Sanskrit Manjusha Vyakaran Part 1

8/12/2019 Sanskrit Manjusha Vyakaran Part 1

1/92

fl

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S-(-v)


2/92

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3/92

(iii)

S- fl M fl , fl , fl -S M S flS

fl fl ?flSfl fl fl

fl fl m Sc , fl fl S - flfl

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S , fl M S , S , fl fl - - h- S

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4/92

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w. fl ckfydk% .................................... v

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v-y fl ...................................................... wv

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(iv)


5/92

S- (-v) 5

fganh vuqokn (;g ckyd vFkok ;g ckfydk)

;g ckyd gSA ;g ckfydk gSAckyd [ksyrk gSA ckfydk [ksyrh gSA

;g Nk=k gSA ;g Nk=kk gSANk=k i


6/92

6 S- (-v)

;g ckyd vfHkuo gSA

D;k vfHkuo [ksyrk gS\ ;g csy gSA csy iQyrh gSA (iQy nsrh gSA)vfHkuo xkrk gS]

og [ksyrk ugha gSA

;g yM+dh usgk gSAusgk ueLdkj djrh gSA ;g ikS/k gSAD;k usgk xkrh gS\ ;g dyh gSAusgk xkrh ugha] og ueLdkj djrh gSA

;g foHkk gSAfoHkk xkrh gSAfoHkk D;k djrh gS\ ;g ioZ r gSA ;g xq iQk gSAog xkrh gSA

mkjkf.k'kh"kZd dk okpu ;kuiwoZd djsaA mPpkj.k 'kq o Li"V gksA

ekSf[kde~

ikB dk okpu&iquokZpu ;ku lsdjsaA

fyf[kre~

1- etw"kk esa nks loZuke vk, gSal% og (iqfYayx) lk og (L=khfYakx)^l%* iqYyx (,dopu) 'kCn osQ fy,_ ;Fkk^l% ckyd%*A^lk* L=khyx (,dopu) 'kCn osQ fy,_ ;Fkk^lk ckfydk*A

mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>sa^Nk=k%* osQ fy, ^l%*A^Nk=kk* osQ fy, ^lk* iz;ksx esavk;k gSA;ku jgsvdkjkUr 'kCn iqYyx vkSj vkdkjkUr 'kCn L=khyx

gksrsgSaA

* ;ku nsa^u* (ugha) dk iz;ksx xk;fr* (xkrh gS) lsiwoZgqvk gSA laLr esa] ftls udkjktkrk gS] ^u* dk iz;ksx mllsiwoZfd;k tkrk gS] tcfd fgUnh esa mlosQ ckn vkrk gSA


7/92

S- (-v) 7

mkj 1- l% [ksyfrA ckyd%iq Yyx (,dopu) 'kCn osQ fy, l%*

2- lk xk;frA ckfydkL=kh yx (,dopu) 'kCn osQ fy, lk*3- l%A (^v.kZ o%* osQ fy, ^l%*)

4- lkA (^vf.kZ dk* osQ fy, ^lk*)

5- lkA (^usgk* osQ fy, ^lk*)

2- mnkgj.k ns[ks aA 'kq iz;ksx^fy[kfr* (^fy[krh*fgUnh

Hkk"kk esaiz;ksx gksrk gSA)

mkj 1- iBfr tSls^fy[kfr* (mnkgj.k esa)A

2- ,"kk ^lk* dh Hkkfr ,"kk* esa folxZugha gksrkA

3- v'kksd% vdkjkUr 'kCn esa,dopu esa folxZtSls ckyd%*A4- ,"k% ^l%* dh Hkk fr ^,"k%* esafolxZA

5- [ksyfr ^[ksyrh* 'kCn fgUnh Hkk"kk esa] laLo`Qr Hkk"kk esafozQ;kin

osQ ,dopu esa vUr esa^fr* (Lo b)A

6- jk/k vkdkjkUr 'kCn esa folxZughayxrkA

3- fp=k ns[ksa] dkSu D;k dj jgk@jgh gSA ckb vksj fn, x, okD;ksa

dks,d&,d djosQ i


8/92

8 S- (-v)

3- ckfydk uefrA (ckfydk ueLdkj dj jgh gSA)

4- vfHkuo% xk;frA (vfHkuo xk jgk gSA)

4- etw"kk esafn, x, 'kCnksa dksi


9/92

S- (-v) 9

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

mPpkj.k djsaA mPpkj.k ek=k ls 'kq iz;ksx ljyrk ls lh[k ysaxs_ ;Fkkiqa fYye~ L=khfYke~

1- 1- ,"k% o{k%A 1- ,"kk 'kk[kkA2- ,"k% iqLrdky;%A 2- ,"kk etw"kkA3- ,"k% vuqjkx%A 3- ,"kk vuqjk/kA4- ,"k% dye%A 4- ,"kk yrkA5- ,"k% gkj%A 5- ,"kk ekykA

2- viuh d{kk osQ Nk=k@Nk=kkvksadk ifjp; bl izdkj nsamnkgj.kr%

ikl cSBs Nk=k@Nk=kk dks nwj cSBsNk=k@Nk=kk dkslaosQr djosQ laosQr djosQ,"k% v.kZo%A l% vfHkuo%A,"k% iz.ko%A l% rUe;%A,"kk vf.ZkdkA lk nhfidkA,"kk izKkA lk usgkA bR;kfnA


10/92

10 S- (-v)

,rsckydk% vFkok,rk% ckfydk%fganh vuqokn(;s ckyd vFkok ;sckfydk,);s ckyd gSaA ;g ckfydk, @yM+fd;k gSaAckyd glrsvkSj [kkrsgSaA ckfydk, ueLdkj djrh gSaAckyd D;k djrs gSa\ D;k ckfydk, xkrh gSa\osglrsvkSj [kkrsgSaA ugha] ckfydk,xkrh ugha gSa]

osueLdkj djrh gSaA

;s isM+gSaA ;syrk,@csysgSaA

isM+ iQy nsrsgSaA yrk,iQyrh gSaAosiQyrs gSaA os iQy nsrh gSaA

;sNk=k gSaA vkHkk] foHkk] fu'kk vkSj fnO;k xkrh gSaANk=k i


11/92

S- (-v) 11

mkjkf.k

'kh"kZd dk mPpkj.k djsaA loZuke rFkk laKk in ij ;ku nsaAekSf[kde~

mPpkj.k djsaA ,dopu rFkk cgqopu esaiqfYayx o L=khfya x 'kCnksaosQ :idh vksj ;ku nsaA laKk] loZuke] f;kinlHkh esa opu osQ vuqlkj:ikUrj vk;k gSA okD;ksa dk okpu&iquokZpu ykHkizn gksxkA

fyf[kre~

1- mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>saô{k%* iqfYayx 'kCn gSvkSj ,dopu esagS] vr% ^,"k%* 'kq iz;ksxA blh izdkj izR;sd okD; esalaKkin osQ

fya x o opu dksigpku dj dks"Bd ls'kq fodYi pqusaAmkj 1- ,rs ô`{kk%* iq fYayx cgqopu gksusosQ dkj.kA

2- ,"kk ^f'kf{kdk* L=khfya x ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA3- ,rk% ^f'kf{kdk%* L=khfya x cgqopu gksusosQ dkj.kA4- ,rs ^f'k{kdk%* iq fYayx cgqopu gksus osQ dkj.kA5- ,"k% ^fo|ky;%* iq fYayx ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA6- ,"k% ^Nk=k%* iqfYayx ,dopu gksusosQ dkj.kA7- ,"kk ^d{kk* L=khfya x ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA8- ,rk% ^ckfydk%* L=khfya x cgqopu gksusosQ dkj.kA;ku jgslaKk vkSj loZuke esafYakx o opu dk rkyesy vko';d gS*A

2- etw"kk esavk, loZuke 'kCnksadk vFkZle> ysars os (iqfYayx)cgqopu rk% os(L=khfYakx)cgqopuAmnkgj.k ns[ksaxk;dk% (iqfYayx) cgqopu 'kCn osQ fy, loZuke^rs* (iqfYayx) cgqopu dk iz;ksxA

mkj 1- rk% uR;fUrA ckfydk% (L=khfYakx) cgqopu] vr% rk%* dk iz;ksxA2- rshMfUrA ckydk% (iqfYayx) cgqopu] vr% rs* dk iz;ksxA3- rk% ikB;fUrA ^v;kfidk%* (L=khfYakx) cgqopu osQ fy, rk%*A4- rsiQyfUrA ô`{kk%* (iqfYayx) cgqopu osQ fy, ^rs*A5- rsiBfUrA Nk=kk% (iqfYa yx) cgqopu] vr% rsA

*'kq iz;ksx lh[kusdk ljyre mik;mPpkj.k djrsle; laKk loZuke dk okpu,d lkFk djsa_ ;Fkk,"k% o`{k%] ,rs o`{kk%_ ,"kk yrk] ,rk% yrk% bR;kfnA


12/92

12 S- (-v)

;ku jgscgqopu esa] nksuksaiqfYayx rFkk L=khfyax laKk 'kCnksa esa vUr

esa ^vk%* vkrk gSA vr% yx&cks/ osQ fy, 'kCn dk ,dopu :ins[ksaA (^izFke% ikB%*,dopu :i dk iz;ksxA)

3- fp=kksadksns[ksavkSj le>saA ckbvksj fn, x, okD;ksadks;kuiwoZdisadks"Bd ls mfpr f;kin pqudj

dkkZin osQ lkFk yxkuk gSA mnkgj.k okD; esa dkkZin ckfydk%* osQlkFk ^u`R;fUr* mfpr gS_ nksuksadkkZvkSj f;kincgqopu esagSaA

mkj 1- ------------iQyfUrA 2- ------------ikB;frA 3- ------------xk;fUrA4- ------------iQyfrA 5- --------------hMfUrA

5- mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>saA ^l%* vFkok lk* osQ lkFk /krqdk mfpr:i yxkdj okD; cuk,_ fiQj okD; dks cgqopu esacnydj fy[ksaA;ku nsal%@lk osQ lkFk /krqesa fr* vkSj rs@rk% osQ lkFk fUr* yxrk

gSA

mkj 1----fy[kfrA rs fy[kfUrA2- lk uefrA rk% uefUrA


13/92

S- (-v) 13

3- lk glfrA rk% glfUrA

4- l% hMfrA rshMfUrA5- ------------xk;frA rk% xk;fUrA

6- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA ^rs u`R;fUr* okD; cgqopu esa gSA dks"Bd esa,dopu esaifjofrZr djusdk funsZ'k gSA vr% ^l% u`R;fr*A;ku jgsdkkZin osQ lkFk f;kin esaHkh :ikUrj vkrk gSA

mkj 1- rs onfUrA 2- rk% [ksyfUrA 3- l% [kknfrA4- lk u`R;frA 5- lk ikB;frA

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

oqQN mnkgj.kfp=k ij vk/kfjr iz'u ,oamkj1- 1- lk foaQ djk sfr\ 2- l% foaQ djksfr\

lk u`R;frA l% xk;frA2- laKk osQ LFkku ij loZuke&iz;ksx djosQ mkj nsusdk vH;klA

1- ckfydk% foaQ oqQoZfUr\ 2- urZdk% foaQ oqQoZfUr\

rk% xk;fUrA rs u`R;fUrA

v;kid@v;kfidk fp=k fn[kkdj iz'u iwNsa] Nk=k mkj nsaA dksbZ =kqfV gksrksvU; Nk=k dksvolj nsaA izkjfEHkd voLFkk essaa Nk=k dks ikB~;iqLrd

dh lgk;rk ysuh iM+ldrh gSA v;kid mkj osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djsaA


14/92

14 S- (-v)

Roe~ fde~ djksf"kfganh vuqokn(rqe D;k djrs@djrh vFkok dj jgs@jgh gks)Nk=k i


15/92

S- (-v) 15

fyf[kre~

1- mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>sa^Roe~* vkSj vge~* osQ lkFk fozQ;kin esa,d gh kkrqdk iz;ksx gSA

mkj 1- vge~onkfeA 2- Roe~ ueflA 3- Roe~ipflA vge~---A

2- etw"kk easfn, x, 'kCn isavkSj fn, x,'kCnksadh lgk;rk ls fjDr LFkku HkjsaA

mkj (d)uefl (^Roe~* osQ lkFk)_ vke~A([k)fy[kfr_ fde~(iz'u osQ fy,)] ufg (okD; esa u* dk iz;ksx

gksusosQ dkj.k)A

3- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA nksokD; fn, x, gSaA dkkZin fHkUu gSa] fdUrqf;kin esa ,d gh /krq dk iz;ksx gqvk gS-----^onfr*_-----^onkfe*on~ /krqA blh izdkj vU; okD;ksaesa] dkkZin osQvuqlkj f;kin dk mfpr :i fy[ksaA vr% igysf;kin dh/krqigpkusafiQj vkxsc


16/92

16 S- (-v)

2- fy[kfl (mkj esa^fy[k~* /krq dk iz;ksx)] vge~^fy[kkfe*

osQ lkFkA3- Roe~ (ûefl* osQ lkFk mfpr dkkZin)] uekfe^vge~*

osQ lkFk)

4- ônfl* D;ksafd mkj esaôn~* /krqdk iz;ksx (ônkfe*)A

^vge~* okD; esa f;kin ônkfe* osQ lkFk mfpr dkkZinA

5- îpkfe* D;ksafd dkkZ^vge~* vkSj lkFk fn, okD; esa îp~*

/krqdk iz;ksx (ipfl)A

5- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA dks"Bd esaf;kin osQ rhu fodYi gSaA muesa ls

îBfr* mfpr gS] D;ksafd okD; dk dkkZ^l% ckyd%* izFkeiq#"k] ,dopu esa gSA izFke iq#"k ,dopu osQ dkkZ osQ lkFk

f;kin esa fr* vkrk gSA blh izdkj vU; okD;ksadksns[ksa vkSj

dkkZin osQ vuqlkj dks"Bd ls f;kin dk mfpr :i pqudj

okD; iwjs djsaA

mkj 1- ------[kknfrA (dkkZ lk ckfydk*vr% izFke iqjQ"k] ,dopu

dk f;kin)

2- ------fy[kfUrA (dkkZ rsckydk%*vr% izFke iqjQ"k] cgqopu

dk f;kin)

3- ------uekfeA (dkkZ ^vge~*gksusosQ dkj.k f;kin mke

iqjQ"k ,dopu)

4- ------glflA (dkkZ ^Roe~*] vr% f;kin] e;e iqjQ"k]

,dopu)

5- ------xk;fUrA (dkkZ ^rk% ckfydk%*vr% f;kin mlosQ

vuqlkj izFke iqjQ"k] cgqopu)

vo/s;e~dks"Bd esaflkUr lkekU;&cks/ gsrqfn, x, gSaA lgt&cks/

osQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd esa vk, iz;ksx ij ;ku nsuk ykHkizn gksxkA

'kq&iz;ksx osQ vH;kl gsrqikBksadk okpu&iquokZpu djsaA


17/92

S- (-v) 17

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

dkkZf;kin leUo;'kq iz;ksx1- vge~ glkfeA 2- rs uefUrA 3- l% [ksyfrA

4- rk% uefUrA 5- okD; 'kq gSA 6- lk xk;frA

7- vgaipkfeA 8- l% onfrA

v'kqf 'kks/u osQ oqQN vU; mnkgj.k

v'kq okD; 'kq okD;

1- lk ueflA lk uefrA*

2- Roa glfrA Roa glflA

* ;fn Nk=k mkj esa ^Roa uefl* cksys rks Hkh 'kq ekuk tkuk pkfg,A D;ksafd ms';gSdkkZ f;kin leUo; dk vH;klA


18/92

18 S- (-v)

;w;e~fde~ oqQ#Fkfganh vuqokn(rqe yksx D;k djrs@djrh gks)vc [ksy dk ihfj;M gSA ,d yM+dhrqe yksx D;k dj

jgh gks\;gkckyd@cPps[ksyrs@[ksy jgsgSaA yM+fd;k ge rS;kj gksjgh gSaAogk yM+fd;kvkil esackrsa dj jgh gSaA vkt ge ckLosQV&ckWy dk [ksy

