Science FCAT Review

Science FCAT ReviewProduced by LAJH Science Teachers

Vocabulary Associated withLiving vs Nonliving

Nonliving

Abiotic

____________

Never was alive

__________

Never will be alive

______________

Rocks

Living

_________

Organic

_____________

Is alive

___________

made of cells

plants

BioticInorganic

Was alive (dead)

Isn't alive

Will be aliveNot made of cells

Characteristics of Life

• Living things (organisms)

1. ________________

2. ___________

3. Use __________

4. _________ to their environment

5. ____________– Cells– Systems

• Living things need

1. An _______ source

2. _____

3. __________• The right environment• Right amount of space

***Not all living things need oxygen, etc***

Green Rhinos Eat Rotten Oranges Causing Sickness

Grow and Develop

Reproduce

Energy

Respond

Organized

Energy

WaterPlace to live

Characteristics of Life: Essential Question

• While walking the beach you discover a jelly-like substance, what several characteristics would you look for to determine whether or not it is an organism?

• Answer: You should look for evidence of Organization: Is the object made of a cell or multiple cells? Look for clues that it can Respond: Is the object equipped to respond to changes in their environment? Does the object use Energy? Does it appear to have a way to consume food or produce its own food by photosynthesis? Can the object Grow and Develop? Does the object have a means of Reproduction?

How do humans compare

1. Grow & Develop

2. Reproduce

3. Use _________

4. Respond to their environment

5. __________– Cells– Systems

Green Rhinos Eat Rotten Oranges Causing Sickness

1. Fertilized egg, baby, toddler, teen, adult

2. Sexually reproduce to make babies (offspring)

3. Heterotroph- eat things

4. Sweat when hot…etc

5. Multicellular - specialized Cells make tissues which make organs which work together in systems to make the organism survive.

Energy

Organized

Abiotic Factors• Biotic means “living.”

• In the word abiotic the prefix a means “not”

• Thus, the vocabulary word abiotic means

“non living.”

Life Lines: Abiotic Factors

• Air– The gases Nitrogen and Oxygen make up the vast

majority of our atmosphere and provide the substances needed to sustain life.

• Water– Major component of cells within all organisms.

• Soil– Soil supports plant growth.

• Sunlight– Light energy supports almost all life on earth

Life Lines: Abiotic Factors(continued)

• Temperature– Many organisms require 0 – 50 degrees Celsius to

maintain healthy body temperatures.

– Latitudes further from the equator (central location on the planet) tend to have colder temps than the latitudes closest to the equator.

• Climate– Refers to an areas average weather conditions over

time, including temperature, precipitation, and wind.

Essential Question

• A sunflower requires a significant amount of sunlight, water, and soil to grow. If a large number of sunflower seeds are planted around a large tree, all of the seedlings will not grow to the same size plant. Explain why plants farthest from the tree branches will be taller, greener, and healthier than the plants closer to the tree?

• Answer: The sunflowers farthest away from the tree are able to absorb enough sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. This allows them to make and store glucose in the photosynthesisphotosynthesis process. The sunflowers can then break down the glucose during cellular respiration to get energy to make new cells for growth and maintenance. Those sunflowers growing closest to the tree are in the shade and are therefore limited in their ability to carry out photosynthesis and respiration that may cause these plants to die.

Essential Question• In the summer of 2005, the St. Johns River experienced an algal

bloom. Describe the abiotic factors that caused the bloom and its effects on the abiotic and biotic factors in the river. ER

• Answer: Abiotic factors involved in the bloom include increased water and air temperature (higher than normal temperatures), increased sunlight (summer), and increased available nutrients, particularly nitrogen, from fertilizer runoff. The bloom resulted in less available sunlight (algae blocked sunlight from water below), less available oxygen in the water (bacteria decomposers use up the oxygen and warm water does not hold as much oxygen), and toxins released into the air and water (abiotic factors) by the algae organisms. This resulted in stress, illness, and death to multiple freshwater and saltwater organisms in the river and those preying on those organisms. A complete answer will need to include two triggering abiotic factors (fertilizer is required) and at least on abiotic effect and one biotic effect.

The Cycle’s of Nature

The Water Cycle

The Nitrogen Cycle

The Carbon Cycle

The Water Cycle

• Groundwater• Evaporation

– When liquid water turns to a gas an enters the atmosphere.• Transpiration

– Water vapor enters the atmosphere from plant leaves, also from animals during exhalation and excretion.

• Condensation– The process in which water vapor (gas) turns back into a liquid. This

process involves molecules collecting on particulate matter and clumping together to form clouds!!

• Precipitation– The change of temperature due to increased altitude will cause

particulate matter to become dense and drop moisture in the form of snow, sleet, hail, rain.

