2006 Compilation North American Native Orchid Journal

NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL

Volume 12 2006

In this issue: TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS a new variety endemic to Texas WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY: past, present, and future field guides and floras on North American native orchids GYMNADENIOPSIS CLAVELLATA FORMA WRIGHTII an old/new novelty And from the past� RESURRECTION OF THE GENUS GYMNADENIOPSIS REVALIDATION OF PLATANTHERA CONSPICUA, the southern white fringed orchis THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE NORTHWESTERN TWAYBLADE

The North American Native Orchid Journal (ISSN 1084-7332) is an annual publication devoted to promoting interest and knowledge of the native orchids of North America. A limited number of the print version of each issue of the Journal are available upon request and electronic versions are available to all interested persons or institutions free of charge. The Journal welcomes article of any nature that deal with native or introduced orchids that are found growing wild in North America, primarily north of Mexico, although articles of general interest concerning Mexican species will welcome. Requests for either print or electronic copies should be sent to the editor: Paul Martin Brown, 10896 SW 90th Terrace, Ocala, FL 34481 or via email at [email protected].

NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL Volume 12 2006

CONTENTS NOTES FROM THE EDITOR

3 TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS

(ORCHIDACEAE) A NEW VARIETY ENDEMIC TO TEXAS Paul Martin Brown & Richard B. Pike

4 WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY: past, present, and future field guides and floras on

North American native orchids Paul Martin Brown

11 IN THE NEWS!

Rare Orchid Restoration Project Uses Local Know How On USFS Lands

29 GYMNADENIOPSIS CLAVELLATA

FORMA WRIGHTII An old/new novelty

Paul Martin Brown & Lindsay Olive 30

From the Past� requested reprints

RESURRECTION OF THE GENUS GYMNADENIOPSIS RYDBERG NANOJ 2002

Paul Martin Brown 33

REVALIDATION OF PLATANTHERA CONSPICUA, THE SOUTHERN WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS

NANOJ 2002 Paul Martin Brown

41

THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE NORTHWESTERN TWAYBLADE

NANOJ 2004 Paul Martin Brown

51 THE GOOD AND BAD

The Slow Empiricist 58

A (NEW) NAME FOR AN (OLD) HYBRID Paul Martin Brown

61 BOOK REVIEWS

63 • Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region

• Wild Orchids of the Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies • Orchids of Mexico

• The Orchids of Cuba • An Enthusiasm for Orchids

• Contributions to the Taxonomic Revision of the Subtribes Spiranthinae, Stenorrhynchidinae and Cyclopogoninae (Orchidaceae)

in Mesoamerica and the Antilles.

OZETTE CORALROOT REDISCOVERED IN WASHINGTON 72

This is an emended edition August 19, 2006.

Unless otherwise credited, all drawings in this issue are by Stan Folsom The opinions expressed in the Journal are those of the authors. Scientific articles may be subject to

peer review and popular articles will be examined for both accuracy and scientific content. Volume 12 pages 1-72; issued August 15, 2006.

Copyright 2006 by the North American Native Orchid Journal Cover: Platanthera conspicua by Stan Folsom

NOTES FROM THE EDITOR

This issue is the first of a new format for the North American Native Orchid Journal. In addition to being issued as a hard copy in the traditional manner it will also be available electronically as an Adobe PDF file. A limited number of print copies will be made for each annual issue but because of the wonder of electronics an unlimited number of the PDF version can be made available and may be passed along to friends and colleagues. Because there were very limited issues available for 2002�2005--with this new system in place--one of the goals for 2006/2007 is to make the back issues for volumes 8, 9, 10, and 11 available again. Eventually all issues from Volume 1 to present will be available as PDFs and on CDs. You may request a hard copy of any issue or simply access the PDF when it is available. Hard copies are primarily for libraries and institutions but are available to individuals. The time it takes for the hard copy to be produced will vary depending on what else is transpiring at the time. In 2007 CDs may become available of the PDF versions. There is no charge for these publications. You need only ask for either the hard copies or to be put on the email list for the PDF versions as they become available.

Paul Martin Brown, editor [email protected]

Brown & Pike: TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS

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Fig. 1 habitat, Davy Crocket National Forest, Houston County, Texas Fig. 2-5 Triphora trianthophora var. texensis

1

2

3

4

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TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS (ORCHIDACEAE)

A NEW VARIETY ENDEMIC TO TEXAS

Paul Martin Brown and Richard B. Pike A Houston County, Texas population of Triphora trianthophora discovered by Dick Pike in 2005 differs in several aspects from typical T. trianthophora and therefore a new variety is proposed. Further examination of Triphora trianthophora subsp. mexicana (S. Watson) M.E. Medley indicates that this taxon differs from subsp. trianthophora in only one significant character and that the ranges of the two subspecies overlap. Therefore a transfer to the rank of variety is needed. Triphora trianthophora (Swartz) Rydberg in Britton var. texensis P.M. Brown & R. B. Pike var. nov. Type: UNITED STATES. Texas: Houston County. Davy Crockett National Forest. N31.45270 W95.24149; mixed hardwood stand with a few scattered pines. 5 August 2006, R. Pike s.n. (Holotype: BRIT). (Figures 2-6). A Triphora trianthophora var. trianthophora typica differt labello ovato cristis fere ad subligaculum labelli extensis; floribus niveis, petalis labello sepalisque cerasino-marginatis, barba vivide viridi; caulibus foliisque vivide viridibus sine pigmento rubello in varietate typica vulgo viso. Differing from typical Triphora trianthophora var. trianthophora in the ovate lip, crests to extending nearly the apron of the lip; flowers snow white with the petals, lip, and sepals edged in cerise, the beard lime green; the stems and foliage bright green, lacking the reddish pigment usually seen in the typical species except below the surface when the stems may be tinted pale purple. The flowers are uniformly smaller than most typical T. trianthophora var. trianthophora. ETYMOLOGY: The varietal epithet is in honor of the state in which the plants were found. COMMON NAME: Texas three-birds orchid or Pike�s three-birds orchid FLOWERING PERIOD: Triphora trianthophora var. texensis flowers from late July to early September; flowering periods are very short and each flower lasts


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but a single day. Colonies may have successive bloom days, but rainfall and temperature affect flowering periods. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: Currently known only from the type location in Houston County, Texas. The colony of Triphora trianthophora var. texensis is located in a dense, mixed hardwood stand with a few scattered pines. The overstory is comprised of southern red oaks (Quercus falcata) and a few hickory trees (Carya spp.). The understory supports flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), sassafras, (Sassafras albidum), and american holly (Ilex opaca). The site is located near the western limit of the Pineywoods region of eastern Texas, abutting the Post Oak Savannah region. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is scattered throughout the general area, some of which could be in excess of 150 years old. Most of the hardwoods appear to be younger. However, boundaries between the regions are dynamic and it is difficult to say what the cover type was 500+ years ago, but for the past 200+ years this area has been a pine/hardwood cover type. The nearest beech trees (Fagus sylvatica), often considered typical habitat for T. trianthophora, are several miles away.

On 26 August 2005, Pike observed 33 flowering plants of Triphora trianthophora in an area ca. 8�10 feet wide and 75�100 feet long. The strip is a short, shallow, intermittent drainage slope having very little vegetation and abundant mulch. The orchids are located in the bottom and sides of this drain. Similar sites that occur nearby have been searched and suitable habitat may occur elsewhere in the National Forests of eastern Texas. To date, this is the only site where the orchids have been observed. The site was visited again on 29 July 2006 and 11 plants were found and on 1 August with 80 plants seen. Pike visited the site again on 5 August and still no flowering plants were observed that day, but on August 10 there were 14 flowering plants in 100º heat! Given the difficulty of predicting �flowering days�, the initial visit on 2005 was most fortuitous! DISCUSSION:

In October 2005 Christine Dudding, a graduate student then working with the genus Triphora at the University of Florida, brought to Brown�s attention the report of a colony of Triphora trianthophora with white flowers that occurred in Texas. After examining a photograph of one of the plants, Brown contacted Dick Pike, biologist for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, who had already discovered and photographed the population on 26 August 2005 in a small ravine in the Davy Crockett National Forest, Houston County, Texas. Unlike the forma albidoflava Keenan (Keenan, 1992) that occurs randomly and with great rarity in populations of typical T. trianthophora, all of the plants here were alike and not appearing at all like forma albidoflava that, although it is white-flowered, has a yellow crest and yellowish green leaves.


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Flower color varies greatly in most populations of T. trianthophora and may range from the white and yellow of forma albidoflava to deep black cherry-colored flowers with reddish leaves to the multicolored forma rossii with white, green, and pink leaves and small pale flowers to forma caerulea with distinctly lilac-blue flowers. Plants have even been noted that appear to be lacking in all chlorophyll and those that have stems and leaves that are a soft pale golden color. In all of these noted forms the flowers are still typical T. trianthophora (Brown and Folsom, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005).

While continuing research for Wild Orchids of Florida (Brown and Folsom, 2002) Brown had the good fortune to find that he lived near several very large populations of Triphora trianthophora and was able to examine plants close at hand for many months. He had been alerted to the possibility of T. trianthophora subsp. mexicana occurring in Florida (Beckner, pers. comm.) although no specimens had ever been annotated as such. The question arose as to whether the newfound Texas plants might be subsp. mexicana. Watson�s original description in 1891 of T. mexicana (as Pogonia mexicana) was based upon a few specimens collected by Pringle, and even though additional plants were collected the following year, the primary difference was the presence of purple lines on the lip. Apart from that, the two subspecies were very similar and thought to be separated geographically. Subsequently, Medley annotated specimens from Mexico as subsp. mexicana and today the question arises as to the correct status. It should be noted that few plants fitting the description of subsp. mexicana have been seen or collected apart from the type collections and those of the following year. Triphora trianthophora subsp. mexicana has been treated as a synonym of the nominate subspecies by some authors although those in Mexico and Central America treat it at the full species level. Triphora trianthophora var. mexicana (Watson) P.M. Brown stat. nov. Basionym: Pogonia mexicana S. Watson Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 26: 131�158. 1891. Type: Mexico, San Luis Potosi, Tamasopo Canyon. 5 August 1890, C.G. Pringle 3557 (AMES). Synonyms: Triphora mexicana (Watson) Schlechter Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 139. 1921 Triphora trianthophora subsp. mexicana (S. Watson) M.E. Medley, Selbyana 12: 102. 1991.