[ksy jgh gSaA

O;k;ke&f'k{kd vkrk gSA vc fozQ;k&dkyka'k@,sfDVfoVh ihfj;M gSAO;k;ke&f'k{kd(ckydksadks) ns[kks] ogk yM+fd;kukp jgh gSaAD;k rqe yksx Hkh rS;kj gksjgsgks\ f'kf{kdkD;k rq e yksx izfrfnu

ukprh gks\cPpsgk] Jheku~thA ge Hkh rS;kj yM+fd;kugha] ge izfrfnu ughagks jgsgSaA ukprhaA

vkt ge fozQosQV [ksy jgsgSaA f'kf{kdkrq e yksx dc xkrh gks\O;k;kef'k{kd dgrk gSvPNh yM+fd;k tc laxhr dk ihfj;Mckr gSA gksrk gS] rc ge xkrh vkSj

ukprh gSaA

D;k rqe yksx LowQy tkrsgks\ f'kf{kdkD;k rqe yksx rSjrsgks\gk] ge izfrfnu LowQy tkrsgSaA ckydgk] ge rSjrs gSaAogk rqe yksx D;k djrsgks\ f'kf{kdkrq e yksx dgkrSjrsgks\ogk ge i


19/92

S- (-v) 19

mkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~mnkgj.k ns[ksamkj;w;e~ iBFk ;w;e~osQ lkFk fozQ;kin esakkrq esa^Fk* yxk gSA

o;e~iBke% o;e~ osQ lkFk fozQ;kin esakkrq esa^(vk) e%* gSAizR;sd okD;&tksM+sdk lgt jhfr ls mPpkj.k djsaA

fyf[kre~

1- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA dks"Bd esa fn, x, fodYiksa esa ls mfprfodYi^xk;ke%*A dkj.kokD; dk dkkZ^o;e~*A blh izdkj

vU; okD;ksa esadkkZin osQ vuqlkj dks"Bd esalsf;kin dkmfpr fodYi pqudj okD; iwjs djsaAmkj1- rjke% dkkZ ^o;e~* osQ lkFk mfprA

2- xk;Fk% dkkZ ^;w;e~* osQ dkj.k mfprA3- ipkfe dkkZ ^vge~* osQ ;ksx esamfprA4- uR;fl dkkZ^Roe~* gksus osQ dkj.k 'kqA5- glfUr dkkZ ^rs* osQ lkFk 'kq :iA

fjDr LFkku Hkjus osQ ckn okD;ksadk okpu lgt jhfr ls djsaA dkkZf;kin osQ leUo; dk vH;kl gkstk,xkA

2- ;nk&rnklHkh okD;ksa esa,dleku iz;ksxAmkjfjDr LFkku iwfrZosQ mijkUr okD;ksadk mPpkj.k djsaA izR;sd okD;ka'k ij;ku nsaA

mkj 3- mnkgj.k ;kuiwoZd i


20/92

20 S- (-v)

2- ------Roau`R;fl\ 2- ------;w;e~ u`R;Fk\------

vge~------

u`R;kfeA------

o;e~------

u`R;ke%A4- mnkgj.k ns[ksacgqopu osQ okD; esadkkZin vkSj f;kinnksuksaesa:ikUrj vk;k gSA

mkj 1- ;w ;e~fy[kFkA 2- o;e~ ueke%A 3- rsr=k xPNfUrA4- o;e~lR;e~onke%A 5- fde~ ;w;e~xk;Fk\ 6- rk% HkkstuaipfUrA

Lej.k jgsdkkZvkSj fozQ;kin esarkyesy vko';d gS_ tSlsl% [kknfr (,dopu) rs[kknfUr (cgqopu)

,dopu rFkk cgqopu osQ okD;ksa dk lgt jhfr lsokpu djsaA

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~vH;kl iz'u (3) esa vk, okD;ksa@iz'ukskjksadk okpu djsaA vH;klkFkZ

oqQN vU; mnkgj.k(d) 1- ckyd% [ksyfr ([k) 1- ckydk% [ksyfUrA

foaQ Roa[ksyfl\ foaQ ;w;e~[ksyFk\vke~] vge~vfi [ksykfeA vke~] o;e~ vfi [ksyke%A

2- l% Nk=k% iBfrA 2- AfoaQ RoaiBfl\ foa Q ;w;e~iBFk\vke~] vge~ vfi iBkfeA vke~ ] o;e~ vfi iBke%A

3- lk r=k xPNfrA 3- rk% r=k xPNfUrAfoaQ Roa r=k xPNfl\ foaQ ;w;e~r=k xPNFk\ufg] vga r=k u xPNkfeA ufg] o;e~r=k u xPNke%Abl izdkj v;kid@v;kfidk f;kin osQ 'kq iz;ksx dk vH;kldjk,A

(x)cgqopu esa ifjorZuoqQN mnkgj.k1- l% izfrfnua [ksyfrA rsizfrfnua[ksyfUrA2- lk /kofrA rk% /kofUrA3- vge~xk;kfeA o;e~ xk;ke%A4- Roe~lR;aonflA ;w ;e~ lR;aonFkA5- lk glfrA rk% glfUrAbl izdkj dkkZf;kin osQ leUo; dk vH;kl djk,A


21/92

S- (-v) 21

ikBk% 14 iqujko`fk%

vH;kl djusls igysikBksa dk iquokZpu dj ysaA

mkj 1- (d) 1- ,"kk ^ckfydk* (L=khfYakx) ,dopu gksusosQ dkj.kA2- ,"k% ^Nk=k%* (iqfYayx) ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA3- ,"k% ô{k%* (iqfYayx) ,dopu gksusosQ dkj.kA4- ,rs ^v;kidk%* (iqfYayx) cgqopu gksus osQ dkj.kA5- ,rk% ^ckfydk%* (L=khfYakx) cgqopu gksusosQ dkj.kA

bu okD;ksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA lgt gh 'kq iz;ksx lh[k tk,xsA([k) 1- lk ^ckfydk* osQ fy,A

2- l% ^v;kid%* osQ fy,A3- lk ^jk/k* osQ fy,A4- rk% ^ckfydk%* osQ fy,A5- rs ^v#.k%] vjfoUn% vuqjkx% p* osQ LFkku ijA

okD;iwfrZ osQ i'pkr~ okD;ksadk okpu djsaA izR;sd in ij ;ku nsaA

mkj 2- (d) dks"Bd esafn, loZuke 'kCnksadks ns[ksaA ns[ksaokD;ksaesadkkZin osQ LFkku fjDr gSaA fozQ;kin osQ :i osQ vuqlkjmfpr dkkZin pqusa1- Roe~ îBfl* osQ ;ksx esa A

2- vge~ îBkfe* osQ lkFkA3- o;e~ ^glke%* osQ ;ksx esaA4- ;w ;e~ ^glFk* osQ lkFkA5- lk û`R;fr* osQ ;ksx esaA

([k) etw"kk easfozQ;kin fn, x, gSaA izLrqr okD;ksaesa fozQ;kinosQ LFkku fjDr gSaA dkkZin osQ iq#"k o opu dks;ku esaj[kdj mfpr fozQ;kin pqusa1- xPNFk dkkZ in ^;w;e~* osQ ;ksx esaA2- xPNke% dkkZin ô;e~* osQ lkFkA3- [ksyfl dkkZin ^Roe~* osQ ;ksx esaA

4- [ksykfe dkkZin ^vge~* osQ ;ksx esaA5- [ksyfr dkkZin ^l%* osQ lkFkA


22/92

22 S- (-v)

mkj 3- vO;;&iz;ksx

(d) 1- ufg (ugha) okD; esaû* osQ iz;ksx osQ dkj.kA2- fde~ (D;k) iz'u gksus osQ dkj.kA3- vke~ (gk) ldkjkRed mkj esa A

([k) 1- ------oqQ=k (dgk) ------(iz'u gksusosQ dkj.k)2- ------r=k (ogk) ------(mkj esa)3- ------vfi (Hkh) ------A

mkj 4- mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>salaLr esa^p* dk iz;ksx lEcfU/r 'kCnksa osQ vUr esa gksrk gSA1- fy[kfr pA (îBfr*] fy[kfr* lEcfU/r fozQ;kin^p* dk

iz;ksx nksuksaosQ ckn)2- xkSjo% pA (lEcfU/r laKkinksaosQ vUr esa ^p*)Lej.k jgslaLo`Qr eas^p* (vkSj and) dk iz;ksx vU; Hkk"kkvksa lsfHkUu gSA

mkj 5- 1- o;e~izkr% ueke%A 2- lk uR;frA 3- rsonfUrA4- vge~lk;a[ksykfeA 5- ;w;e~ pyFk [kknFk pA;ku jgs (i)igysdkkZin dkscgqopu esacnysarnuqlkj f;kin

dk :i fy[ksaA(ii) îzkr%*] lk;e~*] u* vO;; gS] vr% opu ifjorZu

esabuesa dksbZ :ikUrj ughavk,xkAmkj 6- ,dopue~ cgqopue~

------iBfr rk% iBfUr ------iBfl ;w ;e~iBFk------iBkfe o;e~ iBke%

okD;&jpuk osQ ckn ,d&nks ckj mPpkj.k djsaAyV~ ydkj (orZeku dkyPresent Tense) esalc kkrqvksaosQ :iblh izdkj pyrsgSaA kkrq :i osQ f}opu dk iz;ksx vxys ikB esaA


23/92

S- (-v) 23

rkS ckydkS@rsckfyosQ fde~ oqQ#r%fganh vuqokn(osnksckyd@osnksckfydk,D;k djrs@djrh gSa);snksckyd gSaA ;snks ckfydk, gSaAnksuksa ckyd ueLdkj djrs gSaA nksuksa ckfydk,xkrh gSaAD;k nksuksackyd xkrsgSa\ D;k nksuksa ckfydk,ukprh gSa\ugha] nksuksa ckyd xkrs ugha] os nksuksa ugha] nksuksackfydk,ukprh ugha] osueLdkj djrsgSaA xkrh gSaA

rjQ.k vkSj ojQ.k fy[krsgSaA jhek vkSj lhek [ksyrh gSaA

v;kfidk dgrh gSD;k rqe nksuksa osnksuksaglrh Hkh gSaAi


24/92

24 S- (-v)

ekSf[kde~

f}opu osQ okD;ksadk mPpkj.k djsaA lgt mPpkj.k lsiz;ksx Lor%gh 'kq gkstkrk gSA

1- izR;sd dks"Bd esavl~/krqosQ rhu :i gSamfpr fodYi pqusarFkk okD;iwfrZdjsaA*

mkj 1- vfl dkkZ ^Roe~* osQ ;ksx esaA2- vfLe ^vge~ * osQ lkFkA3- Lo% vkoke~ osQ lkFkA4- LFk% ^;q oke~* osQ ;ksx esaA5- lfUr ^rs* osQ lkFkA

6- Lr% ^rs* (L=khfYa kx) osQ lkFkA(v;kfiosQ nks v;kfidk,A)

7- LFk ^;w ;e~* osQ lkFkA8- Le% ^o;e~ * osQ lkFkA

2- mnkgj.k ns[ksadks"Bd esarhu fodYi gSaA laKkin ckydkS* (iqfYayx]f}opu) osQ lkFk rkS* (iqfYayx] f}opu) mfpr loZukeA

mkj 1- rs(L=khfYakx] f}opu) ckfyosQ (L=khfYakx] f}opu) osQlkFkA

2- rkS(iqfYayx] f}opu) nks ckydksarUe;] ih;w"k osQfy,A

3- rk% (L=khfYakx] cgqopu) ckfydk% (L=khfYakx] cgqopu)osQ fy,A

4- rs(iqfYayx] cgqopu) ^ckydk%* (iqfYayx] cgqopu)osQ fy,A

5- ;q oke~ (e;e iq#"k] f}opu) fozQ;kin ^kkoFk%* dk mfprdkkZA

vkoke~(mke iq#"k] f}opu) fozQ;kin ^kkoko%* dk mfprdkkZA

* vH;kl djus lsigys ^vl~* osQ /krq:i dh vko`fk dj ysaA fiQj Hkh ;fn dfBukbZgksrksfjDrLFkku iwfrZosQ fy, rkfydk dh lgk;rk ysysaA izR;sd okD; dk okpu djsaA


25/92

S- (-v) 25

3- okD; osQ dkkZ osQ vuqlkj dks"Bd ls f;kin dk mfpr

:i pqusaAmkj 1- iBkfe ^vge~ * dkkZgksusosQ dkj.kA

2- [kknfl ^Roe~* dkkZgksus osQ dkj.kA3- [ksyko% ^vkoke~* osQ lkFk fozQ;kin dk mfpr :iA4- [ksyFk ^;w;e~* dkkZin osQ lkFk f;kin dk mfpr :iA5- onr% vfer% lqfer% pizFke iq#"k dkkZ nks gksus osQ

dkj.k izFke iq#"k fozQ;kin f}opuAokD;iwfrZosQ mijkUr lgt jhfr lsmPpkj.k djsaA

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksao le>saA fn, x, okD; dk f}opu rFkk cgqopu:i fy[kuk gSA

Lej.k jgsdkkZo f;kin esarkyesy vfuok;ZgSA okD; rhuksaiq#"kksaesafn, x, gSaA------rkS[ksyr%A rs[ksyfUrA ------rs [kknr%A rk% [kknfUrA------;qoke~glFk%A ;w;e~glFkA ------vkoke~/koko%A o;e~ /koke%A

fy[kusosQ ckn okD;ksadk okpu lgt jhfr lsdjsaA fy[krsle; orZuhdh vksj ;ku nsa] fo'ks"k :i lsfolxZosQ iz;ksx ijA

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~vl~/krqdk vH;kloqQN mnkgj.k

1.okD;iwfrZA------A ------Lr%A ------lfUrA (iqfYayx in iz;ksx)------A ------Lr%A ------lfUrA (L=khfYakx in iz;ksx)

mnkgj.k

(d)Roe~Nk=k% vflA ;qoke~ Nk=kkSLFk%A ;w ;e~Nk=kk% LFkA (iqfYayx)

Roe~Nk=kk vflA ;qoke~ Nk=ksLFk%A ;w ;e~Nk=kk% LFkA (L=khfYakx)

vge~Nk=k%@Nk=kk vfLeA vkoke~Nk=kkS@Nk=ksLo%A o;e~Nk=kk% Le%A(iqfYayx rFkk L=khfYakx)


26/92

26 S- (-v)

([k)l% xk;d% vfLrA rkS xk;dkSLr%A rsxk;dk% lfUrA

lk xkf;dk vfLrA rsxkf;osQ Lr%A rk% xkf;dk% lfUrARoe~xk;d%@xkf;dk vflA ;qoke~xk;dkS@xkf;osQ LFk%A ;w;e~xk;dk%@xkf;dk% LFk%A

vge~xk;d%@xkf;dk vfLeA vkoke~xk;dkS@xkf;osQ Lo%A o;e~xk;dk%@xkf;dk% Le%A2.loZuke ^rs* (iqfYayx rFkk uiqaldfYakx) osQ iz;ksx dk vH;klA

nks yM+fd;ksa dk tksM+kA nksls vf/d yM+dksa dk lewgA

rsiBr%A rs iBfUrA (i


27/92

S- (-v) 27

,"k% d%fganh vuqokn(;g dkSu gSiqfYayx)*;g dkSu gS\ ;g nksuksadkSu gSa\ ;sdkSu gSa\;g urZd gSA ;snksuksaurZd gSaA ;s urZd gSaAurZd ukprk gSA nksuksaurZd ukprsgSaA urZd ukprs gSaAxk;d xkrk gSA nksuksa xk;d xkrsgSaA xk;d xkrs gSaA

dkSu ueLdkj dj dkSu nksueLdkj dj dkSu yksx ueLdkj djjgk gS\ jgs gSa \ jgsgSa\

ckyd ueLdkj dj nksuksackyd ueLdkj ckyd (vusd) ueLdkjjgk gSA dj jgsgSaA dj jgsgSaA

;g dkSu gS\ ;snksuksadkSu gSa\ ;s dkSu gSa\;g rksrk gSA rksrk ;s nksuksarksrsgSaA ;srksrs gSaA rksrscksyrsgSaAcksyrk gSA nksuksa rksrs cksyrs gSaA dkSu cksyrs gSa\ rksrs cksyrsgSaAdkSu cksyrk gS\ rksrk cksyrk gSA