Essential Question• Explain the role of the soybean in the nitrogen, water,

and carbon cycles. ER

• Answer: Soybeans function in the nitrogen cycle by harboring nitrogen-fixing bacteriaharboring nitrogen-fixing bacteria that make nitrogen in the atmosphere available in the soil to the individual soybean plant as well as nearby plants. Soybean plants function in the water cycle when they draw water from the soil into their root systems and release it into the atmosphere during respiration and transpirationrespiration and transpiration. Soybean plants function in the carbon cycle by taking in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen during photosynthesis.

Energy transfer in a community

Successful energy transfer within an ecosystem typically occurs between 3-5 organisms, further predation results in insufficient energyconsumption. Which results in more consumption to fill energy void.

Light energy is converted into usable chemical energy within producers (plants) those plants are eaten by consumers, the energy transfer gets smaller (10% of available energy value)as one consumer is eaten by another.

Energy Pyramids

• As you move through the pyramid from bottom to top, you can notice that the energy transfer becomes less efficient.

Essential Question• Use your knowledge of food chains and the

energy pyramid to explain why the number of mice in a grassland ecosystem is greater than the number of hawks.

• Answer: Hawks eat mice. To support the hawk population, there must be far more energy at the mouse level than at the hawk level. Since mice are much smaller than hawks, there must be many more mice than hawks.

Resources

• Natural resources– All living things depend on natural resources

to survive– Some resources are renewable, while others

like petroleum are not. – Renewable Natural resources include:

• sunlight, water, air, and crops.

– Nonrenewable Resources include:• Minerals, Metals, and Petroleum

Resources

• Natural resources– All living things depend on natural resources

to survive– Some resources are renewable, while others

like petroleum are not. – Renewable Natural resources include:

• sunlight, water, air, and crops.

– Nonrenewable Resources include:• Minerals, Metals, and Petroleum

Abiotic Factors in the environment include:

• Air

• Water

• Soil

• Sunlight

• Temperature

• Climate

Types of Pollution

• Air Pollution – vehicles, volcanoes, forest fires and wind blown dust & sand

• Acid rain precipitation- this type of rain washes nutrients from the soil which harms plants

• Indoor air pollution- pollutants such as pet dander and mold can build up inside of buildings

• Water Pollution- agriculture run off of fertilizers the number one killer of aquatic ecosystems (I.e. Manure, Fertilizer, Pesticides)

• Soil Pollution-acid rain, household product like laundry detergents, pesticides, hundreds of thousands of other culprits

• Soil Loss –wind and rain and other natural phenomena contribute to soil erosion.

Pollution accelerating global warming

Essential Question• How might humans contribute to the greenhouse effect

by cutting down a large percentage of the Earth’s forests?

• Answer: Trees take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and release oxygen into the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is the result of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Cutting large amounts of trees would result in fewer trees to take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere while not decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide going into the air. This would result in an overall increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere thus making the greenhouse effect worse. Additional information about global warming may be included.

The 3 R’s of ConservationThe 3 R’s of Conservation

• Reduce-Reduce-– Reduce your use of natural resources. Car pooling or using public Reduce your use of natural resources. Car pooling or using public

transportation will reduce your personal use of petroleum. Opting transportation will reduce your personal use of petroleum. Opting to bring cloth bags to the super market instead of using plastic or to bring cloth bags to the super market instead of using plastic or paper bags.paper bags.

– What are some other ways we can What are some other ways we can reduce our consumption of natural reduce our consumption of natural resources?resources?


• ReuseReuse– Another way to help conserve natural Another way to help conserve natural

resource is to reuse items from previous resource is to reuse items from previous purchases.purchases.

– Reusing means to use over without changing Reusing means to use over without changing or reprocessing the item.or reprocessing the item.

– Donating clothes to charity is a great way to Donating clothes to charity is a great way to help other reuse clothes that you have help other reuse clothes that you have outgrown.outgrown.


• RecycleRecycle– This requires the changing or reprocessing of This requires the changing or reprocessing of

item or a natural resource.item or a natural resource.– Recyclable materials include:Recyclable materials include:

• PlasticPlastic• MetalsMetals• GlassGlass• PaperPaper• CompostCompost

Interactions of Life

Ecosystems

Ecosystem

Living organisms

Nonliving parts

water soil sunlightPlants Animals Bacteria

Also called biotic factors

Also called abiotic factors

Levels in an Ecosystem

1._________HabitatForest

2.___________CommunityDeer + rabbits

Pine trees + bears

3. ____________PopulationHerd of deer

4. _____________OrganismA deer

Essential Question

Write about your own life using the terms habitat, community, populations, and ecosystem to describe your environment.