While investigating the possible status of the Houston County, Texas plants of Triphora trianthophora, it became necessary to review the collections of T. trianthophora subsp. trianthophora and subsp. mexicana from Texas, Mexico, and Central America. Plants of subsp. mexicana differ from the nominate subspecies


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in only very minor characters and based upon the original description of purple lines on the lip. Medley (1991) noted �The leaves are often more broadly ovate or rotund and are often, but not always, basally disposed and reduced upwards, and are often purple beneath. The leaves of the typical variety are usually narrower and more evenly spaced�and are usually green beneath, though occasionally suffused or veined with purplish.� Unfortunately those characters do not hold well as the leaves in the typical variety are essentially the same as those in var. mexicana.

Plants without the characters attributed to var. mexicana and conforming to plants seen in the United States also occur in Mexico. Considering that the definition of a subspecies is one that is mainly used for geographically (or ecologically) characterized populations with several differing characters of a species, and that of variety is used for plants mostly varying in one or few significant character(s) and occurring within populations of the "normal form," the rank of variety is more appropriate for T. trianthophora subsp. mexicana. The Houston County, Texas plants found by Pike are sufficiently different and distinctive to warrant recognition at the varietal level. What first strikes one about these plants is the uniformity of the snowy white flowers and large bright green area surrounding the three papillose crests. The following key will assist separating the varieties. 1a lips with purple markings on the central lobe, papillae on the crest absent or minimal;

very rare plants of Mexico and Central America�T. trianthophora var. mexicana 1b lips without purple markings�2 2a plants (leaves, mostly on the reverse, and stems) suffused with purple; central lobe of

lip ovate, the papillose green (or yellow) crests appearing to extend to the middle of the lip; flower color highly variable from white to deep pink; distribution widespread in the eastern United States and sparingly in Mexico�.T. trianthophora var. trianthophora

2b plants bright green (below ground portions may have a faint pink tinge); central lobe of the lip oval-oblong; bright green papillose crests extending to nearly the margin of the lip; flower bright white often with fine cerise edging; currently known only from eastern Texas�.T. trianthophora var. texensis

Comparison of Triphora trianthophora var. trianthophora var. texensis

Plants: 7�20(�30) cm tall 6.9�15.5 cm tall Stems: purple, rarely green bright green

within the inflorescence Leaves: 3�7, 7�14 × 5-9 mm; 3�5, 7�11 × 5-7 mm; bright green;

green suffused or veined obovate with acuminate tips with purple; broadly ovate to nearly cordate

Flowers: varying from white to pure white with cerise deep pink with a green markings on the edges and


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crest1 lime-green crests Sepals: 11�15 × 3�4 mm; dorsal 7�11 × 2�3 mm

oblanceolate; lateral oblanceolate; lateral falcate falcate

Petals: 11�14 × 3�4 mm; 5�9 × 3�4 mm somewhat falcate oblanceolate, falcate

Lip: 8�20 × 6-10 mm; 9�14 × 7�12; 3-lobed; 3-lobed; middle lobe middle lobe oval-oblong, margin ovate, margin denticulate erose-denticulate, apex often

notched Crests: 3; green; papillose, 3; bright green; papillose;

extending to 2/3 of the extending nearly to the edge length of the entire lip, of the lip but appearing to extend only halfway on an open flower

Fruit: pendent; rarely erect pendent Additional observations by Pike indicate an average of 3.5 flowers per

plant (flowering stem) and the average height of the plants at flowering time to be 10.35 cm. This information is based upon 18 plants that were sampled. Overall the plants and flowers are somewhat uniformly smaller than typical var. trianthophora.

All of the photographs (© Dick Pike 2005, 2006), phenology, and information relating to habitat for the Houston County, Texas location were provided by Dick Pike; nomenclatural history and taxonomic details were provided by Paul Martin Brown. Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank the following: Christine Dudding for first bringing this to my attention (PMB), Stan Folsom for his drawings; Tom Philipps and Jason Singhurst for comments and assistance in the field, Helen Jeude and Scott Stewart for helpful comments during the timely review process, and Barney Lipscomb (BRIT) for support and advice. Kent Perkins (FLAS) assisted in securing documents. For the transmission of images of herbarium specimens of Triphora trianthophora subsp. mexicana (Pogonia mexicana, Triphora mexicana): AMES, NY, K, COLO, MASS. The Latin translation was done by Mark Garland, Scientific Latin Translations, PO Box 856, Micanopy, Florida 32667, U.S.A. http://botanicallatin.org/. Literature Cited: Ames, O. 1922. Notes on Mexican species of Triphora. Orchidaceae: Studies in the Family Orchidaceae 7: 39�42. pl. 109. North Easton, Mass.: Ames Botanical Laboratory.

1 Forma albidoflava is white with a yellow crest and pale yellow-green leaves.


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Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2002. Wild Orchids of Florida. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. _____. 2003. The Wild Orchids of North America, North of Mexico. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. _____. 2004. Wild Orchids of the Southeastern United States. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. _____. 2005. Wild Orchids of Florida, updated and expanded edition. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. Keenan, P.E. 1992. A new form of Triphora trianthophora. Rhodora 94: 39. Medley, M.E. 1991. Notes on Cleistes and Triphora (Orchidaceae). Selbyana 12: 102. Schlechter, R. 1921. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 139. Watson, S. 1891. Descriptions of some Mexican species, collected chiefly by Mr. C.G. Pringle in 1889 and 1890. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 26: 131-158. Paul Martin Brown, 10896 SW 90th Terrace, Ocala, FL 34481. Paul is a Research Associate at the Botanical Research Institute of Texas and University of Florida Herbarium, Florida Museum of Natural History. He is the editor of this journal and the author of ten books on the native orchids of North America (from the University Press of Florida) and currently completing Wild Orchids of Texas: a field guide. Richard B. Pike, Naturalist Resource Spec. IV, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 1805 East Lufkin Ave., TX 75901. Dick is a Wildlife Biologist and liaison to the National Forests in Texas as well as a retired Silviculturist on the Davy Crockett National Forest. �By nature I am a natural history generalist interested in nearly everything outdoors but not a super expert at anything. This gives me a lot to look for when in the field. I am always looking for something strikingly different or uncommon�. Dick and his wife Geraldine live in Lufkin, Texas.

Fig. 6 Triphora trianthophora var. texensis

1 cm

WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY

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Wild Orchids in the 21st Century: past, present, and future field guides and floras on

North American native orchids

The first few years of the 21st Century have seen an abundance of new publications on the wild orchids of North America. As the 20th Century came to a close we were presented in 1999 with both Keenan�s Wild Orchids Across North America and the Liggio�s Wild Orchids of Texas; two excellent and colorful works. In 2000 the new century was off to a great start with Bentley�s Native Orchids of the Southern Appalachian Mountains and Nir�s Orchidaceae Antillanae. To date (June 2006) twenty-two new titles have been published (or reissued) with three more due for release in summer and autumn 2006 and several other titles in preparation. These publications vary from a dozen to more than 400 pages.

Perhaps the highlight for many native orchid enthusiasts was the much-anticipated publication in late 2002 of volume 26 of the Flora of North America North of Mexico series. Although part of a larger and expensive volume, it is available online. Most of the publications listed below are available from the publishers, Orchid Emporium (AOS), your local bookseller or, in many cases, signed and inscribed copies directly from the author(s). Web sites and emails are provided as much as possible.

Orchids of Manitoba Ames, D., P.B. Acheson, L. Heshka, B. Joyce, J. Neufeld, R. Reeves, E. Reimer, and I. Ward. 2005. Native Orchid Conservation, Inc. Winnipeg, Manitoba. 158 pages, 5 x 8�, full color photographs, maps $15.00 CAD Paper ISBN 0-9734864-0-6. The first full-color provincial orchid field guide to be published. A group effort that has resulted in a workable and usable field guide with excellent photographs and a distinct slant on conservation. Limited use outside of Manitoba; no keys for identification. Available through www.nativeorchid.org


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Native Orchids of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Bentley, S. 2000. University of North Carolina Press 256 pp., 6¼ x 9¼ �, 119 color photos, 1 table, 57 maps, 2 fig., bibliography, glossary, index $39.95 Cloth ISBN 0-8078-2563-8 $24.95 paper ISBN 0-8078-4872-7 An attractive and information-packed work that provides many details for the region including the recently described Corallorhiza bentleyi and the unusual hybrid Liparis xjonesii. It is not a field guide and does not have any keys for identification. The maps are excellent although the author does not cover all of the southern Appalachian Mountains, omitting those in northern Georgia and northeastern Alabama.

Wild Love Affair: Essence of Florida's Native Orchids. Bransilver, C. 2004.

Westcliff Publishers. 128 pages 12.3 x 9.3 inches

$40.00 cloth ISBN: 1565795016.

A pictorial memoir of many of the orchids found in southern Florida. The photography is both dramatic and original. Includes essays by guest authors and a checklist of the species of South Florida.

http://www.conniebransilver.com/books.htm


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Additions and Emendations to The Wild Orchids of North America, North of Mexico. Sida 21(4): .2297-2319. Brown, P.M. 2005. Extensive additions and emendations to Brown and Folsom, 2003 designed to fit in the original publication. 10 color plates, 4 drawings. Reprints available from the author at [email protected].

Wild Orchids of Florida, with references to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2002. University Press of Florida. 409 pages, 6x9�, field guide and more; 400+ full color photographs, 125+ line drawings, 116 maps, keys for identification; considerable additional informational material $24.95 Flexi-bind, ISBN 0-8130-2439-0 The first field guide for the orchid-rich state of Florida. Treats 115 native and non-native species and varieties. http://www.upf.com/searchresult.asp?searchterm=wild+orchids&searchtype=keyword


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The Wild Orchids of North America, north of Mexico. Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2003. University Press of Florida. 256 pages, 6 X 9� 278 full color photographs, 248 line drawings, keys for identification $49.95 Cloth: ISBN: 0-8130-2571-0 $27.95 Paper: ISBN: 0-8130-2572-9 Annotated and illustrated checklist with a color photo and line drawing for each of the 248 species and varieties; keys for identification and cross-references to Luer�s two native orchid works. See 2005 update above. http://www.upf.com/searchresult.asp?searchterm=wild+orchids&searchtype=keyword

Wild Orchids of the Southeastern United States, north of peninsular Florida. Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2004. University Press of Florida. 416 pages 6 X 9 field guide and more; 325+ full color photographs, 80 line drawings, 88 maps, keys for identification $65.00 Cloth: ISBN: 0-8130-2748-9 $27.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-2749-7 http://www.upf.com/searchresult.asp?searchterm=wild+orchids&searchtype=keyword


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Wild Orchids of Florida, with References to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains: updated and expanded edition. Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2005. University Press of Florida. 432 pages 6x9 field guide and more; 400+ full color photographs, 125+ line drawings, 118 maps, keys for identification; considerable additional informational material $24.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-2933-3 An updated and expanded rewrite of the 2002 original. More than 200 new statements of fact including many new maps and photos as well as a few corrections to the original. http://www.upf.com/searchresult.asp?searchterm=wild+orchids&searchtype=keyword

Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region. Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2006. University Press of Florida. 336 pages 6x9 field guide and more; 300 full color photographs, 80 line drawings, 88 maps, keys for identification; considerable additional informational material $29.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-2911-2 http://www.upf.com/searchresult.asp?searchterm=wild+orchids&searchtype=keyword Review in this issue.