;g dks;y gSA dks;y owQdrh gSAdks;y D;k djrh gS\dks;y owQdrh gSA ;g dkSu gS\ ;s dkSu gSa\

dks;y ehBk owQdrh gSA ;g gkFkh gSA ;sgkFkh gSaAnksuksadks;y owQdrh gSaA gkFkh D;k djrk gSA gkFkh D;k djrsgSa\dks;ysaowQdrh gSaA gkFkh /hjs&/hjspyrk gSA gkFkh /hjs&/hjspyrsgSaA

ogk dkSu owQn jgk gS\ D;k (osQoy) ,d cUnj owQn jgk gS\ ;snks?kksM+sgSaAogkcUnj owQn jgk gSA ugha cUnj (vusd) owQn jgs gSaA nksuksa?kksM+s

dkSu owQn jgsgSa\ nkSM+rs gSaAcUnj owQn jgsgSaA nksuksa?kksM+srsk

nkSM+rs gSaA

6

*

bl ikB esa laKk o loZuke (iqfYayx) 'kCnksa dk rhuksa opuksa (izFkek foHkfDr) esaiz;ksxvk;k gS_ ;Fkkckyd%] ckydkS] ckydk% rFkk ,"k%] ,rkS] ,rsA Nk=k ;ku nsafd iz'uokpdloZuke d%] dkS] osQ Hkh mlh izdkj gksrsgSaA


28/92

28 S- (-v)

;s ?kksM+s(vusd) gSA dkSu xjt jgk gS\

?kksM+snkSM+rs gSaA 'ksj xjt jgk gSAosoSQlsnkSM+rsgSa\ 'ksj kksj ls xjtrk@xjt jgk gSA?kksM+srsk nkSM+rs gSaA

;g dkSu gS\ ;snksuksa dkSu gSa\;g ck?k gSA ;snksuksaV gSaA

mkjkf.k

'kh"kZd dk mPpkj.k djsaA folxZ dk mPpkj.k Li"V gksAuksV djsanksuksaloZuke&iqfYayx ,dopu esagSaA

ekSf[kde~bl ikB esaizFkek foHkfDr dk iz;ksx gSA vr% okD;ksaesaewy 'kCn_ tSls^ckyd*esaopu osQ vuqlkj :ikUrj vk;k gSA

ckyd% iBfrA cky dkSiBr%A cky dk% iBfUrA(,d ckyd) (nksckyd) (vusd ckyd)

izFkek foHkfDr dk in] okD; esadkkZosQ :i esaiz;qDr gksrk gSvFkkZr~dkkZesaizFkek dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

vdkjkUr (iqfYayx) 'kCnksa osQ :i ,dleku gksrs gSaA mPpkj.k djsa]d.BLFk gks tk,xsA

fyf[kre~

1- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA iz'u esa vk, jaxhu 'kCn ij mkj vkkkfjr gSAdks"Bd ls'kq fodYi pqudj mkj nsaA

mkj 1- v'ok% rhoze~A 2- -------- xtZfrA 3- fid% --------owQtfrA4- okujk% owQnZfUrA 5- 'kqoQkSonr%A(;ku jgsiz'u ;fn ,dopu esa gksrksmkj ,dopu esagksxkA

;fn cgqopu esa rksmkj Hkh cgqopu easgksxkA)

2- etw"kk esavk, iz'uokpd 'kCnksadksle> ysa

d% dkSu (,dopu) dkS dkSu nks (f}opu)osQ dkSu (cgqopu)A


29/92

S- (-v) 29

mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>salaKkin ^ckyd%* (dkkZ) ,dopu esaA

vr% iz'u esamlosQ fy, ^d%* (,dopu) dk iz;ksxAmkj 1- osQ (D;ksafd ^xtk%* in cgqopu esa)

2- d% owQtfr\(D;ksafd ^fid%* in ,dopu esa)3- dkSonr%\ (D;ksafd ^'kqdkS* f}opu esa)4- d%\ (D;ksafd ^v'o%* ,dopu esa)5- osQ\ (D;ksafd ^lgk%* cgqopu gS)(ikB esavk, iz'uokpd okD;ksadks ns[ksaA vH;kl ljy gks tk,xkA)

3- mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>sa,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~

dkkZ v'o% v'okS v'ok%

fozQ;kin kkofr kkor% /kofUr

,dopu osQ dkkZ f}opu osQ dkkZ cgqopu osQ dkkZosQ lkFk osQ lkFk osQ lkFk

,dopu dk fozQ;kin f}opu dk fozQ;kin cgqopu dk fozQ;kin

mkj f}opue~ cgqopue~1- Nk=kkSiBr%A Nk=kk% iBfUrA

2- lgkSxtZr%A lgk% xtZ fUrA3- ckydkSuer%A ckydk% uefUrA4- xtkS pyr%A xtk% pyfUrA

rhuksa opuksaesaokD; nksgjk,A mPpkj.k Li"V gksA

4- etw"kk esa fn, x, vO;; inksa ls Nk=k ifjfpr gksaxsA ;slc ikBesavk, gSaA

mnkgj.k ns[ksao le>saA dks"Bd esafn, x, fodYiksa esalsmfprfodYi pqusavkSj okD;iwfrZdjsaA

mkj 1- mPpS% 2- rhoze~ 3- ekq je~4- fde~(iz'u okpd) 5- ufgA


30/92

30 S- (-v)

ikB~;iqLrd esa voks;e~* osQ vUrxZr nh xbZtkudkjh dks;ku lsns[ksa

vkSj le>saA laKk] loZuke rFkk f;kin dk rhuksa opuksa esaiz;ksx Li"Vgks tk,xkA vo/s;&iz;ksx* osQ vUrxZr fn, okD;ksadk mPpkj.k djsaA

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~1-okD;ksadk mPpkj.k djrs le; laKk] loZuke rFkk f;kin dk dkkZdkjdizFkek foHkfDr esarhuksaopuksa esa:i o iz;ksx le>savkSj ;knj[ksaA iz'u okpd loZuke oQ%* dkS* osQ* osQ iz;ksx ij fo'ks"k ;ku nsaAuksV djsatSls^l%* ^rkS* ^rs* vkSj ^,"k%* ^,rkS* ^,rs*] mlh izdkj^d%* ^dkS* ^osQ* dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

2- oqQN mnkgj.kfp=kk/kfjriz'u rFkk mkj

1- ,"k% d%\ ,"k% fid%A 2- ,"k% d%\ ,"k% v'o%\fid% foaQ djksfr\ l% owQtfrA v'o% foaQ djksfr\ l% /kofrA

l% dFka/kofr\ l% rhozakkofrA

3- ,"k% d%\ ,"k% Nk=k%\ 4- ,rsosQ\ ,rs Nk=kk%\Nk=k% d djksfrA l% fy[kfrA Nk=kk% foaQ oqQoZfUr\ rsfy[kfUrA


31/92

S- (-v) 31

,rr~fde~fganh vuqokn(;g D;k gSuiqaldfya x);g D;k gS\ ;s nksD;k gSa\ ;sD;k gSa\ ;g D;k (dkSu) gS\;g iqLrd gSA ;s nksiqLrosaQ gSaA ;siqLrosaQ (nks ;g dye gSA

lsvf/d) gSaA

;s D;k gSa\ ;g D;k gS\ ;snks iwQy gSaA ;s iw QYk gSaA;sdyesagSaA ;g iw Qy gSA nksiwQy f[kyrsgSaA iwQy f[kyrs gSaA;g ikk gSA ;s nksiks gSaA ;siks gSaA ;g vke dk isM+gSAikk fxjrk gSA nksiksfxjrs gSaA iks fxjrsgSaA vke dk isM+iQyrk gSA

;g vke dk iQy gSA ;svke osQ iQy gSaA ;svaxwj gSaA;g larjk gSA ;g ?kj gSA;g lso gSA ;gk ;g ifjokj jgrk gSA;g ukfj;y gSA

;g cgqr cM+k ckX+k gSA ;g Nkrk@Nrjh gSA ;g okgu gSA;gkvusoQ o{k gSaA o"kkZ gksrh gSA Nkrk j{kk djrk gSA ;g pDdk gSAtgk o{k gksrsgSa ogkiwQy vkSj iksHkh gksrs gSaA tc pDosQ

pyrsgSa]tc gok pyrh gSiksfxjrs gSaA okgu pyrkgSArc u, iks vkrs gSaAyksx ;gkHkze.k djrsgSa] cPps[ksyrsvkSj vkuUn ysrsgSaAiwQy f[kyrsgSaA HkkSajs xwtrsgSaA

mkjkf.k z'kh"kZd dk okpu djsaA uiqaldfYakx&iz;ksx le>saAbl ikB esaeq[;r% uiqaldyx (vdkjkUr) 'kCnksadk iz;ksx vk;k gSA izFkek esa

uiqaldyx 'kCnksaosQ :i iqYyx 'kCnksa ls fHkUu gksrsgSaA bl vksj ;ku nsaA

7


32/92

32 S- (-v)

ekSf[kde~

mPpkj.k djsaA lHkh vdkjkUr uiqaldyx 'kCnksaosQ :i ,dleku gksrsgSaAmnkgj.k osQ :i esa^iQy* 'kCn osQ :i ;kn j[ksaA

fyf[kre~

1- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saloZuke ,rr~(,dopu) ,rkfu (cgqopu)laKkin oue~(,dopu) oukfu (cgqopu);ku nsafya x o opu dh nf"V lsloZuke vkSj laKk esarkyesyvko';d gSA

vH;klkFkZfn, x, okD; ;kuiwoZd isaAmnkgj.k dk okD; ikB esavk;k gS] mls nksgjk,AfjDr LFkku iwfrZ djrs le; okD;ksadk okpu djsavkSj vk'k; le>saA

mkj;=k&r=kA lHkh okD;ksaesa,dleku iz;ksxA

3- etw"kk esafn, x, iz'uokpd 'kCn le>saA

d% (iqfYayx) dkSu fde~(uiqaldfYakx) D;kmnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>sa^iqLrde~* 'kCn uiqaldyx ,dopu gksusosQ dkj.k iz'u esa^fde~*

dk iz;ksx gSA'kCn osQ yx o opu dk ;ku j[krsgq, mfpr 'kCn dk iz;ksxdjosQ iz'u&fuekZ.k djsaA

mkj 1-d%\ (Nk=k% 'kCn iq Yyx] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.k)2-fde~\ (m|kue~ 'kCn uiqaldyx] ,dopu gksusosQ dkj.k)3- ,"kd%\ (lSfud% 'kCn iqYyx] ,dopu gksusosQ dkj.k)4- ,rr~fde~\ (x`ge~'kCn uiqaldyx] ,dopu gksusosQ dkj.k)

5- ,rr~fde~\ (N=ke~ 'kCn uiqaldfya x] ,dopu gksusosQ dkj.k)(ikB dk okpu&iquokZpu djus ls] iz;ksx Lor% gh 'kq gkssxkA)


33/92

S- (-v) 33

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA dks"Bd esaf;kin osQ rhu fodYi fn, x, gSaA

okD; dk dkkZ i=kkf.k* gksusosQ dkj.k buesals irfUr* mfprfodYi gSA blh izdkj vU; okD;ksa esadkkZin osQ vuqlkjdks"Bd lsmfpr f;kin pqusa vkSj okD; iwjsdjsaA

mkj 1- --------xqtfUrA dkkZin ^Hkzejk%* osQ lkFk mfprA2- --------ogfrA dkkZin ^iou%* osQ lkFk mfprA3- -------- HkzefUrA dkkZin ^tuk%* osQ ;ksx esamfprA4- --------fodlfrA dkkZin ^iq"ie~* ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.k

,dopu dk f;kin mfprA ('ks"k f}opuo cgqopu osQ f;kin)

5- --------hMr%A dkkZin ^f}opu* gksus osQ dkj.k f;kinf}opuA ('ks"k ,dopu o cgqopu osQ f;kin)

mnkgj.k lfgr lHkh okD;ksadk lgt jhfr lsmPpkj.k djsaA

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~1.ikp iQyksaosQ fp=kizR;sd fp=k osQ lkeus@uhpsmldk uke fy[ksaA ;kunsaA yxHkx lHkh iQyksa osQ uke uiqaldfYakx gksrs gSaA [oqQN viokn(exceptions)gSaA lqfo/k osQ fy, lkFk esa iQye~* 'kCn dk iz;ksx dj

ysaA ;FkkdnyhiQye~(osQyk) nzk{kkiQye~(vaxwj)(nzk{kkiQykfucgqopu:i)]oqQN iQyksaosQ uke

1- vkeze~(vke) 2- lsoe~ (lso) 3- ukje~ (larjk)4- ukfjosQye~ (ukfj;y)] 5- ve`riQye~ (ve:n) 6- tEchje~(uhacw)

2.

,rr~iQye~A ,"k% o{k%A ,rr~ iqLrde~A

,"k% fo|ky;%A ,rr~iq"ie~A ,"k% ikni%A


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34 S- (-v)

vgaxgai';kfefganh vuqokn(eSa ?kj dks ns[krk@ns[krh vFkok ns[k jgk@jgh gw);g esjk ?kj gSA D;k rqe ?kj ns[krs@ns[krh gks\ ;g cSBusdk dejk gSAvkvks] eSarqEgsa?kj fn[kkrk@fn[kkrh gwA ;gk ge yksx Vhoh ns[krsgSaA

;g lksus dk dejk gSA ;g Luku?kj gSA;gkeSa lksrk@lksrh gwA ;gkeSaLuku djrk@djrh gwA

;g jlksbZ?kj gSA bl le; ek[kkuk idk jgh gSaAog D;k idk jgh gSa\og bl le; nky vkSj pkoyidk jgh gSaA

;g ?kj dk cX+khpk gSA rqe fdldks ns[k jgs gks\;gkeSa ikS/k yxkrk gwA ogk Mkfd;k vk jgk gSAeSanksikS/ksa dks lhaprk@ikuh nsrk gwA eSaMkfd;sdksns[k jgk gwAekyh D;k djrk gS\ D;k og fpV~Bh ykrk gS\og ikS/ksa dks lhaprk gSA Mkfd;k fpV~ fB;k ykrk gSA

og D;k ykrk gS\ D;k rq e fe=k dksi=k fy[krsgks\og iwQy ykrk gSA gk ] eSadHkh&dHkh fe=k dksi=k

fy[krk gwA

og D;k cukrk gS\og iwQyksaosQ gkjksadkscukrk gSA vkt eSanksi=k fy[k jgk gwA

mkjkf.k

bl ikB esa eq[;r% uiqaldyx 'kCnksadk iz;ksx f}rh;k foHkfDr esavk;k gSA

vdkjkUr iqYyx 'kCnkas dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k x;k gSA Nk=k nksuksaosQ :i esaHksnle> ysaA

8


35/92

S- (-v) 35

ekSf[kde~

ikni rFkk i=k 'kCn osQ :i ns[ksa vkSj iqfYayx o uiqaldyx 'kCn :i esaHksn le> ysaAf}rh;k foHkfDr ,dopu f}opu cgqopuiqfYayx iknie~ iknikS ikniku~

(,d ikS/s dks) (nks ikS/ksa dks) (vusd ikS/ksadks)uiqaldfya x i=ke~ i=ks i=kkf.k*

(,d iks dks) (nksikksadks) (vusd ikksadks);ku jgsf}rh;k foHkfDr esa,dopu esavdkjkUr iqYyx rFkk uiqaldfya x

'kCnksa osQ :i ,dleku gksrsgSanksuksaosQ vUr esa ^ve~* vkrk gS_ tSls

îknie~*] i=ke~*] drqcgqopu esavUrj Li"V fn[kkbZnsrk gS_ tSlsîkniku~*vkSj î=kkf.k* esaA

mPpkj.k dk vH;kl djsaA

fyf[kre~

1- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saigys okD; esa deZin (object in thesentence) iq"ie~* ,dopu esanwljsokD; esa cgqopu esa iq"ikf.k*

:i iz;qDr gqvk gSA dkj.kiq"i 'kCn uiqaldyx gSA;ku jgsdeZin (object of the sentence)dk opu ifjorZu

gksusij vU; inksadkkZ&fozQ;k vkfn ij dksbZizHkko ugha iM+rkvFkkZr~ muesadksbZ cnyko ugha vkrk gSA

mkj 1-ikniku~vku;kfeA (îkni* 'kCn iqYyx] vr% f}rh;k cgqopuesaîkniku~*)