Levels in an Ecosystem

1. Habitat- LAJH

2.Community7th and 8th graders,

teachers, custodians,

administrators

3.Population8th graders

4. OrganismYou

Feeding relationships

_________________Make their own food

Through energy from the sunPlants, algae, phytoplankton

Primary consumerPrimary consumer

ProducerProducer

________________Eats the plants or algae

___________________Eats the primary consumer

Secondary consumerSecondary consumer

Tertiary consumerTertiary consumer________________Eats the secondary consumer

Types of Consumers

Carnivore(tertiary consumer)

Only eats meat

Herbivore(primary consumer)

Only eats plants

Omnivore(primary or secondary or tertiary consumer)

Decomposer

Eats both plants and meat

Breaks down Dead material

FloridaBlack bear

CowDeer

WolfEgret (bird)

Bacteria, Fungi Earthworms

Food Webs

PP PP

PP

P= producerPC= primary consumer

SC= secondary consumerTC= tertiary consumer

PCPC

PCPC

PCPC

SCSC

TCTC TCTC

Food Webs

• Arrows show the direction energy flows

• Any change in one organism’s population will result in a change to all other organisms populations.

How populations changeActivity Increase Decrease

Birth rate exceeds death rate

Death rate exceeds birthrate

Movement into an area

Movement out of an area

Limited food supply or space

Predator population increases

Predator population decreases

Invasive species uses the same resources

Essential Question

Kudzu is a non-native, invasive plant species. Explain how introducing it to the Florida

ecosystem has affected the populations of native species.

http://www.world-builders.org/lessons/less/biomes/deciduous/decweb.html

Kudzu covers the native plants sothey cannot get sunlight to make food

Populations may leave an area to find food which could cause over crowding in another area

Populations may change their foodsource

Answer

Consumer populations may decrease as food source becomes limited

Symbiosis

Relationship Definition

Parasitism One organism benefits while the other organism is harmed

Commensalism One organism benefits while the other organism is not affected

Mutualism Both organisms benefit

Essential Question

Describe a symbiotic relationship between two organisms. Identify the relationship as one of the following: mutualism, commensalism or parasitism and how the relationship affects each organism.

Examples of Symbiotic Relationships

1. A humming bird drinking pollen, as the hummingbird flies from flower to flower the pollen from one flower is deposited to another flower.

1. _________________________________________

2. The fleas on a dog are provided with a home and food (blood), while the dog’s skin is irritated, inflamed and made itchy by the flea bite.

2. _________________________________________

MutualismMutualism

ParasitismParasitism

Examples of Symbiotic Relationships

3. The Cattle Egret looks for food in pastures and fields among cattle and horses.It feeds on the insects stirred up by the movement of the grazing animals. The egrets benefit by having an easier time getting food, but for the cows and horses there is no benefit.

3. ______________________________________

4. Humans give carbon dioxide to the plants while the plants gives oxygen to the humans and animals.

4. ______________________________________

CommensalismCommensalism

MutualismMutualism

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration

Photosynthesis• Occurs only in organisms

that contain chlorophyll (Plants and some protists)

• The process of using sunlight and carbon dioxide to create sugar

• Happens in the chloroplasts of plants.

Respiration• Occurs in all living cells,

inside the Mitochondrion• The process of breaking

down sugar to produce energy

• Requires oxygen for the process to take place

• Also produces water and carbon dioxide in the process

• Why is it important for cells to reproduce?

• Cells need to reproduce for three reasons1.Growth

2.Repair damaged cells

3.Replace dying cells

• The Cell Cycle is the process cells use to reproduce.

1. Interphase: when the cell doubles in size and DNA is duplicated.

– Why?

2. Mitosis: when two new nuclei are formed inside the cell

– Why?

3. Cytokinesis: When the cell’s cytoplasm splits and two new cells are formed.

– Why?– What happens next?

Parts of the Cell Cycle

Movie

Animation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cg4ASxSKH2o

• Mitosis is the division of a cell’s nucleus. However, sometimes scientists refer to the entire cell cycle as mitosis.

• Some cells do not go through mitosis, or only go through it on rare occasions. Example, red blood cells and neurons

• Some cells, such as skin cells go through the cell cycle your entire life.

Things to Remember about the Cell Cycle

Essential Question• Describe several ways that mitosis is an

important and beneficial life process in humans and other organisms.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Mitosis is the process by which we grow, repair our body, and replace dead cells. During periods of rapid growth (childhood and puberty) the cell cycle goes quickly. When we injure our bodies, our cells are damaged. The cells must be replaced by new cells. Although some cells, such as neurons can last many many years, most cells die much sooner and must be constantly replaced.

