeded, and thus less

acceptance among Farmers. Thus there is

need to understand the mechanism of

susceptibility and resistance in all the variety

and also to identify the genetics mechanism of

Indian paddy variety, so that resistance

mechanism of the coarse seeded salt tolerant

variety can be transferred to the fine grain

scented Rice varieties viz., Kala Namak a tall

scented paddy variety, having higher

preference among farmers, high market value,

and other high yielding varieties like Sri Ram

502, Kala Namak Dwarf, NP 360 and other

fine grained high yielding varieties.

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How to cite this article:

Vikash Chandra, Dheeraj K. Tiwari, A.K. Singh, Sunil Singh, Ratna Sahay, Archana Singh and

Ramesh Chandra Maurya. 2018. Salt Tolerant Paddy Varieties, Showing Resistance to Brown

Spot during Nursery Stage. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(12): 676-689.

doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.084