2-o{kku~flpflA (ô{k* 'kCn iq Yyx gksus osQ dkj.k o`{kku~*:i)

3-iQykfu[kknfrA (îQy* 'kCn uiqaldfya x] vr% f}rh;k] cgqopuesa îQykfu* :iA

* uiqladfya x 'kCnksa osQ :i izFkek o f}rh;k esa ,dleku gksrs gSaALej.k jgscgqopu esa] deZin esa] iqfYayx gksus lsvUr esa^vku~* (;Fkkikniku~) vkSjuiqaldfya x gksus ls vUr esa ^vkfu* (;FkkiQykfu) vkrk gSA


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36 S- (-v)

4-iqLrdkfuiBfUrA (iqLrd 'kCn uiqaldyx] vr% cgqopu esa

îqLrdkfu* :i)bu lc okD;ksaesadeZin esaopu ifjorZu gqvk gSA deZ esa f}rh;kdk iz;ksx gksrk gSA iqYyx rFkk uiqaldyx 'kCnksadk f}rh;k esacgqopu esa:i fHkUu gksrk gSA vr% 'kCn osQ yx ij ;ku nsaA

2- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sa1- ekykdkj% ikniku~A 4- i=kkf.k vku;frA2- l% gkjku~A 5- nw joh{k.ke~i';ke%A3- i=kokgde~A

lHkh mkj ikB ij vk/kfjr gSaA

3- etw"kk esavk, iz'uokpd 'kCnksa(f}rh;k foHkfDr&deZdkjd)

dksle> ysaAiq Yyx uiqaldyx

,dopu de~(fdldks) fde~ (D;k)cgqopu dku~(fdudks] fdUgsa) dkfu (fdUgsa);siz'uokpd loZuke gSaA iz'u&fuekZ.k djus osQ fy, laKkin osQyx o opu osQ vuqlkj budk iz;ksx gksrk gSAmnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>saokD; esaî=ke~* (uiqaldyx] ,dopu) 'kCn osQ fy, iz'u esa^fde~* (uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu) dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA

mkj 1- l% de~i';fr\ (î=kokgd* 'kCn iqYyx_ okD; esadeZ,dopu

esa î=kokgde~*A vr% iz'u esa ^de~* dk iz;ksx)2- Roe~fde~ i';fl\ (^xg* 'kCn uiqaldyx ,dopu gksusosQdkj.k iz'u esa^fde~*)

3- ekykdkj% dkfu vku;fr\ (iq"ikf.kuiqaldfya x] cgqopu] vr%^dkfu* uiqaldfya x] cgqopu)

4- l% dku~jp;fr\ (gkjku~iqfYayx] cgqopu] vr% ^dku~* dkiz;ksx)

5- Nk=k% fde~iBfr\ (iqLrde~uiqaldfya x] ,dopu] vr% fde~*uiqaldfya x] ,dopu)

bu lc okD;ksa esa iz'u deZin ij vk/kfjr gSA vr% deZinosQ fya x o opu osQ vuqlkj iz'uokpd loZuke dk iz;ksx fd;kx;k gSA


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S- (-v) 37

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA 'kq fodYi ikB esa vk, rF; ij vkkkfjr gSA

vr% ikB dk iquokZpu dj ysaA mkj fy[kus lsigysdks"Bd esafn, x, fodYiksa dk ;ku lsokpu djsaAmkj 1- x`ge~ 2- ikd'kkyk 3- nw joh{k.ke~

4- i=kkf.k 5- fe=ke~ A^Lej.kh;e~* osQ vUrxZr nh xbZtkudkjh dks;ku lsisaA uiqaldfYakx 'kCnksaosQ :i dkkZdkjd

(izFkek) vkSj deZdkjd (f}rh;k) esaleku gksrs gSaA bl lanHkZesaîkBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~* 'kh"kZd osQ uhpsfn, laokn esa uksVdjsajkosQ'k% ,rr~dnyhiQye~] ,rr~lsoe~A ------- (izFkek iz;ksx)lqjs'k% vgaizkr%dnyhiQya[kknkfunqX/ap fickfeA

(f}rh;k iz;ksx)([k) iqfYayx o uiqaldfya x laKkin o loZuke in osQ deZdkjd

:i dk ;kuiwoZd okpu djsavkSj Hksn ;kn j[ksaA

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~1.izLrqr laokn esaLFkwyinksadh vksj ;ku nsaA buesaoqQN 'kCn tSls^fo|ky;e~*]

ôuegksRloe~*] îkniku~*] îq"igkjku~* iqfYayx gSaA fdUrq ^nqX/e~*]^dnyhiQye~* iq"ikf.k* uiqaldfYakx in gSaA f}rh;k cgqopu esa;g Hksn

Li"V gkstkrk gS_ tSlsîkniku~* (iqfYayx) vkSj iq"ikf.k* (uiqaldfYakx)(ns[ksa okD;^lqjs'k%vke~] vgaikniku~iq"ikf.kp vku;kfe*A)2.'kCnksa osQ fYakx esa dHkh&dHkh Nk=kksa ls=kqfV gkstkrh gSA vr% loZuke intksM+dj mPpkj.k djsaA viusvki ;kn jg tk,xk_ ;Fkk,"k% ikni%] ,rr~iq"ie~vkfnA oqQN fp=k ,df=kr djsaA lfpdk esayxk,A lkeus fy[ksa

1- ,"k% ekykdkj%A

2- ,"k% i=kokgd%A


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38 S- (-v)

3- ,"k% 'k;ud{k%A

4- ,"k% ifjokj%A

5- ,rr~Lukux`ge~A


39/92

S- (-v) 39

ikBk% 5&8 iqujkofk%

vH;kl&iz'u djusls igys ikBksa dh iqujko`fk dj ysaA

1- mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>sadkkZin fozQ;kinvge~ uekfe ,dopu vkoke~ ueko% f}opu

f}opu osQ dkkZosQ lkFk fozQ;kin Hkh f}opu esa vFkkZr~dkkZesaopu ifjorZu gksus lsfozQ;kin esa Hkh :ikUrj vkrk gSA

mkj 1-;qoke~[ksyFk%A (;qoke~f}opu] e;e iq#"k] vr%

fozQ;kin mlosQ vuqlkj)2- v=koukfulfUrA ôukfu* cgq opu] vr% f;kin lfUr*

Hkh cgqopuA3-xt%pyfrA (dkkZ xt%] ,dopu osQ lkFk fozQ;kin

,dopu)4- ekykdkj%iq"ikf.k* (îq"ikf.k*(cgqopuuiqaldfya x)

vku;frA okD; esadeZ(object of the sentence),vr% vU; inksaesadksbZ cnyko ugha]

D;ksafddeZin esa opu ifjorZu gksus

lsdkkZfozQ;kin ij dksbZizHkkoughagksrkA)

5- l%ikniku~*flpfrA (îkniku~*iqfYayx] cgqopu] f}rh;kvFkkZr~ deZdkjd esa_ okD; esa deZin]vr% vU; inksaesa:ikUrj ugha)

2- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saôwQtfr* fozQ;kin osQ lkFk mfprdkkZfid%A

mkj 1- Hkzejk% ^xq tfUr* fozQ;kin osQ lkFk mfpr dkkZA2- iq "ikf.k ^fodlfUr* osQ lkFk mfpr dkkZA

3- iou% ôgfr* fozQ;kin osQ lkFk mfpr dkkZA* iqfYayx o uiqaldfya x 'kCnksa esa] deZdkjd cgqopu osQ :i esa] vUrj ;kn j[ksaA


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40 S- (-v)

4- vEck îpfr* fozQ;kin osQ lkFk mfpr dkkZA

5- vga ^djksfe* f;kin osQ ;ksx esamfpr dkkZ&mkeiq#"k ,dopuA6- okuj% ôwQnZ fr* fozQ;kin osQ lkFk mfpr dkkZA

3- mnkgj.k ns[ksa] le>sa] dkkZosQ iq#"k o opu osQ vuqlkj mfpr/krq :i HkjsaA

mkj (d) 1- vfl (D;ksafd dkkZ^Roe~*)2- lfUr (D;ksafd dkkZ^rs* izFke iq#"k]cgqopu)3- iBFk% (D;ksafd dkkZ&;qoke~ e;e iq#"k] f}opu)4- [kknko% (D;ksafd dkkZ^vkoke~*)

5- xPNr% (D;ksafd dkkZin nks&^jhuk uhuk p*vr%fozQ;kin f}opu)

6- djksfr (D;ksa fd dkkZl%] izFke iq#"k] ,dopu]fozQ;kin rnuqlkj)

fjDr LFkku iwfrZosQ mijkUr lgt vH;kl gsrqokD;ksadk mPpkj.k djsaA([k) mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sadks"Bd esa fn;k x;k 'kCn x`g*

okD; esafozQ;k dk deZ (object of the verb)gSA bl dkj.kmldk :i ^x`ge~* (f}rh;k] ,dopu) okD; esavk;k gSA

mkj 1- i=kkf.kA (i=k 'kCn uiqaldyx gS_ i=kokgd vusd i=k ykrk gS]

vr% cgqopu dk iz;ksx)2- ekykdkj% gkjku~A êkykdkj%* dkkZ,dopu] D;ksafd fozQ;kin

^jp;fr* ,dopu esa_ ^gkj* 'kCn iq Yyx] vr% cgqopu esagkjku~] okD; esadeZgksusosQ dkj.k f}rh;k esa)

3- 'k;uaA (^'k;u* vFkkZr~lksusdh fozQ;k Hkkookpd laKk] vr%,dopu dk iz;ksxA okD; esa deZin gksus osQ dkj.k f}rh;k esa^'k;ua* :i)

4- e;w jkSA (f;kin û`R;r%* f}opu esa gksus osQ dkj.k dkkZiniqfYayx f}opu esa)

5- o{kk%A (fozQ;kin ^lfUr* cgqopu esa] vr% dkkZ o`{kk%* iqfYayxcgqopu)


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S- (-v) 41

dks"Bd esaiz;ksx osQ fu;eksadk fo'ys"k.k Nk=kksaosQ osQoy lkekU;&cks/

osQ fy, gSA 'kq iz;ksx osQ fy, vH;kl furkUr vko';d gSA ikBksadk okpu ;kuiwoZd djsaA vH;kl esavk, okD; ikBksa lsmn~k`r gSaA

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA fid%* osQ lkFk owQtfr* mfpr fodYi gSA blhizdkj vU; okD;ksaesamfpr fodYi pqusaA

mkj 1- ------ipfrA (ip~ kkrq=idkuk] ir~kkrq=fxjuk)2- ------Nk=kk% ------A (rscgqopu] lfUrcgqopu] vr% Nk=kk%*

cgqopu mfpr)3- fla gkS ------A (f;kin xtZ r%* f}opu esa] vr% dkkZ

^flagkS*f}opumfpr)

4- ------iQykfu ------A (^iQy* 'kCn uiqaldyx gksus osQ dkj.k^iQykfu* 'kq :i)

5- ------iqLrdkfu ------A ( iqLrd* 'kCn uiqaldfya x] vr% iqLrdkfu*'kq :i)

5- ckb vksj fn, x, 'kCn (laKkin) ,dopu esagSA nkbvksj fn,x, fozQ;kin Hkh ,dopu osQ gSaA izR;sd dkkZosQ lkFk mfprfozQ;kin tksfM+,Amnkgj.kv'o% /kofrA feyku djrs le; mPpkj.k Hkh djsaA

mkj 2- fid% owQtfr 3- Nk=k% iBfr 4- lg% xtZ fr5- ckyd% hMfr 6- e;wj% u`R;fr

6- izR;sd dFku dks;kuiwoZd i


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42 S- (-v)

2- ------ fde~ ------A (îQye~* uiqaldfya x ,dopu] vr% ^fde~*

uiqaldfya x ,dopu mi;qDr)3- ------dkfu lfUrA (^dnyhiQykfu* osQ fy, ^dkfu* mfpr)4- ------osQ lfUrA (^xtk%* iqfYayx cgqopu] vr% ôsQ* iqfYayx

cgqopu)5- ------dkSLr%A (êkykdkjkS* iqfYayx f}opu osQ fy, ^dkS*

iqfYayx f}opu)


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S- (-v) 43

9 l% dyesu fy[kfrfganh vuqokn(og dye ls fy[krk gS)Nk=k fy[krk gSA jke jko.k dksekjrk gSA cPpk [ksyrk gSANk=k ys[k fy[krk gSA jke ck.k lsjko.k dksekjrk gSA cPpk xsan ls [ksyrk gSAog fdllsys[k og xsa n dksisaQdrk gSAfy[krk gS\ og gkFk lsxsanog dye lsys[k dksisaQdrk gSAfy[krk gSA

jksfgr Hkh xsan ls[ksyrk gSA cPps cPpksaosQ lkFk [ksyrsgSaAog fdlls xsan dksisaQdrk gS\ rqe fduosQ lkFk [ksyrsgks\jksfgr iSj lsxsan dks isaQdrk gSA eSa fe=kksa osQ lkFk [ksyrk gwA

yksx fons'k tkrsgSaA yksx nksgkFkksals ueLdkj djrs gSaAyksx fdl ;ku lsfons'k tkrs gSa\ osnksvk[kksa lsns[krs gSaAosok;q;ku ls fons'k tkrsgSaA

v;kfidk lquhy] rqe fdl ;kulsLowQy vkrsgks\

lquhy eSacl lsLowQy vkrk gwAv;kfidk lanhi] rqe oSQlsvkrs gks\

lanhi eSMe] eSalquhy osQ lkFkvkrk gwA

v;kfidk vPNh ckr gS] Nk=k Nk=k osQ lkFk vkrk gSAlhek vkSj lehj iSny (nksiSjksals) vkrsgSaA

;g dEI;wVj gSA ckyd fozQosQV dk [ksy ns[k jgk gSAyM+dh dke dj jgh gSA og Vhoh ij [ksy ns[krk@ns[k jgk gSAog fdllsdke dj jgh gS\ og VsyhI+kQksu ij@lsckr djrk@dj jgk gSA

og dEI;wVj lsdke djrh@ og fdllsckr djrk@dj jgk gS\dj jgh gSA og fe=k ls ckr djrk@dj jgk gSA


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44 S- (-v)

mkjkf.k

'kh"kZd dk mPpkj.k djsaA foHkfDr&iz;ksx le>saAikB esadj.k dkjd&r`rh;k foHkfDr dk iz;ksx vk;k gS_ ;Fkkdyesu] gLrsu]iknkH;ke~vkfnA r`rh;k dk iz;ksx ls* (}kjk) osQ vFkZesa gksrk gSA (dyesu dye ls) ikB okpu osQ le; jaxhu inksa osQ :i ij fo'ks"k ;ku nsaA

ekSf[kde~

mPpkj.k dk vH;kl djsaA;ku nsa r`rh;k esaiqYyx o uiqaldyx 'kCnksaosQ :i ,dleku gSaA

ns[ksa dye (iqfYayx) o fe=k (uiqaldfYakx) 'kCn r`rh;k esaA

fyf[kre~

1- iz'uokpd 'kCn le> ysaAosQu fdlls] fdlosQ }kjk_ d% dkSu (iqfYayx) de~fdls]fdldks (iqfYayx) dFke~ fdl izdkjAmnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saosQu* osQ mkj esa dyesu* mfprfodYiA

mkj 1- jke%ck.ksujko.kaekj;frA osQu* osQ mkj esack.ksu*A2-ckyd%gLrsu dUnqde~ f{kifrA d%* osQ mkj esa ckyd%*A3- jke%jko.ke~ekj;frA^de~*osQ mkj esa^jko.ke~*A4- vge~cl;kusufo|ky;axPNkfeA dFke~* osQ mkj esa cl;kusu*A

(iz'u esa^Roe~*] vr% mkj esa^vge~*fozQ;kin ^xPNkfe* dkkZosQ vuqlkj)