What’s the connection?

• What did we start out with in the cell cycle?

• What did we end up with?

• This means the cell cycle is a type of

______________________.

ONE CELLONE CELL

TWO CELLSTWO CELLS

Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

• Only takes _______ parent

• The offspring has identical DNA as the parent

• Other Examples:

• _________ (like a hydra)

• _________ (like plants)

• _____________(bacteria and protists)

1

Budding

Cuttings

Binary Fission

http://www.microscope-microscope.org/gallery/Mark-Simmons/images/hydra2.jpg

http://dj003.k12.sd.us/images/amoeba-fission-big.jpg

Asexual Reproduction

Advantages • Don’t have to “go find a

mate” (good for organisms that can’t or don’t move much

• Can produce lots of offspring quickly

• Great for areas of the world with very little change. (example, bacteria in the dead sea)

Disadvantages• Creates no offspring that

are “different”• Species cannot adapt to

its environment • Easy to overpopulate

What sounds like Mitosis and Confuses everyone?

To first understand meiosis, you must understand sexual

reproduction

• Creating an organism by using two parents. Each contributes ½ of the DNA.

• ___________: a sex cell that contains ½ of the organisms DNA– Female gamete: _____________

• ____________ is the process used to make gametes.

• Meiosis takes 1 cell and creates ____ gametes.

Gamete

egg

Meiosis

4

• Cells with a full copy of DNA are called ___________ cells. – In humans, 46 chromosomes

• Gametes with ½ copy of DNA are called ___________ cells. – In humans, 23 chromosomes

• When egg and sperm meet it is called ____________.

• The two haploid cells create one diploid cell called a ____________.

• Zygote goes through ____________creating more and more cells for the baby organism.

diploid

haploid

fertilization

zygote

the cell cycle

Meiosis

Animation

Essential Question• Explain why it is important for meiosis to

produce a haploid cell in order for sexual reproduction to occur.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Meiosis must successfully create a haploid cell so it can combine with another haploid cell to create another complete organism. In humans, this is sperm and egg making a baby. In plants, this is pollen and ovum making a seed.

Mitosis/Meiosis Review

Mitosis1. Used for growth,

repairs, and replacements

2. Starts with one cell with 1 full copy of DNA

3. Creates 2 cells each with a full copy of DNA

4. Is a ___________!5. Occurs all over the body

of an organism

Meiosis1. Used for

__________________2. Starts with one cell with

1 full copy of DNA3. Creates 4 cells each

with ½ a copy of DNA1. These cells are called

gametes

4. Is not a cycle5. Occurs only in

___________________

cycle

sexual reproduction

sex organs

Essential Question

• Explain how sexual reproduction is an important process in evolution and the natural selection for the survival of the organism.

• Answer: Sexual reproduction allows for the offspring to inherit different combinations of genes than that of the parents. Natural selection means that organisms born with traits best-suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, thereby passing on those helpful traits to future generations.

Adaptation

• Any variation that makes an organism better suited for its environment.

Example: camels…1. What are some adaptations camels

have?2. Class Discussion: Explain how meiosis,

sexual reproduction, and evolution have helped the camel adapt to its environment for survival.

Time to Review….It’s Really Small!

It’s the……It’s the Basic Unit of Life

The Cell:The most basic unit of life.

___________ ___________

Nucleus neatly holds DNA

NO Nucleus

DNA floats freely

Only BacteriaLike a grocery bag

holds groceries

Prokaryote Eukaryote

Bacterium Cell

flagellumcell wall

cell membrane

ribosomes

genetic material

cytoplasm

Animal vs Plant Cells

Both have a nucleus; Both are EukaryotesBoth have a nucleus; Both are EukaryotesPlants cells have extra parts- cell walls and ChloroplastsPlants cells have extra parts- cell walls and Chloroplasts

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Animal vs Plant Cells

________________

_________________

Cytoplasm

*Nucleus

Animal Cell

No Cell Wall

No Chloroplast

Cell Wall

(Protection)

Chloroplast

Large Vacuole to store water

Plant Cell

*Both have a nucleus; Both are Eukaryotes*Both have a nucleus; Both are Eukaryotes

Cell MembraneMitochondria

Parts of the cell• ______________: Rigid structure that protects the

cells of plants, fungi, and some bacteria. Makes the plant “crunchy”

• ______________: Jelly’s “Sack” that holds everything. Has tiny holes that allows nutrients in and wastes out. Helps maintain homeostasis

• ______________: Cell’s jelly

• ______________: Makes energy for the cell

• ______________: Does photosynthesis

• ______________:(usually only one large one in plant cells) contains water and can store food.

