SE7-Quan ly du an

04/12/2009

1

QUN L D N(Project Management)

L Th M Hnh

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin

i hc Bch khoa, Nng, 2009

NI DUNG

Vai tr, mc tiu qun l d n

Nhim v, quyn hn ca ngi qun l

Cc hot ng qun l

Cng c tr gip qun l

Mt s k thut trong qun l d n

Tng kt

04/12/2009

2

VAI TR, MC TIU QUN L D N

Vn thng xy ra vi d n

Khng hon thnh ng hn

Xy dng vt qu d ton

Cht lng khng m bo

Cc yu t qun l

Thi gian: ng thi hn

Chi ph: khng vt d ton

Sn phm: y cc chc nng nh

Tha mn yu cu ca khch hng:

tha mn v nhu cu

tha mn v tin trnh

Vic qun l nhm khc phc nhng vn

ny

TRCH NHIM NGI QUN L

Qun l thi gian

Qun l ti nguyn

Qun l sn phm

Qun l ri ro

T chc cch lm vic

04/12/2009

3

CC HOT NG QUN L

Xc nh d n: vit n

Lp k hoch v lp lch

T chc d n

Gim st, cn i k hoch, lch trnh

Qun l: ri ro, thay i, cu hnh.

Vit bo co d n

CC HOT NG QUN L (2)

Xy dng pht biu v cng vic

To ra cng b d n

To cu trc phn cp

Thc hinc lng

Ln lch biu

Ln ngn sch

To ti liu d n, a ra hot ng qun tr

Lp t d n

Thc hin phn b ti nguyn

Qun l d n

Theo di, iu phi tin

Tin hnh phn tch khc bit

Lp k hoch li?

Kt thc d n

Xc nh cch quay li

Xc nh sa i

Thc hin sa i

Khng

C

Quyn lnh o d n

Xc nh d n

Lp k hochd n

T chcd n

Gim st, iu chnh d n

Kt thcd n

S tin trnh qun l d n

04/12/2009

4

XC NH D N

Mc tiu, ngha

hnh thnh d n: hiu d n, u thu,...

c s lp k hoch, pht trin

Chun b vit n

Xc nh bi ton

Thu thp, nghin cu ti liu nghip v

Xc nh ngun lc s b ca d n

Vit phc tho

XC NH D N Vit n

Ti liu m t d n

ngha

Cc bc thc hin

Ni dung

M t d n,mc ch v mc tiu ca d n

Phm vi d n, ngun lc thc hin d n

Cc im mc thi gian quan trng

Kinh ph: phn theo giai on

La chn cng ngh pht trin

Phn hiu chnh/iu chnh

Ch k cc bn lin quan

04/12/2009

5

LP K HOCH Khi nim

Khi nim

Qun l d n cn nhiu thi gian, c bit l cng tc lp k hoch

L cng vic tip tc sut qu trnh: t khi bt u n bn giao sn phm.

c iu chnh thng xuyn mi khi c thng tin mi

Nhiu k hoch khc cn c lp tr gip k hoch chnh v lch trnh v ngn sch

LP K HOCH Khi nim (2)

Cc loi k hoch d n khc

Tn k hoch M t

K hoch cht lng M t th tc v cc chun cht lng p dng

K hoch thm nh M t cch thc, ngun lc v lch trnh thm nh

K hoch qun l cu hnh M t th tc, cu trc qun l cu hnh

K hoch bo tr Ch ra yu cu, chi ph v ngun lc cn cho bo tr

K hoch pht trin i ng M t k nng v kinh nghim ca thnh vin d n s cn

04/12/2009

6

LP K HOCH Tin trnh

Tin trnh lp k hoch d n Thit lp cc rng buc, hn ch Tin hnh nh gi s b cc tham s d n Xc nh ct mc v cc xut phm cn c Thc hin cc hot ng lp li sut tin trnh:

Lp lch trnh d n Khi ng hot ng theo lch trnh Theo di vic thc hin c lng li cc tham s d n Cp nht tin trnh Tho thun li v cc hn ch v xut phm Nu c vn : xem li k thut v phin bn

LP K HOCH Tin trnh(2)


To ra cng b d n

To cu trc phn cp

Thc hinc lng

Ln lch biu

Ln ngn sch


Lp t d n


Qun l d n

Theo di, iu phi tin


Lp k hoch li?

Kt thc d n

Xc nh cch quay li

Xc nh sa i

Thc hin sa i

Khng

C

Quyn lnh o d n

Xc nh d n

Lp k hochd n

T chcd n

Gim st, iu chnh d n

Kt thcd n

04/12/2009

7

LP K HOCH Ni dung

Ni dung k hoch d n M u: mc ch, mc tiu, phm vi d n

Xc nh tin trnh d n, vng i c chn

Th tc v chun cn c tun theo

Nhn din sn phm cng vic cn c pht trin

Phn tch ri ro, k hoch qun l ri ro

Cc yu cu v ngun lc Nhn lc

Phn cng, phn mm,..

c lng v kch c, n lc, ti nguyn my tnh

Phn on cng vic, lp bng cu trc phn vic (WBS)

Lch trnh d n

C ch iu hnh v bo co

NI DUNG LP K HOCH

Phn on cng vic Bng cng vic L cch thc hon thnh mc tiu d n Danh sch chi tit nhng g cn hon thnh d n

(danh sch sn phm, cng vic) L c s c lng chi ph, kinh ph d n C s xc nh nhim v gia cc c nhn C s xy dng lch trnh d nCc bc xy dng

Bc 1: Vit ra sn phm chung nht Bc 2: To danh sch sn phm Bc 3: To lp danh sch cng vic, m t cng vic di

mi sn phm mc thp nht Bc 4: nh m cho mi ca bng cng vic Bc 5: Xt duyt li bng cng vic