5- ckyd%nwjHkk"ks.kokrkdjksfrA osQu* osQ mkj esaA

2- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA jaxhu in r`rh;k ,dopu esavk;k gS]dks"Bd osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj mls cgqopu esa cnyuk gSA vr%^Nk=ks.k*,dopu osQ LFkku ij ^Nk=kS%*cgqopu iz;ksx esavk;k gSA*

mkj 1- ck.kS% 2- fe=ks.k 3- dyekH;ke~ 4- gLrkH;ke~ 5- dUnqosQuA

* vdkjkUr 'kCn osQ r`rh;k foHkfDr osQ :i ;kn j[ksa_ ;FkkckyosQu] ckydkH;ke~

ckyoSQ%A;kn jgsr`rh;k foHkfDr ls vdkjkUr iqfYayx o uiqaldfya x 'kCnksa osQ :i ,dlekugksrs gSaA


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S- (-v) 45

3- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA dks"Bd esa n.M* 'kCn osQ rhu :i fn, x, gSaA

izLrqr okD; esa ^n.Msu* mfpr :iA D;kssasfd 'ks"k okD; dkvk'k; gS^o` pyrk gS*_ vr% ^n.Msu* (NM+h ls) mi;qDrgSA (n.M% =NM+h] n.Me~ =NM+h dks)A blh izdkj vU;okD;k sa dks ns[ks a] vk'k; le>dj mfpr foHkfDr okykin pqusaA*

mkj 1- gLrsu (gkFk ls)D;ksafd f;kin ^[kknfr* ([kkrk gS)A2- gLrkH;ke~(nksgkFkksals)D;ksafd f;kin ^ueke%* (ueLdkjdjrs gSaA)

3- us=kkH;ke~ (nks vk[kksals)D;ksafd f;kin i';ke%* (ns[krsgSa)A

4- ok;q;kusu (gokbZtgkk ls)D;ksafd f;kin xPNfr* osQ lkFkmfprA5- iknS% (iSjksals)D;ksafd okD; dk dkkZ^xt%* vr% cgqopuiz;ksx visf{kr (gkFkh pkj iSjksa lspyrk gSA)

4- etw"kk esa fn, 'kCnksadksisaAfjDr LFkku NksM+dj laokn dksi


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46 S- (-v)

esar`rh;k dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA izLrqr okD; esa dkj;ku* tkus dk lk/u gksus

osQ dkj.k okD; esa dkj;kusu* (dkj ls@}kjk) x;k gSA dFke~* (oSQls) vkSjoqQ=k (dgk) vO;; gSaA2- la oknoqQN mnkgj.k(d)rUe;% Roa oqQ=k xPNfl\

ih;w"k% vga x`ge~xPNkfeArUe;% Roa osQu lg xPNfl\ih;w"k% vga fe=ks.k lg xPNkfeArUe;% Roa dFkaxPNfl\ih;w"k% vgaiknkH;ke~xPNkfeA

([k) v.kZo% Roa oqQ=k xPNfl\uoqQy% vga fons'kaxPNkfeAv.kZo% Roa osQu lg xPNfl\

uoqQy% vga ifjokjs.k lg xPNkfeAv.kZo% Roa dFkaxPNfl\

uoqQy% vgaok;q;kusu xPNkfeA


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S- (-v) 47

10 l% iBuk; xPNfrfga nh vuqokn(og i


48/92

48 S- (-v)

og iwtu osQ fy, efUnj tkrh gSA

ijksidkj iq.; osQ fy, gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ijksidkj (nwljksadk Hkyk) djuslsiq.; gksrk gSAnhid izdk'k osQ fy, gksrk gSA vFkkZr~nhid lsizdk'k gksrk gSA

isM+iQyrsgSaAo{k iQy nsrs gSaAoslcosQ fy, iQy nsrsgSaAosnwljksa dk Hkyk djusosQ fy, iQyrsgSaAo{k :ih nsork dks iz.kkeAo`{k :ih nsorkvksadksiz.kkeA

mkjkf.k'kh"kZd ;ku ls isaA

ekSf[kde~

ikB esaprqFkhZfoHkfDr osQ inksadk iz;ksx vk;k gS_ tSlsiq=kk;] iBuk;]fu/Zuk; vkfnA prqFkhZ foHkfDr ^osQ fy,* osQ vFkZesa iz;qDr gksrh gS_ ;Fkk

Nk=kk; Nk=kkH;ke~ Nk=ksH;%(,d Nk=k osQ fy,) (nksNk=kksaosQ fy,)(vusd Nk=kksa osQ fy,)

vdkjkUr iq Yyx o vdkjkUr uiqaldyx 'kCnksaosQ :i (izFkek vkSjf}rh;k dksNksM+dj) fcYoqQy leku gksrs gSaA

uksV djsaprqFkhZfoHkfDr esa iQy* 'kCn (uiqaldfYakx) osQ :i ^Nk=k*'kCn (iqfYayx) dh Hkkfr gSA mPpkj.k djsaA

fyf[kre~

1- iz'uokpd 'kCnksaosQ vFkZle> ysaA budk iz;ksx ikB esavk;k gSAfdeFkZe~=fdlfy,_ dLeS (,dopu) = fdlosQ fy,_ osQH;%(cgqopu) =fduosQ fy, vFkok fdudks_ d% (,dopu) =dkSu*A

* ;ku jgs (ikB esa vk, iz'uokpd okD;ksa osQ lanHkZ esa ikB dk okpu&iquokZpuJs;Ldj gSA) lHkh iz'uksa osQ mkj ikB ij vk/kfjr gSaA dks"Bd ls mfpr fodYi

pqudj mkj fy[ksaA


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mkj 1- firkeg% Hkze.kk;m|kue~A (^fdeFkZe~* osQ mkj esa^Hkze.kk;*A)

2-iq=kk;nqX/e~;PNfrA (;ku jgsnk (;PN~) kkrqosQ ;ksx esa]ftls fn;k tkrk gS] mlesa prqFkhZ foHkfDr dk iz;ksx)3-tud% jkgqyk; dyea;PNfrA (^d%* osQ mkj esa^tud%*A)4-Nk=ksH;% ;PNfrA (osQH;%cgqopu] vr% mkj esa ^Nk=ksH;%*cgqopu)

5- o{kk%ijksidkjk;iQyfUrA (^fdeFkZe~* osQ mkj esa ijksidkjk;*A)

2- etw"kk esa fn, x, fozQ;kinksa dksisaA fjDr LFkkuNksM+dj okD;ksa dksi


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50 S- (-v)

([k) mnkgj.k ns[ksaA okD; dk vk'k; le>savkSj dks"Bd ls

mfpr foHkfDr okyk in pqudj izR;sd okD; iwjk djsaAlHkh okD; ikBk/kfjr gSaA1- iBuk; okD; dk vk'k;Nk=k i


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S- (-v) 51

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

1-fjDr LFkku iwfrZosQ mijkUr vH;kl iz'u (3) osQ okD;ksa dk okpu djsaAfjDr LFkku esavk, 'kCn:i o iz;ksx ij fo'ks"k ;ku nsaAvH;kl iz'u (4) esavk, okD;ksadk okpu djrs le; jaxhu in ij

fo'ks"k ;ku nsaA2-'kq foHkfDr iz;ksx fl[kkusgsrqv;kid@v;kfidk Nk=kksadksla'kks/u osQfy, v'kq okD; nsaA Nk=k v'kq okD; dks 'kq djosQ cksysa_ ;Fkk

v'kq 'kq 1- vga fe=ke~dyea ;PNkfeA vge~ fe=kk;dyea;PNkfeA2- HkDrk% onfUrnsoaue%A HkDrk% onfUr&nsok;ue%A

3- Hkze.ke~LokLF;e~HkofrA Hkze.ke~LokLF;k;HkofrA4- Nk=kk% v;kidk;uefUrA Nk=kk% v;kioaQuefUrA5- iz/kukpk;Z%Nk=kku~ikfjrksf"kdkfu iz/kukpk;Z%Nk=ksH;%ikfjrksf"kdkfu;PNfrA ;PNfr bR;kfnA


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52 S- (-v)

11 l% v;kidkr~iBfrfganh vuqokn(og v;kid lsi


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S- (-v) 53

mkjkf.k

'kh"kZd dk okpu djsaA foHkfDr&iz;ksx le>saA

ekSf[kde~

ipeh foHkfDr osQ 'kCn :iksadk mPpkj.k djsaA;ku nsalHkh vdkjkUr (iqfYayx] uiqaldfyax) 'kCnksaosQ :i leku gSa_

;Fkk^o{k* 'kCn (iqfYayx) vkSj ^{ks=k* 'kCn (uiqaldfya x)A

o{kkr~ o{kkH;ke~ o{ksH;%(,d isM+ls) (nksisM+ksals) (vusd isM+ksa ls)

fyf[kre~

1- mkj fy[kuslsiwoZikB dk okpu ;kuiwoZd dj ysaA iz'uokpd'kCnksaosQ vFkZtku ysaAlgh mkj osQ fy, ikB esa ns[ksaAoqQr% dgkls_ oqQ=k =dgk_ fde~(uiqaldfYakx) =D;k_ osQ(iqfYayx) =dkSu (cgqopu)A

mkj 1- i=kkf.k o`{kkr~A2- izkr%] dk;kZy;e~A3- xzkeh.kk%] tye~A4- o`Q"kdk% {ks=ksH;% vkxPNfUrA

5- liZ % fcykr~fuxZPNfrAmkj fy[kusosQ mijkUr okpu djsaA izR;sd in ij ;ku nsaA

2- mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>saizFke okD; fo|ky;e~(LowQy dks]to school)fo|ky; 'kCn

okD; esadeZ (object)gksusosQ dkj.k f}rh;kfoHkfDr esaA

f}rh; okD; fo|ky;kr~(LowQy ls] from school)vyxgksusosQ vFkZesa ipeh foHkfDr dk iz;ksxA

(tgk tk;k tkrk gSogk f}rh;k vkSj tgklsvk;k tkrk gS

ogkipeh dk iz;ksx gksxkA)bl izdkj dks"Bdnk 'kCn esamfpr foHkfDr dk iz;ksx djsaA


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54 S- (-v)

mkj 1- m|kue~] m|kukr~A 4- v;kioQe~ ] v;kidkr~A

2- vki.ke~] vki.kkr~A 5- {ks=ke~] {ks=kkr~A3- fons'ke~] fons'kkr~A

okD;ksa dk okpu djsa] vk'k; le>saA

3- fjDr LFkku NksM+dj okD; i


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mkj 1- okujk% o{ksH;% vorjfUrA

2- "kdk% xzkekr~ uxjaxPNfUrA3- iq Lrdkfu gLrkr~ irfUrA4- vge~ vki.kkH;ke~iQykfu vku;kfeA5- ckydk% hMk{ks=kkr~vkxPNfUrA

5- mnkgj.k ns[ksaewy 'kCn fons'k osQ viknku dkjdipehfoHkfDr osQ :i rhuksa opuksaesa vk, gSaA blh izdkj vU; ewy'kCnksadksigpku dj muosQ :i fjDr LFkkuksaesaHkjsaA

mkjuxjkr~ uxjkH;ke~ uxjsH;%x`g x`gkr~ x`gsH;%m|ku m|kukr~ m|kusH;%v;kidkr~ v;kidkH;ke~ v;kiosQH;%

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~vH;klkFkZ oqQN mnkgj.k1- firkegh nsoky;axPNfrA v/q uk lknsoky;kr~vkxPNfrA2- Nk=kk% iqLrdky;axPNfUrA v/q uk rsiqLrdky;kr~vkxPNfUrA3- tud% fons'kaxPNfrA v| l%fons'kkr~vkxPNfrA4- "kd% izkr% {ks=ke~xPNfrA lk;a l% {ks=kke~vkxPNfrA

v;kid@v;kfidk ckbvksj fn, okD; (vFkok vU; ,sls okD;) ,d&,ddjosQ cksysa_ rRi'pkr~ Nk=k vxyk okD; (tSlsnkbvksj fn;k x;k) cksysaAbl izdkj viknku dkjd&ipeh foHkfDr osQ iz;ksx dk vH;kl djsaA lEiw.kZokD; cksyusesa;fn fdlh Nk=k dks dfBukbZgks rks] f'k{kd mUgsa okD;iwfrZdkvolj nsa_ ;Fkk&^v/quk lk-----------*A bllsNk=k foHkfDr&iz;ksx Hkh ;kn j[k

losaQxs vkSj f;kin ^xPNfr* o ^vkxPNfr* esa vUrj HkhA


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56 S- (-v)

12 jkgqyL; fo|ky;%fganh vuqokn(jkgqy dk LowQy);g jkgqy dk LowQy gSA v;kfidkjkek;.k osQ ys[kd dkSu gSa\LowQy dh fcfYaMx cM+h gSA cPpsjkek;.k osQ ys[kd laLo`Qrjkgqy dh v;kfidk Nk=kksals lkfgR; osQ vkfndfo okYehfd gSaAiwNrh gSAv;kfidk jke fdlosQ iq=k Fks\

cPps jke n'kjFk osQ iq=k FksA

v;kfidk vkSj jke osQ NksVsHkkbZy{e.k FksAcPps bl izdkj jke y{e.k osQ cM+s HkkbZvkSj n'kjFk jke vkSj

y{e.k nksuksa osQ firk gq,AlaLo`Qr&lkfgR; osQ izfl dfo dkSu gSa\dkfynkl laLo`Qr&lkfgR; osQ izfl dfo gSaAvkSj egkHkkjr osQ jpf;rk f"k osnO;kl gaSA

v;kfidk og gal gSA gal lI+ksQn gSA cxqyk Hkh lI+ksQn gSAgalksavkSj cxqyksadk jax lI+ksQn gSA

cPps dkSvk dkyk] dks;y Hkh dkyh gksrh gSA

dkS, (dk) vkSj dks;y dk ja x dkyk gksrk gSAdkS, vkSj dks;y nksuksadk jax dkyk gSA

v;kfidk Nk=kks! og D;k gS\cPps og dey gSAv;kfidk dey yky gk srk gSA

cPps dey dk jax yky gSAv;kfidk ikksa dk jax D;k gS\

cPps ikksa dk jax gjk gSA iks gjs gSaA

mkjkf.k

'kh"kZd dk mPpkj.k djsaA foHkfDr&iz;ksx le>saA


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ekSf[kde~

"k"Bh foHkfDr esa'kCn :i dk mPpkj.k djsaA ,d&nksckj osQ okpu osQmijkUr :i d.BLFk gks tk,xsA

fyf[kre~

1- mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>saA ;g ikBk/kfjr vH;kl gSaA vr% ikBdk okpu HkyhHkkfr dj ysaA rRi'pkr~ dks"Bd ls mfprfodYi pqudj mkj iwjs djsaA

mkj 1- vxzt% (cM+k HkkbZ) 2- dkfynkl% 3- jkek;.kL; 4- ".k% (dkyk) 5- cdL; (cxqysdk)A

2- lEcU/dkjd"k"Bh foHkfDr osQ 'kCn :i dh vko`fk dj ysaAmnkgj.k ns[ksai=kL; (,dopu) dk cgqopu esa^i=kk.kke~*A;ku nsaokD; osQ vU; inksa esadksbZ:ikUrj ughavk;kA*blh

izdkj vU; okD; funsZ'kkuqlkj ifjorZu djosQ iqu% fy[ksaAmkj 1- cdkukao.kZ% 'osr%A 4- o`{k;ks% iQykfu e/qjkf.kA

2- ckyd;ks% ekrk vkxPNfrA 5- deykukao.kZ% jDr%A3- fo|ky;L; Nk=kk% xPNfUrA

3- mnkgj.k ns[ksaokD; dk vk'k; gSJhen~Hkxon~xhrkegkHkkjr dk

va'k gSA dk* osQ vFkZ esa egkHkkjrL;*'kCn :i mfpr fodYi gSAblh izdkj vU; okD;ksa esadks"Bd ls mfpr foHkfDr okyk inpqudj okD; iwjsdjsaA

mkj 1- dkSjok.kke~(dkSjoksadk) okD; esa^firk* ls lEcU/A2- lw;ZL; (lwjt dh) okD; esa vkri%* (/wi) lslEcUkA3- o{kL; (isM+ dh) okD; esa ^Nk;k* lslEcU/A4- x`gL; (?kj dh) okD; esa^'kksHkk* lslEcU/A5- i=kk.kke~(ikksa dk) okD; esa^o.kZ%* (jax) lslEcU/A

* ;g ;kn j[kuk fgrdj gksxk fd osQoy dkkZin cnyusij f;kin esa:ikUrj vkrkgSA vU; inksaesaopu ifjorZu gksus ij f;kin vFkok okD; osQ fdlh vU; in esadksbZ:ikUrj ughavkrkA