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Wild Orchids of the Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies. Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2006. University Press of Florida. 300 pages, 6x9 field guide and more; 300 full color photographs, 80 line drawings, 88 maps, keys for identification; considerable additional informational material $29.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-2900-7 http://www.upf.com/searchresult.asp?searchterm=wild+orchids&searchtype=keyword Review in this issue.

Wild Orchids of the Prairies and Great Plains Region of North America. Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2006 (November) University Press of Florida. 376 pages 6x9 field guide and more; 275 full color photographs, 79 line drawings, 90 maps, keys for identification; considerable additional informational material $29.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-2975-9


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Native Orchids of Oregon Burian. R. 2000. Oregon Orchid Society. 40 pages, color photographs, no index or contents. 25 taxa treated; no keys $10.00. paper: no ISBN Oregon Orchid Society, Box 14182, Portland, OR 97293, USA. A handy little guide to West Coast orchids.

The Wild Orchids of Arizona and New Mexico. Coleman, R.A. 2002. Cornell University Press. $41.50 cloth ISBN: 0-8014-3950-7 248 pages 32 color plates The ideal and logical companion to Coleman�s The Wild Orchids of California. Follows the same format and style. Readers should note that Hexalectris revoluta as treated within this book is now H. revoluta var. colemanii.


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The Wild Orchids of California. Coleman, R.A. 2002. Cornell University Press. $25.00 paper ISBN: 0-8014-8782-X A paperbound edition of the 1995 original with a few minor revisions.

Wild Orchids in South Carolina: the Story. Dueck, L. 2003. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory. 20 pages 8.5 x11� full color photos, information chart $5.00 paper no ISBN Attractive and informative large-format publication with full color throughout.


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Orchidaceae Flora of North America. 2002. Volume 26: 490-651. Oxford University Press. 752 pages. Line drawings of selected species; extensive keys; maps $95.00 cloth ISBN 0-19-515208-5 http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10638 Exhaustive treatment of all known orchids growing in North America, north of Mexico as of ca. 2000.

Wild Orchids of South Carolina: a popular natural history. Fowler, J.A. 2005. University of South Carolina Press. 264 pages 253 color illustrations, 56 maps, 4 line art $39.95 cloth, ISBN 1-57003-566-0 6 x 9 Treats all of the species known from South Carolina with exquisite photographs and abundant natural history notes. http://www.sc.edu/uscpress/2004/3566.html


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Orchids of Mexico E. Hágsater, M. Á. Soto Arenas, G.A. Salazar Chávez, R. Jiménez Machorro, M.A. López Rosas, and R.L. Dressler. 2005. Instituto Chinoin, A.C., Mexico City. 13.25 x l0 in. (33.5 x 25.5 cm). 304 pages, 650 color photographs. Spanish and English versions available. $100 Cloth ISBN 9-6878-8908-X. Book orders directly to: [email protected]; Redacta, S.A. de C.V., Avenida l0 de Mayo # 249, Col. San Pedro de los Pinos, C.P. 03800 Mexico, D.F. MEXICO. One of the most beautiful natural history books for a specific country. No taxonomic information. Review in this issue.

Orchids of Wisconsin Hapeman, J.R. 2002. CD-Rom. $20.00, no ISBN http://www.mbgpress.org/index.php?task=id&id=68069 Interactive CD version of Hapeman�s earlier work. Excellent keys. Wild Orchids Across North America:


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A Botanical Travelogue. Keenan, P.E. 2005. Timber Press paperback edition of original 1998 publication 321 pp. 6 x 9 in (230 x 150 mm) 170 color photos, 7 figures, 1 table $27.95 paper ISBN: 0-88192-720-1. Appealing to conservationists, travelers, orchid lovers, and naturalists alike, the author takes his readers on an incredible journey to pursue the 145 temperate American orchid species in their native habitats. This chatty account of his field trips in Canada and the U.S., excluding Florida) is intended both to document many of our native species and to inspire others to respectfully explore the wealth of orchids.

The Orchids of Cuba- Las Orquideas de Cuba Llamacho, Juan (text) and Julio A. Larramendi (photographs) Greta Editores, Plaza Mayor, 24 25340 VERDÚ (SPAIN) 287 pages. Spanish-English in parallel columns. 9.6 x 7 inches 271 color photographs, 18 maps, interpretive graphics, table of species, and glossary. 49.00 Euros [$58.19 2/13/06] Cloth ISBN 84-933615-2-6. http://www.gretaeditores.com [email protected]. +34 690 733 011 Review in this issue.


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Native Orchids of Oklahoma. Magrath, L.K. 2001. Crosstimbers Spring 2001. Brief journal article with color photographs and excellent distribution maps; only publication on the orchids of Oklahoma. crosstimbers@usao,edu for purchase information

Native Orchids of Nova Scotia. Munden, C. 2001. University College of Cape Breton Press. 96 pages, 198 illustrations $24.95 CAD paper ISBN: 0-920336-77-9 http://www.uccbpress.ca/ General.html#Orchids Excellent maps, small-format photos, extensive habitat details, minimal taxonomic information

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND ARTS OF OKLAHOMA


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Orchidaceae Antillanae Nir, M. 2000. DAG Media Publishing. New York, NY. 453 pp. color pages, line art, keys to identification $135 paper ISBN 061511640X A treatment of the native and naturalized orchid taxa in the West Indies. Includes new taxa and new combinations (lists, pp. 17 & 407), new synonyms (pp. 18-19), and excluded taxa (pp. 410-411)] http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/061511640X/bestofthewo05-20/002-9769951-9797632

Orchids on the Rock- the wild orchids of Newfoundland. Voitk, A. and M. Voitk. 2006. 96 pages, 150 color photographs, no keys Gros Morne Cooperating Association Paper $tba CAD ISBN 0-9699509-3-4. Fall 2006 The first book devoted specifically to the orchids of Newfoundland. Excellent photographs and distribution information.


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Orchids in Your Pocket: A Guide to the Native Orchids of Iowa Witt, B. 2006 (October) Foldout guide with 32 full-color photos. Bur Oak Guide Series University of Iowa Press. $9.95 ISBN 1-58729-499-0 The state�s 34 species of wild orchids range in size from the three-inch-tall delicately blossomed nodding pogonia of the eastern woodlands to the three-foot-tall floral spike of the western prairie fringed orchid and in color from whites and pale pastels to buttery yellows and passionate pinks. Along with superb color photographs of all thirty-two species, includes common and scientific names, habitat (prairie, woodland, wetland) and distribution, height, approximate time of blooming, status, and potential for hybridization; a separate panel is devoted to species missing and presumed extirpated; photos of orchids from nearby states illustrate these lost species.


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Of interest to the specialist: The Gardener�s Guide to Growing Hardy Perennial Orchids W. Mathis 2005 The Wild Orchid Company 11" X 9" 104 pages 175+ color photos, drawings $24.95 paper ISBN: 0-9765335-0-2 The strength of this book is the superb artwork showing garden/bog construction.

Growing Hardy Orchids J. Tullock 2005 244 pages. 6 x 9 in (230 x 155 cm) 99 color illustrations $29.95 Cloth ISBN: 0-88192-715-5 Timber Press The most extensive work on the subject focusing on North American natives.


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Genera Orchidacearum A.M. Pridgeon, P. J. Cribb, M.W. Chase, and F. Rasmussen (Editors) Oxford University Press, USA.


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8.8 x 11.2 inches; numerous color plates, line drawings, and maps. A collaborative work involving more than fifty noted botanists and orchid specialists, Genera Orchidacearum will be published in six volumes over several years.

To date four volumes have been published of this six volume project. Generic treatments are based heavily upon molecular evidence and have resulted in several revised generic concepts for North American genera. Most notable are the nesting of Piperia into Platanthera, Coeloglossum into Dactylorhiza, and Listera into Neottia as well as several well known species such as Pleurothallis gelida treated as Stelis gelida. North America distributional information and maps are often incorrect and frequently omit much of the range in the United States. Volume One: General Introduction, Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae. 1999. 197 pp. $125.00 cloth ISBN13: 9780198505136; ISBN10: 0198505132 Volume Two: Orchidoideae (Part 1) 2001. 416 pp. $125.00 cloth ISBN13: 9780198507109; ISBN10: 0198507100 Volume Three: Orchidoideae (Part II), Vanilloideae. 2003. 358 pp. $175.00 cloth ISBN13: 9780198507116; ISBN10: 0198507119 Volume Four: Epidendroideae, Part I. 2005. 672 pp. $175 cloth ISBN 0-19-850712-7; ISBN-13: 978-0-19-850712-3 Volume Five: Epidendroideae, Part II forthcoming Volume Six: Epidendroideae, Part III forthcoming

Contributions to the taxonomic revision of the subtribes Spiranthinae, Stenorrhynchidinae and Cyclopogoninae (Orchidaceae) in Mesoamerica and the Antilles. D.L. Szlachetko, P. Rutkowski, and J. Mytnik. 2005. Polish Botanical Studies 20. 387 pp. 646 figures (including maps, types, line drawings, and color plates). 17 x 24 cm. (ISBN 83-89648-18-0, paper; ISSN 0867-0730). IB Publisher, Polish Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Krakow, Poland. (Ordering inquiries: [email protected]) Euro 90,00; ca. USD $105.46, Review inthis issue.


