Quan ly du an

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V QUN L D N*Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vnGing vin: ThS Th Lan AnhB mn: Qun l d n Khoa Ti chnh K tonHc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng

Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn

Tng quan v qun l d n1.1 Khi nim d nKhi nim. Tnh cht d n1.2 Qun l d nKhi nim. Tiu chun qun l d n1.3 Cc yu t nh hng ti QLDAVng i d nCc thnh phn ca d nc im t chc1.4 Quy trnh QLDA

**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.1. Khi nim d n/nh nghaMt tp hp cc hot ng c lin kt v t chc cht ch, c thi im bt u v kt thc c th, do c nhn hoc t chc thc hin, nhm t c nhng mc ch c th trong iu kin rng buc v thi gian, chi ph v kt qu hot ng (Vin Tiu chun quc gia Anh, Guide to Project Management 2000)Mt n lc tm thi c tin hnh to ra mt sn phm hay dch v duy nht (PMI, PMBOK 2004)**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.1. Khi nim d n/ Tnh chtPhm vi ca d n: Mi d n l duy nht v phi c th hin bng vn bn, c xem xt yu cu hot ng, mc dch v, cc quy nh phi tun th v cht lng ca sn phm Ngn sch: Ngun ti chnh cn thit cho d nThi gian thc hin: Ngy khi u v kt thc xc nh ca d n**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.1. Khi nim d n/ Tnh chtTnh duy nhtMc ch r rngThi gian tn ti hu hnB gii hn bi cc ngun lc hn chMang tnh ri ro cao



1.2. Qun l d nQun l d n (QLDA) l vic vn dng tng hp cc kin thc, k nng, cng c v k thut ra cc quyt nh qun l ph hp lut php, a d n t ti cc mc tiu t ra (PMBOK 2004)**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


**1.2. Qun l d nThi gianKt quNgun lcQLDAng thi hnt mc tiu v cht lng, kt qung ngun lc c phn bHnh: Tiu chun qun l d nBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Ti sao phi qun l d n?**1.2. Qun l d nBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Qun l d n v qun l chng trnh: Chng trnh l k hoch di hn, gm nhiu d n. Qun l chng trnh l vic qun l phi kt hp, tp trung ha gia cc d n cu thnh, ch trng ti mi lin h ph thuc gia chng, nhm t c cc mc tiu v li ch chin lc. **1.2. Qun l d nBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Qun l d n v qun l nghip v: Qun l nghip v l qun l lin tc cc cng vic hng ngy ca doanh nghip, t chc, khng c im kt thc. Qun l nghip v phi m bo tt c cc hot ng ca cng ty c thc hin tri chy v cc nhn vin lm vic ng chc trch ca mnh**1.2. Qun l d nBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Tiu chun qun l d nPRINCE2 ng dng ph bin ti Anh, Chu u v cPMBOK p dng ph bin Bc M v cc nc ngoi Chu u v c, vi cac quy trnh chun ho c a vao chun quc gia cua My ANSI/PMI 99-001-2008**1.2. Qun l d nBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.3. Cc yu t nh hng ti qun l d nVng i ca mt d n



1.3. Cc yu t nh hng ti qun l d n**Bin ng v chi phi thay i va v rui ro bt trc theo vong i cua DA Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.3. Cc yu t nh hng ti qun l d nQun l d n theo giai onp dng vi cc d n ln, phc tpCc giai on DA ni tip: Gim ri ro nhng ko di thi gianCc giai on DA giao thoa: tit kim thi gian nhng ri ro caoD n c cc giai on thay th nhau: p dng vi cc d n phc tp, nhiu yu t bin i**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.3. Cc yu t nh hng ti qun l d nChu k ca d n pht trin phn mmNhn dng nhu cu phn mmKhi u nm bt c yu cu ca cng vicThit k h thng mt cch logicLn k hoch kim tra sn phmPhn tch ri ro v a ra nhng gi .**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.3. Cc yu t nh hng ti qun l d nCc ch th lin quan ti d nNhm ch th gin tip : Nhn vin ca cc b phn khng lin quan trc tip ti d n; qun l mi trng, hnh chnh, chnh trNhm ch th trc tip : nh ti tr, nh qun l d n, nh qun l chc nng, nh qun l nghip v tham gia vo d n, khch hng, nh cung cp. **Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


**S QUAN H TC NG CA CC CH TH TI DABi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.3. Cc yu t nh hng QLDAc im t chc nh hng ti QLDAQuy trnh, c cu t chc v vn ha doanh nghipCc chun quy nh ca CP, ban ngnh, C s h tng, cc phng tin, thit b hin c ca doanh nghipNgun nhn lc, H thng QLNSiu kin th trng, yu t chnh tr, h thng thng tin ca d n**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.4. Quy trnh QLDAQuy trnh: mt chui cc hot ng u n hay lin tc c thc hin theo mt cch nh nhm t c kt qu**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.4. Quy trnh QLDAKhi s d n (Initiating)Lp k hoch (Planning)Thc thi (Executing)Kim sot (Controlling)Kt thc d n (Closing)5 nhm quy trnh/42 quy trnh/9 mng kin thc3 ni dung ca quy trnh: u vo, cng c v k thut x l u vo, u ra



1.4. Quy trnh QLDA**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.4. Quy trnh QLDA**S chng cho ca cc nhm quy trnh trong mt giai on d nBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.4. Quy trnh QLDANhm quy trnh Khi s (Initiation)c thc hin xc nh v thng qua d nKt qu: Bn iu l d n (quy m, ngun ti chnh) v Danh sch cc ch th lin quan n d n. Giy php DAc lp li mi giai on trong cc d n ln**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.4. Quy trnh QLDANhm quy trnh Lp k hoch (Planning)Xc nh quy m ca d n, sng lc li cc mc tiu d n, la chn phng n hnh ng tt nht t ti cc mc tiu yKt qu: Bn k hoch qun l d n v cc ti liu d n hng dn vic thc thi d n. **Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.4. Quy trnh QLDANhm quy trnh Thc thi d n (Executing)Thc hin cc cng vic c xc nh trong bn k hoch QLDATrng tm: kt hp con ngi v cc ngun lc theo phng thc nht nh nhm t c mc tiu d n.Chi tiu phn ln kinh ph ca d n**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.4. Quy trnh QLDANhm quy trnh Kim sot d n (Controlling)nhng quy trnh cn thit theo di, xem xt, iu tit qu trnh v tin ca d n; xc nh nhng b phn d n cn thay i; v bt u nhng thay i tng ng**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


1.4. Quy trnh QLDANhm quy trnh Kt thc d n (Closing)Gm nhng quy trnh c thc hin hon thin tt c cc cng vic trn mi quy trnh qun l nhm chnh thc hon thnh d n**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


CHNG 2: T CHC TRONG QUN L D NGing vin: ThS Th Lan AnhB mn: Qun l d n Khoa Ti chnh K tonHc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng

*Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


C cu t chc trong QLDA2.1 Khi nim2.2 Cc m hnh t chc trong QLDAT chc QLDA theo chc nngT chc QLDA theo d nT chc QLDA dng ma trnMa trn yuMa trn mnhMa trn cn bng2.3 Vai tr ca ngi QLDA**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


2.1 Khi nim t chc QLDA**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


2.1 Khi nim t chc QLDA Xy dng c cu t chc QLDA tu thuc vo cch thc v chin lc qun l, phm vi v ln ca DA. Mc tiu: qun l DA hiu qu nht bng lc lng lao ng c hu hin c. Nguyn tc chung: Cn b chuyn trch cho DA ln; khng gian lm vic chung cho cc thnh vin; hp nht cng vic gia cc b phn, nhn vin**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


2.1 Khi nim t chc QLDA2 nhm qun l:Qun l chc nng: Qun l cc nghip v lin quan ti d n trong phm vi doanh nghipQun l d n: Tm cch s dng, phn b tt nht cc ngun lc trong v ngoi DN t c mc tiu d n C s mu thun t cc nhm qun l?**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


2.1 Khi nim t chc QLDANgi qun l d nCn phi lm nhng g?Khi no nhim v phi xongTi sao phi lm nhim v ny?D n c thc hin c hiu qu khng?Ngn sch dnh cho nhim v cn bao nhiu?Ngi qun l chc nngNhim v s c thc hin nh th no?Nhim v s c thc hin u?Ai s thc hin nhim v?Vic s dng ngun lc trong d n c hiu qu khng?**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