04/12/2009

8

NI DUNG LP K HOCH (2)

Phn on cng vic Bng cng vic

V d bng cng vic cho d n phn mm

04/12/2009

9

NI DUNG LP K HOCH (3)

c lng cng vic

Cc yu t cn c lng

Kch c phn mm

Thi gian

S ngi

Chi ph

Mc c lng

L u vo cho lp lch

NI DUNG LP K HOCH LP LCH

Yu cu t ra cho lp lch

Lng ha lm c s c lng d n

Lch trnh ph thuc vo m hnh la chn

Ngi tham gia thay i theo tng pha ca d n

Cn phi phn tch cng vic chi tit hn v lp lch kim sot

04/12/2009

10

LP K HOCH Lp lch (2)

Mc tiu ca lp lch l kim sot cng vic

Xc nh nhim v

Thi im bt u, thi im kt thc

Ngi thc hin (s ngi, yu cu,...)

Rng buc (mi lin h gia cc nhim v)

cn c mm do v thi gian


Nhim v c giao phi: L cng vic c kt qu bn giao Quy trch nhim cho mt c nhn C hn nh v thi gian C th o c (tin , cht lng)Xc nh rng buc nhim v: Cc rng buc v ti nguyn (con ngi, thit b) Rng buc v tin trnh

cc nhim v phi c kt thc trc cc nhim v c th c thc thi k tip thi gian thc hin

Gim ti a cc nhim v ph thuc Thc hin cc nhim v song song khi c th

04/12/2009

11


Ni dung ca hot ng lp lch

Phn d n thnh cc nhim v v c lng thi gian, ngun lc thc hin chng

T chc thc hin ng thi cc nhim v ti u lung cng vic

Hn ch s ph thuc gia cc nhim v trnh tc ng gy chm tr ln nhau

Sp xp cc nhim v tn dng cc ngun lc khc: ngi, thit b,..

Ph thuc vo trnh & kinh nghim ngi qun l


Khuyn co cho lp lch

Gim ti a thi gian tha

Tn dng ti a cc ngun lc

iu phi ti nguyn (ch tha/thiu)

Xem xt cc hn ch

L mt quy trnh lp li

S dng cc cng c t ng

04/12/2009

12


V d lp lch

T CHC D N


To ra cng b d n

To cu trc phn cp

Thc hinc lng

Ln lch biu

Ln ngn sch


Lp t d n


Qun l d n

Theo di, iu phi tin


Lp k hoch li?

Kt thc d n

Xc nh cch quay li

Xc nh sa i

Thc hin sa i

Khng

C

Quyn lnh o d n

Xc nh d n

Lp k hochd n

T chcd n

Gim st, iu chnh d n

Kt thcd n

04/12/2009

13

T CHC D N (2)

Lp t d n (v thnh s , m t)

Chc nng nhim v ca tng b phn

Phn b ti nguyn cho tng b phn

Gim c d n

Qun tr d n

Khch hng

Nhm phn tch Nhm thit k Nhm lp trnh Nhm test

T CHC D NLa chn nhn lc

Con ngi l yu t quan trng nht trong pht trin phn mm

Cc thnh vin khc nhau v nng lc

Mt s cc cng vic c th khng phi ai cng lm c Lp trnh h thng

Giao din ha cao cp

iu khin thit b

C s d liu

04/12/2009

14

T CHC D NNhm v c trng

Phn mm cn c pht trin theo nhm

Qui m nhm ti u: 3~8 ngi

Cc loi thnh vin nhm: Lp trnh vin

Chuyn gia giao din

Chuyn gia min ng dng

Kim th phn mm, qun l cu hnh,..

Cn c: Lnh o nhm (team leader)

Lnh o k thut (technical leader)

Khuyn co cho la chn nhm

Khng nn t chc nhm qu ln

thi gian cho giao tip s tng cao

kh tng tc bng cch thm ngi

Mt s cng vic ch nn mt ngi thc hin

Cn phn r d n ln thnh cc d n nh

04/12/2009

15

Mt s cch t chc nhm

Nhm ngang quyn (democratic team)

Cng vic c tho lun v cc thnh vin nhm thng nht gii php chung

Cc thnh vin u c kinh nghim v nng lc

Nhm XP

Mt dng ca ngang quyn, lp trnh i v chu trch nhim chung

Nhm quyn lc tp trung (chief programmer team)

Nhm trng c nng lc vt tri, ngi thit k chnh

Cc thnh vin khc thc hin cng vic chi tit

Nhm lm vic hiu qu

Cc mc ch c thng nht

Thnh vin tin tng vo vai tr v mc tiu

Chp nhn mc tiu v tiu ch cht lng

C phng thc trao i thng tin hiu qu hp, trao i tng, kim sot thay i

To c mi quan h hp tc gia cc thnh vin

04/12/2009

16

GIM ST V IU CHNH


To ra cng b d n

To cu trc phn cp

Thc hinc lng

Ln lch biu

Ln ngn sch


Lp t d n


Qun l d n

Theo di, iu phi tin


Lp k hoch li?