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58 S- (-v)

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksa

mkjewy 'kCn ckyd ckydL; ckyd;ks% ckydkuke~ 'kCn :i "k"Bh (,d ckyd dk) (nks ckydksadk)(vusd ckydksa dk)foHkfDr&lEcU/

dkjd

blh izdkj vU; 'kCnksaosQ :i fy[ksa

o`{k;ks% o`{kk.kke~

i=kL; i=k;ks%

Nk=kL; Nk=k;ks% Nk=kk.kke~

iq=kL; iq =k;ks% iq=kk.kke~;ku nsa^ckydkuke~* esatgk^u* vk;k gSogkij vk, vU; inksaesa^.k* gSA

dkj.kbu lc inksaesa j~* (=k r~ $ j) gSA vr% cdkuke~* fdUrq dkSjok.kke~*('kCn esa j* vkus osQ dkj.k)A o{kk.kke~* esa .k* 'kCn esavk, "k* osQ dkj.k

gSA*(o~Q $ "k {k)

5- etw"kk esafn, x, 'kCnksadks isaA fp=k esans[ksa fddkSu D;k dj jgk gSA ckbvksj fn, x, okD;kssadks fjDr LFkkuNksM+dj i


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S- (-v) 59

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

1-laLr esalclsigysvkfndfo okYehfd dk uke vkrk gSA egkHkkjrosQ jpukdkj osnO;kl Hkh egku dfo FksA buosQ vfrfjDr laLrlkfgR; esa Hkkl] dkfynkl] v'o?kks"k] ck.kHkV] ek?k] HkoHkwfr vkSj Hkkjfoegku dfo ekus tkrs gSaA jktk Hkr`Zgfj viusrhu 'kroQksaosQ fy, izflgSaA laLr lkfgR; osQ dfo;ksaesamudk uke vknj lsfy;k tkrk gSA vktHkh vusd fo}ku laLr esajpuk dj jgsgSaA buesaMkW lR;ozr 'kkL=kh] MkWvkse~ izdk'k BkoqQj] MkW ".k yky] MkW jekdkUr 'kqDy osQ uke

mYys[kuh; gSaA2-egkdfo dkfynkl osQ fo"k; esa,d foaQonUrh gSfd fookg lsigys

og cgqr ew[kZFksA oqQN if.Mrksaus Ny ls mudk fookg fo|kskek ukedh ,d fonq"kh lsdjok fn;k FkkA fookg osQ ckn tc lPpkbZ dk irkpyk rksmudh iRuh us mUgsa?kj lsfudky fn;kA mUgksaus iz.k fd;k fd osfo}ku cudj jgsaxsA dgrsgSa fd dkyh nsoh dh mikluk ls os cgqrfo}ku cu x,A blhfy, mudk uke ^dkfynkl* gksx;kA tc os?kjykSVs rksiRuh usiwNk^vfLr df'pn~ okfXo'ks"k%* vFkkZr~ok.kh esaoqQNlq/kj vk;kA dgrs gSafd egkdfo usmuosQ iz'u osQ ,d&,d 'kCn ls,d&,d xzUFk dh jpuk dhAegkdfo dkfynkl osQ fy[kslkr xzUFk gSa

rhu ukVd ekyfodkfXufe=ke~] foeksoZ'kh;e~] vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~nks egkdkO; j?kqoa'ke~] oqQekjlEHkoe~nks [k.MdkO; rqlagkje~] es?knwre~bu lc fr;ksa esavfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~uke dk ukVd lqfo[;kr gSA blegkdfo dh rqyuk 'ksDlih;j ls dh tkrh gSAekuk tkrk gSfd budk tUe mTtSu esa gqvk FkkA vkt Hkh ogk dkfynklt;Urh euk;h tkrh gSAbfrgkldkjksa dk ekuuk gSfd ;g] jktk foekfnR; dh lHkk esa] muosQuojRuksaesals ,d FksA


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60 S- (-v)

ikB% 9&12 iqujko`fk%

fiNysikBksa esageusr`rh;k] prqFkhZ] ipeh rFkk "k"Bh foHkfDr osQ :i lh[ksvkSj mudk okD; iz;ksx le>kA izLrqr vH;kl esamldh vko`fk gSA vr% bu

ikBksa dk iquokZpu djuslsykHk gksxkA

1- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA dks"Bd esa ok;q;ku* ewy 'kCn osQ rhu :i fn,x, gSaA okD; esabuesalsdkSu&lk mfpr gksxk blosQ fy, okD;dk vk'k; le>uk gksxk^yksx fons'k tkrs gSa* bl lanHkZesa^ok;q;kusu* (ok;q;ku }kjk) mfpr fodYi gSA vH;klkFkZfn,

x, izR;sd okD; dks ;kuiwoZd i


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3- etw"kk esa fn, x, fozQ;kin isaA mlosQ ckn izR;sd

okD; i


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62 S- (-v)

5- dj.kdkjd (r`rh;k foHkfDr)] lEiznku dkjdprqFkhZfoHkfDr]

viknku dkjdipeh foHkfDr] lEcU/ dkjd"k"Bh foHkfDrosQ rhuksaopuksaosQ 'kCn :i dh vko`fk dj ysa_ ;Fkk^ckyd*'kCn

foHkfDr ,dopu f}opu cgqopur`rh;k(ls@}kjk osQ vFkZesa) ckyosQu ckydkH;ke~ ckyoSQ%

prqFkhZ(osQ fy, osQ vFkZesa) ckydk; ckydkH;ke~ ckyosQH;%

ipeh

(lsvyx gksusosQ vFkZesa) ckydkr~ ckydkH;ke~ ckyosQH;%"k"Bh(dk@osQ@dh@osQ vFkZesa) ckydL; ckyd;ks% ckydkuke~

mnkgj.k ns[ksa^o{ksH;%*cgqopu o{kkr~,dopu (okD; osQ vU;inksaesadksbZifjorZu ugha)funsZ'kkuqlkj opu ifjorZu djosQ okD; iqu% fy[ksaA

mkj 1- ckyd%ckyoSQ%lg hMfrA2- jk"Vifr%lSfuosQH;%iqjLdkja;PNfrA3- iz/kukpk;Z%Nk=kk;ikfjrksf"koa Q ;PNfrA

4-i=kk.kkao.kZ% gfjr%A5- "kdk% {ks=ksH;%vkxPNfUrA6- okujk%o{kkH;ke~vorjfUrA

mi;qZDr lHkh okD;ksadk okpu djsaA


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l% fo|ky;siBfrfganh vuqokn(og LowQy esai


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64 S- (-v)

Nk=k lko/kuh lslqursgSaA [ksy esa mudh #fp gSA

f'k{kd ij Nk=kksa dk lEiw.kZ fo'okl gSAvkSj Nk=kksa ij f'k{kdksadk Lusg gksrk gSA

mkjkf.k'kh"kZd dk okpu djsaA foHkfDr&iz;ksx ;kn j[ksaA

ekSf[kde~

'kCn :i dk mPpkj.k djsaAlIreh foHkfDr ^esa*] ^ij* osQ vFkZesayxrh gS_ ;Fkk

uxjs uxj;ks% uxjs"kq(,d uxj esa) (nks uxj esa ) (vusd uxjksaesa)

lHkh vdkjkUr 'kCnksa(iqfYayx rFkk uiqaldfYakx) osQ :i lIreh foHkfDr esablhizdkj gksrs gSaA

fyf[kre~

1- ikB dk iquokZpu dj ysaA iz'uokpd 'kCn le> ysaA (;sikB esavk pqosQ gSa)

oqQ=k dgk_ dnk dc_ osQ"kq(cgqopu) fdu ij _ dfLeu~(,dopu) fdl ijA

dks"Bd esafn, fodYi ns[ksavkSj ikB osQ vk/kj ij mfpr fodYi

pqudj iz'u dk mkj nsaAmkj 1- jkgqy%Nk=kkoklsolfrA

2- o"kkZtye~ckys"kqirfrA3- Nk=kk%hMkdkyshMfUrA4- ,rsNk=kk%ikndUnqd&[ksysfuiq.kk%A5- es?kk% vkdk'ksxtZfUrA6- Nk=kk.kkafo'okl%f'k{kosQvfLrA

iz'u o mkjnksuksadk okpu lgt jhfr ls djsaA dks"Bd esafn, x,fodYiksadk mPpkj.k djsaA

;ku nsaizR;sd dks"Bd esa rhuksafodYi opu o foHkfDr dh n`f"Vlsle:i gSaA


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2- mnkgj.k ns[ksa] le>sadks"Bdnk ^fo|ky;* 'kCn izFke okD; esa

deZ] vr% f}rh;k iz;ksxfo|ky;e~A nwljsokD; esafozQ;k dk LFkku(vf/dj.klocation) vr% lIreh iz;ksx^fo|ky;s* (LowQy esa)Amkj 1- m|kue~] m|kusA 2- ozQhMk{ks=ke~] hMk{ks=ksA

3- f'k{kde~] f'k{kosQA 4- iq"ie~] iq"isA5- 'k;ud{ke~] 'k;ud{ksA

okD;iwfRkZosQ mijkUr okpu djsaA foHkfDr&iz;ksx ij ;ku nsaA

3- mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>saLFkku fozQ;k dk dkkZ f;kU;k;ky;s U;k;k/h'k% U;k;adjksfr mnkgj.k

mkj 1- tud% foJkea djksfr

2- v;kidk% Nk=kku~ ikB;fUr (Nk=kksadksi


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mkj x`gs x`g;ks% x`gs"kq

o{ks o{k;ks% o{ks"kq uhMs uhM;ks% uhMs"kq

[ksys [ksy;ks% [ksys"kq

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- ikBk/kfjr oqQN iz'u rFkk mkj1- jkgqy% oqQ=k iBfr\ jkgqy%fnYyhuxjsiBfrA2- l% oqQ=k olfr\ l%Nk=kkoklsolfrA3- Nk=kk% oqQ=k hMfUr\ Nk=kk%hMk.kshMfUrA

4- rsdnk hMfUr\ rshMk&dkyshMfUrA2- oq QN vU; laHkkfor iz'u1- tud% oqQ=k foJkeadjksfr\ tud%'k;ud{ksfoJkeadjksfrA2- U;k;k/h'k% oqQ=k U;k;a djksfr\ U;k;k/h'k%U;k;ky;sU;k;adjksfrA3- ckydk% oqQ=k iBfUr\ ckydk%fo|ky;s@fo|ky;s"kqiBfUrA4- tuk% oqQ=k HkzefUr\ tuk%m|kus@m|kus"kqHkzefUrA

3- opu ifjorZu }kjk 'kCn:i osQ iz;ksx dk vH;kl1- ,rs Nk=kk%[ksysfuiq.kk%A (,o),rsNk=kk%[ksys"kqfuiq.kk%A (co)

2- [kxk%uhMsolfUrA (,o)[kxk%uhMs"kqolfUrA (co)3-o`{ksiQykfu lfUrA (,o)o`{k;ks%iQykfu lfUrA (f}o)

4-ljksojs"kqtye~vfLrA (co)ljksojstye~ vfLrA (,o)


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ee ladYi%fga nh vuqokn(esjk ladYi)

;fn lq[k dh bPNk gksrks fo|k dk R;kx dj nsaA ;fn fo|k ikusdh bPNk gksrkslq[k dk R;kx dj nsuk pkfg,A lq[k dh dkeuk djusokys(lq[kkFkhZ) osQ fy,fo|k dgkls vkSj fo|k&ykHk dh dkeuk djusokys(fo|kFkhZ) dkslq[k dgklsfey ldrk gSA vFkkZr~lq[k vkSj fo|knksuksalkFk&lkFk ughapy ldrsA

Hkkofo|k dh izkfIr osQoy dBksj ifjJe }kjk lEHko gSA vr% fo|kFkhZlq[k vkSj vkjke dh vis{kk dnkfi u j[ksA dfVc gksdj vius y{; dksikus

osQ fy, lrr iz;kl djrk jgsAjkgqy ;g 'yksd i


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mkj 1- --------[ksfy";fl (dkkZRoe~)

2---------

ysf[k";ke% (dkkZo;e~)3- --------/kfo";fr (dkkZ&l%)4- --------xfe";Fk (dkkZ&;w;e~)5- --------Hkfo";r% (dkkZ&rkS)A

mkj 4- (d) ckbvksj /krqrFkk nkbvksj /krqosQ DRok* izR;;kUr infn, x, gSaA ijLij esy djrs le; ^DRok* izR;;kUr inosQ vFkZ dh vksj Hkh ;ku nsaA2- ozQhM~ ozQhfMRok ([ksydjhaving played/after

playing)3- xe~ xRok (tkdjhaving gone)

4- o`Q o`QRok (oQjosQhaving done)5- [kkn~ [kkfnRok ([kkdjhaving eating/after

eating)([k) vuqPNsn esajkgqy dh fnup;kZ nh xbZ gSA tks f;k djosQ

og nwljh f;k djrk gSog LFkku fjDr gS_ dks"Bdnk/krq osQ vuqlkj ^d* [k.M ls ^DRok* izR;;kUr in

pqudj okD; iwjsdjsaAmnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>sa^xe~* /krqls^xRok* in dkiz;ksx vk;k gSA blh izdkj ^DRok* izR;;kUr HkjsaifBRok_

[kkfnRok_ Rok_ hfMRokAfjDr LFkku iwfrZosQ mijkUr vuqPNsn dk okpu djsa vkSj^DRok* izR;;kUr inksa dk iz;ksx le>saA

mkj 5- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA dks"Bd ls'kq fodYi pqudj okD; iwjsdjsaAorZuh] /krq:i] dkkZ&f;kleUo; vkfn osQ 'kq iz;ksx ijfo'ks"k ;ku nsaA dkj.kbl izdkj dh =kqfV;kcgq/k gkstk;kdjrh gSa_ ;Fkkmnkgj.k okD; esaorZuh dh =kqfVNksVh b* osQLFkku ij cM+h ^bZ* vkSj cM+h ^bZ* osQ LFkku ij NksVh ^b* dhek=kkA1- ifB";fl (dkkZRoe~ gksus osQ dkj.k)

2- xfe";fr (;ku jgsifjorZu'khy /krqvksaesa y`V~ ydkj esa/krqosQ ewy :i dk iz;ksx gksrk gS;gk/krq^xe~* gSA)


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S- (-v) 71

lwDr;%fganh vuqokn(lwfDr;kvPNh ckrsa)

1-gkFk dk lPpk vkHkw"k.k nku gSvkSj d.B dk vkHkw"k.k lR; gSA dku dkokLrfod vkHkw"k.k 'kkL=k&opu gS] rks fiQj vU; vkHkw"k.kksa dh D;kvko';drk gSAvFkkZr~fu/Zu dks/u] oL=k] vUu vkfn nku djuslsgkFk 'kksHkk ikrs gSa]

ghjksa osQ oaQxu igu ysus lsughaA mlh izdkj lR; opu }kjk d.B dklPpk lkSUn;Z fu[kjrk gS] lqo.kZ&gkj igu ysusls rks osQoy ck lkSUn;Zesa o`f gksrh gSA fofo/ 'kkL=kksa dkslqudj] Kku c


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72 S- (-v)

esaosQoy HkkX; ij fuHkZj jguslsdk;Zflf ughagks ldrh_ dk;Zdh

liQyrk osQ fy, m|e Hkh vko';d gSAHkkoeuq"; dh liQyrk ifjJe o HkkX;nksuksaij fuHkZj gSA vr% osQoyHkkX; ij vkfJr u jgdj ;Fkk'kfDr ifjJe djuk pkfg,A

4-iQynkj isM+(iQyksaosQ cks> ls) >qd tkrsgSa] xq.koku yksx Hkh >qdrs gSavFkkZr~fouezgksrsgSa] fdUrqew[kZO;fDr vkSj lw[ksgq, isM+dHkh ugha>qdrsAvFkkZr~ xq.khtu iQynkj isM+ksa dh Hkkfr gksrsgSaA ftl izdkj iQy vkusijisM+>qd tkrk gS] mlh izdkj ln~xq.k gksusij O;fDr fou;'khy cu tkrkgS] fdUrq ew[kZyksx lw[ks iQyghu o{k dh rjg gksrs gSa] os vgadkj esa jgrsgSa] vdM+fn[kkrs gSa] >qdrsughaAHkkoxq.koku O;fDr LoHkko lsfouezgksrk gSA fou;'khyrk gh mldh igpkugSA vgadkj ew[kZrk dk y{k.k gSA