2.2 Cc m hnh t chc QLDA**2.2.1 M hnh t chc qun l theo chc nngBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


2.2 Cc m hnh t chc QLDA**2.2.2 M hnh t chc qun l theo d nBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


2.2 Cc m hnh t chc QLDAtp hp con ngi t cc b phn chc nng khc nhau thnh lp t DA4 m hnh: Ma trn yu, ma trn mnh, ma trn cn bng, ma trn hn hp**2.2.3 M hnh t chc qun l theo ma trnBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


2.2 Cc m hnh t chc QLDA**T chc DA theo dng ma trn yu Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


2.2 Cc m hnh t chc QLDA**T chc DA theo dng ma trn cn bng Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


2.2 Cc m hnh t chc QLDA**T chc DA theo dng ma trn mnhBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


2.2 Cc m hnh t chc QLDA**T chc DA theo dng ma trn hn hpD n AD n BBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


2.2 Cc m hnh t chc QLDALu khi la chn m hnh t chc DAS r rng v quyn hn, trch nhim ca tng v tr minh bch v thng tinS lp qun l cng t cng ttNhu cu, hiu sut s dng ngun lcTnh linh hotTc trao i thng tin gia cc v trChi ph hot ng**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


2.3 Ngi qun l d n**Lnh o (leader)m phnQun lBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


CHNG 3: PHNG PHP LNG TRONG QUN L D N*Ging vin: ThS Th Lan AnhB mn: Qun l d n Khoa Ti chnh K tonHc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thngBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Gii thiu chng 3M hnhXy dng m hnh phn tch s liu QLDA;QLDA vi m hnh Balanced scorecard ;Qun l d n vi m hnh Kano;Phng php nh tnh:D bo (forecast)Xc sut Thng k (probabilities, statistics)Ti u ho (optimization)M phng (simulation): M hnh sp hng; M hnh tm s lao ng ti u



Phng php lng trong QLDAXy dng m hnh phn tch d liu**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Bi tonCng ty Rng ng chuyn sn xut cc sn phm X1, X2 t cc nguyn vt liu AR1, R2, R3.Li nhun ca sn phm X1, X2 ln lt l 150 v 200 (nghn ng/sp)Lng R1, R2, R3 hin c trong kho l: 200, 1566, 2880Sn xut 1 sn phm X1 cn: 1 R1, 9 R2, 12 R3, 1 sn phm X2 cn: 1 R1, 6 R2, 16 R3. Xc nh sn lng X1, X2 ti u.**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Bi ton phn nhimYu cu: 4 Ph G xung kim tra cc c s ti Leipzig, Nancy, Liege Tilburg. Chi ph c ngi nh sau. Tm gii php ti u.



Bi ton phn nhimCc gi thuyt:Cung vt cu?Cu vt cung?Phn nhim bt kh thi?**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Bi ton phn phi*Xem xt cng tc vn chuyn sn phm t 5 xng ti 4 im phn phi, Cng ty in Bu in nhn thy nn ng ca 1/1 s xng nhm gim chi ph vn hnh, cho d c tng chi ph vn chuyn. Tm phng n ti u*Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn

Chi ph vn chuynNhu cuXng Ngc HiXng Gia LmXng Hong MaiXng Mai DchXng Vn PhcHon Kim$4,000 $2,000 $3,000 $2,500 $4,500 15Ba nh$2,500 $2,600 $3,400 $3,000 $4,000 18ng a$1,200 $1,800 $2,600 $4,100 $3,000 14Cu Giy$2,200 $2,600 $3,100 $3,700 $3,200 20Nng lc xng2022171918Chi ph vn hnh xng$12,000 $15,000 $17,000 $13,000 $16,000


Bi ton tuyn sinh**Hc vin CNBCVT tuyn sinh ti 2 c s H ng v Nam h t 5 vng. Do chnh sch x hi, Hc vin phi nhn cc hc sinh dn tc ngi dn tc, vi s lng t 30 n 40% tng s hc sinh hng nm. Tm gii php tuyn sinh ti u. Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn

C so toCh tiu tuyn sinhKhong cch n trng (km)Vng dn tc thiu sVng kinh12345H ng1.50020121045Nam h2.0001518865Dn s5004503001.0001.000


Bi ton B tr lao ng**Bu cc H ng theo di tnh trng kinh doanh cc ngy trong tun v nhn thy tip c ht khch hng trong ngy, cn b tr lao ng cc ngy trong tun nh sau. Mi lao ng phi c ngh 2 ngy/tun. Tm phng n thu lao ng ti u.



Bi ton B tr lao ng**Bo tng Qun i cn thu bo v cho cc gian trng by, s nh sau. Yu cu tt c cc gian hng u phi c bo v. Tm phng n thu lao ng ti u. Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Bi ton Tm ng i**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vnTm ng i ngn nht t im xut pht ti im 6 v t im xut pht qua tt c cc im. Khong cch gia cc im xc nh c.


Bi ton D bo**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vnHng khng Vit nam ang c nh u t mt phn xng bo dng my bay ti sn bay Ni bi. D bo nhu cu bo dng my bay mi thng trong giai on ti t tm ra cng sut thch hp cho phn xng mi da trn s liu s lt my bay cn sa cha ln nh trong nm va qua.

ThngDoanh thuThngDoanh thu110977113721189812713106291078410551012355117511111361024121086


CHNG 4: QUN L NGUN LC D N*Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vnGing vin: ThS Th Lan AnhB mn: Qun l d n Khoa Ti chnh K tonHc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng


Qun l ngun lc d n4.1 Qun l ngun nhn lc4.2 Qun l hot ng mua bn trong d n**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


4.1 Qun l nhn s trong DA4.1.1 Khi nim v qun l nhn s trong d n4.1.2 M hnh qun l nhn s d n4.1.3 Cc hot ng chnh trong QLNS DA4.1.4 Cc k thut QLNS d n**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


4.1.1 Khi nim Nhn s DA**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


4.1.1 Khi nim QLNS DANhng qu trnh cn thit s dng ti u nhn s tham gia vo DA, k c cc bn lin quan L qu trnh t c v duy tr s cng bng (quyn li v ngha v) v s p ng nhu cu nhn s (lng, o to, pht trin nng lc ngh nghip...) nhm nng cao hiu sut cng vic ca DATun th lut lao ng v cc quy tc**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


4.1.2 M hnh QLNS DAM hnh qun l dng chc nngM hnh qun l dng d nM hnh qun l dng ma trn**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


4.1.3 Cc hot ng QLNS DA**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


4.1.3 Cc hot ng QLNS DA**Lp k hoch nhn s l qu trnh xc nh nhu cu nhn s, xy dng chnh sch nhn s v cc chng trnh hnh ng nhm c c ngun nhn lc p ng vic thc hin mc tiu d nBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


K thut phn tch nhu cu NS**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


4.1.3 Cc hot ng QLNS DA**Xy dng nhn s d n l qu trnh chnh thc thnh lp i ng nhn s ca d n: thnh lp i, tuyn chn nhn s, xc nh cch thc hot ng ca i. Cu hi: Lm th no c c i d n ng theo k hoch nhn sBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


K thut tuyn chn nhn s**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


4.1.3 Cc hot ng QLNS DA**Pht trin i d n l qu trnh nng cao nng lc, tng tc nhm v mi trng hot ng chung tng cng hiu sut d n. Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


K thut pht trin i d n**Forming: Hnh thnh. Cc thnh vin gp g, trao i v d n. E d, t ci mStorming: u tranh. Trao i cng vic, cc quyt nh k thut, cch tip cn d n. Tranh ginh v tr, c gng khng nh mnhNorming: Hon thin. Thng nht v thit lp cc thng l v quy nh cng vic. Bt u tin tng, lm vic cng nhauPerforming: Pht trin. ng lng nht tr v mc tiu chung. Thc hin c hiu qu cc mc tiu t raAdjourning: Kt thc. Hon thin, chuyn sang d n khcBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


4.1.3 Cc hot ng QLNS DA**iu chnh hot ng i DA l qu trnh quan st theo di hiu sut hot ng ca cc thnh vin trong nhm v thay i phng thc qun l ti u ha hiu sut ca d nBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


K thut qun l xung t **Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


4.2 Qun l mua bn trong DA4.2.1 Ni dung (mc tiu, phm vi) ca hot ng mua bn trong DA4.2.2 Quy trnh thc hin4.2.3 T chc u thu trong d n



4.2.1 Ni dung Qun l mua bnCc quy trnh cn c mua (purchase) v chim hu (acquire) cc sn phm, dch v, hoc kt qu m DN cn t bn ngoi i DA;Cng tc qun l hp ngQuy trnh iu khin v iu tit s thay i cn c pht trin & qun l cc hp ng;Cc ngha v php l phi thc hin do hp ng quy nh;