Kt thc d n

Xc nh cch quay li

Xc nh sa i

Thc hin sa i

Khng

C

Quyn lnh o d n

Xc nh d n

Lp k hochd n

T chcd n

Gim st, iu chnh d n

Kt thcd n

GIM ST V IU CHNH(2)

Mc tiu ca gim st v iu chnh

m bo cht lng phn mm

Qun l thay i/qun l cu hnh phn mm

Qun l thay i v yu cu, thit k, m ngun

Qun l cu hnh (c pht trin phn tn)

04/12/2009

17

GIM ST V IU CHNH (3)

m bo cht lng phn mm SQA

(Software Quality Assurence)

L cng vic xuyn sut qu trnh pht trin

Cht lng th hin:

Phn cng

Phn mm


m bo cht lng phn mm (2)

Cc yu t la chn khi bt u d n: Con ngi

Quy trnh

Cng c

Trong qu trnh thc hin d n: tun th quy trnh (cc chun, cc ti liu)

hp xt duyt

kim th sn phm

04/12/2009

18


Gi tr cho tm v sa li


Xt duyt

Ti mi pha cng vic, cn hp xt duyt m bo cht lng

Thc hin theo nhm

Xt duyt cc ti liu

04/12/2009

19


Kim th

Kim tra s hot ng ca sn phm khi c m ngun li lp trnh

tin cy, hiu qu

Cc mc kim th Kim th n v (ngi lp trinh)

Kim th tch hp (nhm chuyn trch)

Kim th h thng (nhm chuyn trch)

Kim th Alpha (trong xng, d liu tht)

Kim th Beta (cho ngi dng s dng)

Tm li: Gim st

Cc thnh vin d n s bo co vic s dng thi gian cho mi hot ng, mi giai on

PM v SE thng xuyn vch ra cc tin b ca cc c nhn so vi thi gian biu d kin

Phi sm ch ra cc vn tim tng trc khi chng tr thnh nhng vn ln

Khch hng phi bit c cc vn c th khng gii quyt c

04/12/2009

20

Tm li: Kim sot

Kim sot d n: l cc quyt nh v hnh ng c tin hnh da trn tnh trng d n

Cc i tng kim sot: Kim sot tin

Kim sot ngun lc

Kim sot chi tiu

Kim sot cht lng

Kim sot ri ro

Kim sot tin

Trng thi tin Nhn bo co thnh vin v cc tin

T chc hp thng l

Mc ch Hiu trng thi tin so vi mc ch

Pht hin vn

Xy dng cch sa cha, gii quyt vn

04/12/2009

21

Kim sot tin

Cch kim sot tin Thu thp thng tin t cc thnh vin

So snh trng thi thc ti vi k hoch

Phn tch vn v cp nht li danh sch vn

Tm ra bin php

Chun b ti liu bo co v lm ra bo co

Kim sot ngun lc

Kim sot ngun lc l g?Xc nhn liu ngun lc c sn nh k hoch hay khng trong thi gian no v thi gian, cht lng v s lng. Nu c vn th ly bin php gii quyt

Theo di trng thi kim sot ngun lc: Hiu tnh trng ngun lc. Bo m ngun lc lun c sn

So snh ngun lc thc ti v k hoch: Pht hin sai lch, iu tra nguyn nhn, c bin php khc phc

Thay i k hoch ngun lc

04/12/2009

22

Kim sot chi ph

Kim sot v theo di chi ph

So snh chi ph thc v chi ph theo k hoch

Cng c kim sot chi ph gi tr kim c: 3 nhn t c s Chi ph theo ngn sch ca cng vic theo lch

Chi ph theo ngn sch ca cng vic lm

Chi ph thc ca cng vic lm

Kim sot cht lng

Kim sot cht lng ca d n: tha mn nhu cu ca d n

Xc nh cht lng bng kim im d n

Cc cng c kim sot cht lng khc

m bo cht lng

Thng tin c s K thut Kt qu

Ti liu k hoch qun l cht lngKt qu o qun l cht lng Chun o cht lng

Cng c v k thut k hoch cht lng

Kim nh cht lng

Nng cao cht lng

04/12/2009

23

Kim sot ri ro

Kim sot ri ro l g?

Thc hin cc bin php d kin, xy dng k hoch qun l ri ro, thc hin cc bin php phng nga

Qun l ri ro trong ton d n:

Nhn din ri ro, nh lng ri ro, bin php ri ro

Cp nht v thay i v qun l ri ro:

Trong trng hp khn cp, tin hnh cc bin php d phng, cp nht v thay i qun l ri ro. Bo co qun l ri ro v thay i trong qun l ri ro vi ngi c lin quan

K hoch chi tiu

Chi ton d n: c giao t u d n, da trn tnh ton ban u

K hoch chi khi u: Da trn nhn s, ngun lc, n gi

Ti liu k hoch chi: kim sot vic chi cho d n

Vch ranh gii ngn sch: Ra gii hn, trnh vt ngn sch hn nh

Vn 1: Chun b d n

04/12/2009

24

QUN L RI RO(Risk Management)

Ri ro l cc hon cnh bt li c th xy ra tc ng ln d n v sn phm

Cc loi ri ro: Ri ro d n (tc ng ln lch trnh, ngun

lc)

Ri ro sn phm (tc ng ln cht lng v hiu nng ca sn phm)

Ri ro nghip v (tc ng ln t chc pht trin hay khch hng)

Quan tm ri ro c th qun l c

QUN L RI RO

Cc yu t lin quan n ri ro phn mm:

Cng ngh

Nhn s, i ng

T chc

Cng c

Cc yu cu

Cc c lng

04/12/2009

25

QUN L RI RO

Tn ri ro Loi M t

i ng suy gim D n Nhn vin c kinh nghim ra i

Thay i qun l D n Thay i th t cng vic

Phn cng khng sn sng

D n Khng nhn c phn cng theo lch

Thay i yu cu D n v sn phm

Yu cu thay i nhiu so vi trc

c t chm tr D n v sn phm

c t giao din c bn bn giao chm so vi lch trnh

QUN L RI RO

Tn ri ro Loi M t

c lng sai D n & sn phm

Kch c sn phm sai nhiu dn n sai cc c lng khc

Kh nng CASE yu km

Sn phm CASE khng thc hin c cng vic nh d kin

Thay i cng ngh Nghip v Cng ngh s dng lc hu

Tnh cnh tranh sn phm km

Nghip v Sn phm cnh tranh khc ra th trng trc

04/12/2009

26

QUN L RI RO

Cc hot ng ca qun l ri ro

xc nh (d on) cc ri ro

phn tch ri ro (nh gi kh nng, thit hi)

lp k hoch trnh hay hn ch tc ng

gim st (theo di s xut hin, tc ng ca ri ro) v p dng gii php qun l trong sut qu trnh d n