5-efD[k;k ?kko (ij cSBuk) ilUn djrh gSa] jktk yksx /u (,df=krdjuk) pkgrsgSa] uhp izo`Qfr osQ yksx >xM+k ilUn djrsgSa] fdUrqlTtu'kkfUr pkgrsgSaAvFkkZr~ efD[k;k LoHkkor% xUnxh ij cSBrh gSa] jktk yksxksadks iz'kklu osQdk;ksosQ fy, dj osQ :i esa/u ,df=kr djusesajQfp jgrh gSA eu esauhp fopkj j[kus okysyksx dyg djusvFkok djokus esa jQfp j[krsgSaa]

fdUrqvPNsyksx ;gh pkgrs gSa fd loZ=k 'kkfUr cuh jgsAHkkolTtu vkSj nqtZu osQ LoHkko esavUrj gksrk gSA nqtZu dksdkefcxkM+uk vPNk yxrk gS] fdUrqlTtu dks'kkfUr vkSj O;oLFkk cuk,j[kuk vPNk yxrk gSA

6-ozQks/ u oQjosQ] ozQks/ dksthr ysuk pkfg,] lTturk }kjk nqtZu dksthrukpkfg,] oaQtwlh dh izo`fk dks nku'khyrk }kjk thr ysuk pkfg, vkSj lR;}kjk vlR; ij fot; izkIr djuk pkfg,AvFkkZr~ ozQksf/r O;fDr dks'kkUr djus dk ,dek=k mik; gS fd mlosQ lkFkozQks/iwoZd O;ogkj u fd;k tk,A nq"V O;fDr osQ oqQO;ogkj esa ifjorZuykuk gksrksmlosQ lkFk ln~O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A oaQtwl osQ lkFk mnkj o


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S- (-v) 73

nku'khy vkpj.k gh mlosQ LoHkko esa lq/kj yk ldrk gSA >wB o diV ij

fot; izkIr djuk gks rkseuq"; lR; dk lgkjk ysA udkjkRed o`fk;ksadksfeVkusosQ fy, ldkjkRed izo`fk;ksa dk vkJ; ysuk pkfg,AHkkonqxqZ.k o nqjkpkj dks feVkuk gksrksekuo ln~xq.k vkSj lnkpkj dksviuk,A nwljksa osQ uhp LoHkko esa ifjorZu ykuk gks rks mlosQ lkFk

mnkjrkiw.kZO;ogkj djsA

mkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~

lkekU; cks/ osQ fy, mPpkj.k djsaA ;slHkh 'kCn ikB esavk, gSaAfyf[kre~

1- ikB osQ vk/kj ij mfpr fodYi pqusaA izR;sd lwfDr dksnksgjk,Amkj 1- m|esu 2- 'kkfUre~ 3- o{kk% 4- Jks=kL;A

mkj 2- 1- ozQks/e~] lk/quk] nkusu] lR;suA

2- m|esu] dk;kZf.k] euksjFkS%] lqIrL;] izfo'kfUrA

3- ikB osQ vk/kj ij mfpr fodYi pqudj mkj nsaA iz'uokpd

'kCnksa osQ vFkZle> ysaAoQhn`'kk% =oSQls_ dhn`'kL;=oSQlsdk_ dL;=fdldk_ fde~=D;k_osQu=foQlosQ }kjkA

mkj 1-lqIrL; (lks, gq, osQ) 4-lR;su (lR; }kjk)2-dyge~(>xM+k) 5-iq#"kdkjs.k(ifjJe fcuk)3-jFkL; (jFk dh)

4- ckb vksj fn, x, LraHk esaikB esaiz;qDr 'kCn gSaA nkb vksj muosQlekukFkZd laLo`Qr 'kCn fn, x, gSaA mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj ijLijlgh feyku djsa1- ikfFkZok% u`ik%A

mkj 2- lk/o% lTtuk%3- ew [kkZ% ew


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74 S- (-v)

4- m|esu ifjJes.k

5- Jks=kL; d.kZ L;5- ckbvksj ikB esa vk, oqQN 'yksdksaosQ va'k gSaaA nkb vksj izR;sd

va'k dk Hkko laLo`Qr esafn;k x;k gSA igys 'yksdka'k isavkSj lgh feyku djsaA

mnkgj.k1- uefUr xqf.ku% tuk%A xqf.ktuk% fouezk% lfUrA

(xq.koku~yksx >qd tkrsgSaA) (xqf.ktu fouezgksrsgSaA)

mkj 2- m|esu fg fl;fUr dk;kZf.kA ifjJes.k dk;Zflf% HkofrA

(m|e lsdk;Ziwjs gksrs gSaA) (ifjJe lsdk;Zflf gksrh gSA)

3- 'kkfUrfePNfUr lk/o%A lTtuk% dygau bPNfUrA(lTtu 'kkfUr pkgrs gSasA) (lTtu >xM+k ugha pkgrsA)

4- Hkw "k.kS% fde~iz;kstue~\ ln~ xq.kk% ,o ujL; vkHkw"k.kkfuA

(vkHkw"k.kksadh D;k (ln~ xq.k gh euq"; osQ lPps

vko';drk gS\) vkHkw "k.k gSaA)

mkj 6- izFkek (cgqopu) r`rh;k (,dopu) "k"Bh (,dopu)

1- tuk% pozsQ.k d.BL;

2- uhpk% lR;su lqIrL;

3- ikfFkZok% nkusu flagL;4- ef{kdk% iq jQ"kdkjs.k Jks=kL;

5- o`{kk% m|esu jFkL;

izR;sd LrEHk esa vk, 'kCnksa dh le:irk dh vksj ;ku nsa_

;FkkizFkek cgqopu esa izR;sd in osQ vUr esa^vk%*] r`rh;k

,dopu esa] vUr esa^,u* rFkk "k"Bh ,dopu esaizR;sd osQ

vUr esa ^L;* yxk gSA

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

'yksdksPpkj.k djrs le; mPpkj.k ij fo'ks"k ;ku nsaA izR;sd in dk mPpkj.k


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Li"V gksvkSj 'kq HkhA gyUr rFkk vdkjkUr in esa vUrj le>sa_ ;Fkk

^nSoe~*] ^ks/e~*] ^Hkw"k.ke~*] Hkosr~*] t;sr~* vkfn gyUr 'kCn gS vFkkZr~'kCn osQ vUr esa O;tu (gy~) vk;k gSA fdUrq^,osQu*] ^pozsQ.k*] dnkpu*vkfn vdkjkUr 'kCn gSaA buosQ vUr esa v* gS_ bl v* dk mPpkj.k Li"V gksuk

pkfg,AfgUnh Hkk"kk esatc ^ckyd* 'kCn dk mPpkj.k fd;k tkrk gSrksog

^ckyo~Q* dh Hkkfr gksrk gSvFkkZr~ vUR; v{kj ^v* dk mPpkj.k ugha gksrkAfoQUrq laLr esa in osQ izR;sd v{kj dk mPpkj.k Li"V fd;k tkrk gSA blhizdkj folxZosQ mPpkj.k dh vksj Hkh ;ku nsaA


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76 S- (-v)

ikBk% 13&15 iqujko`fk%

mkj 1- (d) 1- m|esu] 2- es?kk%] 3- uhpk%] 4- uxjs] 5- lR;e~A

([k) 1- xfe";kfe (tkxk)okD; esa ^'o%* (vkus okyk dy)gksusosQ dkj.k f;kin yV~ydkjHkfo";r~ dky esaA

2- 'kfuokljs ('kfuokj dks] on saturday)dkyokpd'kCn&vf/dj.k dkjd] lIreh foHkfDr esaA (fga nh Hkk"kkesaiz;qDr ^'kfuokj dks* esaijlxZ^dks* lsHkzfer u gksaA^dks* ijlxZyx tkuslsgh dksbZ'kCn] okD; esadeZin

ughacu tkrkA)3- xRok (tkdj)^DRok* izR;; yxusij ^xe~* osQ vfUre

v{kj ^e~* dk yksi gkstkrk gSA

4- ysf[k";ke%fy[k~/krq% y`V~ydkj esa ^ys[k~*A

5- dfj";Fk^;w;e~* dkkZin osQ lkFk f;kin esafolxZ ughavkrk (^;qoke~* dkkZin osQ lkFk vkrk gS_ ;Fkk^;qoke~

dfj";Fk%*)A2- Lej.k jgsorZeku dky osQ fy, yV~ydkj rFkk Hkfo";r~dky osQ

fy, y`V~ydkj dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA vr% izLrqr okD;ksaesa^v|*(vkt) osQ ;ksx esa yV~ dk f;kin vkSj 'o% (vkusokykdy&tomorrow) osQ ;ksx esay`V~osQ f;kin dk iz;ksx mfpr gSA

mkj (d) 1- vfLr (v| osQ lkFk yV~ iz;ksx)2- iBkfe (v| osQ lkFk yV~ iz;ksx)3- Hkfo";fr ('o% osQ lkFk y`V~iz;ksx)4- ifB";kfe ('o% osQ lkFk y`V~ iz;ksx)

([k) etw"kk osQ 'kCnksa dks ns[ksa] vFkZ le>saA fjDr LFkkuNksM+dj okD; i


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S- (-v) 77

2- 'o% fozQ;kin ^xfe";fr (tk,xk) y`V~esaA

3- ficfr okD; esa v| (vkt) dk iz;ksx] vr% fozQ;kin yV~(orZeku) esaA4- ikL;fr okD; esa 'o% (vkus okyk dy) gksus osQ dkj.k y`V~

ydkj (Hkfo";r~dky dk iz;ksx)A(x) etw"kk osQ 'kCnksadksisaA fjDr LFkku NksM+dj

okD; i


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78 S- (-v)

mkj 4- foykse in

(d)lR;e~ vure~] v| 'o%] ns'k% fons'k%Adn;Ze~ nkue~] lk/q % vlk/q%] vkyL;e~ m|e%] ifjJe%A

([k)iB~ ifBRok_ fy[k~ fyf[kRok_ [ksy~ [ksfyRok_[kkn~ [kkfnRok_ n`'k~ n`"V~ok_ xe~ xRokA

ijLij esy djrs le; mPpkj.k djsaA ;g Hkh ;ku jgsfd ckbvksj osQ LrEHk esanh xbZ/krq,gSavkSj nkbvksj osQ LrEHk esafn,

x,'kCngSa] tksmu /krqvksaesa ^DRok* izR;; yxk dj cusgSaA(DRok izR;; ^djosQ* osQ vFkZesaiz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS_

;FkkNk=k% iz'uaifBRokmkjafy[kfr Nk=k iz'ui


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S- (-v) 79

,d% ifjokj%fganh vuqokn(,d ifjokj)

;g ,d ?kj gSA D;k ifjokj esapkj lnL; gSa;gk,d ifjokj jgrk gSA ekrk] firk] iq =k vkSj dU;k\ifjokj esa nkscPPksgSa'ks[kj ugha] bl ifjokj esa ikp lnL; gSaAvkSj ';kekA

?kj esa rhu lksusosQ dejs gSaA nknh Hkh ifjokj osQ lkFk bl ?kj esajgrh gSaA'ks[kj vkSj ';kek ij mldk cgqr Lusg gS

vFkkZr~og 'ks[kj vkSj ';kek dks cgqr I;kjdjrh gSaA

?kj dk ,d oqQkk }kj ij cSBdj ?kj dh j{kk djrk gSAbl izdkj ?kj esa N% izk.kh gSaAnknh 'ks[kj vkSj ';kek dks dgrh gSaf"k lkr gksrs gSaAvkt ;g ifjokj x`g&izos'k osQ fy, uoxzg&iwtk dj jgk gSA

nknh xzg ukSgksrsgSa,slk 'kkL=kksa dk dguk gSA'ks[kj ukSvkSj ,d nl gksrsgSaA';kek jko.k osQ eq[k Hkh nl gSaAnknh blhfy, jko.k dk nwljk uke ^n'kkuu* (nl eq[k okyk) gSA

';kek rqEgkjh fdruh m xfy;kgSa\'ks[kj esjh nl mxfy;kgSaA';kek vkB mxfy;k vkSj nksvxwBsAnknh 'ks[kj vkSj ';kek lsdgrh gSaf"k lkr gSaA'ks[kj vkB vkSj vkB lksyg gksrsgSaA';kek nl vkSj nl chlA(ek iwtu osQ fy, iQy vkSj yM~Mwykrh gSaA)

'ks[kj ;gkckjg osQysvkSj vBkjg yM~Mw gSaA';kek ve:n vkSj larjsfdrus gSa\'ks[kj N% larjsvkSj X;kjg ve:n gSaA

nknh vc iwtk dk le; gSA ckrsaer djksApqipki cSBksA

16


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80 S- (-v)

mkjkf.k

'kh"kZd dk okpu djsaA la[;kokph 'kCn dk iz;ksx le>saA

ekSf[kde~

,d lschl rd dh la[;k dk laLr esa mPpkj.k djsaA

fyf[kre~

1- ikB dk okpu ;kuiwoZd dj ysaA iz'u i ysaAdL; (fdldk) iqfYayx] ,dopu] dfr ( fdrus)*] d% (dkSu)iqfYayx ,dopu dk (dkSu) L=khfYakx] ,dopu_ de~ (fdldks)iqfYayx ,dopuAmnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA

mkj 1- dfr 2- de~ 3- dL; 4- dkA

mkj 3-(d) mnkgj.k ns[ksa^oqQDoqQj%* dk feyku ^x`g&j{kk* lsgqvk gS]D;ksafd ikB esamYys[k gSoqQDoqQj% x`ge~j{kfrAiwtue~iQykfuA (ikB esaokD;vEck iwtuk; iQykfu vku;frAiwtu lsiQyksadk lEcU/ gSA)ifjokj%lnL;k%A (ifjokj lslnL; dk lEcU/ gksrk gS]ikB esa ifjokjs ip lnL;k% ------------)gLrv~ xqy;%A (gkFk vkSj vaxqyh dk lEcU/)jko.k%eq[kkfuA (ikB esa jko.kL; n'k eq[kkfu* vr% jko.kvkSj eq[k dk lEcU/ gSA)

* ^dfr* (fdrus) iz'uokpd loZuke 'kCn dk iz;ksx rhuksafyaxksaesafdUrq osQoy cgqopu esafd;k tkrk gS_ ;Fkk^dfr ckydk%* (fdrus ckyd)] dfr ckfydk%* (fdruh ckfydk,)dfr iqLrdkfu (fdruh iqLrosaQ) bR;kfnA


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S- (-v) 81

([k) mnkgj.k ns[ksa] okpu djsa vkSj le>sa;nk Nk=kk% dyge~

oqQoZfUr*] v;kfidk onfr vye~dygsu* (>xM+k er djks)AmkjoFkk glfUr (O;FkZ glrs gSa) vye~gflrsu~ (glks er)okrkZykiaoqQoZfUr (ckrsadjrsgSa) vye~okrkZykisu (ckr er djks)dksykgya oqQoZfUr ('kksj epkrsgSa) vye~dksykgysu ('kksj er djks)

mkj 4- 1- pRokj% 2- ip 3- v"V 4- v"V 5- "kV~ A5- mnkgj.k ns[ksalnL; 'kCn ls igys ip* 'kCn vk;k gS] vr% 'kqiz;ksx^lnL;k%* cgqopu esaA

mkj 1- ,d% (ifjokj% 'kCn iqfYayx ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.k] la[;kokph(fo'ks"k.k) Hkh iqfYayx] ,dopu esa)A

2- n'k] iknkSA3- v"Vkn'kA4- uoA5- }kjsA

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

1-Nk=k vkil esafxurh dk vH;kl laLr esadjsaA v;kid@v;kfidkNk=kksa osQ NksVs&cM+slewg cuk nsaA izR;sd Nk=k dksx.kuk dk volj nsaA

2-dyesafdrkcsavkfn fn[kkdj vFkok mlosQ fcuk ljy iz'u iwNsa vkSjNk=k mkj nsaA oqQN bl izdkj

