SECARB Phase III – Early Test, Cranfield, MS

GCCC Digital Publication Series #09-04

Susan D. Hovorka Timothy A. Meckel Ramón H. Treviño

J. –P. Nicot Jong-Won Choi

Changbing Yang Jeff Paine

Katherine Romanak Jiemin Lu

Hongliu Zeng Masoumeh Kordi

Cited as: Hovorka, S. D., Meckel, T. A., Treviño, R. H., Nicot, J. –P., Choi, J. –W., Yang, C., Paine, J., Romanak, K., Lu, J., Zeng, H., and Kordi, M., SECARB Phase III – Early Test, Cranfield, MS: presented at the Southern States Energy Board Stakeholders’ Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, March 3, 2009. GCCC Digital Publication #09-04.

Keywords: Field study-Cranfield-MS; Monitoring tracers; Monitoring-cross-well seismic; Monitoring-groundwater-USDW; Monitoring-soil gas; Monitoring-wireline logs

SECARB PHASE IIIEARLY TEST

CRANFIELD, MS

Susan D. Hovorka, Timothy A. Meckel, Ramon H. Trevino, J.P. Nicot, Jong-Won Choi,

Changbing Yang, Jeff Paine, Katherine Romanak,Jiemin Lu, Hongliu Zeng, Masoumeh Kordi

Gulf Coast Carbon Center, Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, The

University of Texas at Austin

Management of SECARBManagement of SECARB Early TestEarly Test Gulf Coast Gulf Coast Carbon CenterCarbon Center

Denbury Resources Inc

University of Texasat Austin

DRI

Schlumberger Carbon Services

Sandia Technologies LLC

SECARB coal seam testsGeological Survey of AlabamaVirginia Tech

SECARB Power Plant testsEPRISouthern CoARI

Other SECARB tests

LBNL LLBL USGSORNL EPA QEA

U Mississippi Miss State

Overview

• Background Information

• Phase III Design

• Summary

Cranfield

Source of large volumes ofCO2 via pipeline

Source: Dutton and others 1993

Upper Cretaceous TuscaloosaUpper Cretaceous Tuscaloosa--Woodbine Trend Woodbine Trend ––Cranfield in Mississippi Salt BasinCranfield in Mississippi Salt Basin

Phase 3: $36M, 2 observation wells, multiple injectors, 1 Mt/yr

Gulf Coast Stacked Storage Field Test

Tuscaloosa Formation:Cranfield, MS

Natchez, MS

MS River

Cranfield unit boundary

Oil ring

Gas cap

Sonat CO2 pipelinefrom natural sourceJackson Dome

Denburyearly injectors Saline aquifer

within Cranfield unit

SECARB (Early) Phase III Field Test

Phase II study areaDedicated observationWell; + logging in producers

Phase III study areaTwo dedicated observation wells in brine + in producers

1+ MMT/year

Brine

ResidualOil

ResidualGas

Tusc

aloo

sa F

orm

atio

n

10,000 ft

Regional

seal

DenburyCranfield unit

A A’

A

Cranfield Geometric OverviewCranfield Geometric OverviewA’

Phase II Study area

Monitor

Monitor

InjectorProdu-cer

2x Normal

Phase IIIEarly study area

Injector

Monitors

Phase III Design• Two Observation Wells

– CASSM – X-well tomography – ERT – Joint inversion (saturation, sweep efficiency) – Fluid sampling (U-tube)– Thermal response– Whole cores / core analyses

• Geomechanical Test – Paired Injection / Production– Downhole Microseismic & Tilt – In-zone / out-of-zone activity: pressure and fluid migration

• Far-Field Measurements– RST– BHP– BHT

Cranfield Anticline

~ 1 mile

W-E

S-N

29-12

OBS

Characterization

DAS

A B

DAS

Geomechanical Test

Intersection of OWC withtop of injection interval

Horizontal time slice with amplitude (2272 ms)

A

B

Deep water table 0

38.5

60

8691

218

218

Scientific and Technical Objectives &Benefits

Objective

(1) Sweep efficiency brine system

(2) Novel effort to account for volume and energy input

(3) Leakage though 1945 wells?Assess effectiveness of surface

monitoring in a deep water table

Anticipated Benefit

• Well-quantified measure of how CO2 occupies pore volumes

• Add rigor to pressure measurement for storage prediction

• Challenge these technologies -Reliable leakage detection?

Planned Phase III Observation “Smart Well” Construction

Fiberglass non-conductive casing

Tuscaloosa DE

ERT – 20 electrodes

Casing-conveyed pressure sensor

100’

200’

U-tube sampler1/4 “SS

2 7/8” tubing

BHP+ T

Seismic sources/receivers

Distributed temperature

BEG, LBNL, LLNL, USGS, ORNL, Pinnacle, QEA, Sandia Technologies

Cross well array in two wellsHigh injection volumesFar-field monitoring – tilt, microseismic, P&T, chemistry, surface seismic

Planned Subsurface Measurements

70 m 30 m

CFU28-F1 Obs 1 Obs 2

180 m

Phase III Summary

Currently Mid-May / Observation Well #1• Down-Dip Brine Injection• Intensive Monitoring Campaign