QUN L RI RO

Tin trnh qun l ri ro l qu trnh lp

Xc nh ri ro Phn tch ri ro Lp KH ri ro Kim sat ri ro

Danh sch ri ro tim tng

Danh sch ri ro xp th t u tin

K hoch trnh, hn ch

nh gi ri ro, Bin php

04/12/2009

27

QUN L RI RO

Gii php qun l ri ro

Gii php da trn phn tch loi yu cu

chc nng cn thit

chc nng mong mun

chc nng tu chn

Nguyn l gii php: Pareto (80-20)

Phn tch, a ra quyt nh c p dng bin php qun l cn thit hay khng

da trn thng k (kinh nghim)

dng cy quyt nh

QUN L RI RO

Mt s ri ro v bin php

Ri ro nhn s: Thiu ngi S dng ngi tt nht

Lm vic theo nhm

o to ngi mi

Ri ro c lng: K hoch, d n khng st thc t c lng nhiu ln

Phn loi, lc b cc yu cu th yu

04/12/2009

28

QUN L RI RO


Pht trin sai chc nng

Phn tch t chc/m hnh nghip v ca khch hng

Lm bn mu

Pht trin sai giao din

Phn tch thao tc, to kch bn s dng

Lm bn mu giao din

QUN L RI RO


Ri ro kinh t: khch hng yu cu qu cao

Phn loi, loi b cc yu cu th yu

Phn tch li ch, chi ph

Khch hng thay i yu cu lin tc

p dng thit k hng i tng (du thng tin)

Pht trin theo m hnh xon c (tin ha)

Hp ng cht ch

04/12/2009

29

QUN L THAY I

Mt s l do khin d n b tht bi:

Lun c s thay i

Yu cu, thit k, m ha, sa li,..

Phn mm lun tin ha

Khng nhn bit c s thay i

Khng c phng php hiu qu qun l s thay i

QUN L THAY I

Xc nh thay i ca bt c hot ng no: phm vi

kt qu bn giao

kin trc c bn

chi ph

lch trnh

Lp ti liu y v cc thay i, m bo cc thnh vin hiu r v cc thay i cn s dng cng c h tr

04/12/2009

30

QUN L CU HNH

Software Configuration Management (SCM) L xc nh, kim sot, kim ton v bo co nhng thay i

thng xuyn xut hin khi phn mm ang c pht trinv sau khi n c a ra cho khch hng.

Qun l cu hnh l ngh thut nhn din, t chc, v kim sot nhng thay i i vi phn mm ang c xy dng bi mt t lp trnh.

nh ngha ca IEEE(IEEE Std.610.12.1990 ) CM l b mn p dng vic cnh gii k thut v hnh chnh

vo Nhn din v lm t liu cc c trng chc nng v vt l

ca cc khon mc cu hnh Kim sot thay i i vi cc c trng ny Ghi li v bo co vic x l thay i & tnh trng thc hin Kim chng s tun th theo yu cu xc nh

QUN L CU HNH (2)

Nhim v ca qun l cu hnh:

qun l phin bn phn mm

lu tr ti liu, m ngun, d liu

to im truy cp duy nht (m bo tnh thng nht ca m ngun)

Trn din hp, cn gi l qun l m ngun

04/12/2009

31

QUN L CU HNH (3)

Li ch ca qun l cu hnh

Cung cp cho ngi pht trin phin bn mi nht ca phn mm

Qun l cc m ngun c lu tr phn tn

Qun l cc phin bn khc nhau

Ghi ch l do ca sa i m ngun

D dng truy cp cc phin bn c

Tit kim khng gian a

QUN L CU HNH (4)

Qun l phin bn

Khi nim phin bn phn mm

Phin bn hon thnh (version)

Nhng thay i b phn (variant)

Xut phm (release)

Cn c cc tiu ch xc nh phin bn, tiu ch nh danh phin bn

04/12/2009

32

QUN L CU HNH (5)

Phng thc hot ng

Lu tr tp trung m ngun, ti liu, cng c

Lu tr duy nht (logic)

Qun l sa i khng cho php sa i ng thi

lu tr phin bn c

thng tin sa i: l do, ngi thc hin, thi im

QUN L CU HNH (6)

Ni dung lu tr Ti liu:

phn tch, thit k, ti liu ngi dng

M ngun Cng c pht trin

cn bin dch li cc m ngun c cn cho vic bo tr

Cc b d liu test

Vi ni dung ln, phi qun l hng ngn ti liu

04/12/2009

33

H S D N

H s d n bao gm tt c giy t, ti liu lin quan n qu trnh hot ng ca d n Th t trao i vi bn ngoi Cc c lng thi gian Cc biu mu, bn ghi nh, bin bn hp Cc th tc, cc bo co Cc quy nh v trch nhim, quyn hn trong d n Cc cp nht lch biu, cc ti liu khc

Th k d n lu tr, bo qun ti liu d n Phn loi ti liu To lp, thu thp, b sung h s Cung cp ti liu khi cn Lu tr trn my, trn giy

H S D N (2)

Tc dng ca vic lu tr h s d n

Mt thi gian mt ln, tit kim nhiu ln

To iu kin theo di d n

To thun li cho cp trn kim tra d n

L c s lp bo co

L ch da Ngi qun l d n t bo v mnh

Chia s thng tin trong tp th thc hin d n

04/12/2009

34

Qun l nhn s

1. Tuyn dng

2. Sa thi

3. ng lc thc y

4. Hoch nh ngh nghip

5. o to hun luyn

6. Thm nh

Tuyn dng

Mt > 7 tun/1 ngi

Thng bo tuyn dng

H s xin vic

- Qung co- Tip nhn h s- Sng lc

Phng nhn s

trnh danh sch cho PM

Phng t chc

Trng d n (PM)

Phng vn

04/12/2009

35

Tuyn dng

Mt i ng tt:

Mt i ng c tnh, a dng v tm l

Coi bt ng kin l c li

Xy dng ci nhn chung, thc nhm

Khng nn:

Tuyn nhng ngi ging mnh

Thiu ngi c sng kin, ham hc hi

Tha ngi u tu si ni

Sa thi

Do nhn vin khng m ng c nhim v.