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CHRONOLOGY OF PUBLICATIONS 2000 Native Orchids of Oregon 2000 Native Orchids of the Southern Appalachian Mountains 2000 Orchidaceae Antillanae 2001 Native Orchids of Nova Scotia 2002 Orchids of Wisconsin 2002 The Wild Orchids of Arizona and New Mexico 2002 Wild Orchids of Florida, with references to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains 2002 Flora of North America: Orchidaceae 2003 The Wild Orchids of North America, north of Mexico 2003 Wild Orchids in South Carolina: the Story 2004 Wild Love Affair: Essence of Florida's Native Orchids 2004 Wild Orchids of the Southeastern United States, north of peninsular Florida 2005 Wild Orchids of South Carolina: a popular natural history 2005 Orchids of Manitoba 2005 Wild Orchids of Florida, with References to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains: updated and expanded edition 2005 Additions and Emendations to The Wild Orchids of North America, North of Mexico 2006 Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region 2006 Wild Orchids of the Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies 2006 Orchids on the Rock-the wild orchids of Newfoundland 2006 (Oct.) Orchids in Your Pocket: A Guide to the Native Orchids of Iowa. 2006 (Nov.) Wild Orchids of the Prairies and Great Plains Region of North America In preparation: Spring 2007 Wild Orchids of the Northeast: New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey Spring 2008 Wild Orchids of Texas: the field guide Wild Orchids of Arkansas TBA


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Rare Orchid Restoration Project Uses Local Know How On USFS Lands

By Peter Nilles

This project - to restore one of the rarest and most spectacular orchids native to the region - began with the initiative of a Shreveport high school student. It has evolved into a cooperative effort between the Kisatchie National Forest (KNF) and the Central Louisiana Orchid Society (CLOS); and yes, the high school student turned masters degree candidate – Kevin Allen – is still intimately involved in the project.

The project goal is to grow 200 state and federally rare Kentucky ladyslipper seedlings (Cypripedium kentuckiense C.F. Reed) to a mature size, and return them to the KNF lands from which they were collected as seed. These orchids are currently known from only two locations (totaling 5 plants) on the KNF's entire 600,000 acres. Consequently, if even a fraction of these 200 seedlings can be reestablished, it will be the first time a plant this rare has been increased in

this way, on the KNF. That it happens to be the largest-flowered species of all the striking ladyslipper orchids found in the United States (Reed 1981), and one of the most spectacular plants in our flora, is just a bonus.

The decline of the Kentucky ladyslipper orchid most likely follows the impacts of European settlement, such as loss of habitat due to logging and grazing, non-native plant competition, wild hog predation, and illegal orchid collection. In fact, over the last twenty years, 50 percent of known sites throughout the CYKE's range have been eliminated (Medley 1985). Medley (1985) says that “…most of the [previously known] Louisiana , Oklahoma , Texas , and many Arkansas populations are extirpated [locally extinct, but present in other parts of its range].”

For the rest of the story see the NFS website at http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/kisatchie/resources/botany.htm

IN THE NEWS!!

Brown: Gymnadeniopsis clavellata forma wrightii―An Old/New Novelty

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GYMNADENIOPSIS CLAVELLATA FORMA WRIGHTII

An old/new novelty

Paul Martin Brown with Lindsay Olive

In July 1951 an article appeared in the Bulletin Of The Torrey Botanical Club entitled A New Orchid From The Southern Appalachians by Lindsay S. Olive. It described the discovery and subsequent naming of a new variety of (then) Habenaria. For reasons unknown the publication of this unusual growth form, which is lacking in spurs, escaped the notice of authors such as Correll or Luer, and more currently Sheviak and myself. During the summer of 2004 Philip Kauth, of the University of Florida, was electronically perusing old journal files and came across this publication and called it to my attention. I had recently revalidated the genus Gymnadeniopsis (Brown, 2002) and was particularly interest in novelty forms. After carefully reading the original article and consulting several colleagues I determined that the var. wrightii would be better recognized as a form rather than a variety and also need to be transferred to the genus Gymnadeniopsis. The new combination and status change was made in Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region (Brown and Folsom, 2005). There is no record of the variety wrightii having been transferred at any rank to the genus Platanthera. At this time I had never seen plants that conformed to the forma wrightii.

In July 2006 while examining flowering plants of G. clavellata in eastern New Hampshire several spurless plants were noted. They easily fit the original description of var. wrightii. So an �old lost variety� is now a �found new form�! The following is taken from Dr. Olive�s original publication and reprinted with permission.

During the summer of 1949, while the writer and Mr. Henry Wright, native botanist of Highlands, North Carolina, were on a field trip in the Highlands area, an orchid which


31

appears not to have been previously described was found. The orchid in its general appearance greatly resembled the common Green Rein-orchid, Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng., the specific name of which refers to the elongate club-like spur, 8-12 mm. in length, produced by the flower. Only a few plants were in bloom at the time, but all of the flowers that were found completely lacked the spur.

A few plants were dug up and set out on the writer's lot at Highlands, and two of them bloomed the following year. The flowers again failed to produce spurs. Another field trip was arranged at this time to the area previously visited, and a large number of plants were found in bloom. All had the same characteristics as the plants observed the previous summer. They closely resembled H. clavellata, but none of the flowers had produced spurs. Although the Green Rein-orchid was found in bloom at the same time several miles from this area, no plant of that species was encountered in this locality.

The unidentified orchid had become well established in the area, and probably several hundred plants were present over a half-acre or more of moist woods composed mainly of hemlock, rhododendron, and deciduous trees. Other orchids found growing here were Goodyera pubescens (Downy Rattlesnake Plantain), Triphora trianthophora (Nodding Pogonia), and, a sterile plant of Habenaria ciliaris (Yellow Fringed Orchid). Plants of the unidentified orchid were growing on both sides of a small stream, and a few were found on the opposite side of a small dirt road running through the area. These circumstances indicate that the orchid reproduces itself mainly by means of seeds. Correll (1950), in his recent comprehensive monograph of the orchids of North America, has no record of the orchid described in this paper. However, in his discussion of Habenaria clavellata, he points out that this species is self-pollinated; "so it usually produces a maximum of fully ripened seed-filled capsules which thus assure it of perpetuation." This also appears to be true of the Highlands plant.

With regard to Habenaria clavellata, Ames (1910) states that it is "a very distinct species with no near ally in North America. The appendages of the gynostemium are quite characteristic. These are three in number, erect and tuberculate. " The new orchid has a similar structure; that is, there are three tuberculate stigma-lobes as in H. clavellata. In addition to the failure to produce a spur, the flower of the new plant shows only one distinctive difference from that of H. clavellata. The lip, instead of being tridentate, is entire and almost acuminate. In its other characteristics the plant so closely resembles the Green Rein-orchid that it has seemed advisable to describe it as a variety of that species. Thus an orchid lacking flower spurs is placed in a genus that has as one of its chief characteristics the production of flower spurs. HABENARIA CLAVELLATA var. Wrightii Plants about 20-30 cm. tall; roots elongate, fleshy; stem angled, with several bract-like leaves above and one oblanceolate leaf arising from near the base. Racemes few- to many-flowered, 1.5-3 cm. long; floral bracts lanceolate-acuminate, as long as or nearly as long as the ovaries. Flowers small, about 1 cm. in length, greenish white, the upper sepal and two petals ovate, remaining grouped together, the two lateral sepals elliptic or ovate-elliptic, becoming


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reflexed in the fully opened flower, lower petal or lip somewhat elliptic, entire, nearly acuminate or with slightly blunt tip, sometimes irregularly and inconspicuously sinuate distally along the margins. Spur completely lacking. Stamen one, anther single, 2-celled, one pollinium in each cell; pollinium with caudicle attached to a viscid basal disc. Stigma divided into three blunt papillose lobes, one lobe on each side of the anther and the middle one between the two anther cells. Ovary ridged, somewhat spirally twisted; ovules numerous, minute, on three parietal placentae in the 1-celled ovary. Collected in Blue Valley, elevation about 2500 feet, near Highlands, North Carolina; August 2, 1950. Literature Cited: Ames, O. 1910. Orchidaceae, fasc. 4 (The genus Habenaria in North America.) Brown, P.M. 2002. Resurrection of the genus Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg. North American Native Orchid Journal 8: 32-40. Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2006. Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. Correll, D. S. 1950. Native Orchids of North America. Chronica Botanica. Waltham, Mass.

Gymnadeniopsis clavellata forma wrightii New Hampshire

Brown: Resurrection Of The Genus Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg

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RESURRECTION OF THE GENUS GYMNADENIOPSIS RYDBERG

Reprinted in a different paging format from North American Naïve Orchid Journal 8: 32-40. 2002.

Paul Martin Brown

The genus Habenaria has historically contained several

groups of species that have been treated in various segregate genera. This has evolved from either the merging of species into Habenaria or the segregation of those species into additional genera. Most notable would be Platanthera and Piperia. Lesser genera would be Pseudorchis, Coeloglossum, and Gymnadenia. These generic concepts are well received today and are used in most recent treatments. Generic concepts such as Limnorchis, Blephariglottis, and Gymnadeniopsis have not been universally accepted, although the species included within those genera seemed well defined. Species definition is not really the case in this situation as those species that fall within Limnorchis and Blephariglottis form natural groups. But, the generic concepts of Limnorchis and Blephariglottis appear to fall well within the generic concepts of Platanthera, and therefore these two genera have not been embraced.

Gymnadeniopsis present a very different situation. Rydberg

created the genus in 1901 to accommodate three species of Habenaria that all had distinctive characters that appeared to be exceptions to the generic limitations of Habenaria. These included the somewhat tuberous roots (found in Habenaria but not in Platanthera) and the appendages on the beak of the stigma. These appendages appear to be unique among the species traditionally included in Habenaria.


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Three species of North America orchids fall within the concept of Gymnadeniopsis: integra, nivea and clavellata. The first two are restricted to the southeastern United States while the latter is widespread from Newfoundland to northern Florida and west beyond the Mississippi River. The floral morphology of these three species is distinct among themselves and also from any other species within that of Habenaria/Platanthera. But within the concept of Gymnadeniopsis there are two arrangements. The two southeastern species, Gymnadeniopsis nivea and G. integra both have two appendages on the beak of the stigma, the lips with an entire to erose margin and slender spurs, whereas G. clavellata has three appendages and the lip is shallowly three-toothed and the spur thickened or clavate.

Because of the unclear position of these three species Wunderlin et al, included nivea in the genus Habenaria, while using Platanthera for integra and clavellata. Sheviak (2002) in his generic treatment of Platanthera in the Flora of North America allows these three species to fall naturally together at the end of the treatment and states " The column of Platanthera nivea is similar to that of P. clavellata and P. integra and unlike that of other Platanthera species. The columns of these three species bear two pairs of appendages. In P. nivea, on either side of the column and flanking the anther sacs, a cushion-like flap simulates a pollinium; below these structures, elongated slender processes parallel the basal margins of the lip, similar to the situation in Habenaria. Together with its non-resupinate flower and perhaps elongate-spheroidal tuberoids, these characteristics suggest that this species should not be included in Platanthera. ��In common with Platanthera nivea and P. integra, the column of P. clavellata bears a series of lateral projections that are directed forward; the upper pair is elaborately adorned and may be glandular. It appears that this species is inappropriately placed in Platanthera. �As in Platanthera clavellata and P. nivea, the column of P. integra bears two pairs of lateral processes. In P. integra, the distal structures are essentially sessile and cushionlike, as in P. nivea, but the proximal are short, stout, club-like, and bear several stout horns. The tuberoids of P. integra are abruptly swollen into oblong-cylinders, somewhat like those of P. nivea. These three species evidently form a group apart from Platanthera."