• ______________: Controls the cells, stores the hereditary material

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Cytoplasm

Some good cell words

• _____________– A healthy balance: a regulation of an organism’s

internal, life-maintaining conditions

• _____________– When items move in and out of a cell from high

concentrations to low concentrations• Osmosis is the diffusion of water only

• _____________– When concentrations outside and inside the cell

are the same

• ______________________– Moving items in and out of a cell (like nutrients,

proteins)• Active requires the cell’s energy• Passive requires no energy

Homeostasis

Diffusion

Equilibrium

Active/Passive Transport

FROM CELL TO ORGANISM

CellThe basic unit of life

Organ SystemGroup of Organs working together

TissueGroup of cells working together

OrganDifferent tissues working together

OrganismAny living thing made of 1 or more cells

Organism:

_________________

Cell:

______________________

Tissue:

____________________

Organ:

___________________

Organelle:

_________________________

Organ System:

__________________

Can you give an example of each of the following?

Mitochondria

Cardiac Tissue

Heart

Cardiovascular System

Mrs. Richardson

Red Blood Cell

Essential Question• Study the following slide. Explain in detail

why each cell looks different.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Cells are designed for their function (job). Muscle cells must stretch and contract. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells attack germs. Nerve cells send messages.

Structure of Cells and Function of Cells

1.

2. Red blood Cell

4. Nerve Cell

3. White blood Cell

Classification: 2 Thoughts

___________________• Organisms are

classified by their evolutionary history.

___________________• Organisms are

classified by their characteristics

The good news, phylogeny and taxonomy usually classify organisms in the same groups…. Why?Organisms that share the same characteristics most likely share a similar evolutionary path.

Phylogeny Taxonomy

Domains: The Highest Level of Classification

Levels of Classification

– Kingdom– Phylum– _________– Order– Family– _________– Species

Older textbooks do not mention domains, and sometimes neither Older textbooks do not mention domains, and sometimes neither do scientists. They start with “Kingdom” as the highest level of do scientists. They start with “Kingdom” as the highest level of classification. classification.

Broad/ general similaritiesBroad/ general similarities

Specific similaritiesSpecific similarities

Can only mate with each Can only mate with each other and create fertile other and create fertile offspringoffspring

Class

Genus

Characteristics of Each Kingdom

Kingdom Eukaryote or Prokaryote (nucleus or

NOT?)

Autotroph

Or

Heterotroph

Unicellular

Or

Multicelular

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Protists

Fungi

Plants

Animals

As we review each kingdom, complete this chartAs we review each kingdom, complete this chart..

Archaebacteria

• Prokaryotes• Both heterotroph and

autotroph• Unicellular• Lives in extreme

environments

Eubacteria

• Prokaryotes• Both heterotroph and

autotroph• Unicellular

So what are they?

Strep Throat

Bacteria in Yogurt and Cheese

On our skin

In our eye balls

Protist

• Eukaryotes• Both heterotroph and

autotroph• Unicellular or

multicellular

Fungus

• Eukaryotes• Heterotophs• Mostly multicellular

Remember, these have cell walls!Remember, these have cell walls!

Plants

• Eukaryotes

• Autotrophs

• Multicellular

Animals

• Eukaryotes• Multicellular• Heterotrophs

Characteristics of Each Kingdom

Kingdom Eukaryote or Prokaryote (nucleus or

NOT?)

Autotroph

Or

Heterotroph

Unicellular

Or

Multicelular

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Protists

Fungi

Plants

Animals

P

P

E

E

E

E

EitherEither

HH

AA

HH

EitherEither

EitherEither

UU

UU

EitherEither

MM

MMmostlymostly

MM

Scientific Names(2 names are better than 7)

• Scientists identify organisms by their __________________________________

• This system of naming organisms is known as _________________________– Examples:

• “Quercus virginiana” (Live Oak Tree)• “Quercus alba” (White Oak Tree)• “Quercus rubra” (Red Oak Tree)

Genus and Species Names

Binomial Nomenclature

Essential Question• Why is classification important to

scientists?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Classification allows scientists to organize organisms into groups. Simply by knowing what group an organism is in, scientists can also know information about that organism. For example, even if a scientist doesn’t know exactly what a hedgehog is, knowing that it is a mammal means the hedgehog has hair, gives milk to its young, has live birth, etc.