4.2.2 Quy trnh thc hin**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


4.2.2 Quy trnh thc hinHoch nh nhu cu**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


4.2.2 Quy trnh thc hinHoch nh nhu cu/kt quK hoch qun l TKTM : M t chi tit cc quy trnh t lc bt u c nhu cu TKTM cho n lc hp ng TKTM kt thcH s mi thu: theo quy nh ca lut u thu



4.2.2 Quy trnh thc hinThc hin k hoch mua bn**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


4.2.2 Quy trnh thc hinQun l hot ng mua bn**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


4.2.2 Quy trnh thc hinKt thc hot ng mua bn**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Qun l hp ng

Nhm 1: Cc hp ng lin quan ti nhn lc qun l d n (gi l HNL) Nhm 2: Cc hp ng lin quan ti cc hot ng h tr qun l d n (HHT): H thu nh, in thoi Nhm 3: Cc hp ng mua sm trin khai d n (HMS)



Qun l hp ngHp ng trn gi: l hp ng theo gi khon gnHp ng cha kha trao tay: l hp ng bao gm ton b cc cng vic c thc hin thng qua mt nh thu.- Hp ng c iu chnh gi: ti thi im k kt hp ng khng iu kin xc nh chnh xc v s lng v khi lng /bin ng ln v gi c**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Qun l hp ngHp ng c nh gi: l hp ng theo gi khon gn (Fix Price)Hp ng cha kha trao tay: l hp ng bao gm ton b cc cng vic c thc hin thng qua mt nh thu.- Hp ng c iu chnh gi (Cost Reimbursable): ti thi im k kt hp ng khng iu kin xc nh chnh xc v s lng v khi lng /bin ng ln v gi c**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Xy dng CSDL hp ng

Tp hp c t chc cc d liu lin quan ti vic trin khai, h tr v gim st thc hin cc hp ng, D liu s lng (v thi gian, gi tr hp ng, s lng nhn s v.v.) v d liu cht lng (a ch lin lc, ngha v quyn li, iu kin bo him v.v.) **Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Xy dng CSDL hp ngXc nh ni dung/tiu ch, bo co chun ca CSDL Thng nht h thng m, k hiu cho cc ni dung, tiu ch, bo co ca CSDL Tp hp cc d liu/chi tit lin quan ti cc hp ng ca d n Chn lc, xp xp v t chc cc d liu Lu tr, x l **Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Gim st thc hin hp ngNhm m bo rng mi hot ng trong hp ng c thc hin tt, loi b hoc gim thiu ti a tranh chp, thit hi, ri ro. Nhim v chnh: Kim tra tin v kt qu tha thun



Phng php gim st HKho st thc t nh k Kho st thc t t xut Xem xt cc d liu c Xem xt chng t ti chnhNgun thng tin khng nn ch t cc bo co chnh thc m nn khuyn khch s dng thng tin thc, cha qua x l. V d, vi hp ng t vn, bng chm cng, bo co tin ca tng t vn **Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Qun l thay i hp ng Thun: Vt mc yu cuNghchChm hn tin yu cu Vt qu chi ph d kin Sn phm khng t yu cu cht lng. Vn bn ho tt c nhng thay i din ra, ngay c khi cha c ph chun



Qun l tranh chp HCc nguyn nhn dn ti tranh chp Cam kt ti chnh khng c thc hinHiu sai cc din t trong hp ngKhng kim sot tt cc ri ro trong hp ngBn ch hp ng a ra qu nhiu yu cu ngoi hp ng m khng thay i chi ph



CHNG 5: QUN L TIN D N*Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vnGing vin: ThS Th Lan AnhB mn: Qun l d n Khoa Ti chnh K tonHc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng


Qun l tin d n

L vic xy dng lch trnh thc hin d n v m bo cho lch trnh c thc hin ng theo k hoch lp**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Quy trnh qun l tin DAXc nh cng vic: Xc nh cc hot ng c th phi c thc hin trin khai d nXc nh trnh t hot ng: Xc nh v ch r mi lin h gia cc hot ng ca d nc lng ngun lc: D ton trang thit b, vt t cn thc hin tng hot ng d nc tnh thi gian hot ng: Thi gian hon thnh hot ng vi ngun lc d kinLp lch trnh lm vic: Xy dng lch hot ng ca d nKim sot lch lm vic: : Theo di, cp nht tin d n, iu chnh theo thc t



Quy trnh qun l tin DAXc nh cng vic: Xc nh cc hot ng c th phi c thc hin trin khai d nXc nh trnh t hot ng: Xc nh v ch r mi lin h gia cc hot ng ca d nc lng ngun lc: D ton trang thit b, vt t cn thc hin tng hot ng d n**u vo: Bn k hoch qun l d n v cc gi nhK thut s dng: Cu trc phn r cng vic WBS, chia cc hot ng ln thnh cc gi cng vic nh d qun l hnKt qu: Bn Danh mc cc cng vicBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Quy trnh qun l tin DAXc nh cng vic: Xc nh cc hot ng c th phi c thc hin trin khai d nXc nh trnh t hot ng: Xc nh v ch r mi lin h gia cc hot ng ca d nc lng ngun lc: D ton trang thit b, vt t cn thc hin tng hot ng d n**Ln s th t v quan h cc hot ng trong d n. Kt qu: Th t hot ng cc cng vicBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Quy trnh qun l tin DAXc nh cng vic: Xc nh cc hot ng c th phi c thc hin trin khai d nXc nh trnh t hot ng: Xc nh v ch r mi lin h gia cc hot ng ca d nc lng ngun lc: D ton trang thit b, vt t cn thc hin tng hot ng d n**cn bao nhiu ngi thc hin hot ng? cn loi nguyn vt liu g v s lng bao nhiu? Cn loi trang thit b g? Chi ph tng ng? Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Quy trnh qun l tin DAc tnh thi gian hot ng: Thi gian hon thnh hot ng vi ngun lc d kinLp lch trnh lm vic: Xy dng lch hot ng ca d nKim sot lch lm vic: : Theo di, cp nht tin d n, iu chnh theo thc t

**Cu hi: Vi ngun lc hin ti cn bao nhiu thi gian cho mi hot ng?Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn



**V dBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Lch trnh d n cho cc cp**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn



**So snh gia tin thc t v Bn k hoch tin pht hin sai lch; iu tra b phn v nguyn nhn gy sai lch, iu chnh li bn k hoch thc thi d n nu cn thit.Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Qun l tin d n: Lu Phi c tin hnh trc khi cng vic bt uC s tham gia ca nhng ngi thc hinBo m tnh linh hot ca k hoch, cho php iu chnh k hoch, c tnh n thi gian xem xt v ph duyt;n gin, chi tit n mc cn thit.Cn phi nh rng lch trnh thc hin ch l d nh tin hnh cng vic v n khng bao gi chnh xc tuyt i. Xem xt, cp nht nh kTrao i k hoch vi tt c cc bn lin quan. Mi k hoch s v gi tr nu khng c mi ngi bit n.**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Bng cu trc phn chia cng vic WBSCng c gip tch cng vic d n thnh cc b phn nh hn d qun lBng m t ton b cng vic d n theo cu trc, phn cng cng vic c th theo tng cp qun l, nu r trch nhim v quyn hn ca tng nhm cng tc, c nh gi thi gian v chi ph hon thnh cng vic ra**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Bng cu trc phn chia cng vic WBS**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn

Mc M tCc mc qun l123Ton b chng trnh (total program)D n (project)Nhim v chnh (task)Cc mc k thut456Nhim v ph (subtask)Mng cng vic (work package)Mc c gng (level of effort)


Bng cu trc phn chia cng vic WBS**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Bng cu trc phn chia cng vic WBSMc chi tit v giai on kim sot Thi gian kim sot nh th no l hp l?**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


S GANTT**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Phng php ng ti hn**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


*CHNG 6: QUN L CHI PH D NBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vnGing vin: ThS Th Lan AnhB mn: Qun l d n Khoa Ti chnh K tonHc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng


Qun l chi ph d nQun l chi ph d n bao gm nhng qu trnh cn phi thc hin chc chn rng d n c hon thnh vi ngn sch tho ng. QLCP bao gm qun l chi ph v lao ng, nhin liu, nguyn liu, vt liu, c s vt cht, dch v, thu v.v**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Quy trnh qun l chi ph d nD ton chi ph da trn k hoch s dng ngun lc; -> chi ph cho mi hot ng l bao nhiuXy dng ngn sch cho cc khon chi ln k hoch; -> chi ph ly t ngun no, khi no chi?Gim st, iu phi vic s dng ngn sch**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