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The only author in the latter half of the 20th century to embrace Gymnadeniopsis was W.J. Schrenk in his Compilation of the Orchids species of the United States and the Virgin Islands (Die Orchidee 28:98-104.1977). Because Rydberg made new combinations for Habenaria integra, nivea and clavellata no new combinations were needed. Schrenk made the new combination for Gymnadeniopsis clavellata var. ophioglossoides when he published his checklist. No new combinations are needed at this time. Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg Britton, Man. Fl. N. U.S. 293. 1901. Gymnadeniopsis clavellata (Michaux) Rydberg Britton, Man. Fl. N. U.S. 293. 1901. Synonyms: Orchis clavellata Michaux Fl. Bor.Am. 2:155. 1803. Habenaria clavellata (Michaux) Sprengel Sys. Veg. 3:689. 1826. Platanthera clavellata (Michaux) Luer Nat. Orchids of Fl. 148. 1972. Gymnadeniopsis clavellata var. ophioglossoides (Fernald) W.J. Schrenk Die Orchidee 28(2): 69. 1977. Synonyms: Habenaria clavellata var. ophioglossoides Fernald Rhodora 48: 161. 1945. Platanthera clavellata var. ophioglossoides (Fernald) P.M. Brown Wild Flower Notes 3(1): 21. 1988. Gymnadeniopsis integra (Nuttall) Rydberg Britton, Man. Fl. N. U.S. 293. Synonyms: Orchis integra Nuttall Gen. N. Am. Pl. 2: 188. 1818. Habenaria integra (Nuttall) Sprengel Sys. Veg. 3:689. 1826.


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Platanthera integra (Nuttall) Gray ex Beck Bot. U.S. ed. 2 348. 1848. Gymnadeniopsis nivea (Nuttall) Rydberg Britton, Man. Fl. N. U.S. 293. Synonyms: Orchis nivea Nuttall Gen. N. Am. Pl. 2: 188. 1818. Habenaria nivea (Nuttall) Sprengel Sys. Veg. 3: 689. 1826. Platanthera nivea (Nuttall) Luer Nat. Orchids of Fl. 146. 1972.

In 1983 Fred Case described a rare hybrid between Platanthera clavellata var. ophioglossoides and P. blephariglottis as P. xvossii. With the reinstatement of the genus Gymnadeniopsis a new nothogenus and combination is needed. The following is proposed. XPlatanthopsis P.M. Brown2 Platanthera Lindley x Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg Subsequently a new combination is needed to accommodate Platanthera xvossii. XPlatanthopsis vossii (Case) P.M. Brown comb. nov. Basionym: Platanthera xvossii Case Michigan Botanist 22: 141-144. 1983.

2 Correct citation of XPlatanthopsis P.M. Brown and XPlatanthopsis vossii (Case) P.M. Brown is North American Native Orchid Journal 8: 33. 2002.


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Gymnadeniopsis clavellata var. clavellata

little clubspur orchis


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Gymnadeniopsis clavellata var. ophioglossoides

northern clubspur orchis


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Gymnadeniopsis integra yellow fringeless orchis


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Gymnadeniopsis nivea snowy orchis

Brown: Revalidation of Platanthera conspicua, the southern white fringed orchis

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REVALIDATION OF PLATANTHERA CONSPICUA, THE SOUTHERN WHITE

FRINGED ORCHIS Reprinted in a different paging format from

North American Naïve Orchid Journal 8: 3-14. 2002.

Paul Martin Brown

In the course of preparing the manuscript for Wild Orchids of the Southeastern United States it became apparent that plants currently known as Platanthera blephariglottis var. conspicua (Nash) Luer should be recognized at the species level. Evidence is presented below to support this. Both a new combination for the species, as well as two new hybrid combinations, are also needed. Platanthera conspicua (Nash) P.M. Brown comb. nov.3 Basionym: Habenaria conspicua Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 100. 1896. Synonyms: Blephariglottis conspicua (Nash) Small, Fl. S. E. U.S. 313, 1329. 1903. Habenaria blephariglottis (Willdenow) Hooker var. conspicua (Nash) Ames, Rhodora 10:70. 1908. Platanthera blephariglottis (Willdenow) Lindley var. conspicua (Nash) Luer, Native Orchids of Florida, 40. 1972.

The fringed-lipped rein orchises, Platanthera spp., are among our showiest native orchids to be found in the eastern North America. Whereas most of the species are yellow/orange or purple in color, three species are pure white - Platanthera blephariglottis, P. conspicua, and P. integrilabia. Habenaria blephariglottis was originally described from Pennsylvania by Lindley in 1835, (Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl., 291.) and subsequently Nash, from Florida, in 1896, described Habenaria conspicua - a similar plant with a much 3 Correct citation for Platanthera conspicua (Nash) P.M. Brown is North American Native Orchid Journal 8: 3. 2002.


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longer spur and fewer flowers, primarily from the southeastern coastal plain. Small (1903) noted that the range also included Kentucky and that the lip was "sometimes nearly entire". This latter description may very well apply to Platanthera integrilabia.

For many years spur length, combined with range, was

considered the critical character in differentiating Platanthera blephariglottis and P. conspicua (as var. conspicua). Close examination of the flowers reveals several other differences, and more importantly proves that spur length alone should not be relied upon for identification. Long spurred plants of P. blephariglottis occur as far north on the Coastal Plain as Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and plants from that region, Long Island and New Jersey have often been identified as the var. conspicua. In both Massachusetts and New Jersey populations of P. blephariglottis occurring well inland, especially in the mountains, possess short "normal" spurs. In addition P. conspicua was considered the "southern variant" and all plants of white fringed orchises from Virginia southward were usually addressed as P. blephariglottis var. conspicua. This misunderstanding of spur length has led to the erroneous publication in several recent orchid works concerning the distribution of P. conspicua. Brown, Wild Orchids of the Northeastern United States (1997) and Bentley, Native Orchids of the Southern Appalachians (2000) clearly illustrate P. blephariglottis (var. blephariglottis) although they are identified as P. blephariglottis var. conspicua.

In his treatment of Platanthera blephariglottis in the

Orchidaceae of Flora North America (2002) Sheviak has clarified the distribution and states that "The widespread Platanthera blephariglottis var. blephariglottis tends to have a dense inflorescence of smaller flowers with the descending to reflexed lips rather simply fringed (in extreme cases scarcely more than deeply lacerate). In contrast, the typically open, lax inflorescence of var. conspicua bears larger flowers often with an exquisitely elaborate filiform fringe on the porrect lips. Although typical plants of the two varieties are quite distinctive, most characters vary considerably within and between the varieties and can be misleading. In contrast, spur length


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seems to be unambiguous, and insofar as it reflects specialization for different pollinators, upon further study it may be shown to delimit distinct species."

Close examination of the inflorescence and flowers of

Platanthera conspicua show a fewer-flowered raceme, a lip that is narrowed to a distinct isthmus at the base (a critical character), and that the lip projects forward. All three of these characters are also present in P. integrilabia but not in P. blephariglottis. Granted, the few-flowered raceme is certainly variable, but where both P. blephariglottis and P. conspicua occur sympatrically the number of flowers is noticeable. Flowering time is also somewhat different in these areas, with P. conspicua being considerably later than P. blephariglottis.

The primary range for Platanthera blephariglottis is from the

cold bogs of Newfoundland westward to Michigan (with a disjunct site in Illinois) and south to South Carolina with scattered outliers in the central Georgia Piedmont and inland Coastal Plain. Platanthera conspicua is confined to the Coastal Plain from North Carolina south throughout much of central Florida and west to southeastern Louisiana, with a historical record for eastern Texas. At no time does P. conspicua enter the Piedmont or mountain areas of the states within which it grows.

This concept of species pairs is well documented in North

America within the genera Platanthera and Habenaria. Some such examples are Platanthera leucophaea and P. praeclara (Sheviak & Bowles, 1986), P. orbiculata and P. macrophylla (Reddoch & Reddoch, 1993), P. psycodes and P. grandiflora (Stoutamire, 1974), and Habenaria quinqueseta and H. macroceratitis (Brown, 2000). Other such examples occur throughout the range of the genera. In each case the species are well defined by morphology, habitat, range, pollinators, and, to a lesser extent, flowering times.


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Platanthera conspicua southern white fringed orchis

Platanthera blephariglottis northern white fringed orchis


45

.

Range of Platanthera blephariglottis

Range of Platanthera conspicua


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Platanthera blephariglottis Platanthera conspicua northern white fringed orchis southern white fringed orchis

Platanthera xbeckneri Platanthera xlueri Beckner�s hybrid fringed orchis Luer�s hybrid fringed orchis


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TWO NEW HYBRIDS COMBINATIONS Two hybrid combinations that occur with Platanthera

blephariglottis: Platanthera xcanbyi (Ames) Luer (P. blephariglottis x P. cristata), published as Habenaria xcanbyi in Rhodora 10:70, 1908 with the type from Lewes, Delaware and Platanthera xbicolor (Rafinesque) Luer (P. blephariglottis x P. ciliaris) published as Blephariglottis bicolor in Flora Telluriana 2:39. 1836, type from 'New Jersey'. The geographic data would indicate that the parent listed as P. blephariglottis is correct. Similar combinations occur also occur with P. conspicua as a parent and therefore necessitate the publication of two new nothospecies.

In both of these hybrid combinations the distinctive lip

shape of Platanthera conspicua is evident, whereas in P. xcanbyi and P. xbicolor the lip shape of P. blephariglottis is evident. Both nothospecies tend to occupy damp pine flatwoods and moist, open roadsides. The color of the flowers in both varies from pale yellow to buff to nearly a coffee color and in a few instances a truly bicolored flower with the lip pale or white and the petals and sepals shades of orange or yellow.

Whereas the type of Habenaria xcanbyi is from Delaware,

and Platanthera conspicua is not known from that far north, and P. blephariglottis is frequently seen in that region, there can be no doubt that the parents are as listed. Hybrids of P. conspicua and P. cristata, from the southeastern coastal plain therefore require a new name for the hybrid combination.