The Kingdoms of Life

The Kingdoms of Life

• ________– Archaebacteria– Eubacteria

• ________

• _______

• _______

• _______

My Always Energetic Puppy Finds Pizza Appetizing

Study Hint…

Whe

re d

o

hum

ans be

long

?Monera

Protists

Fungi

Plants

Animals

Grouped based on similarities

Types of cells

Energy source

number of cells in bodies

eukaryote

prokaryote

autotroph

heterotroph

unicellular

multicellular

How do Scientists Classify Organisms?

nucleus

photosynthesis

Eats things

One cell

Many celled

No nucleus

Types of Cells



NO Nucleus

DNA floats freelyLike a grocery bag

holds groceries

Types of Cells


Types of Cells

Prokaryote

NO Nucleus

DNA floats freely

Eukaryote

Types of Cells

Prokaryote


NO Nucleus

DNA floats freely

Eukaryote

Types of Cells

Prokaryote

Like a grocery bag holds groceries


NO Nucleus

DNA floats freely

Eukaryote

Types of Cells

Prokaryote

Source of Energy

Autotroph Heterotroph

Eats something else

Makes it’s own food

Inside the cell!

Number of Cells

Unicellular Multicellular

Made of many CellsMade of one Cell

Bacteria vs Viruses

_______• Single cell organism• Are alive• Are usually beneficial

for an organism• Harmful ones can be

treated with Antibiotics (killing the life)

_______• NOT a cell (protein coat and RNA)

• Are not alive• They are always

harmful to the host• Cannot be treated

with antibiotics• Only a few antiviral

medicines are available.

Bacteria Viruses

What about a Virus?

Not Alive Not Alive Not Alive Not AliveNot Alive Not Alive Not Alive Not Alive

Not alive because they do not meet most of the characteristics of life

FOR EXAMPLE:1. Do not use own energy2. They cannot reproduce without a host cell3. They do not grow or develop4. Not made of a Cell

A virus is strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coat

Human Body Systems:

What I LEARNED about some Body Systems

System Function/Job Major Organs

____________ shape, support & protection all the bones

____________ Movement – organs contract and relax;voluntary and involuntary, makes

Smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle

____________ Break down food into small useable molecules (ex. glucose)

Mouth, teeth, tongue, epiglottis, Esophagus, stomach, sm & lg intestines, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, rectum

Skeletal

Muscular

Digestive



_____________ Create energy in the cell by combining Oxygen and Glucose in the cell’s mitochondria; exchange Oxygen and CO2

Trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm

_____________ Transport blood around the body, dropping off Oxygen and nutrients to cells, taking away cell waste, and CO2 fight infection

Heart/aorta, Blood, blood vessels, (arteries, veins, capillaries)

_____________ “exit the body” to excrete or remove waste from the body

Several systems perform excretion: skin, urinary system (Kidneys, bladder, etc) digestive system, lungs

Respiratory

Circulatory

Excretory



________________

Send electrical messages between brain, sensory organs, etc.

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, (neurons, synapses)

________________

Regulation Station!Sends hormones/chemical signals to control growth, puberty, reproduction, hunger and defense (adrenaline- fight or flight; melanin- protect skin from sun)

Pituitary glandAdrenal glandThyroid

________________

Protect the body from disease

Lymphatic System, Lymphocytes, Lymph nodesCirculatory sys, White blood cells, AntibodiesSkin

Nervous

Lymphatic

Immune

Antibiotics vs Vaccine• Taken BEFORE you get sick!• Broken or damaged

_____________ (anything that can make you sick such as bacteria and viruses)

• Given to a person to stimulate an immune response

• the body makes ___________ to that specific pathogen

• Protection from that disease can be long-lasting but not necessarily permanent

• Medicine taken AFTER you get sick!

• Destroys ___________ only

• Will NOT kill viruses

• Overuse and improper use is leading to the creation of _________________ those that can not be killed by traditional antibiotics.

BACTERIABACTERIA

““Resistant Bacteria”Resistant Bacteria”

PATHOGENSPATHOGENS

ANTIBODIESANTIBODIES

Essential Questions about the Human Body

• Explain what would happen if a person’s sweat glands did not produce sweat.

• Answer: The person would not be able to maintain a _______ body ___________ and may overheat. The person would not be able to ________ certain waste products through the skin that may result in a build-up of ______ in the body.

constant

temperature

release

toxins


• Describe the roles of chemical and mechanical digestion in the process of eating and digesting an apple. ER

• Answer: A correct answer would include at least two mechanical examples and two chemical examples.

• _________________: Chewing in the mouth, moved by the tongue, churning/mixing in the stomach, movement along the intestines.

• _________________: Enzymes and acids found in substances such as saliva, stomach acid, and insulin (not bile).

Mechanical examples

Chemical examples


• Explain how a diet high in fat and cholesterol affects the functions of your circulatory system.

• Answer: Foods high in fat and cholesterol can result in ________ in the arteries. This can cause a decrease or complete blockage of blood flow and would result in reduced ________ and _______ reaching target tissues. This can cause _________, heart failure, or even death.