D ton chi phCn d ton nhng g?Chi ph bin i VC (Variable Costs): nguyn vt liu, lngChi ph c nh FC (Fixed Costs): Chi thu nh xng, chi ph thnh lpChi ph trc tip Direct Costs: chi cho cc khon mc ca d nChi ph gin tip Indirect Costs: chi qun l, thu, ph cp ngoi lng**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


K thut d ton chi phc tnh t trn xung (Top down)c tnh t di ln (Bottom-up)c tnh tng t (Analogous Estimate)c tnh tham s (Parametric Estimate)c tnh bnh qun (Three-point Estimate)**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


K thut d ton tng t/ t trn xungu imNhanhKhng cn xc nh hot ng chi titt tn chi phC th d on mi mc chi tit ca d nCho thy tng chi ph d kin

Nhc imt chnh xct thng tin chi tit, t hiu d nYu cu kinh nghim caoKh p dng vi nhng d n phc tpKhng thy c s khc nhau gia cc d n**S dng s liu ca cc d n tng t c t trcBi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


K thut d ton t di lnu imChnh xcC s ng gp ca i d nC s phn tch d n chi titCung cp kh nng qun l, iu khin d n hiu qu

Nhc imTn thi gian v chi phi d n phi c o to k nng d tonYu cu phi hiu r v phn tch d n chi tit**Da vo WBS, c tnh chi ph v lch trnh cho tng gi cng vic, sau tng hp li tnh tng s cho d n.Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


K thut d ton tham s**L d ton t trn xung, s dng cc m hnh ton hc v cc cng c tnh ton a ra cc d bo.Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


K thut d ton 3 im**c lng kh d nht (ML-Most Likely): Chi ph cn hon thnh cng vic trong iu kin bnh thng hay hp l.c lng lc quan nht (MO-Most Optimistic): Chi ph cn hon thnh cng vic trong iu kin tt nht hay l tng (khng c tr ngi no).c lng bi quan nht (MP-Most Pessimistic): Chi ph cn hon thnh cng vic mt cch ti nht (y tr ngi).c lng cui cng tnh theo cng thc: (MO + 4(ML) + MP)/6Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Xy dng ngn sch DA**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn

Bn c tnh chi ph v KH chi ph H s tin trnh DA H s KH s dng cc ngun lc Cc H Cc quy nh ca DNBn quy nh vic s dng ng vn mt cch hiu qu Cc iu kin c gii ngn iu chnh h s s sch


Xy dng ngn sch DA**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Gim st ngn sch DA**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Kinh doanh dch v Photocopy**Bi ging mn hc Qun l d n www.ptit.edu.vn


Sheet2

Ti u mt mc tiu

Sn phmX1X2

Sn lngTng li nhun

Li nhun n v1502000

Cc rng buc s dngNgun lc

A1110200

A29601566

A3121602880

V XerTech

XerTech Copy Inc.

Chi ph trung bnh hng thng / my copyS my thu mua40

Chi ph thu mua$250.00

Chi ph dch v copy$35.00Gi mt trang copy$0.05

Chi ph c nh khc$50.00Chi ph bin i / trang copy$0.03

Chi ph c nhChnh lch / trang copy$0.02

Chi ph thu a im$150.00

Thu hng thng

S trang copies / Thng / My copy30,000

Thu nhp

Chi ph hng bn

L

Chi ph hnh chnh

Thu nhp rng

XerTech (1)

XerTech Copy Inc.





Chi ph c nh$335.00Chnh lch / trang copy$0.02


Monthly

S trang copies / Thng / My copy10,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,000

Thu nhp

Chi ph hng bn

chenh lech

Chi ph hnh chnh

Thu nhp rng

XerTech (1)

&A

Page &P

Thu nhp

Chi ph hng bn

chenh lech

Chi ph hnh chnh

Thu nhp rng

Copies/Month/Copier

Revenue & Cost vs Copier Volume

Thue Copier Unicode

D N A - HNG MC CNG TRNHLA CHN 1PA 1PA 2PA 3PA 4PA 5PA 6PA 7PA 8

CHI PH C NH/THNG/COPIERS MY THU40S TRANG / THNG / MY30,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,000

CHI PH THU MY$250.00VI MT TRANG COPYTHU NHP$0$0$0$0$0$0$0$0

CHI PH NGI PHC V$35.00GI CHO MT TRANG$0.05CHI PH HNG BN$0$0$0$0$0$0$0$0

CHI PH C NH KHC$50.00CHI PH BIN I$0.03CHNH LCH$0$0$0$0$0$0$0$0

TNG CHI C NH$335.00LI$0.02CHI PH C NH$0$0$0$0$0$0$0$0

THU NHP RNG$0$0$0$0$0$0$0$0

LA CHN 1LA CHN 2LA CHN 3Data/What-If Analysis/Data Table

CHI PH A IM NH TRCPH A IM + PH HOA HNG

S TRANG COPIES/THNG/MY30,00030,00030,000

CHI PH THU A IM$150.00$50.00$75.00

PH HOA HNG/ TRANG COPY$0.005$0.01

NGNG TR HOA HNG20,000

THU NHP HNG THNGKHNG C PH HOA HNGPHI TR PH HOA HNGHOA HNG KHI VT NGNG

THU NHP

CHI PH HNG BN

CHNH LCH

CHI PH C NH

THU NHP RNG

DATA TABLE -- LA CHN 2

S TRANG / THNG / MY10000150002000025000300003500040000

THU NHP$60,000

24,25025,66721,000CHI PH HNG BN$42,000

L$18,000

CHI PH HNH CHNH QUN TR$15,400

THU NHP RNG$2,600


S TRANG / THNG / MY10000150002000025000300003500040000

THU NHP$60,000

CHI PH HNG BN$40,000

L$20,000


THU NHP RNG$3,600

XerTech (3)

XerTech Copy Inc.

Chi ph trung bnh hng thngS my thu40

Chi ph thu my$250.00

Chi ph ngi phc v$35.00Gi cho mt trang$0.05

Chi ph c nh khc$50.00Chi ph bin i

Tng chi c nh$335.00

La chn 1La chn 2La chn 3

Chi ph a im nh trcPh a im+ Hoa hngPh a im + hoa hng khi > ngng

S trang Copies/thng/My18,56415,17916,238

Chi ph bin i / trang copy$0.0239$0.0279$0.0263

Chi ph a im$150.00$0.00$50.00

Hoa hng$0.005$0.01

Ngng20,000

Thu nhp hng thngKhng c hoa hngC hoa hngHoa hng khi > ngng

Thu nhp

Chi ph hng bn

L

Chi ph hnh chnh

Thu nhp rng

Chnh lch LC1 - LC2$0


S liu thng

# trang copy/ my Copier (000)Chi ph sa cha/CopierChi ph sa cha / bn copy

$0

10000$0

12000$0

14000$0

16000$0

18000$0

20000$0

22000$0

24000$0

26000$0

28000$0

30000$0

32000$0

34000$0

36000$0

38000$0

40000$0

42000$0

44000$0

46000$0

48000$0

50000$0

52000$0

54000$0

56000$0

58000$0

60000$0

XerTech (3)

Chi ph sa cha/Copier

XerTech (3) formular

Chi ph sa cha / bn copy

Scenario Summary

Thue Copier ABC

XerTech Copy Inc.





Tng chi c nh$335.00Li$0.03





Chi ph a im$150.00$0.00$50.00

Hoa hng$0.005$0.01

Ngng20,000


Thu nhp

Chi ph hng bn

L

Chi ph hnh chnh

Thu nhp rng



S liu thng


$0

10000$0

12000$0

14000$0

16000$0

18000$0

20000$0

22000$0

24000$0

26000$0

28000$0

30000$0

32000$0

34000$0

36000$0

38000$0

40000$0

42000$0

44000$0

46000$0

48000$0

50000$0

52000$0

54000$0

56000$0

58000$0

60000$0

Ph Hng: im ho vn: Goal seek(B20, 0, B10)

Thue Copier ABC


Q 10


Shortest Route

Problem 6-10

Scenario Summary

Current Values:Very Low Demand & High PriceLow Demand & High PriceExpected Demand & PriceHigh Demand & Expected PriceVery High Demand & Low Price

Created by Your NameCreated by Your Name (appears on printouts)Created by Your NameCreated by Your NameCreated by Your NameModified by OPEY A. on 20/03/01

Changing Cells:

Copies_Thang_May30,000

Gia_trang_copy$0.05

Result Cells:

Thu_nhap$60,000

Chi_phi_hang_ban$36,000

Chi_phi_HC$19,400

Thu_nhap_rong$4,600

Notes: Current Values column represents values of changing cells at

time Scenario Summary Report was created. Changing cells for each

scenario are highlighted in gray.