Thc hin nhanh chng

Th hin bng vn bn c th lm c s cho tranh chp v php l sau ny

Gii php ca PM gii?

04/12/2009

36

ng lc thc y

ng lc chuyn nghip

ng lc c nhn

ng lc thc y

ng lc chuyn nghip: c lm mt cng vic th v, c khuyn khch, t do pht kin sng to

ng lc c nhn: tin, a v

PM cn to iu kin thun li cho nhn vin lm vic. C khen thng ph hp.

04/12/2009

37

Hoch nh ngh nghip

Mi nhn vin u c nhng kht vng lu di hn

PM cn lp k hoch cng vic vi tng c nhn sao cho hu ch cho s nghip ca h.

PM cn lm tho lun trc tip vi tng c nhn, t nht l hng nm.

C khen thng

o to, hun luyn

Mc ch: ch ra cc yu im ca nhn vin.

Cc SE v PM phi chu trch nhim trc tip trong vic ch ra cc yu cu ca vic hun luyn

K hoch hun luyn phi ph hp vi tng nhn vin

04/12/2009

38

Thm nh

L hot ng thng xuyn ca PM

nh gi da trn:

+ Khi lng v cht lng cng vic c giao

+ Ni qui, php lut

+ Khi lng thi gian nghin cu

+ Quan h vi cc ng nghip

Vic thm nh c thc hin bng vn bn c ch k xc nhn.

CNG C TR GIP QUN L

Microsoft Project 2000,

H tr qun l d n phn mm

Microsoft SourceSafe

Qun l cu hnh, m ngun

Visio 2000

To bng biu, m hnh

http://www.startwright.com/project1.htm

04/12/2009

39

04/12/2009

40

CNG C TR GIP QUN L (4)

Biu Grantt to bng Visio 2000

CNG C TR GIP QUN L(5)

Timeline to bng Visio 2000

04/12/2009

41

MT S K THUT S DNG

K thut nghin cu kh thi

o v c lng d n

Cng c lp lch

04/12/2009

42

NGHIN CU KH THI

Xc nh, phn tch cc yu t

Phm vi phn mm

Kh thi v kinh t

Kh thi v k thut

Kh thi v php l

Cc ri ro v bin php khc phc

NGHIN CU KH THI (2)

Kh thi v kinh t

Phn tch li ch, chi ph

Chi ph xy dng (u t 1 ln: ngun, s vn)

Ph tn vn hnh (chi thng xuyn)

Hiu qu kinh t (thi gian hon vn)

V tr ca sn phm

Kh nng ti chnh ca khch hng

khch hng # nh pht trin: v quan im kinh t

Nh pht trin cn thuyt phc khch hng

04/12/2009

43

NGHIN CU KH THI (3)

Kh thi v k thut

Cc yu t cn xem xt:

c cng ngh thc hin khng?

c nng lc trin khai khng?

c ti nguyn k thut thc hin khng?

khch hng c vn hnh c khng?

NGHIN CU KH THI (4)

Kh thi v php l

Khng vi phm:

lut, quy nh trong hot ng pht trin

bn quyn

t do c nhn

kim duyt email, ph mt khu...

Gy hi i vi bn th ba

virus, spam email

Cc lut php khc

cung cp cc dch v cm,...

04/12/2009

44

NGHIN CU KH THI (5)

Cc nhn t c th lm d n tht bi: Ri ro k thut: qu kh

Ri ro kinh t: qu t

Ri ro thi gian: thi gian qu ngn

phn r yu cu phn tch mc ca n cn thit

mong mun

ty chn (optional)

NGHIN CU KH THI (5)

Bo co kh thi quyt nh

Trin khai d n

Khng trin khai

Xem xt li

04/12/2009

45

O V C LNG D N

o phn mm

Kch thc, chi ph, hiu nng, cht lng

c lng

kch thc

chi ph

thi gian

O V C LNG D N

o v c lng

c lng phn mm l cng vic quan trng hng u trong qun l d n

kch c, chi ph

thi gian, nhn lc

c lng c cn c o

kch c, cht lng, hiu nng

Nguyn l: cn xc lp o cho mi cng vic

o phi nh lng c

04/12/2009

46

O D N

o kch c phn mm

Qua dng lnh (LOC Lines Of Code)

trc quan

ph thuc ngn ng

Qua im chc nng (FP Functional Points)

c lp vi ngn ng

ph thuc cc m hnh la chn (tham s)

hiu nng: KLOC/ngi-thng

cht lng: s li/KLOC

chi ph: gi thnh/KLOC

O D N (2)

o theo dng lnh

Th no l mt dng lnh?

Ngn ng cng thp th tc vit lnh cao

Nng lc sn xut ca ngi lp trnh cao???

Ngi vit m di dng c li (nng lc sn xut cao) ???