(d) 1- v=k dfr iqLrdkfu lfUr\ (ikp iqLrosaQ fn[kkdj)mkjip vFkok v=k ip iqLrdkfu lfUrA2-,rsdfr dyek%\ (pkj dyesafn[kkdj)mkjpRokj% vFkok ,rspRokj% dyek%A

3- v=k dfr ckydk% lfUr\ (nksckydksadh vksj laosQr)mkjv=k] }kS ckydkSLr%A

([k) 1- uo "kV~p dfr HkofUr\mkjipn'kA

2- v"V }kSp dfr HkofUr\mkjn'kA

3- uo lIr p dfr lfUr\mkj"kksM'kA


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82 S- (-v)

17 je.kh;k okfVdkfganh vuqokn(lqUnj cX+khpk)

;g esjk cX+khpk gSA ;g cgqr lqUnj gSAcX+khps esaisM+] yrk, vkSj iwQyksaosQ ikS/sgSaA;gk,d iwQyksadh csy gSAeSacsy dksns[k jghagwAcsy ij lqUnj iwQy gSaAogknkscsysagSaA

nknh nkscsyksals iwQy ykrh gSaAog iwQy&ekyk osQ fy, iwQy ykrh gSaAog ekyk cukrh gSaA og ekyk lsnsork dh iwtk djrh gSaA

ekyk esalI+ksQn vkSj ihysiwQy gSaAnknh dgklsiwQy ykrh gSa\og cX+khpsls iwQy ykrh gSaAekyh ekyk,ykrk gSAnknh ekykvksals iwtk&?kj dks ltkrh gSaAikB'kkyk dk le; gksx;k gSAeSaikB'kkyk (dks) tk jgh gwAv;kfidk d{kk esa vkrh gSaA

lc yM+fd;k v;kfidk dksueLdkj djrh gSaAosdgrh gSav;kfidk dksiz.kkeAv;kfidk dgrh gSadY;k.k gksAv;kfidk gs yM+fd;ksa! rqe yksx okfVdk esaD;k&D;k ns[krh gks\

Nk=kk, eSMe! ge isM+ksa] ikS/ksavkSj yrkvksadksns[krh gSaA (ge isM+]ikS/svkSj yrk, ns[krh gSa)

v;kfidk vkSj D;k\Nk=kk, ge 'kk[kkvksaij iwQy] iks] iQy vkSj i{kh Hkh ns[krh gSaA


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S- (-v) 83

v;kfidk gk] losjsi{kh e/qj (Loj esa) owQdrs gSaA

Nk=kk, eSMe! cX+khpsesa gjh ?kkl Hkh gksrh gSAv;kfidk cX+khpsdh gjh ?kkl ij rqe yksx eks ls[ksyrh gksANk=kk, th eSMe] okfVdk dk okrkoj.k cgqr gh vkuUnnk;d gksrk gSA

mkjkf.k

'kh"kZd dk mPpkj.k djsaA vkdkjkUr (L=khfYakx) 'kCn dh vksj ;ku nsaA

ekSf[kde~

bl ikB esa eq[;r% vkdkjkUr (L=khfYakx) 'kCnksadk iz;ksx gSA vdkjkUr'kCn vkSj vkdkjkUr 'kCn osQ :i esa Hksn gksrk gSA nksuksaosQ 'kCn :i

ns[ksavkSj Hksn le>saA lekurkvksa dh vksj Hkh ;ku nsa_ tSlso`{kk% yrk%] o{kkH;ke~ yrkH;ke~] o{kk.kke~ yrkuke~] o{k;ks% yr;ks%Anksuksa'kCn :iksadk i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q mPpkj.k djsaA

fyf[kre~

1- etw"kk esa fn, x, vkdkjkUr 'kCnksa dk okpu djsaA fiQjmnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saigysokD; esa ^fo|ky;e~*] (LowQy dks) vFkkZr~vdkjkUr 'kCn^fo|ky;* f}rh;k] ,dopu esaA

nwljs okD; esa ^ikB'kkyke~* (LowQy dks) vFkkZr~vkdkjkUr 'kCn^ikB'kkyk* f}rh;k] ,dopu esaA blh izdkj vdkjkUr in osQ LFkkuij etw"kk lsvkdkjkUr in pqu dj okD; iqu% fy[ksaA

mkj 1- firkeghekyke~jp;frA gkj (vdkjkUr) ekyk (vkdkjkUr)_vr% gkje~ ekyke~f}rh;k ,dopu esa

2- lkiq"iekyk;Siq"ikf.k vku;frA (iq"igkj iq"iekyk _ prqFkhZ,dopu iz;ksxA)

3- ckfydk% onfUrv;kfidk;Sue%A (v;kidk; prqFkhZ],dopu] v;kfidk;SprqFkhZ] ,dopu)

4-okfVdk;ke~gfjr% ?kkl% vfLrA (m|ku okfVdk] m|kusokfVdk;ke~lIreh] ,dopu)


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84 S- (-v)

5-okfVdk;k%okrkoj.ke~vkuUnizne~A (m|kuL; okfVdk;k% "k"Bh]

,dopu)bl vH;kl dksdjusosQ fy,] Nk=k ikB osQ vUr esafn, x,] o`{k*'kCn rFkk ^yrk* 'kCn osQ :i lslgk;rk ys ldrs gSaA

mkj 2- 1- iq "ikf.k yrk;ke~A2- okfVdk;ke~ yrke~A3- firkegh okfVdk;k% vku;frA4- lk iq"iekyk;Siq"ikf.k vku;frA5- ckfydk% v;kfidke~uefUrA

lHkh iz'uksaosQ mkj ikB ij vk/kfjr gSaA vr% ikB esa vk, iz;ksx dk

ykHk mBk,A vkdkjkUr 'kCn osQ :i dh vksj ;ku nsaA3- vH;klkFkZfn, x, okD;ka'kksaesalaKkin fn, x, gSaA fo'ks"k.k dkLFkku fjDr gSA dks"Bd esals] laKkin (fo'ks";) osQ fya x o opuosQ vuqlkj] fo'ks"k.k&in dk mfpr :i pqudj fjDr LFkku HkjsaAfiQj Li"V mPpkj.k djsa] ftllsfo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; leUo; dkiz;ksx lgt gkstk,A

mkj fo'ks"k.k fo'ks";1- lqUnjkf.k ------------------ îq"ikf.k* 'kCn uiqaldfya x] cgqopugksusosQ dkj.kA

2- je.kh;k------------------

ôkfVdk* 'kCn L=khfya x] ,dopu gksusosQ dkj.kA3- LoPNe~ ------------------ôkrkoj.ke~* 'kCn uiqaldfya x] ,dopugksusosQ dkj.kA

4- gfjr% ------------------ ?kkl%* 'kCn iqfYayx ,dopu gksusosQ dkj.kA5- lokZ% ------------------^ckfydk%* 'kCn L=khfya x cgqopu gksus osQdkj.kA

;ku nsabu okD;ka'kksa dk iz;ksx ikB esa vk;k gSA vr% ikB dk;kuiwoZd okpu Js;Ldj gksxkA

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA êkykdkj%----------

flpfr* (ekyhlhaprk gS) okD; esa fjDr LFkku esa deZin dk mfpr :i


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S- (-v) 85

^yrke~* vk;k gSA vH;klkFkZ fn, x, okD;ksadksfjDr LFkku

NksM+dj isackbvksj] okD; esa^o{ke~* vdkjkUr 'kCnAnkbvksj] okD; esa^yrke~* vkdkjkUr 'kCnAnksuksa in f}rh;k] ,dopu esaAckbvksj osQ okD;ksadksi


86/92

86 S- (-v)

5-yr;ks%jDrkfu iq"ikf.k lfUrA o{k;ks% =nksuksaisM+ksaij _ yr;ks%

=nksuksayrkvksaijnksuksainlIreh f}opunksuksavksj osQ okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA(bl vH;kl dksliQyrkiwoZd djus osQ fy, Nk=k vdkjkUrrFkk vkdkjkUr 'kCn :i tSlsckyd rFkk yrk dh lgk;rk ysldrsgSaA)

vH;kl djus osQ mijkUr iz;ksx esavk, izR;sd vdkjkUr (iq) ovkdkjkUr (L=kh) 'kCn :i dk ,d lkFk okpu djsa_ ;Fkk

o`{ke~ yrke~_ o`{kS% yrkfHk%_ gkjku~ ekyk%_ o`{ks"kq 'kk[kklq_o`{ks 'kk[kk;ke~_ o{k;ks% yr;ks%A bl izdkj Hksn Hkh le> vktk,xk vkSj 'kCn :i Hkh ;kn jg tk,xsAuksV djsalIreh f}opu

:i nksuksa esaleku gS_ ;Fkk^o{k;ks% yr;ks%*Avo/s;e~izFkek rFkk f}rh;k foHkfDr esavdkjkUr (ckyd) rFkkvkdkjkUr (ckfydk) laKk 'kCn rFkk ^fde~* (dkSu) ^rr~* (og)

loZuke 'kCn(iqfYayx ,oaL=khfya x) osQ :i dk okpu djsaA;ku nsaiqfYayx cgqopu osQ@rs izFkek foHkfDrA

L=khfyax f}opu osQ@rs izFkek o f}rh;k foHkfDrAnksuksa yxksa esaf}opuA

iz;ksx le>sarkS@dkS ckydkS(iqfYayx)] rs@ osQ ckfyosQ (L=khfYakx)(osnks@dkSu nksckyd)(osnks@dkSu nks ckfydk,)

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~1- vdkjkUr osQ LFkku ij lekukFkZd vkdkjkUr dk iz;ksxvH;klkFkZoqQN mnkgj.k1- tuk% Hkze.kk;m|kuaxPNfrA tuk% Hkze.kk;okfVdkxPNfUrA2- rsm|kusHkzefUrA rsokfVdk;ke~HkzefUrA3- ekykdkj%gkjajp;frA ekykdkj%ekyke~jp;frA4-gkjsiq"ikf.k lfUrA ekyk;ke~iq"ikf.k lfUrA5- l%o{kku~flpfrA l%yrk%flpfrA


87/92

S- (-v) 87

18 f'kyk lEHkk"k.kadjksfr fde~fganh vuqokn(f'kyk dHkh cksyrh gSD;k)

,d ou esa,d fl;kj jgrk gSA og jksk taxy esa b/j&m/j ?kwerk Hkkstu


88/92

88 S- (-v)

ekSf[kde~

mPpkj.k djsaA ;s lHkh 'kCn ikB esa vk pqosQ gSaA ftl&ftl okD; esa;gin vk, gSa] mu okD;ksadk okpu ('kq mPpkj.k osQ lkFk) Js;Ldj gksxkA

fyf[kre~

mkj 1- iz'u i


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S- (-v) 89

4- Lokxre~ ^djk sf"k* (djrh gks) dk deZ (object)gksus osQ dkj.k

deZdkjd&f}rh;k foHkfDr okyk in mfprA5- xqgk;k% (xqI+kQk osQ)^vH;Urjs* (vUnj) osQ ;ksx esalEcU/ dkjd"k"Bh foHkfDr in^xqgk;k%* mfprA

4- etw"kk esafn, x, 'kCn isaA fiQj fjDr LFkkuNksM+dj vuqPNsn dk okpu djsaA izR;sd okD; dk vk'k;le>dj izlaxkuqlkj mfpr fodYi }kjk fjDr LFkku HkjsaA(;g vuqPNsn ikB esavk pqdk gSA)

mkjdfj";kfe [ ^fda * (D;k) osQ lkFk mfpr f;kin]{kqf/r% (Hkw[kk) efj";kfe (ej tkxk) osQ lkFk mfpr fodYiA

mik;% (mik;) ^vU;%* (vU;) osQ lkFk mfprAlEHkk"k.ke~(ckr) ^djksfe* (djrk gw) osQ lkFk mfpr deZinAonfr (dgrk gS) ^e/q j&Lojs.k* (e/qj Loj esa) f;kfo'ks"k.k

osQ lkFk mfpr f;kinALokxre~ ('ksj fl;kj dk Lokxr djrk gSA)

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

1-laHkkfor iz'u rFkk mkj1- d% fiikflr% vfLr\ dkd%2- dkd% fde~bPNfr\ tye~

3- l% foaQ i';fr\ ?kVe~ 4- l% ?kVe~ oqQ=k i';fr\ m|kus5- ?kVs fde~ vfLr\ tye~

2- vfHku; djus oQsfy, nks Nk=k@Nk=kk,A ,d vksj xqI+kQk esa cSBs'ksj osQ:i esa_ nwljh vksj xqI+kQk osQ ckgj [kM+s fl;kj osQ :i esaA (;kujgsnksuksa,d&nwljsdks ughans[k jgsA)fla g% (Loxre~vFkkZr~ viusvki dks) v| vga k`xkyaHkkstua

dfj";kfeAkxky% (Loxre~) dnkfpr~v| fla g% xqgk;ka fr"BfrA ;fn vge~

vUr% izfo'kkfe ee e`R;q% fuf'pr%A foaQ djksfe\ vLrq] mik;a

fpUr;kfeA (mPp Lojs.k onfr) Hkks% f'kys! izfrfnuaRoaeeLokxra djksf"kA v| dFkau djksf"k\


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90 S- (-v)

fla g% (xqgk;kaizlUu% Hkofr) (Loxre~) Hkkstuaee vkxre~! vgks

ee lkSHkkX;e~!k`xky% (iqu% mPpS% onfr) Hkks% f'kys! ;kor~ RoalEHkk"k.kaudjksf"k] rkor~vge~vUr% u vkxPNkfeA

fla g% (Loxre~)] ^;fn kxky% vUr% u vkxPNfr] rfgZvgafoaQdfj";kfeA vgarq{kqf/r% efj";kfeA v/quk vU;% mik;% uvfLrA vge~,o f'kyk:is.k] lEHkk"k.kadjksfe*] (e/qj&Lojs.k

onfr) vkxPN] oRl! Lokxre~] dFkafpjs.k vkxPNfl\k`xky% (Loxre~) fuLlansgafla g% xqgk;ke~fr"BfrA f'kyk lEHkk"k.ka

djksfr fde~\ ( k`xky% Rofjra rr% /kofrA)Nk=k pkgsiqLrd ns[kdj ;g vfHku; djsa] fdUrq mPpkj.k dh vksj ;ku

nsavkSj izlaxkuqlkj vfHku; dh vksj HkhA [ksy&[ksy esaHkk"kk lh[ksa vkSjvkuUn mBk,A


91/92

S- (-v) 91

ikBk% 16&18 iqujko`fk%bu ikBksadk iquokZpu dj ysaA mkj nsuk ljy gksxkAmkj 1- 1- ip 2- ifjokjs.k 3- lIr 4- iwtuk; 5- eq[kkfuA

okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA izR;sd in ij ;ku nsaA

mkj 2- 1- prqnZ'k 2- foa'kfr% 3- =k;ksn'k 4- "kV~Afy[krsle; orZuh dh vksj ;ku nsaA

3- fjDr LFkku NksM+dj izR;sd okD; ;ku ls i


92/92

fjDr LFkku iwfrZosQ mijkUr okpu djsaA izR;sd in ij ;ku nsa] fo'ks"kr%

fjDr LFkku iwfrZokysinksaijA ij fu;e osQoy lkekU;&cks/ osQ fy,fn, x, gSaA ikB osQ okpu&iquokZpu }kjk 'kq iz;ksx dk vH;klfgrdj gksxkA

mkj 4- 1- ------ekyke~ 'kk[kke~ okfVdke~ ckfydke~ v;kfidke~

2- ------ekyk;S 'kk[kk;S okfVdk;S ckfydk;S v;kfidk;S

3- ------ekyk;k% 'kk[kk;k% okfVdk;k% ckfydk;k% v;kfidk;k%

4- ------ekykuke~ 'kk[kkuke~ okfVdkuke~ ckfydkuke~ v;kfidkuke~

5- ------ekyk;ke~ 'kk[kk;ke~ okfVdk;ke~ ckfydk;ke~ v;kfidk;ke~

6-------

ekyklq 'kk[kklq okfVdklq ckfydklq v;kfidklq'kCn :i iwjsdjus osQ ckn mPpkj.k djsaA mPpkj.k djrsle; ckb lsnkb vksj okpu djsaA mPpkj.k Li"V gksA fy[krsle; orZuh dh vksj;ku nsaA

Documents

Sanskrit Manjusha Vyakaran Part 1