Test policy

XerTech Copy Inc.La chn 1

Chi ph trung bnh hng thngS my thu40S trang / thng / my30,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,000

Chi ph thu my$250.00Vi mt trang copyThu nhp$0

Chi ph ngi phc v$35.00Gi cho mt trang$0.05Chi ph hng bn$0

Chi ph c nh khc$50.00Chi ph bin i$0.03Chnh lch$0

Tng chi c nh$335.00Li$0.02Chi ph hnh chnh qun tr$0

Thu nhp rng$0



S trang Copies/thng/My

Chi ph thu a im

Hoa hng

Ngng tr hoa hng

Thu nhp hng thngKhng c hoa hngC hoa hngHoa hng khi vt ngng

Thu nhp$0$0$0

Chi ph hng bn$0$0$0

L$0$0$0

Chi ph hnh chnh

Thu nhp rng

Data Table -- La chn 2

S trang / thng / my10000150002000025000300003500040000

Thu nhp$0

Chi ph hng bn$0

L$0

Chi ph hnh chnh qun tr$0

Thu nhp rng$0


S trang / thng / my10000150002000025000300003500040000

Thu nhp$0

Chi ph hng bn$0

L$0


Thu nhp rng$0

Test policy

&A

Page &P

Thu nhp

Chi ph hng bn

Chnh lch

Chi ph hnh chnh qun tr

Thu nhp rng

Copies/Month/Copier

Thu nhp & Chi ph theo sn lng

Forecast Moving Average

10

Data

Nh my -> Ca hngHng ynHi phngPhc ynVnh ynVit trNng lc

H ni

H nam

Thi bnh

Nhu cu

Vn chuyn

Hng ynHi phngPhc ynVnh ynVit trTotal

H ni

H nam

Thi bnh

Total0.0

Tng chi ph:0.0

&A

Page &P

Q 17

ng i ngn nht

Lin thng T -> nXP1234567Khong cch T -> nXP1234567

XPXP

11

22

33

44

55

66

77

ng T-> nXP1234567Tng iTotal DistanceXP1234567Total

XP0XP000000000

101000000000

202000000000

303000000000

4040000000000

505000000000

606000000000

707000000000

Tng nTng000000000

Tng i - Tng n

Yu cu

FromTo

&A

Page &P

Forecast Seasonal factors

Problem 6-10

G DA ang tnh ton phn tch thu cc thit b v mt bng phc v d n.

Bng chi ph thu di y th hin chi ph thu mt thit b t u nm i n u nm j (nghn $)

T cc thng tin ny, hy xc nh phi thu mua bao nhiu ti thiu ho chi ph cho 4 nm tip theo?

C bao nhiu gii php ti u?

La chn DA u t

Thi gian n thi:14ngy

Mn hcH sS gi n / ngy5

Ton kinh t7Qy thi gian n tp:70

Qun l d n5

Chnh tr3

Anh vn4

19

Mn hcim hin tiim ti thiu

Ton kinh t35

Qun l d n45

Chnh tr25

Anh vn35

Mn hcGi hc n

Ton kinh t21.00

Qun l d n20.00

Chnh tr12.70

Anh vn16.30

Tng:70Kt qu chung0.00

SXTK 1

Moving Average

Nhc imCoi d liu c vai tr nh nhau i vi hin ti

u imPhn ng nhanh vi xu hng ngn hn.Trung bnh c trng sSo snh gia hai phng php

ThngDoanh s(000)ThngDoanh s(000)BngTrng sThngDoanh s(000)D boThngDoanh s(000)

11,21211,21220001166.666666666780011,21211,212SUMMARY OUTPUT

21,32121,321100021,32121,321

31,27831,27850031,27831,278Regression Statistics

41,34141,34141,34141,336541,341Multiple R0.3075634714

51,25751,25751,25751,3337651,257R Square0.0945952889

61,28761,28761,28761,2711661,287Adjusted R Square-0.0060052345

71,18971,18971,18971,2415271,189Standard Error82.8889423728

81,11181,11181,11181,1766581,111Observations11

91,14591,14591,14591,02012591,145

101,150101,150101,150101,10446101,150ANOVA

111,298111,298111,298111,174124111,298dfSSMSFSignificance F

121,331121,331121,331121,35120121,331Regression16460.44545454556460.44545454550.94030613050.3575353867

1243.33333333331,2431,24315291,243Residual961835.19090909096870.5767676768

Total1068295.6363636364

CoefficientsStandard Errort StatP-value

Intercept1299.827272727360.705251329921.41210594230.000000005

1-7.66363636367.9031505615-0.96969383340.3575353867

RESIDUAL OUTPUT

xy

ObservationPredicted 1212Residuals21284.5

11284.536.531276.8

21276.81.241269.2

31269.271.851261.5

41261.5-4.561253.8

51253.833.271246.2

61246.2-57.281238.5

71238.5-127.591230.9

81230.9-85.9101223.2

91223.2-73.2111215.5

101215.582.5121207.9

111207.9123.1

SXTK 1

1212

Predicted 1212

1

1212

1 Line Fit Plot

SXTK 2

Data

ThngSTT

Thng 11

Thng 22

Thng 33

Thng 44

Thng 55

Thng 66

Thng 77

Thng 88

Thng 99

Thng 1010

Thng 1111

Thng 1212

dc

im chn

SXTK 3

Doanh s

Thng199419951996

1219236243

2216239238

3218221224

4185194194

5154161162

6147131153

7124110138

893101128

9127131151

10148157165

11161189194

12198217241

166174186

Shipping Routes

Hng mcABCDEFGHTng gi tr

Sinh li4010805020580100

Quyt nh10011010190

Rng buc

Chi ph801512065201060100225320

Not bouth G & H1111

No D unless A-1100

Nghin cu la chn nhm d n cn thc hin u t

C 8 d n vi s liu sau

Gii hn ngn sch320000

Khng u t cng vo hai d n G v H (chng thuc l v sn xut thuc l)

D n D ch c u t khi v ch khi u t vo d n A. Nhng c th u t d n A m khng c d n D

1. Xy dng bi ton quy hoch nguyn

2. Dng Excel gii bi ton ti uD nChi phGi tr

A8040

B1510

C12080

D6550

E2020

F105

G6080

H100100

Q 10 (2)

B(n,p)

TI MT HNG MC C 100 MY NN T GING HT NHAU V HNH THC V CHT LNG CNG ANG HOT NG.

XC SUT MY B HNG L NH NHAU, P = 0,053

TRUNG BNH TRONG MT CA C BAO NHIU MY HNG?

XC SUT TRONG CA SN XUT C T NHT MT MY TT?

GS TRONG 1 CA SN XUT, 1 K S CH C TH M BO SA CHA KP THI 3 MY HNG.

HI CN B TR BAO NHIU K S TRONG MT CA C TH M BO SA CHA TT C MY HNG MT CCH TT NHT.

A =MT MY BT K B HNG

P(A)=0.053

S MY CNG XN XUT100

X =S MY HNG TRONG CA SN XUT

Gi X l s my hng trong 100 my cng nghip ang sn xut, tm phn phi

XP(X)B = (C T NHT MT MY TT) => TM THNG QUA (TT C CC MY U HNG)

11XC NH S MY HNG K: P(X=K) MAX

22

33

44

55

66

77

88

99

1010

2020

3030

4040

5050

6060

7070

8080

9090

100100

Q 12

THI GIAN BO HNH MT SN PHM C QUY NH L 3 NM

BN C 1 SN PHM150,000.00

SN PHM HNG TRONG THI GIAN BO HNH(500,000.00)

TUI TH SN PHM L BIN NGU NHIN, PHN PHI N(4,2 NM; 1,8 NM)

TRUNG BNH (M)4.2

LCH CHUN (S)1.8

S TIN LI CA HNG HY VNG THU C KHI BN MI SN PHM ?

NU MUN S TIN LI THU C KHI BN MI SN PHM L 50.000 TH PHI QUY NH THI GIAN BO HNH L BAO NHIU LU ?