04/12/2009

47

O D N (3)

o theo dng lnh

So snh ngn ng

O D N (4)

V d s dng lnh

1.000.000 Assembly

400.000 C

175.000 C++

150.000 Java

04/12/2009

48

O D N (5)

o theo im chc nng (FP)

L tng hp cc c trng ca module Input

Output

Interface

Files s dng

Xc nh trng s cho cc c trng trn, ph thuc vo ng cnh (d n) c th: phc tp ca bi ton

Cc yu cu v cht lng, hiu nng

Kch thc ca d liu s dng

O D N (5)


04/12/2009

49

O D N (5)


c trng phng php FP D liu d hiu vi ngi dng, bi v vic c lng

c thc hin cho cc khon mc thy c vi ngi dng.

Vic iu chnh c thc hin da trn d liu thc t c tch lu trong qu kh. Do , vic tch lu d liu l cn thit.

Cn c tiu chun nh gi chun ho trong vic p dng phng php c lng ny.

O D N (6) - o theo im chc nng

Bc 1. Tnh cc i lng sau:

- S chc nng nhp liu c1

- S chc nng xut d liu c2 (bo biu, mn hnh xut, thng bo li)

- S chc nng truy vn d liu c3.

- S tp tin d liu c4 (trong trng hp dng CSDL quan h th l s quan h, CSDL hng i tng th l s lp).

- S cc giao tip vi h thng khc c5.

Bc 2. Tnh tng:

5

1i

iiWC

04/12/2009

50

O D N (7)- o theo im chc nng

Bc 3. Tnh cac gia tr hieu chnh o phc tap Fi(i=1, 2,, 14) nh vao 14

cau hoi, cho iem t 0 en 5 tng ng vi cac mc o: khong co, t,

va phai,trung bnh, ang chu y, that s can thiet.

1. He thong oi hoi phai bao am an toan ve viec cap nhat va tra cu d lieu hay khong?

2. oi hoi viec truyen thong hay khong?

3. Co cac chc nang x ly phan bo hay khong?

4. Van e toc o co quan trong hay khong?

5. He thong se hoat ong tren mot moi trng co san nang ne khong?

6. Co oi hoi nhap d lieu trc tuyen hay khong?

7. D lieu nhap trc tuyen (neu co) co oi hoi transaction hay khong (do co nhieu man hnh

nhap hay nhieu thao tac ong thi) ?

8. D lieu lu tr c cap nhat trc tuyen?

9. Co yeu cau cac thao tac nhap xuat hay cac cau truy van phc tap khong?

10. X ly ben trong co phc tap khong?

11. Ma nguon co can thiet ke e co the dung lai khong?

12. S chuyen oi d lieu va cai at he thong co c bao gom trong thiet ke khong?

13. He thong co c thiet ke e cai at cho nhieu to chc khac nhau khong?

14. He thong co c thiet ke e de dang thay oi va de dang s dung bi ngi dung khong?

O D N (8)- o theo im chc nng

Bc 4. Tnh so iem chc nang

FP= *(0.65 + 0.01 * Fi ).

Fi (I=1..>14): Gi tr iu chnh phc tp.

Cc ga tr hng c xc nh theo kinh nghim

04/12/2009

51

O D N (8)-Xc nh d n

O D N (8)-Lin h gia LOC v FP

Ngon ng lap trnh LOC/FP

Hp ng 320

C 128

Cobol 105

Fortran 105

Pascal 90

Ada 70

Cac NNLT hng oi tng 30

Ngon ng the he 4 (4GLs) 20

Cac bo phat sinh ma 15

Bang tnh 6

Ngon ng ICON 4

04/12/2009

52

C LNG D N

Bi ton

Hy pht trin Trang web xem kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin

Vy:

Trong bao lu s hon thnh?

Chi ph l bao nhiu?

Dng bao nhiu ngi?

C LNG D N (2)

c lng phn mm

Cc yu t cn c lng

kch c phn mm

chi ph (cng sc) pht trin

thi gian thc hin

s ngi tham gia

Nguyn tc c lng

phn r chc nng

c lng tng chc nng

da trn kinh nghim, d kin qu kh

04/12/2009

53

C LNG D N (3)

c lng theo

Kch c LOC: c lng trc tip vi tng m un

FP: c lng gin tip thng qua c lng input/output, yu cu

Cng sc: da trn kch c, phc tp

da vo d liu qu kh

n v: ngi-ngy, ngi-tun, ngi-thng

C LNG D N (4)

c lng vic lp trnh (IBM)

D = C * (G + J) D: Cng sc (ngi-ngy)

C: nhn t phc tp (ph thuc ngn ng)

G: nhn t kinh nghim (ph thuc s nm)

J: nhn t tri thc v cng vic, vic lin quan (cc mc: cn nhiu, cn va, khng cn)

04/12/2009

54

C LNG D N (5)

V d c lng

Trang web xem kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin

Bao gm cc m un/giao din chnh: nhp thng tin tm kim: 100 LOC

tm kim trn CSDL sinh vin: 300 LOC

sinh kt qu: 100 LOC

cng sc: 01 person-week

Vy phm mm o to 2000 LOC th sao???

C LNG D N (6)

M hnh c lng COCOMO

COCOMO - COnstructive COst MOdel M hnh COCOMO, mt phng php c lng do Boehm xut,

l ph hp cho vic c lng cc h thng c trung ti c ln.

c lng n lc, thi gian, s ngi pht trin da trn kch c phn mm.

COCOMO bao gm 3 dng: COCOMO c bn: M hnh cho gi tr n, tnh, chi ph c tnh nh

ln ca Phn mm theo dng lnh.

COCOMO trung gian: - chi ph c tnh nh ln ca Phn mm theo dng lnh. Cng thm nh gi sn phm, phn cng, nhn lc v cc thuc tnh ca d n.