– Cross well– Geomechanical– Far Field

Injection and monitoringSite

developmentCharacterization

Progress2007

Site

sel

ectio

n

2008 2009

NEPACX

Firstcored well,brine samples

Received seismic data

Startworkover

Soil gasbaseline

Instrument-ation

Increasing number of injectorsand rate per well

End

phas

e II

Start Phase III injection

2006

Phase IIIWells May

Phase II EORPhase III Brine

Cranfield Mississippi

CFU 29-12: New Injector10-5100105

Permeability to air (md)

10 20 30Porosity (%)

-150-100-50

SP (mV)

40 60 80 100 120

10,270

10,280

10,290

10,300

10,310

10,320

10,330

10,340

Gamma Ray (API)

DE

PTH

(ft)

AverageH: 283 mdV: 47 md

AverageH: 20.5 %V: 20.7 %

INJE

CTI

ON

ZO

NE

Data provided by DRI

Core Box 1

Bottom

Top

Sharp Basal Contact

Chert Pebble Conglomerate

Marine Mudstone

Shell fragments (oyster,gastropod) and Trace fossils

Lower Shoreface

Braided Stream

Gakona – Copper River Junction, AlaskaModern Analog – Braided Stream

http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/a_d/braided_streams.html

USGS Digital Data Series DDS-21

CFU 29-12: New Injector10-5100105

Permeability to air (md)

10 20 30Porosity (%)

-150-100-50

SP (mV)

40 60 80 100 120

10,270

10,280

10,290

10,300

10,310

10,320

10,330

10,340

Gamma Ray (API)

DE

PTH

(ft)

AverageH: 283 mdV: 47 md

AverageH: 20.5 %V: 20.7 %

INJE

CTI

ON

ZO

NE

Data provided by DRI

Fluvial Depositional EnvironmentStratal slicing seismic interpretation

ChannelChannelerosionerosion

ChannelChannelerosionerosion

ChannelChannelerosionerosion

Point barPoint bar Point barPoint bar

ChannelChannelerosionerosion

Galloway 1983

Meander fluvial modelHongliu Zeng

Role of Dissolution in Plume and Pressure Evolution

No dissolution: volume displaced =Volume injected

Volume displaced =Volume injected – volume dissolved + fluid expansion

In miscible CO2 EOR, a large amount of CO2 is dissolved in oil – CO2 migration is retarded compared to brine, where dissolution is much less.

5 10 15

res

Ohm-m-150-100 -50 09,700

9,800

9,900

10,000

10,100

10,200

10,300

sp

mVD

EPTH

(ft)

10-3/4" casing set @ 1,825'

16" casing set @ 222'

13-Chrome Isolation packer w/ feed through13-Chrome Selective seat nipple

Side Pocket Mandrel w/dummy gas valvePressure transducer1/4" tubing installed between packers toProvide a conduit between isolation packers

13-Chrome Production packer w/ feed thrusTuscaloosaperforation

7" casing set @ 10,305'

Monitoring Zone

CO2 Injection Zone

Side Pocket Mandrel w/dummy gas valvePressure transducer

Test adequacy of Mississippi well completions for CO2sequestration

Con

finin

g sy

stem

Preparation of the Observation Wells (and outreach)

-5

0

Tubi

ng P

ress

ure

(psi

g)

Tubing data

100

150

Tbi

Tt

(F)

Real-time monitoring via Satellite Uplink

Well head tubing and barometric pressure at surface

Phase III: Theoretical Approaches Through CommercializationTh

eory

and

lab

Fiel

d ex

perim

ents

Hyp

othe

sis

test

ed

Commercial Deployment by Southern Co.

CO2 retained in-zone-document no leakage to air-no damage to water

CO2 saturation correctly predicted by flow

modeling

Pressure (flow plus deformation)

correctly predicted by model

Above-zone acoustic monitoring (CASSM) & pressure monitoring

Contingency planParsimonious public

assurance monitoringTow

ard

com

mer

cia-

lizat

ion

Surface monitoring: instrument verificationGroundwater programCO2 variation over time

Subsurface perturbation predicted

Sensitivity of tools; saturated-vadose

modeling of flux and tracers

CO2 saturation measured through time – acoustic

impedance + conductivityTomography and change

through time

Tilt, microcosmic, pressure mapping

3- D time lapse surface/ VSP seismic

Acoustic response to pressure change over

time

Dissolution and saturation measured via tracer breakthrough and chromatography

Lab-based core response to EM and acoustic under various saturations, tracer

behavior

Advanced simulation of reservoir pressure field

Modeled December Distribution of CO2

Middle lower Tuscaloosa (model layer 11)GEM compositional simulator Jong-wan Choi and JP Nicot, BEG

N

Observation well

Regional Stratigraphy of the Regional Stratigraphy of the Tuscaloosa FormationTuscaloosa Formation

Injection intervalSeal

Above-zone Monitoring interval

Secondary seals

Southeast Regional Carbon Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration partnership Sequestration partnership

““SECARBSECARB”” test test Cranfield Unit operated by Denbury Resources IncCranfield Unit operated by Denbury Resources Inc

Natchez Mississippi

Mississippi River

3,000 m depth Tuscaloosa FmGas cap, oil ring, downdip water legShut in since 1965Strong water driveReturned to near initial pressure

DAS

Geomechanical Test

DAS

Geomechanical Test