Guarding

Phn phi chunN(0,1)

Nu mt phn phi c m 0 hoc s 1 th phi chun ho bng bin Z

Z = (X - m) / s

Phn phi c m = 8, s =3

TmP (X 10)

P(10< X =L5:L11

1

2

3

6

7

4

5

8

A

B

C

E

D

G

F

Staffing 1.2

24

x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8TngYu cu

110010104

Ph A1121

Ph B1011

Ph C0111

Ph D1011

Ph E0111

Ph F1011

Ph G1011

Ph H0111

Ph I1011

Ph J1011

Ph K0111

Ph A

Ph E

Ph B

Ph C

Ph D

Ph G

Ph I

Ph H

Ph K

Ph J

1

2

3

5

4

8

7

6

Ph F

Staffing 2

m hnh lung ln nht

Kh nng T -> nTrm 1Trm 2Trm 3Trm 4Trm 5Trm 6

Trm 10

Trm 2002

Trm 30

Trm 40

Trm 50

LungT -> nTrm 1Trm 2Trm 3Trm 4Trm 5Trm 6Tng xut

Trm 1

Trm 2

Trm 3

Trm 4

Trm 5

tng ti/nhp00000

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Recruitment

Lp ngn sch Marketing

QuQu IQu IIQu IIIQu IVTng cng

H s ma v0.91.10.81.2

Thu nhp

Slng bn4,6867,0003,7028,330

Doanh s bn[$VND] 0

Chi ph bn0

Li gp0

Chi ph

Lao ng80008,0009,0009,00034,000

Qung co19,12730,05414,48336,336100,0000%

Chi ph khc

Tng chi ph

Li nhun[$VND] 0[$VND] 0[$VND] 0[$VND] 0[$VND] 0

T sut

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Gi thnh[$VND] 25

The following examples show you how to work with the model above to solve for one value or several

values to maximize or minimize another value, enter and change constraints, and save a problem model.

RowContainsExplanation

3Fixed valuesSeasonality factor: sales are higher in quarters 2 and 4,

and lower in quarters 1 and 3.

5=35*B3*(B12+3000)^0.5Forecast for units sold each quarter: row 3 contains

the seasonality factor; row 11 contains the cost of

advertising.

6=B5*$B$18Sales revenue: forecast for units sold (row 5) times

price (cell B18).

7=B5*$B$19Cost of sales: forecast for units sold (row 5) times

product cost (cell B19).

8=B6-B7Gross margin: sales revenues (row 6) minus cost of

sales (row 7).

10Fixed valuesSales personnel expenses.

11Fixed valuesAdvertising budget (about 6.3% of sales).

12=0.15*B6Corporate overhead expenses: sales revenues (row 6)

times 15%.

13=SUM(B10:B12)Total costs: sales personnel expenses (row 10) plus

advertising (row 11) plus overhead (row 12).

15=B8-B13Product profit: gross margin (row 8) minus total costs

(row 13).

16=B15/B6Profit margin: profit (row 15) divided by sales revenue

(row 6).

18Fixed valuesProduct price.

19Fixed valuesProduct cost.

This is a typical marketing model that shows sales rising from a base figure (perhaps due to the sales

personnel) along with increases in advertising, but with diminishing returns. For example, the first

$5,000 of advertising in Q1 yields about 1,092 incremental units sold, but the next $5,000 yields only

about 775 units more.

You can use Solver to find out whether the advertising budget is too low, and whether advertising

should be allocated differently over time to take advantage of the changing seasonality factor.

Solving for a Value to Maximize Another Value

One way you can use Solver is to determine the maximum value of a cell by changing another cell. The

two cells must be related through the formulas on the worksheet. If they are not, changing the value in

one cell will not change the value in the other cell.

For example, in the sample worksheet, you want to know how much you need to spend on advertising

to generate the maximum profit for the first quarter. You are interested in maximizing profit by changing

advertising expenditures.

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You will see messages in the status bar as the problem is set up and Solver starts working. After a

moment, you'll see a message that Solver has found a solution. Solver finds that Q1 advertising of

$17,093 yields the maximum profit $15,093.

n

discard the results and return cell B11 to its former value.

Resetting the Solver Options

Solving for a Value by Changing Several Values

You can also use Solver to solve for several values at once to maximize or minimize another value. For

example, you can solve for the advertising budget for each quarter that will result in the best profits for

the entire year. Because the seasonality factor in row 3 enters into the calculation of unit sales in row 5

as a multiplier, it seems logical that you should spend more of your advertising budget in Q4 when the

sales response is highest, and less in Q3 when the sales response is lowest. Use Solver to determine

the best quarterly allocation.

n

n

discard the results and return all cells to their former values.

You've just asked Solver to solve a moderately complex nonlinear optimization problem; that is, to find

values for the four unknowns in cells B11 through E11 that will maximize profits. (This is a nonlinear

problem because of the exponentiation that occurs in the formulas in row 5). The results of this

unconstrained optimization show that you can increase profits for the year to $79,706 if you spend

$89,706 in advertising for the full year.

However, most realistic modeling problems have limiting factors that you will want to apply to certain

values. These constraints may be applied to the target cell, the changing cells, or any other value that

is related to the formulas in these cells.

Adding a Constraint

So far, the budget recovers the advertising cost and generates additional profit, but you're reaching a

point of diminishing returns. Because you can never be sure that your model of sales response to

advertising will be valid next year (especially at greatly increased spending levels), it doesn't seem

prudent to allow unrestricted spending on advertising.

Suppose you want to maintain your original advertising budget of $40,000. Add the constraint to the

problem that limits the sum of advertising during the four quarters to $40,000.

n

(advertising total) on the worksheet. Cell F11 must be less than or equal to $40,000.

n

to discard the results and return the cells to their former values.

The solution found by Solver allocates amounts ranging from $5,117 in Q3 to $15,263 in Q4. Total

Profit has increased from $69,662 in the original budget to $71,447, without any increase in the

advertising budget.

Changing a Constraint

When you use Microsoft Excel Solver, you can experiment with slightly different parameters to decide

the best solution to a problem. For example, you can change a constraint to see whether the results

are better or worse than before. In the sample worksheet, try changing the constraint on advertising

dollars to $50,000 to see what that does to total profits.

n

displayed on the worksheet.

Solver finds an optimal solution that yields a total profit of $74,817. That's an improvement of $3,370

over the last figure of $71,447. In most firms, it's not too difficult to justify an incremental investment of

$10,000 that yields an additional $3,370 in profit, or a 33.7% return on investment. This solution also

results in profits of $4,889 less than the unconstrained result, but you spend $39,706 less to get there.

Saving a Problem Model

dialog box are attached to the worksheet and retained when you save the workbook. However, you

on the active cell, as the area for saving the model. The suggested range includes a cell for each

constraint plus three additional cells. Make sure that this cell range is an empty range on the

worksheet.

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this reference as the upper-left corner of the range into which it will copy the problem specifications.

017250

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50002817481

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Recruitment

Recruitment (2)

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Cng trngCh tiu tuyn lao ngKhong cch n cng trng

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Contraints

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Contraints

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trong TyleHSDT (t l hc sinh dn tc)

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My tnhLoaMy In

S lng s sn xut25015050

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Khung450300101

n hnh250250100

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Trng in5050001

H thng in600450111

Li nhun n v751050

Tng$18,750$1,500$2,500

Cng$22,750

22750.0000000113

20

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Page &p

Bn knh pht ti a30

Trm pht2433

Lai chu344

Sn la727

Lo cai1345

H giang2245

Yn bi1839

Tuyn quang2736

Bc Kn3239

Qung ninh4527

Ho bnh2225

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Khong cch bnh qun

S chuyn bay / ng bay

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12053221

23084332So_chuyen_bay

350105542

S khch1,0002,0009001,200Tong_Cau

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Chi ph / chuyn bayABCD

$1,000$1,100$1,200$1,500

$800$900$1,000$1,000

$600$600$800$900

Gii php phn my bay / ng bay

Tng sABCD

0.00.00.00.00.0

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Tng cung:Tong_cung

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Contraints

MBD0016233C.bin

Sheet2

Ti u mt mc tiu

Sn phmX1X2

Sn lngTng li nhun

Li nhun n v1502000

Cc rng buc s dngNgun lc

A1110200

A29601566

A3121602880

V XerTech

XerTech Copy Inc.





Chi ph c nhChnh lch / trang copy$0.02


Thu hng thng

S trang copies / Thng / My copy30,000

Thu nhp

Chi ph hng bn

L

Chi ph hnh chnh

Thu nhp rng

XerTech (1)

XerTech Copy Inc.