COCOMO chi tit tch hp mi c trng ca COCOMO trung gian cng thm nh gi ca chi ph nh hng (phn ch, thit k,.) trong mi giai an ca qui trnh cng ngh phn mm (the software engineering process)

04/12/2009

55

C LNG D N (6)

M hnh c lng COCOMO c bn c th p dng cho ba lp d n phn mm: D n t chc tng i nh, d n phn mm n

gin, i ng nh c kinh nghim ng dng tt,v lm vic trn mi trng vi nhng yu cn khng qu cng nhc.

D n phn mm bn trong, trung gian, i ng c kinh nghim hn hp, v lm vic trn mi rng vi nhng yu cn khng qu cng nhc.

D n nhng c trin khai trong iu kin cht ch phn cng, phn mm v cc rng buc v vn hnh.

C LNG D N (7)

Phng trnh ca COCOMO c bn c dng:

N lc: E = a * Lb

Thi gian: T = c * Ed

S ngi: N = E/T

Trong : L: s dng lnh (KLOC)

a, b, c, d: tham s cho theo bng sau:

a b c d

Organic 3.2 1.05 2.5 0.38

semi-detached 3.0 1.12 2.5 0.35

embeded 2.8 1.2 2.5 0.32

04/12/2009

56

C LNG D N (8)

Phn r mun chc nng v c lng s dng lnh (L)

Tnh li s dng lnh trn c s ti s dng

Tnh n lc pht trin E cho tng m un

Tnh li E da trn phc tp ca d n

tin cy, ln ca CSDL

yu cu v tc , b nh

Tnh thi gian v s ngi tham gia

C LNG D N (9)

COCOMO: V d

Phn mm kch c 33.3 KLOC.

Chn: a = 3.0 b = 1.12 c = 2.5 d = 0.35

E = 3.0 * 33.31.12 = 152 ngi-thng

T = 2.5 * E0.35 = 14.5 thng

N = E/D = ~ 11 ngi

04/12/2009

57

C LNG D N (9)

COCOMO c bn rt tt cho c tnh chi ph th, d dng v nhanh.

Tuy nhin, s chnh xc s b gii hn v thiu mt s nhn t cha k n:

s khc nhau trong rng buc v phn cng,

kinh nghim v kh nng chuyn nghip ca con ngi,

vic s dng cc cng c hin i

cc c trng khc c nh hng n chi ph phn mm.

Cng c lp lch

C hai biu Gantt and PERT l cng c CPM (Critical Path Method) : Qun l cc cng vic c lin quan trong cc d ln v

phc tp.

Biu Gantt C th a ra t mt danh sch hat ng

Mt biu Gantt l mt biu ngang minh ha k hoch lm vic

Thi gian hin th trn trc ngang v cc hot ng c sp xp theo trc ng

V tr ca mt thanh th hin bt u v kt thc cng vic, v di thanh l khong thi gian thc hin cng vic

04/12/2009

58

Cng c lp lch

Cng c lp lch

Biu PERT/CPM

C th a ra t mt danh sch hat ng

Program Evaluation Review Technique

(PERT)

Critical Path Method (CPM)

Biu PERT/CPM hin th mt d n nh mt s mng, cc hat ng (cng vic) hin th nh cc vecto, v cc s kin biu din bi cc nt

04/12/2009

59

Cng c lp lch

Biu PERT/CPM

Cc k php:

Cng vic, nhim v

Cng vic o (th hin rng buc)

S kin (bt u/kt thc cng vic)

Mc thi gian (Milestone)

Cng c lp lch

Biu PERT/CPM

Cc vectors biu din cc cng vic ni cc nt (cc mc s kin)

Thi gian c lng cho mi cng vic hin th trn vecto.

Cc cng vic cn c hon thnh trong mt trt t xc nh c gi l cc cng vic ph thuc hay chui cng vic

Cc hot ng gi (Dummy) c th c s dng biu din cng vic ph thuc

04/12/2009

60

Cng c lp lch

thi im bt u sm nht ts : thi gian hon thnh sm nht cho mt cng vic L thi gian nh nht cn hon thnh tt c cc cng vic xy ra trc

mt s kin.

ts(nh) = Max{ ts(nh u cv) + tcv}Mi cv i vo nh c xt

thi im bt u mun nht tm : thi gian hon thnh mun nht cho mt cng vic L thi im mun nht m mt s kin c th xut hin khng lm tr

tan b d n

tm(nh) = Min { tm(nh cui cv) - tcv }

Thi gian d phng cng vic tdf : tng thi gian cho php mt s kin c th b tr m khng lm tr d n

tdf (cv) = tm (nh cui cv) - ts (nh u cv) - tcv ng dn ti hn: l dy cc s kin v cng vic khng c thi gian d

phng. S tn ti t nht mt ng dn hon thnh m thi im bt u sm nht v

thi im bt u mun nht bng nhau. Ngi qun tr d n da trn ng dn ti hn gim st, theo di d n

V d: Biu PERT/CPM

V d: Bng cng vic c xc nh

Cng vic

Thi gian

i sau cng vic

Cng vic

Thi gian

i sau cng vic

a 1 - k 2 g, i

b 5 - m 3 i

c 6 - l 3 i

d 4 - n 2 k

e 4 a o 1 l, n

f 3 b p 2 g, i, h

g 3 c q 3 g, i, h

h 4 d r 2 o, p

i 2 e,f s 1 r, q

04/12/2009

61

V d: Biu PERT/CPM

V d: Mng cng vic tng ng

0

1

a(1)

2b(5)

3

4

c(6)

d(4)

5

6

e(4)

f(3)

g(3)

7

8

9

10h(4)

k(2)

i(2)

l(3)

n(2)11 12

13m(6)

o(1) r(2)

s(1)

q(3)

p(2)

V d: Biu PERT/CPM

V d: thi im bt u sm nht ts

0

1

a(1)

2b(5)

3

4

c(6)

d(4)

5

6

e(4)

f(3)

g(3)