Platanthera xbeckneri P.M. Brown nothospecies nova4 Planta inter Platanthera conspicua (Nash) P.M. Brown et

Platanthera cristata (Michaux) Lindley, intermedia in habitu et colore florum; floribus plerumque luteolum; vel proprietatibus specierum mixtis. 4 Correct citation for Platanthera xbeckneri P.M. Brown is North American Native Orchid Journal 8: 10. 2002.


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Plant intermediate between Platanthera conspicua (Nash) P.M.

Brown and Platanthera cristata (Michaux) Lindley in habit and floral color; flowers commonly pale yellow, with the features of the species intermixed.

TYPE: UNITED STATES. Florida; Columbia County.

US90, 6 miles east of Lake City, 30 July 1967. J. Beckner 1895 (holotype FLAS 99458). NANOJ 8: 10. 2002. Color Plate 2.

ETYMOLOGY: named in honor of John Beckner, Florida

orchidist As in the previous combination, the type of Platanthera

xbicolor is northern (New Jersey) and P. blephariglottis is abundant in many areas. Unfortunately several publications have occurred regarding this hybrid, and all of them actually involve P. conspicua rather than P. blephariglottis. In April 1968 Carlyle Luer published Habenaria xschweinfurthii unaware that both the specific name had previously been used by Reichenbach f. and that a previous name, Blephariglottis xbicolor Rafinesque, had been published. Luer also failed to include a location for the type, which, if the specific name schweinfurthii were available, would have rendered it invalid. In June of 1968 John Beckner meticulously pointed these problems out and then proceeded to make a new combination and status for the plants as Habenaria xbicolor (Raf.) Beckner.

With the restoration of Platanthera conspicua to species level

the epithet xbicolor cannot be used as it applies to those plants with P. blephariglottis as a parent. Therefore a new name is need for this hybrid combination.

Platanthera xlueri P.M. Brown nothospecies nova5

5 Correct citation for Platanthera xlueri P.M. Brown is North American Native Orchid Journal 8: 12. 2002.


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Planta inter Platanthera conspicua (Nash) P.M. Brown et Platanthera ciliaris (Linnaeus) Lindley, intermedia in habitu et colore florum; floribus plerumque bulbulinum vel luteolum; vel proprietatibus specierum mixtis.

Plant intermediate between Platanthera conspicua (Nash) P.M.

Brown and Platanthera ciliaris (Linnaeus) Lindley in habit and floral color; flowers commonly buff or pale yellow, with the features of the species intermixed.

Type: UNITED STATES: Florida, Nassau County. 8

September 1966. J. Beckner 1553 (holotype: FLAS 103702). Photos: Luer, American Orchid Society Bulletin 34(4): 324 April 1968; Native Orchids of Florida, 1974, page 140, plate 39:6. NANOJ 8: 10. 2002. Color plate 2.

ETYMOLOGY: named in honor of Carlyle A. Luer, M.D.,

eminent orchidist, who so well documented this hybrid in his 1968 publication.

Additional specimen examined: Florida: Bradford County. 2 miles northwest of Brooker on SR18, S1, T17S, R19E. A.A. Will s.n. 12 August 1961. FLAS 81551. Annotated: Large colony of plants that range in color from a creamy yellow to bright orange; growing in roadside ditch in moist flatwoods Literature Cited: Ames, O. Notes on Habenaria. Rhodora 10:70. 1908. Beckner, J. 1968. The correct name of a natural hybrid in Habenaria. American

Orchid Society Bulletin 36(6): 480-482. Bentley, S. 2000. Native Orchids of the Southern Appalachians. pp. 152-53. Brown, P.M. 1997. Wild Orchids of the Northeastern United States. pp. 134-35. 2000. Recent taxonomic and distributional notes from Florida 7. The genus

Habenaria. NANOJ 6: 148-158. Lindley, 1835, Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants, 291. Luer, C.A. 1968. A natural hybrid in Habenaria. American Orchid Society Bulletin

34(4): 323-24; color plate 304. 1972. Native Orchids of Florida, p. 141, plate 39:6. Nash, 1896. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 23: 100.


50

Reddoch, A.H. & J.M. Reddoch. 1993. The species pair Platanthera orbiculata and P. macrophylla. Lindleyana 8:171-187.

Sheviak, C. J. 2002. Orchidaceae in Flora North America, vol. 26. pp. 567-568. Sheviak, C.J. & M. Bowles. 1986. The prairie fringed orchids: a pollinator

isolated species pair. Rhodora 88:267-90. Small, J.K. 1903. Flora of the Southeastern U.S. 313, 1329. Stoutamire, W.P., 1974. Relationships of the purple-fringed orchids

Platanthera psycodes and P. grandiflora. Brittonia 26:42-58.

Brown: The Correct Name for the Northwestern Twayblade

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THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE NORTHWESTERN TWAYBLADE

Reprinted in a different paging format from North American Naïve Orchid Journal 10: 2-12. 2002.

Paul Martin Brown

For over a century the Northwestern Twayblade has suffered from a myriad of incorrect identifications, misapplied names, and has been a victim of perpetuated error in botanical literature dealing with the genus Listera in North America. The correct name for this plant is Listera banksiana Lindley, with L. caurina Piper, and L. retusa Suksdorf treated as synonyms. Extensive evidence to support this premise is presented. Listera, as found in North America, is one of the few orchid genera that has had comparatively little taxonomic and nomenclatural history. Of the seven species native to North America five have retained their originals species epithet. The two species that have had the most synonyms or misapplied names are Listera convallarioides (Swartz) Torrey and Listera caurina Piper. In the late nineteenth century the names were misapplied in several instances. The original plants described as Epipactis convallarioides Swartz (1800) have had several other names applied to them but survived all synonyms as Listera convallarioides (Swartz) Torrey 1826. Although Nuttall�s name is often applied to the species within Listera his is a nomen nudum as no description was given. When R. Brown created the genus Listera in 1813 he transferred Ophrys cordata and O. ovata to the new genus. Shortly thereafter, in


52

1823, O. convallarioides was also transferred to Listera this time by Torrey. Several other species of North American Listera had and have been illustrated or cited as L. convallarioides, and subsequently segregated from that species. In 1792 A. Menzies collected plants he assumed to be Ophrys convallarioides from Banks� Island lying between the western coast of British Columbia and the Queen Charlotte Islands. The island was named for Sir Joseph Banks, sponsor of Vancouver�s expedition to the Pacific Northwest upon which Menzies was the botanist. On Lindley�s type sheet the specimen is annotated Ophrys banksiana Menzies MSS. Subsequently, in 1840, Lindley described these plants as Listera banksiana. As is not unusual, plants of a similar description were also published by Piper in 1898 as L. caurina and again in 1900 as L. retusa by Suksdorf, his based upon an 1894 collection from the state of Washington. Examination of the types of all three clearly shows them to be identical and therefore the same species. It may simply have been that Piper did not have access to Lindley�s herbarium for comparison and the same for Suksdorf, as his collections are earlier than those of Piper, et al. A simple look at the chronology involving Listera banksiana/Listera caurina helps to clarify the situation. 1793 � Menzies� collects specimens from Banks� Island, British Columbia; assumes (erroneously) they are Ophrys convallarioides 1813 � R. Brown publishes Listera as a new genus and transfers Ophrys cordata and O. ovata to Listera 1826 � Chamisso & Schlectendal publish L. eschscholtziana from Alaska, plants of which are identical to the previously published L. convallarioides 1840 � Lindley publishes description of Listera banksiana based up Menzies collections; notation on type sheet Ophrys banksiana; Lindley also included in this publication L. australis as a new species 1840-1898 � several additional species of Listera are published, none of which involves L. banksiana


53

1898 � Listera caurina Piper is published; no mention of L. banksiana as a synonym or invalid name 1899 � A Revision of the Genus Listera is published by Wiegand; includes 1 new species, L. auriculata, and 1 new name, L. smallii. He also lists synonyms for L. caurina Piper as L. convallarioides Hooker and synonyms for L. convallarioides (Swartz) Torrey as L. banksiana Lindley and L. eschscholtziana Chamisso & Schlectendal 1900 � Suksdorf publishes L. retusa based upon earlier collections (1894). Plants are identical to L. caurina Piper and L. banksiana Lindley. No mention of either one in the description. Listera retusa is reduced to synonymy and remains there. 1900�1948 � No mention of Listera banksiana could be found in any published literature. Listera caurina Piper appears in many publications. 1905 - transferred to Ophrys caurina (Piper) Rydberg, no mention of L. banksiana as a synonym 1948 � Fernald & Schubert�s note in Rhodora on types in the Lindley Herbarium at Kew. Revalidates Listera banksiana Lindley as the correct name, with L. caurina Piper as a synonym 1948-1977 � no mention of Listera banksiana as a species or synonym in any of many regional and continental publications including Correll and Luer 1978 - Scoggin, Flora of Canada uses Listera banksiana Lindley with reference to Fernald & Schubert article; L. caurina Piper and L. retusa Suksdorf are given as synonyms 1978�present - no mention of Listera banksiana in any of many regional and continental publications (see note concerning BONAP below) including Flora of North America 1995 - transferred to Neottia caurina (Piper) Szlachetko, no mention of L. banksiana as a synonym Note: 1996 - BONAP lists Listera caurina Piper: synonymy - Listera banksiana auct. non Lindley, Ophrys caurina (Piper) Rydberg. (This is most curious as L. banksiana, as an earlier name, most certainly would never be a misapplied name for L. caurina, whereas L. convallarioides Hooker might be considered auct. non. Also, auct. non/misapplied name is not a synonym).