Chi ph c nh$335.00Chnh lch / trang copy$0.02


Monthly

S trang copies / Thng / My copy10,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,000

Thu nhp

Chi ph hng bn

chenh lech

Chi ph hnh chnh

Thu nhp rng

XerTech (1)

&A

Page &P

Thu nhp

Chi ph hng bn

chenh lech

Chi ph hnh chnh

Thu nhp rng

Copies/Month/Copier

Revenue & Cost vs Copier Volume

Thue Copier Unicode

D N A - HNG MC CNG TRNHLA CHN 1PA 1PA 2PA 3PA 4PA 5PA 6PA 7PA 8

CHI PH C NH/THNG/COPIERS MY THU40S TRANG / THNG / MY30,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,000

CHI PH THU MY$250.00VI MT TRANG COPYTHU NHP$0$0$0$0$0$0$0$0

CHI PH NGI PHC V$35.00GI CHO MT TRANG$0.05CHI PH HNG BN$0$0$0$0$0$0$0$0

CHI PH C NH KHC$50.00CHI PH BIN I$0.03CHNH LCH$0$0$0$0$0$0$0$0

TNG CHI C NH$335.00LI$0.02CHI PH C NH$0$0$0$0$0$0$0$0

THU NHP RNG$0$0$0$0$0$0$0$0

LA CHN 1LA CHN 2LA CHN 3Data/What-If Analysis/Data Table

CHI PH A IM NH TRCPH A IM + PH HOA HNG

S TRANG COPIES/THNG/MY30,00030,00030,000

CHI PH THU A IM$150.00$50.00$75.00

PH HOA HNG/ TRANG COPY$0.005$0.01

NGNG TR HOA HNG20,000

THU NHP HNG THNGKHNG C PH HOA HNGPHI TR PH HOA HNGHOA HNG KHI VT NGNG

THU NHP

CHI PH HNG BN

CHNH LCH

CHI PH C NH

THU NHP RNG


S TRANG / THNG / MY10000150002000025000300003500040000

THU NHP$60,000

24,25025,66721,000CHI PH HNG BN$42,000

L$18,000


THU NHP RNG$2,600


S TRANG / THNG / MY10000150002000025000300003500040000

THU NHP$60,000

CHI PH HNG BN$40,000

L$20,000


THU NHP RNG$3,600

XerTech (3)

XerTech Copy Inc.





Tng chi c nh$335.00





Chi ph a im$150.00$0.00$50.00

Hoa hng$0.005$0.01

Ngng20,000


Thu nhp

Chi ph hng bn

L

Chi ph hnh chnh

Thu nhp rng



S liu thng


$0

10000$0

12000$0

14000$0

16000$0

18000$0

20000$0

22000$0

24000$0

26000$0

28000$0

30000$0

32000$0

34000$0

36000$0

38000$0

40000$0

42000$0

44000$0

46000$0

48000$0

50000$0

52000$0

54000$0

56000$0

58000$0

60000$0

XerTech (3)


XerTech (3) formular


Scenario Summary

Thue Copier ABC

XerTech Copy Inc.





Tng chi c nh$335.00Li$0.03





Chi ph a im$150.00$0.00$50.00

Hoa hng$0.005$0.01

Ngng20,000


Thu nhp

Chi ph hng bn

L

Chi ph hnh chnh

Thu nhp rng



S liu thng


$0

10000$0

12000$0

14000$0

16000$0

18000$0

20000$0

22000$0

24000$0

26000$0

28000$0

30000$0

32000$0

34000$0

36000$0

38000$0

40000$0

42000$0

44000$0

46000$0

48000$0

50000$0

52000$0

54000$0

56000$0

58000$0

60000$0

Ph Hng: im ho vn: Goal seek(B20, 0, B10)

Thue Copier ABC


Q 10


Shortest Route

Problem 6-10

Scenario Summary

Current Values:Very Low Demand & High PriceLow Demand & High PriceExpected Demand & PriceHigh Demand & Expected PriceVery High Demand & Low Price

Created by Your NameCreated by Your Name (appears on printouts)Created by Your NameCreated by Your NameCreated by Your NameModified by OPEY A. on 20/03/01

Changing Cells:

Copies_Thang_May30,000

Gia_trang_copy$0.05

Result Cells:

Thu_nhap$60,000

Chi_phi_hang_ban$36,000

Chi_phi_HC$19,400

Thu_nhap_rong$4,600

Notes: Current Values column represents values of changing cells at

time Scenario Summary Report was created. Changing cells for each

scenario are highlighted in gray.

Test policy

XerTech Copy Inc.La chn 1

Chi ph trung bnh hng thngS my thu40S trang / thng / my30,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,000

Chi ph thu my$250.00Vi mt trang copyThu nhp$0

Chi ph ngi phc v$35.00Gi cho mt trang$0.05Chi ph hng bn$0

Chi ph c nh khc$50.00Chi ph bin i$0.03Chnh lch$0

Tng chi c nh$335.00Li$0.02Chi ph hnh chnh qun tr$0

Thu nhp rng$0



S trang Copies/thng/My

Chi ph thu a im

Hoa hng

Ngng tr hoa hng

Thu nhp hng thngKhng c hoa hngC hoa hngHoa hng khi vt ngng

Thu nhp$0$0$0

Chi ph hng bn$0$0$0

L$0$0$0

Chi ph hnh chnh

Thu nhp rng


S trang / thng / my10000150002000025000300003500040000

Thu nhp$0

Chi ph hng bn$0

L$0


Thu nhp rng$0


S trang / thng / my10000150002000025000300003500040000

Thu nhp$0

Chi ph hng bn$0

L$0


Thu nhp rng$0

Test policy

&A

Page &P

Thu nhp

Chi ph hng bn

Chnh lch

Chi ph hnh chnh qun tr

Thu nhp rng

Copies/Month/Copier

Thu nhp & Chi ph theo sn lng

Forecast Moving Average

10

Data

Nh my -> Ca hngHng ynHi phngPhc ynVnh ynVit trNng lc

H ni

H nam

Thi bnh

Nhu cu

Vn chuyn

Hng ynHi phngPhc ynVnh ynVit trTotal

H ni

H nam

Thi bnh

Total0.0

Tng chi ph:0.0

&A

Page &P

Q 17

ng i ngn nht

Lin thng T -> nXP1234567Khong cch T -> nXP1234567

XPXP

11

22

33

44

55

66

77

ng T-> nXP1234567Tng iTotal DistanceXP1234567Total

XP0XP000000000

101000000000

202000000000

303000000000

4040000000000

505000000000

606000000000

707000000000

Tng nTng000000000

Tng i - Tng n

Yu cu

FromTo

&A

Page &P

Forecast Seasonal factors

Problem 6-10

G DA ang tnh ton phn tch thu cc thit b v mt bng phc v d n.

Bng chi ph thu di y th hin chi ph thu mt thit b t u nm i n u nm j (nghn $)

T cc thng tin ny, hy xc nh phi thu mua bao nhiu ti thiu ho chi ph cho 4 nm tip theo?

C bao nhiu gii php ti u?

La chn DA u t

Thi gian n thi:14ngy

Mn hcH sS gi n / ngy5

Ton kinh t7Qy thi gian n tp:70

Qun l d n5

Chnh tr3

Anh vn4

19

Mn hcim hin tiim ti thiu

Ton kinh t35

Qun l d n45

Chnh tr25

Anh vn35

Mn hcGi hc n

Ton kinh t21.00

Qun l d n20.00

Chnh tr12.70

Anh vn16.30

Tng:70Kt qu chung0.00

SXTK 1

Moving Average

Nhc imCoi d liu c vai tr nh nhau i vi hin ti

u imPhn ng nhanh vi xu hng ngn hn.Trung bnh c trng sSo snh gia hai phng php

ThngDoanh s(000)ThngDoanh s(000)BngTrng sThngDoanh s(000)D boThngDoanh s(000)

11,21211,21220001166.666666666780011,21211,212SUMMARY OUTPUT

21,32121,321100021,32121,321

31,27831,27850031,27831,278Regression Statistics

41,34141,34141,34141,336541,341Multiple R0.3075634714

51,25751,25751,25751,3337651,257R Square0.0945952889

61,28761,28761,28761,2711661,287Adjusted R Square-0.0060052345

71,18971,18971,18971,2415271,189Standard Error82.8889423728

81,11181,11181,11181,1766581,111Observations11

91,14591,14591,14591,02012591,145

101,150101,150101,150101,10446101,150ANOVA

111,298111,298111,298111,174124111,298dfSSMSFSignificance F

121,331121,331121,331121,35120121,331Regression16460.44545454556460.44545454550.94030613050.3575353867