Build-up

oxygen

nutrients

diseases


• Explain how the respiratory system maintains a balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and provides energy for the body.

• Answer: The ___________ system maintains a balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood by moving air through the lungs transferring oxygen to red blood cells. The _______ delivers this oxygen to the body cells where it is used in cellular respiration that releases energy for the body to use. The carbon dioxide waste products are __________ to the lungs in the blood for exhaling.

respiratory

blood

carried back


• Explain how the excretory system helps to properly balance fluids and chemicals to maintain homeostasis within the body.

• Answer: To maintain homeostasis, fluid and chemical levels within the body must be balanced. Waste products must be eliminated by the excretory system. A correct answer would include at least two examples of excretory organs and the waste products that they eliminate. _________: filters excess fluids and toxins from the blood_________: stores/excretes liquid wastes______: secretes salts and cell wastes_____________: undigested food______: carbon dioxide (waste product of cellular respiration)

Kidneys

Bladder

Skin

Large intestineLungs

GeneticGenetics:s:

GeneticGenetics:s:

The Science of HeredityThe Science of Heredity

What do you Know? I Want to know

Why do you look/act the way you do? (your eyes, skin, nose, ears, skills: sing, dance, sports, etc…)

Genetics and probability

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/ By: Learn.Genetics sponsored by the University of Utah

Think:Think:

Genetics vs Physical Genetics vs Physical TraitsTraits

• Genetic Traits• Genotype (XX or XY)• Allele (‘x’-one letter of the code)

• Dominant- trait “in control”, use a capital letter- “T”= Tall

• Recessive- trait may “hide”; use lower case letter- “t”= short

• Purebred = Homozygous– Two of the same alleles for

a trait– “TT”- TALL or “tt”- short

• Hybrid = Heterozygous– Two DIFFERENT alleles for

the same trait– “Tt” (TALL hybrid)

• Physical Traits• Phenotype- the trait

that physically shows– Hair color, eye color,

skin color, gender...– Flower color, leaf

shape…

• Physical traits are the result of the genotype

Some Good Genetics Some Good Genetics Words to knowWords to know

• Parents• Offspring- the “children”• Heredity• Inheritance- the passing of traits from parent to

offspring• Traits- a characteristic or an organism (hair color,

feathers)• Pedigree- the map of a trait through a family history• Gene- a single piece of information controlling a trait• Chromosome- condensed DNA containing genes• DNA- hereditary material, instructions for life• Mutation- a change in the DNA• Meiosis- cell division resulting in Sex Cells (sperm/egg

cell)• Punnett square- tool used to determine the chance a

train will get passed on to the offspring

____________________- ____________________- many pairs of alleles to control a single trait (like skin color – “AaBBcc”)

__________________ two expressions of a trait physically show at the same time (black and white feathers in a rooster- “BW”)

____________________________________the expressions of a trait BLEND together (in “four o’clocks”: red + white = pink flowers)

_____________- _____________- a trait carried on a sex chromosome (“Xc”- the trait for colorblindness is passed attached to the “X” chromosome)

Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering

Polygenic Inheritance

Codominant

Incomplete Dominance

Sex-linked Trait

Major Scientific Contributors

•______________– “the father of Genetics”; created the

lettering system to show dominant vs recessive traits

•R. C. Punnett– Invented the “punnett square” to

calculate the probability of passing on a trait to an offspring

Gregor Mendel

Mendel and Genetics

Tall Dominant

Tall Dominant

Short Recessive

TT

Tt

tt

Phenotype Dominant or RecessiveGenotype

Punnett, & Genetics Probability

Punnett Square

% Probability of Offspring

Phenotype Genotype

75% TALL25% short

25% TT 50% Tt25% tt

Human Inheritance% Probability of Offspring

Phenotype Genotype

___% Male50% _____

____% XYXY____% XXXX

Human Inheritancesuch as

such as

such as

such as

controlled by

Human traits

Single genes

Multiple alleles

Many genes

Sex-linked genes

Widow’s peak

Blood type

Height

Colorblindness

PedigreePedigree

A half-shaded circle or square indicates that a person is a

carrier.

A completely shaded circle or square indicates that a

person has the trait.

A circle or square that is not shaded in green indicates that a person neither has the trait nor is a carrier.

A horizontal line connecting a male and female represents

a marriage.

A vertical line and a bracket connect the parents to their

children.

A circle represents a female.

A square represents a

male.

