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Saudi Arabia and the Gulf
Link to syllabus
Link to Chronology
Link to https://ctools.umich.edu/portal
Saudi Arabia map
Focal point of the Pilgrimage to Mecca:the Kaaba is situated at the heart of the Holy Mosque’s central courtyard
The mosque at Medina
The Prophet’s Mosque contains the tomb of the Prophet
Muhammad, peace be upon him, and is therefore one of Islam’s
most sacred shrines. (The first two caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar, are also buried there.) http://www.kingfahdbinabdulaziz.com/main/h200.htm
Grave of the Prophet Muhammad,in the Mosque at Medina
Statement about Islam and the ProphetThe Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, was born around570 C.E. At the age of 40, Muhammad received his call to become a prophet. He received the word of God through theAngel Gabriel and the divine message was recorded in the Holy Qur'an.The God that spoke to Muhammad was the God of Abraham. Islam is thus essentially part of the great monotheistic movementthat emerged and developed in the Near East. In Muhammad, regarded as the "seal of the prophets", the message of God forman was finally comprehended and Islam (submission to thewill of Allah) is seen by Muslims as the apotheosis of the Judaeo-Christian tradition.
From the Saudi Arabian Government’s web site. http://www.saudinf.com/main/b62.htm
Ottoman Empire
King Abdul Aziz Ibn Sa’ud
1879-1953 King 1932-53
Starting in 1902, he re-conqueredRiyadh and eventually unified (most of) the peninsula, using both armed force and marriage alliances. Had > 60 children, andsome 40 sons.It is said that he was not able toaccept the modern world of hislate years.
From Saudi Arabia: Caught in Time 1861-1939, by Badr El Hage
Saudi Expansion and Classical Yemen
From Dresch A History of
Modern Yemen
Arabian Family Trees
King Sa’ud
1902-1969
King 1953-1964
Forced out by his more forcefulbrother Faisal; died in exile in Greece
King Faisal I
1906-1975
King 1964-1975
Important “modernizer.” Assassinated by a nephew in a revengekilling. Succeeded by Khalid, whosebad health resulted in power being exercised by Fahd, who eventuallybecame King.
King Abdullah
Born 1923 or 24; father is Abdul Aziz bin Saud.
Succeeded King Fahd, his half-brother, in 2005. Was head of the National Guard.
Had no ‘formal’ education.
Has been projecting a moreassertive role for Saudi foreign policy. Labeled USoccupation in Iraq ‘illegitimate’. Said to be inill health, with maladiestypical of his age.
(Then) Crown Prince Abdullah and V. Putin, Sept. 2003
Salman bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud
Born 1935 in Riyadh; is the Crown Prince (next in line), also Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense. His mother is Hass al-Sudairi – theSudairi brothers are said to be animportant group in family politics.Prince Salman was appointed Governor of Riyadh. He is described as a mediator in problems inside the House of Saud.The prince’s health is rumored tobe not good.
Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz
Born 1945 – youngest son of King Abdulaziz. Recently named second in line to replace theking – an unusual step.Has been head of the Saudi Intelligence Agency.Said to be a close ally of the king, and to bea ‘traditionalist.’
One presumes that after Muqrin, the next king will have to be a grandsonof Abdul Aziz. What will be the process by which that person is chosen?
Prince Bandar
Born 1949His father was once Crown Prince.
Saudi Ambassador to US 1983-2005
Currently is the kingdom’snational security chief. Resignedyesterday April 16, 2014.
Has received education and militarytraining in the U.K. and U.S.
Described as a long-time friendof the Bush family.
Ambassador Adel bin Ahmed Al-Jubeir
Born February 1, 1962 in Majma'ah (Riyadh Province), Saudi Arabia, and attended schools in the Kingdom, Germany, Yemen, Lebanon, and the U.S. Not from the royal family. He obtained a B.A. summa cum laude in political science and economics from the University of North Texas in 1982, and an M.A. in international relations from Georgetown University in 1984. Appointed Jan., 2007
Sheikh Ahmad Zaki Yamani
Saudi Minister of Oil, 1962-1986.
Born 1839 in Hijaz, not of the royal family.Harvard educated, favorite of King Faisal. Steered OPEC during its hightide. Ultimately dismissed, (they say)over debate about whether to investPetro-dollars abroad in downstream oilcompanies-which he favored, versus inside the country. Was often describedas a “price hawk.” Currently residesin England, leading an oil consultingCompany.“The stone age ended before we ran outof stones; the oil age will end before werun out of oil.”
Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Born 1940. Educated at Princeton. Has been Saudi foreign minister since 1975 – the longest serving FM alive. Has some health problems.
Is frequently described as working to reduceU.S. influence in the region.
Strong supporter of Palestinian causes. Hostile to Bashar al-Assad.
After significant lobbying, Saudi Arabia was given a rotating seat onthe United Nations Security Council in October, 2013, which they then rejected. NYT: this decision underscored the depth of Saudi anger over what the monarchy sees as weak and conciliatory Western stances toward Syria and Iran, Saudi Arabia’s regional rival.
Statement about the Saudi Government
It is important to recognize that the Saudi system of government, as defined under the Basic System and the establishment of the Consultative Council, is not a move towards Western-style democracy, much less an imitation of Western-style democratic reform. It is an organic Development of the consultative basis of the relationship between the leader and the people that is inherent in Islamic tradition.
http://www.kingfahdbinabdulaziz.com/main/k100.htm
Statement about Saudi Foreign Aid
In the twenty years from 1973 to 1993, despite considerable variations in national revenues and many competing demands, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia provided 5.5% of its Gross National Product in overseas aid. Given that the United Nations has suggested 0.7% as the lower limit for donor countries, the Kingdom’s contribution has been outstanding.