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Building on erroneous statements in Wiegand that Menzies� Banks Island, British Columbia, collections were Listera convallarioides, and that the original mistaken identification of additional plants collected by Piper and others as L. convallarioides, Piper�s 1898 publication of Listera caurina was perpetuated and Lindley�s L. banksiana consigned to obscurity. Listera caurina Piper appeared in nearly all the literature citing North American Listera species, notably in Wiegand�s work in 1899, local floras of the Northwest, Correll (1950), Luer (1975), and Flora of North America, volume 26 (2002). Listera banksiana does not even appear in these publications as a synonym. After the conclusion of World War II Fernald and Schubert were doing a series of notes on studies of American types in British herbaria and examined the collections of Menzies used by Lindley for Listera banksiana. In a brief note in Rhodora 50: 231-233 (1948), a concise summary of the history of the species and illustrations of the types reinforce the correctness of L. banksiana as the earliest validly published name as provided for in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1935, 2000). Scoggin in Flora of Canada, 1978, follows Fernald and Schubert�s determination and used Listera banksiana for the northwestern twayblade and cited both L. caurina and L. retusa as synonyms as well as the Fernald & Schubert note. Lindley�s publication in 1840 of Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants was one that contained many new species, all with the same pattern of description � brief, but universally accepted. In North American species Listera australis was among these as were Spiranthes longilabris, S. brevilabris, Cypripedium montanum, the creation of the genus Platanthera, and numerous other species and genera. Part of the confusion may have arisen when, in synopsizing the species of Listera, Wiegand (1899) stated that Lindley confused Listera banksiana with L. convallarioides and L. eschscholziana, the latter a synonym for L. convallarioides. Examining the sheet with Lindley�s type of L. banksiana shows no confusion and the plants are clearly not L. convallarioides. Perhaps Wiegand did not have an opportunity to examine these types and only had the information


55

of Piper to rely upon. If this was so, then all authors, excepting Fernald & Schubert and Scoggin, also relied upon prior written material � that of Piper and Wiegand, for their treatments of Listera species. Although Correll�s work is dated 1950 and Fernald & Schubert September 1948, Correll�s manuscript was well finished and being prepared for publication when the latter appeared in Rhodora. Should Correll have chosen to follow the lead of Fernald & Schubert it would have been too late to have this information included in his publication. It is unlikely that Correll was even aware of Listera banksiana, as it is not included in the synonymy for L. caurina (in Wiegand it appears in the synonymy for L. convallarioides). Although Luer (1975) was meticulous in researching synonyms for his work, he too did not include L. banksiana. The same holds true for Coleman (1995) and Magrath and Coleman (2002). Therefore the correct name for the Northwestern Twayblade is Listera banksiana Lindley. Listera caurina Piper, L. retusa Suksdorf, Ophrys caurina (Piper) Rydberg, and Neottia caurina (Piper) Szlachetko all are relegated to synonyms and L. eschscholtziana Chamisso & Schlectendal and L. convallarioides Hooker, as cited in Wiegand, become auct. or misapplied names. Note: This situation is not unlike that of Epidendrum magnoliae Mühlenberg and E. conopseum R. Brown, both published in 1813 but only a few months apart. The diligent research of Hágsater (2000,) uncovered this and the correct name is now being accepted, albeit slowly, into general usage (Hágsater, 2002; Brown & Folsom 2002, 2003, 2004; Dueck 2004; Fowler 2005). Banks Island was named in 1788 by Captain Duncan of the Princess Royal, after Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., (1743-1820), then-president of the Royal Society, and who had accompanied Captain James Cook on the latter's exploratory journey to the South Seas aboard the Endeavor, 1768-1771. Adopted in the 18th Report of the Geographic Board of Canada, 31 March 1924, as labelled on British Admiralty Chart 1923, published in 1863, and as labelled


56

on BC map 1A, 1912, et seq.See extensive biography in British Columbia Coast Names, by Capt. John T. Walbran. Literature Cited Brown P.M., and S.N. Folsom 2002. Wild Orchids of Florida. Gainesville, Fla.:

University Press of Florida. _____. 2003. The Wild Orchids of North America, North of Mexico. Gainesville,

Fla.: University Press of Florida. _____. 2004. Wild Orchids of the Southeastern United States north of peninsular

Florida. Gainesville, Fla.: University Press of Florida. Coleman R.A. 1995. Wild Orchids of California. Ithaca: Cornell University

Press. Correll, D.S. 1950. Native Orchids of North America. Waltham, Mass.: Chronica

Botanica. Dueck, L. 2003. Wild Orchids in South Carolina: the Story. Aiken, South Carolina:

Savannah River Ecology Laboratory. Fernald, M.L. and B. Schubert 1948. Types in the Lindley Herbarium.

Rhodora 50: 231-233. Fowler, J. 2005. Wild Orchids of South Carolina: a popular natural history.

Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Hágsater, E. -----. 2002. Epidendrum in Flora of North America, volume 26. International Plant Names Index. http://www.ipni.org/index.html Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of United States,

Canada and Greenland. 3rd edition Chapel Hill, North Carolina Botanical Garden.

Kartesz, J.T. and C.A. Meacham. 1999. Synthesis of the North American Flora, ver. 1.0. Chapel Hill.

Lindley, J. 1840. Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants. 455. Luer, C.A. 1975. The Native Orchids of the United States and Canada excluding

Florida. Bronx: New York Botanical Garden. Magrath, L. and R. Coleman. 2002. Listera in Flora of North America. Flora of

North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. 12+ vols. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, Volume 26 (2002) including the Orchidaceae.

Petrie, W. 1981. Guide to the Orchids of North America. Blaine, Wash.: Hancock House.

Piper, C. 1898. Listera caurina. Erythea 6: 32. Rydberg, P.A. 1905. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 610. Scoggin, H.J 1978. The

Flora of Canada. Part 2. Ottawa. National Museum Natural Science Publications in Botany 7.


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Szczawinski, A.F. 1959. The Orchids of British Columbia. British Columbia Provincial Museum Handbook No. 16.

Szlachetko, D. 1995. Fragm. Florist. Geobot. Supp. 3: 117. Suksdorf, W. 1900. Listera retusa. Deutsch. Bot. Monatsschr. 18: 155. Wiegand, K. 1899. A revision of the genus Listera. Bulletin of the Torrey

Botanical Club. 26(4):157-171, 2 plates. Williams, J.G., A.E. Williams, and N. Arlott. 1983. A Field Guide to Orchids of

North America. New York: Universe Books.

Acknowledgements: The following herbaria made images available of specimens relating to this study: AMES, ORE, US, WA Scott Stewart provided helpful comments on the manuscript.

Listera banksiana northwestern twayblade

The Slow Empiricist: THE GOOD AND BAD

58

THE GOOD AND BAD The Slow Empiricist

It seems as if I am always lamenting about things that affect the

state of our native orchids and I seem to be able to find lots of things to grouse about. On the national level we have the President trying to sell off Federal land around desirable lakes and scenic areas for development. Nature has been affecting the environment, whether due to man-made global warming or simply a remarkable spike in temperature in the last few years. Whatever the cause, the resulting floods, hurricanes, droughts, and wildfires have disrupted the normal course of events bringing devastation and degradation to the environment. Ordinary human activity has also encroached on our wilderness areas and open spaces in our quest to expand. On a recent trip to Texas to see a rare and endangered orchid, the Navasota ladies�-tresses, I was appalled to see how Texas A&M University has eaten up valuable habitat as it builds ever more classrooms, dormitories, and housing. Even the small nature preserve where we found a few of the Spiranthes parksii surviving was being tamed with a wider access road and recreational facilities that threaten to eliminate much of the orchids� habitat. Florida is no better when they can�t prevent ATV�s from running over a site for the crane-fly orchid, Tipularia discolor, that happens to be at the edge of the recreational road set up for that purpose! Why can�t they move the road a few yards away from the rare species? Here in New England there is a fetish for clearing out the roadsides and planting grass or filling the wetter roadsides with rip rap eliminating native orchids that used to thrive in such habitat. We lost a stand of small purple fringed orchises, Platanthera psycodes, including a rare white one last year to just such activity. Now it may seem that the gentle world of native orchids has been totally ravaged by man�s constant expansion but there are many bright spots that leaven the mix. The heavy rains that have flooded New England and the Middle Atlantic states have brought lush and sumptuous colonies of orchids where the were much fewer in drier years. We found close to 100 green fringed orchises, Platanthera lacera, on


59

a hillside in New Hampshire where other years had only yielded 20 or 30 specimens. A wonderful surprise awaited us at a field that was also good for Platanthera lacera when we stumbled over a large colony of northern tubercled orchis, P. flava var. herbiola; only the 6th site in the region for this orchid. Our visit to eastern Kansas this past May rewarded us with hundreds of southern small yellow lady�s-slippers, Cypripedium parviflorum var. parviflorum, and the reconfirmation of the large yellow lady�s-slipper, C. parviflorum var. pubescens for Kansas. It is also gratifying that many stewards of the land like homeowners and many of the personnel in our state and Federal parks have worked to preserve orchid habitat. Some who come to mind are Linda Trice at Ochlockonee River State Park, Libby Zimmerman at Goethe State Forest, and Colleen Werner at the Withlacooche State Forest (all in Florida), Dick Pike in Texas, Doug Martin in Kansas, and Albert and Annabelle Ritchie in Goose Rocks Beach, Maine. The Ritchie�s efforts to ensure continued preservation of a coastal meadow that is home to nearly a dozen species of orchids is one of the best examples of private landowners as good stewards of orchid habitat. The best thing that is happening are the good local orchid enthusiasts who are taking an interest in the native orchids. In Florida Wally Wilder and his brother Joel, who have become extremely proficient orchid scouts, as this enthusiasm has burgeoned. They have kept careful accounts of orchid populations and have faithfully spent most of their free time scouting possible sites. They have been rewarded with finding many new sites for several very rare orchids as well as rediscoveries. Most recently they found a new site for Triphora rickettii in Citrus County, Florida. Possibly the most interesting are the many unusual color forms they have discovered; two of which are striking variations of the crested coralroot, Hexalectris cristata. The devastation of the hurricanes and wildfires will open up areas where orchids that thrive in less crowded habitats like Spiranthes or are fire respondent like some of the Calopogon. Maybe even the warmer climates will see more southerly species popping up further north. Last winter was so mild at my summer home in Maine that one window box in a southerly sunny location had impatiens seedlings sprout this spring!


60

So if these tropical plants can survive a Maine winter � well just think what might be thriving somewhere more northerly than expected.

Your Slow Empiricist

Platanthera psycodes forma albiflora Platanthera flava var. herbiola Acton, Maine Shapleigh, Maine

Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens Triphora rickettii Eastern Kansas Citrus Co., Florida

(photo by Wally Wilder)


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A (NEW) NAME FOR AN (OLD) HYBRID

Paul Martin Brown In 1916 E.H. Eames described a hybrid in the genus Spiranthes

that had been collected in 1895 in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He had determined this to be a hybrid between Gyrostachys beckii W. Stone and Gyrostachys gracilis Kuntze. The two putative parent species have undergone a great deal of nomenclatural revisions since that time and by today�s standard the parents would be Spiranthes tuberosa and Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis. Eames� article in Rhodora (1916) has a protologue and he prepared an excellent holotype for his herbarium that is now at the University of Connecticut (CONN). What was not included was a specific name for the hybrid nor a Latin description or diagnosis. For these reasons the following is proposed: Spiranthes ×eamesii P.M. Brown nothsp. nov. Planta inter Spiranthes lacera (Rafinesque) var. gracilis (Bigelow) Luer et Spiranthes tuberosa Rafinesque intermedia et habitu, colore et forma florum, vel proprietibus speciearum mixtis Intermediate in characters between the two parents Spiranthes lacera (Rafinesque) var. gracilis (Bigelow) Luer and Spiranthes tuberosa Rafinesque. TYPE: USA: Connecticut: Fairfield County: Bridgeport: Sandy field. 41°11'11"N, 73°11'46"W. 18 August 1895 (I.F. Moore; #1362 in the Herbarium of E.H. Eames) Holotype: CONN ETYMOLOGY: Named for E.H. Eames, M.D. a dedicated and prolific student and collector of the plants of Connecticut.