1243.33333333331,2431,24315291,243Residual961835.19090909096870.5767676768

Total1068295.6363636364

CoefficientsStandard Errort StatP-value

Intercept1299.827272727360.705251329921.41210594230.000000005

1-7.66363636367.9031505615-0.96969383340.3575353867

RESIDUAL OUTPUT

xy

ObservationPredicted 1212Residuals21284.5

11284.536.531276.8

21276.81.241269.2

31269.271.851261.5

41261.5-4.561253.8

51253.833.271246.2

61246.2-57.281238.5

71238.5-127.591230.9

81230.9-85.9101223.2

91223.2-73.2111215.5

101215.582.5121207.9

111207.9123.1

SXTK 1

1212

Predicted 1212

1

1212

1 Line Fit Plot

SXTK 2

Data

ThngSTT

Thng 11

Thng 22

Thng 33

Thng 44

Thng 55

Thng 66

Thng 77

Thng 88

Thng 99

Thng 1010

Thng 1111

Thng 1212

dc

im chn

SXTK 3

Doanh s

Thng199419951996

1219236243

2216239238

3218221224

4185194194

5154161162

6147131153

7124110138

893101128

9127131151

10148157165

11161189194

12198217241

166174186

Shipping Routes

Hng mcABCDEFGHTng gi tr

Sinh li4010805020580100

Quyt nh10011010190

Rng buc

Chi ph801512065201060100225320

Not bouth G & H1111

No D unless A-1100

Nghin cu la chn nhm d n cn thc hin u t

C 8 d n vi s liu sau

Gii hn ngn sch320000

Khng u t cng vo hai d n G v H (chng thuc l v sn xut thuc l)

D n D ch c u t khi v ch khi u t vo d n A. Nhng c th u t d n A m khng c d n D

1. Xy dng bi ton quy hoch nguyn

2. Dng Excel gii bi ton ti uD nChi phGi tr

A8040

B1510

C12080

D6550

E2020

F105

G6080

H100100

Q 10 (2)

B(n,p)

TI MT HNG MC C 100 MY NN T GING HT NHAU V HNH THC V CHT LNG CNG ANG HOT NG.

XC SUT MY B HNG L NH NHAU, P = 0,053

TRUNG BNH TRONG MT CA C BAO NHIU MY HNG?

XC SUT TRONG CA SN XUT C T NHT MT MY TT?

GS TRONG 1 CA SN XUT, 1 K S CH C TH M BO SA CHA KP THI 3 MY HNG.

HI CN B TR BAO NHIU K S TRONG MT CA C TH M BO SA CHA TT C MY HNG MT CCH TT NHT.

A =MT MY BT K B HNG

P(A)=0.053

S MY CNG XN XUT100

X =S MY HNG TRONG CA SN XUT

Gi X l s my hng trong 100 my cng nghip ang sn xut, tm phn phi

XP(X)B = (C T NHT MT MY TT) => TM THNG QUA (TT C CC MY U HNG)

11XC NH S MY HNG K: P(X=K) MAX

22

33

44

55

66

77

88

99

1010

2020

3030

4040

5050

6060

7070

8080

9090

100100

Q 12

THI GIAN BO HNH MT SN PHM C QUY NH L 3 NM

BN C 1 SN PHM150,000.00

SN PHM HNG TRONG THI GIAN BO HNH(500,000.00)

TUI TH SN PHM L BIN NGU NHIN, PHN PHI N(4,2 NM; 1,8 NM)

TRUNG BNH (M)4.2

LCH CHUN (S)1.8

S TIN LI CA HNG HY VNG THU C KHI BN MI SN PHM ?

NU MUN S TIN LI THU C KHI BN MI SN PHM L 50.000 TH PHI QUY NH THI GIAN BO HNH L BAO NHIU LU ?

Guarding

Phn phi chunN(0,1)

Nu mt phn phi c m 0 hoc s 1 th phi chun ho bng bin Z

Z = (X - m) / s

Phn phi c m = 8, s =3

TmP (X 10)

P(10< X =L5:L11

1

2

3

6

7

4

5

8

A

B

C

E

D

G

F

Staffing 1.2

24

x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8TngYu cu

110010104

Ph A1121

Ph B1011

Ph C0111

Ph D1011

Ph E0111

Ph F1011

Ph G1011

Ph H0111

Ph I1011

Ph J1011

Ph K0111

Ph A

Ph E

Ph B

Ph C

Ph D

Ph G

Ph I

Ph H

Ph K

Ph J

1

2

3

5

4

8

7

6

Ph F

Staffing 2

m hnh lung ln nht

Kh nng T -> nTrm 1Trm 2Trm 3Trm 4Trm 5Trm 6

Trm 10

Trm 2002

Trm 30

Trm 40

Trm 50

LungT -> nTrm 1Trm 2Trm 3Trm 4Trm 5Trm 6Tng xut

Trm 1

Trm 2

Trm 3

Trm 4

Trm 5

tng ti/nhp00000

&A

Page &P

1

2

3

4

5

6

Recruitment

Lp ngn sch Marketing

QuQu IQu IIQu IIIQu IVTng cng

H s ma v0.91.10.81.2

Thu nhp

Slng bn4,6867,0003,7028,330

Doanh s bn[$VND] 0

Chi ph bn0

Li gp0

Chi ph

Lao ng80008,0009,0009,00034,000

Qung co19,12730,05414,48336,336100,0000%

Chi ph khc

Tng chi ph

Li nhun[$VND] 0[$VND] 0[$VND] 0[$VND] 0[$VND] 0

T sut

Gi bn[$VND] 40

Gi thnh[$VND] 25

The following examples show you how to work with the model above to solve for one value or several

values to maximize or minimize another value, enter and change constraints, and save a problem model.

RowContainsExplanation

3Fixed valuesSeasonality factor: sales are higher in quarters 2 and 4,

and lower in quarters 1 and 3.

5=35*B3*(B12+3000)^0.5Forecast for units sold each quarter: row 3 contains

the seasonality factor; row 11 contains the cost of

advertising.

6=B5*$B$18Sales revenue: forecast for units sold (row 5) times

price (cell B18).

7=B5*$B$19Cost of sales: forecast for units sold (row 5) times

product cost (cell B19).

8=B6-B7Gross margin: sales revenues (row 6) minus cost of

sales (row 7).

10Fixed valuesSales personnel expenses.

11Fixed valuesAdvertising budget (about 6.3% of sales).

12=0.15*B6Corporate overhead expenses: sales revenues (row 6)

times 15%.

13=SUM(B10:B12)Total costs: sales personnel expenses (row 10) plus

advertising (row 11) plus overhead (row 12).

15=B8-B13Product profit: gross margin (row 8) minus total costs

(row 13).

16=B15/B6Profit margin: profit (row 15) divided by sales revenue

(row 6).

18Fixed valuesProduct price.

19Fixed valuesProduct cost.

This is a typical marketing model that shows sales rising from a base figure (perhaps due to the sales

personnel) along with increases in advertising, but with diminishing returns. For example, the first

$5,000 of advertising in Q1 yields about 1,092 incremental units sold, but the next $5,000 yields only

about 775 units more.

You can use Solver to find out whether the advertising budget is too low, and whether advertising

should be allocated differently over time to take advantage of the changing seasonality factor.

Solving for a Value to Maximize Another Value

One way you can use Solver is to determine the maximum value of a cell by changing another cell. The

two cells must be related through the formulas on the worksheet. If they are not, changing the value in

one cell will not change the value in the other cell.

For example, in the sample worksheet, you want to know how much you need to spend on advertising

to generate the maximum profit for the first quarter. You are interested in maximizing profit by changing

advertising expenditures.

n

You will see messages in the status bar as the problem is set up and Solver starts working. After a

moment, you'll see a message that Solver has found a solution. Solver finds that Q1 advertising of

$17,093 yields the maximum profit $15,093.

n

discard the results and return cell B11 to its former value.

Resetting the Solver Options

Solving for a Value by Changing Several Values

You can also use Solver to solve for several values at once to maximize or minimize another value. For

example, you can solve for the advertising budget for each quarter that will result in the best profits for

the entire year. Because the seasonality factor in row 3 enters into the calculation of unit sales in row 5

as a multiplier, it seems logical that you should spend more of your advertising budget in Q4 when the

sales response is highest, and less in Q3 when the sales response is lowest. Use Solver to determine

the best quarterly allocation.

n

n

discard the results and return all cells to their former values.

You've just asked Solver to solve a moderately complex nonlinear optimization problem; that is, to find

values for the four unknowns in cells B11 through E11 that will maximize profits. (This is a nonlinear

problem because of the exponentiation that occurs in the formulas in row 5). The results of this

unconstrained optimization show that you can increase profits for the year to $79,706 if you spend

$89,706 in advertising for the full year.

However, most realistic modeling problems have limiting factors that you will want to apply to certain

values. These constraints may be applied to the target cell, the changing cells, or any other value that

is related to the formulas in these cells.

Adding a Constraint

So far, the budget recovers the advertising cost and generates additional profit, but you're reaching a

point of diminishing returns. Because you can never be sure that your model of sales response to

advertising will be valid next year (especially at greatly increased spending levels), it doesn't seem

prudent to allow unrestricted spending on advertising.

Suppose you want to maintain your original advertising budget of $40,000. Add the constraint to the

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