1. For each genotype below, indicate whether it is heterozygous (He) or homozygous (Ho)

AA - Ho Ee - He Ii - He Mm - He

Bb - He ff - Ho Jj - He nn - Ho

Cc - He Gg - He kk - Ho oo - Ho

DD - Ho HH - Ho LL - Ho Pp - He

Genetics ws # 1Genetics ws # 1

2. For each of the genotypes below write the phenotype that would show.

Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers

PP - PurplePp – Purplepp – white

Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes

BB – BrownBb – Brownbb - blue

Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds

RR – RoundRr – Roundrr – wrinkled

Bobtails in cats are recessive to full length tails

TT – Full length tailTt – Full Length tailtt – bobtail

Genetics ws #1Genetics ws #13. For each phenotype below, list the genotypes (2-letter combination that creates that trait)

Straight hair is dominant to curly. (S=straight, s = curly)

SSSS straight (homozygous)

SSss straightstraight (heterozygous)ss ss curly

Pointed heads are dominant to round heads. (P = pointed, p = round)

PPPP pointed (homozygous)

PPpp pointed (heterozygous) pppp round

Punnett Square Practice

Dad

Mom

B B

b Bb Bb

b Bb Bb

Dad

Mom

B B

B BB BB

b Bb Bb

Part 1: Hair Color: B-Brown b-blond

Dad

Mom

B b

B BB

Bb

b Bb bbDad’s hair color? Brown Dad’s hair color? Brown Dad’s hair color? BrownMom’s hair color? Blond Mom’s hair color? Brown Mom’s hair color? Brown

Offspring Hair Color: 100% Brown 100% Brown 75% Brown0 % Blond 0 % Blond 25 % Blond


Dad

Mom

B b

b Bb bb

b Bb bb

Dad

Mom

B b

B BB

Bb

b Bb bb

Part 2: Eye Color: B= Brown b=blue g-*green *(recessive to brown but dominant over blue)

Probability of Offspring

% Phenotype % Genotype

50% Brown Eyes 50% Blue Eyes0% Green eyes

0% Homozygous Dominant (“BB”)50% Homozygous recessive (bb, gg)50% Heterozygous (Bb, Bg, bg)






Dad

Mom

g b

B Bg Bb

b gb bb

Part 2: Eye Color: B= Brown b=blue g-*green *(recessive to brown but dominant over blue)






Dad

Mom

A B

A AA AB

i Ai Bi

Dad

Mom

A A

B AB AB

i Ai Ai

Part 3: Blood Type: Type A= AA, Ai Type B= BB, Bi Type AB Type O= ii


Phenotype Genotype

25% Type AB 50% Type A25% Type B0% Type O

25% Homozygous Dominant (AA, BB)0% Homozygous recessive (“ii”)25% Codominant (“AB”)50% Heterozygous (“Ai”, “Bi”)


Phenotype Genotype

50% Type AB 50% Type A0% Type B0% Type O

0% Homozygous Dominant (AA, BB)0% Homozygous recessive (“ii”)50% Codominant (“AB”)50% Heterozygous (“Ai”, “Bi”)

Sex Linked Disability- carried on a gender chromosome Color vision= XC XC, XC YCarrier for colorblind (physically has color vision) = XC Xc Colorblind=XcXc, XcY

Dad

XC Y

Mom

XC XCXC XCY

Xc XCXc XcY


Phenotype Genotype

75% chance Kids with Color Vision:25% chance Colorblind Kids:25% Color Vision Girl25% Color vision boy25% Carrier girl25% Colorblind boy

XCXCXCXYXCXcXcY


Essential Question• In cats, black fur is dominant over white fur.

How can two black cats produce white kittens?

• Answer: In order for two black cats to produce kittens with white fur when black fur is dominant, both parents must be heterozygous and carry the recessive gene for white fur.

Dad

Mom

B b

B BB Bb

b Bb bb

BB or Bb= black fur

bb= white fur

Explain why a color-blind father will pass the gene on to his daughter, but not his son

Answer: Color-blindness is a recessive, sex-linked trait attached to the X chromosome. A color-blind father can pass this allele on to his daughter and not to his son, because in order to produce a son the father must pass on a Y chromosome. The Y chromosome does not carry the trait for color-blindness.

Dad

Xc Y

Mom

XC XCXcc XCY

XC XCXcc XCY

Essential Question

DaughtersSons get the Y chromosome from dad

Essential Question

• Describe with examples of each, how mutations can be harmful and helpful to an organism. ER

• Answer: Mutations occur when a permanent change in the DNA takes place and can have a harmful or helpful effect on an organism. For example, mutations during cell division can result in cancerous growths, which is harmful to an animal. A mutation can cause a plant to be resistant to a certain disease, which would be helpful as it would result in increased survival for the plant. (examples will vary).

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Science FCAT Review