7

8

9

10h(4)

k(2)

i(2)

l(3)

n(2)11 12

13m(6)

o(1) r(2)

s(1)

q(3)

p(2)

ts(nh) = Max{ ts(nh u cv) + tcv}

1

5

6 10

8 10

14

12

4 10

15 17

18

Mi cv i vo nh c xt

04/12/2009

62

V d: Biu PERT/CPM

V d: thi im bt u mun nht tm

0

1

a(1)

2b(5)

3

4

c(6)

d(4)

5

6

e(4)

f(3)

g(3)

7

8

9

10h(4)

k(2)

i(2)

l(3)

n(2)11 12

13m(6)

o(1) r(2)

s(1)

q(3)

p(2)

tm(nh) = Min { tm(nh cui cv) - tcv }

1/4

5/5

6/7 10/10

8/8 10/10

14/14

12/12

4/9 10/13

15/15 17/17

18/18

0/0

Mi cv i vo nh c xt

V d: Biu PERT/CPM

V d: Thi gian d phng cng vic: tdf

0

1

a(1)

2b(5)

3

4

c(6)

d(4)

5

6

e(4)

f(3)

g(3)

7

8

9

10h(4)

k(2)

i(2)

l(3)

n(2)11 12

13m(6)

o(1) r(2)

s(1)

q(3)

p(2)

1/4

5/5

6/7 10/10

8/8 10/10

14/14

12/12

4/9 10/13

15/15 17/17

18/18

0/0

tdf (cv) = tm (nh cui cv) - ts (nh u cv) - tcv

3

0

1

51

0

3

0

5

/4

3

0 0

2 0

0

0

04/12/2009

63

V d: Biu PERT/CPM

V d: Cng vic gng, ng gng

0

1

a(1)

2b(5)

3

4

c(6)

d(4)

5

6

e(4)

f(3)

g(3)

7

8

9

10h(4)

k(2)

i(2)

l(3)

n(2)11 12

13m(6)

o(1) r(2)

s(1)

q(3)

p(2)

1/4

5/5

6/7 10/10

8/8 10/10

14/14

12/12

4/9 10/13

15/15 17/17

18/18

0/0

Cng vic gng: tdf = 0 nh gng : ts=tm

3

0

1

51

0

3

0

5

/4

3

0 0

2 0

0

0

V d: Biu PERT/CPM

0

01 2

3

4

5 7

6 8 9

1

Thi im bt u sm nht

(ECT- Earliest Completion Time)

Thi im bt u mun nht

(LCT-Latest Completion Time)

Event

a

b

c e g

d

f

h2 8

3

4

5 2

2

322

10

10

17

4

13

5

17

9

15

15

17

17

20

20

04/12/2009

64

Computing and Information Technology 127

Cho danh

sch cchot ng

sau:

To mt biu PERT/CPM cho danh sch cc hot ng trn

V d:

Activity Estimated Duration Predecessor

A 1 day

B 2 days

C 3 days

D 4 days A

E 5 days B

F 4 days B

G 6 days C

H 6 days D,E

I 2 days G

J 5 days H,F,I

128

PERT/CPM Chart

with ECTs & LCTs

1

2

4

3

9

8

7 13

A

D

JB F

CG

5

6

2 4

3

4

1

11

1

6

5

12

I

2

V d:

E

5

10H

6

in cc gi tr ECT & LCT

04/12/2009

65

129

PERT/CPM Chart

with ECTs & LCTs

1

2

4

3

9

8

7 13

A

D

JB F

CG

5

6

2 4

3

4

1

11

1

6

5

12

I

2

0

0

3 9

2 6

11

17

7

5

13 18

1813

13

7

7

13

115

2

37

n gin ha biu bng cch loi b cc s kin trng lp (ECTs & LCTs)

V d:

E

5

10H

6

13

13

130

Simplified

PERT/CPM Chart

with Critical Path

1

2

4

3

8

7

11A

D

J

B F

CG

5

6

2 4

3

4

1

9

1

6

5

I

2

0

0

3 9

2 6

11

1

7

5

18

18

13

7

7

13

115

2

3

n gin ha biu bng cch loi b cc s kin trng lp (ECTs & LCTs)

V d:

E

5

10H

6

13

13

04/12/2009

66

Bi tp:

Mt d n gm danh

sch cc hot ng sau:

Activity Duration (mins) Predecessor

A 5 -

B 25 A

C 180 B

D 10 B

E 100 B

F 5 D

G 60 F

H 120 E

I 10 G

J 25 K

K 30 H, C

L 10 J, I

M 60 L

To mt biu PERT/CPM cho danh sch cc hot ng trn

TNG KT: QUN L D N

Qun l d n tt quyt nh s thnh cng ca d n

Bn cht v hnh (intangible) ca phn mm gy ra nhng vn cn phi c qun l khi pht trin

Ngi qun l c nhiu vai tr, nhng hot ng ch yu l lp k hoch, c lng v lp lch. H cn c kinh nghim, phi kin quyt

Lp k hoch v c lng l qu trnh lp c thc hin trong sut qu trnh thc thi d n

Mi s kin trong qun l phi c lp ti liu v c xt duyt hay kim tra

04/12/2009

67

TNG KT: QUN L D N

Cn c o cc i lng c qun l: khi lng, cht lng, tin trnh

Ct mc (milestone) ca d n l im ti mt s cc bo co chnh thc v tin trnh d n c trnh bo qun l

Cc ri ro cn qun l c th l ri ro d n, ri ro sn phm, ri ro nghip v.

Qun l ri ro lin quan n xc nh ri ro c kh nng tc ng n d n v lp k hoch ngn nga,hn ch

Bit s dng cng c tr gip tng kh nng v hiu qu qun l

[email protected]

Documents

SE7-Quan ly du an