From the Saudi Government’s web site:http://www.kingfahdbinabdulaziz.com/main/n010.htm
Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal al-Saud
Al Waleed buying an Airbus
Born 1956. Mother is Lebanese. Education:Menlo College, Bachelor of Arts&Science Syracuse University, Master of Science#19 on Forbes list of world’s richest.His Kingdom Holding has major fundsin Citicorp, Disney-Europe, Four Seasons, AOL, Apple, Worldcom…
Said to donate US$100 million/yrto charities, including severalinstitutes in US universities.
Osama bin Laden
Born 1957 in Saudi Arabia. Killed 2011
His father made a fortune in the construction business in S.A.Went to Afghanistan ~1979 to supportanti-Soviet forces, and helped form al-Qaeda in 1988. Objected to US military presence in Saudi Arabia. His citizenship wasrevoked in 1994. Leader in planningthe 9/11 attacks.
Old Jeddah
From Saudi Arabia: Caught in Time 1861-1939, by Badr El Hage
The Great Mosque of
Riyadh, 1920s
Source: Guise, Riyadh AAL DS 248 R7 G85 1988
Riyadh, cloth
market 1937
Source: Saudi Arabia: Caught in Time 1861-1939, by Badr El Hage
Riyadh, Open air market,
1937
From Saudi Arabia: Caught in Time 1861-1939, by Badr El Hage
Saudi Desalination Plant
From “Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques: King Fahd Bid Abdul Aziz
Riyadh Stadium
Saudi National Football Team
University Avenue, Riyadh
King Faisal Charitable
Foundation, Riyadh
Ministry of the Interior, Riyadh
Dam Inauguration, Narjan Saudi Arabia
Source: Tchekof Minosa Najran Desert
Garden of Arabia
Irrigated Field in Narjan, Saudi
Arabia
Tchekof Minosa Najran Desert Garden of Arabia, p. 30
Saudi Agriculture, I
Saudi Agriculture, II
Saudi Agriculture,III
Horse races in Riyadh
Guise, Riyadh p. 38
Riyadh: Street corner
market for falcons
Guise, Riyadh AAL DS 248 R7 G85 1988
Riyadh, Passport Office
Source: Guise, Riyadh p. 26
Riyadh: Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Source: Guise, Riyadh page 26
Riyadh: King Saud University
Source:Guise, Riyadh p. 79
Riyadh: King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital
Source: Guise, Riyadh AAL DS 248 R7 G85 1988 Page 88
Other Gulf
Gulf physical map
Gulf Oil
Source: Cordesman, Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-First Century
Sheik Ahmad 1 of Kuwait
1885-1950Ruled 1921-1950
During his reign Kuwait is transformedfrom a modest fishing country to amajor oil exporter.
Chose to side with Britain during WWIINever was popular with the people.
Emir Sabah IVAhmad al-Jaber
Born 1929Emir since 2006
Was Foreign Minister for 40 years.Has been challenged to reconcilestrong grass-roots movements forfreedom of speech and democracy
Map of Qatar
Qatar’s former Emir Hamad al Thani, and his wife Mozah bint
Nasser.
Emir Hamad turned power to hisson Tamim while apparently still ingood health. He is credited for manyachievements in Qatar’s economy and socio-political arrangements. His wife Mozah has been unusuallyactive in public affairs. She got a BA in Sociology from U Qatar 1986
Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani, 1980 -
Fourth son of Emir Hamad, becoming Emir in June, 2013. Educated in U.K.Had been carefully groomed to be Emir, achieving experience in foreign and domestic affairs, including the military. Has also promoted sports inside Qatar, which will host World Cup in 2022.
Qatar National Museum:To be opened in 2014
Link to Global Security map of Qatar
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/al-udeid-imagery2.htm
UAE Topographical map
UAE Map. Main cities
UAE Beach Hotel
Tennis Winner in Abu Dhabi
El Universal, Dec. 28 2013
Map of Yemen
Map of Middle East
Strategic importanceOf Yemen, for the British
Religious Groups in Yemen
Zaydi Islam 14,000,000 73.0%Sunni Islam 5,250,000 27.0%Isma'ili Islam 50,000 0.3%Christianity 5,000 >0.1%Hinduism 2,000 >0,1%
The figures here are rough estimates, as there exist little background material.
Zaydism is the second largest group inside Shi'i Islam. Source: Encyclopaedia of the Orient
Yemen around 1900
Link to Yemen Chronology
Yemen in late 1990s
Divided Yemen
Source: Dresch A History of Modern Yemen
Ahmad Bin Yahya
1895-1962
Ruler of North Yemen 1948-62
Father was killed in a coup, fromwhich he himself escaped. He died a natural death, but his successorwas immediately overthrown byArmy officers, who thenproclaimed the Yemen ArabRepublic. He cooperated with -but ultimately clashed with - Nasserand Egypt.
Ali Abdullah Saleh
President of North Yemen in 1978; of united Yemen in 1990.Re-elected in 2006.Was seriously wounded in 2012, and subsequently agreed to share power with his V.P. Abd Rabbuh Mansur.
Born 1942, near Sana’a.
Map of Bahrain
Sultan Qaboos ibn Said
Born in Oman in 1940, son of the Sultan.Studied in Britain (Sandhurst).Was put in under house arrest by hisfather, but was able to engineer a coup.Sultan since 1970, as well as Ministerof Defense and Foreign Affairs.
Has used oil revenues to improve theinfrastructure of the country. Oman haslimited freedom of speech.The Sultan has no children, but succession is guaranteed.