The following is taken from: Eames� 1916 article:

Brown: A (NEW) NAME FOR AN (OLD) HYBRID


62

SPIRANTHES Beckii × gracilis, n. hyb. Lip very white with its throat tinted pale greenish yellow and, like other parts, intermediate in size between those of the parent-species. Roots commonly two, whiter than those of gracilis and more like those of Beckii in shape. Found plentiful with the parent-species in a field at Bridgeport, Connecticut, 18 August, 1895, by I.F. Moore. No. 1362 in herbarium of E.H. Eames. Readily recognizable in life.

Plants of this hybrid are not difficult to find in southeastern New

England in the few places that both parents are found. They have been observed in several places in Cape Cod and Rhode Island as well as recently (August 2006) in western Connecticut. As one proceeds southward the flowering time for the two parents is widened so the likelihood of the hybrid is lessened. In Southern New Jersey Spiranthes tuberosa is in prime in mid August and S. lacera var. gracilis in mid to late September. Both parent species flower without their leaves present and both have similar basal rosettes of ovate-oblong leaves. The only plant that this hybrid could be confused with is S. ×intermedia, the hybrid between S. lacera var. gracilis and S. vernalis. The lip color in S. ×intermedia is more of a lemon-lime coloration and the pointed articulate hairs that are so diagnostic on S. vernalis are scattered on the stem and inflorescence of S. ×intermedia. Any similar hairs are lacking in S. ×eamesii. Habitats that support S. ×eamesii may also have S. vernalis present and care must be taken to examine possible hybrids between S. tuberosa and S. vernalis. Plants of this combination would have the scattered distinctive pointed hairs of the latter species.

The nomenclatural history of S. S. ×eamesii and an image of the holotype may be found in great detail at http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/typespecs?ETI=spiranthes Literature Cited: Eames, E.H. 1916. Some varieties and forms of Connecticut Plants. Rhodora 18 (215): 239.

Brown: A (NEW) NAME FOR AN (OLD) HYBRID

BOOK REVIEWS

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BOOK REVIEWS Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region Paul Martin Brown and Stanley N. Folsom 2006. University Press of Florida. 336 pages 6x9; 300 full color photographs, 80 line drawings, 88 maps $29.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-2911-2

The bright red cover of Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region is an enticement to the bountiful information inside, possibly the most erudite book ever compiled concerning the orchids of the Maritimes. This field guide is so much more than just facts; it is a bible for the orchidist to enjoy regardless of the season. With stunning paintings and drawings by Stan Folsom, no fact or detail has been overlooked. References and resources have been listed at length. However, one of the stars of the book is Part Four: Orchid Hunting, describes for the would-be traveler exactly where to go to areas of interest; in addition, a Flower Time Chart advises the searcher exactly when to go.

A new addition to Brown�s series of orchids of the various areas of the North American continent, these books will ensure his place in the pantheon of orchid writers of the 21st century. Ann Malmquist, Ohio Native Plant Society [email protected] Wild Orchids of the Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies Paul Martin Brown and Stanley N. Folsom 2006. University Press of Florida. 300 pages, 6x9 field guide and more; 300 full color photographs, 80 line drawings, 88 maps, keys for identification; considerable additional informational material $29.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-2900-7

This book is a must to have if you plan on orchid hunting in the Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Alaska, Idaho, western Montana and western Alberta areas. This book is well laid out and easy to use. There are ten detailed areas to help with your orchid hunting: The Siskiyous, Columbia River, The Cascades, Olympic Peninsula,

BOOK REVIEWS

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Vancouver Island, Glacier National Park, Cypress Hills, Kodiak Island, Downtown Anchorage and Denali National Park. As the founder of the Washington Native Orchid Society (WNOS), I love this book. I own two copies: I take one copy that can get dirty on every hike and the signed copy stays on the bookshelf at home. I use it in the field to help with identifying orchids, at WNOS meetings to help the novice and young members, and to educate others about the orchids that grow in Washington State.

Whether you are an orchid green horn, wildflower lover, or you consider yourself an orchid expert this book is a great addition to any orchid library. Melissa Rathbun [email protected] The following four recent titles, although not directly concerning orchids in the United States and Canada, should be of interest to all native orchid enthusiasts. These reviews have also appeared in recent issues of Sida.

Orchids of Mexico E. Hágsater, M.Á. Soto Arenas, G.A. Salazar Chávez, R. Jiménez Machorro, M.A. López Rosas, and R.L. Dressler. 2005. ISBN 9-6878-8908-X. Cloth, 13.25 x l0 in. (33.5 x 25.5 cm). 304 pages, 650 color photographs. Published by Instituto Chinoin, A.C., Mexico City. Spanish and English versions available. US $100.00, plus shipping. Book orders directly to: [email protected]; Redacta, S.A. de C.V., Avenida l0 de Mayo # 249, Col. San Pedro de los Pinos, C.P. 03800 Mexico, D.F. MEXICO. Initial disappointment may often give way to surprised delight. Such is the case of Orchids of Mexico. Given the publication and research history of the estimable authors I had expected a detail taxonomic treatment of the orchids of Mexico. Imagine my surprise when a large format-33.5 x 25.5 cm-�coffee table� book arrived! This sumptuously illustrated volume is much more orchids �in Mexico� than �of Mexico� and wastes no time in luring the reader to that country. I soon discovered that the taxonomic treatment I was so looking forward to is forthcoming on a searchable CD that will cover the 164 genera and

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1200+ species with over 1500 color photographs, a checklist, and cross-referenced synonymy. The current publication mentions 162 of those genera and 450 of the species. But back to the volume at hand; sitting before me is one of the lushest books on orchids I have ever seen. Apart from the text, which we will get to later, it is lavishly illustrated with the highest quality photographs and color reproduction I have seen in many years and the printing on heavy stock only adds to the quality of the book. The authors have provided us with not just an overview of the orchids that grow within Mexico, but with details of the several climatic and geological regions of the country shown at first in a two-page layout of a satellite image of Mexico. After relating the history of orchids, and orchid research in Mexico, with many reproductions of plates from well-known historic volumes, it concludes with the ethobotanical history featuring Vanilla planifolia. A brief chapter on orchid biology is amply illustrated with photographs of plants from flower to fruit to flower with the many stages in between. Now to our adventure searching the wilds of Mexico. As we visit the eight various habitats the narrative highlights the many species of orchids that are present and and numerous vies of the habitats and illustrates them with color photographs. At this point few synonyms are given and occasionally the reader may be temporarily confused with some of the newer generic concepts for familiar species such as Prosthechea citrina for Cattleya citrina and Tamayorkis for a few species traditionally known as Malaxis. Many species found in Mexico are also found in the bordering regions of the southwestern United States, Texas, and Florida. It is always welcome to see photographs of these more southerly species that may be very rare in the United States. Because of the arrangement of chapters by habitat it requires consulting the index to find information on specific species. But that is not the apparent aim of this book. It is to immerse the reader in the diversity of the orchids of Mexico and the verdant and prolific varied habitats. A final chapter on Conservation efforts and successes is followed by detailed photo credits and an extensive bibliography. Thanks to the team of authors and photographers the text is scientifically accurate and this reviewer did not note any incorrectly

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labeled or positioned graphics (a feat not many books of this scope can boast!). There are a few typographical errors with a missing letter i.e., seudobulb for pseudobulb, but nothing that could possibly distract from the intense text. Many photographers were credited in the book and the meticulous editing of these photographs has provided the finished book with a continuity not often seen in similar publications. Is it expensive? � yes, at $100 � but worth every penny of the price. Keep in mind that two books were really written; one in Spanish and then one in English. Were Orchids of Mexico not sponsored by Chinoin I am sure it would have to sell for much more or not even have ever gone into production. If you have any interest in North American orchids, especially from the southern regions of that continent, do not pass up the opportunity to purchase this volume. And remember, that the interactive CD will soon be available to satisfy those of us who thrive on taxonomic treatments! (PMB)

The Orchids of Cuba- Las Orquideas de Cuba Juan Llamacho (text) and Julio A. Larramendi (photographs) Greta Editores, Plaza Mayor, 24 25340 VERDÚ (SPAIN) +34 690 733 011 http://www.gretaeditores.com [email protected]. Cloth. ISBN 84-933615-2-6. 287 pages. Spanish-English in parallel columns. 9.6 x 7 inches 49.00 Euros [ca. $59.00] Full color photographs, interpretive graphics, table of species, and glossary. Following a recent trend for regional orchid books to be both scientifically accurate and written in such a manner that they are popular with the non-academic enthusiast, The Orchids of Cuba fulfills a geographic niche that has long been void. This work of two enthusiastic Cubans has produced not only the first full-color book on the orchids of the island archipelago but the first text in English (Spanish/English in parallel columns) that provides an alluring enticement to the island nation. Following an imprimatur by Carlyle A. Luer, M.D. and foreword by James Ackerman, Ph.D. the books starts with the basic biology of orchids and biogeography of Cuba and proceeds to merge the two,

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describing and illustrating the several regions of the nation. These regions and the orchids found within them are then treated in detail. Of the 305 species documented from Cuba at the writing of the book, more than 150 are treated in detail and, for the most part, have excellent color photographs. Both the author�s and photographer�s love of the pleurothallids (Lepanthes and related genera) is evident in the spectacular close-up photographs of many of these tiny species. Following the species treatments is a section on undescribed (those species that have not yet been identified and/or described to science) species, with the same high-quality photographs. The book concludes with a table of all 305 species currently found in Cuba, their flowering times and biogeographic distribution, a brief bibliography, and an excellent glossary. What is unfortunately lacking is an index. Because of the arrangement of species it makes it difficult to find specific information quickly. A listing of synonyms for the species treated in full would also have been helpful. No keys to identification are given as this book is, hopefully, just the prelude to more publications covering all of the orchids of Cuba. From the reviewer�s standpoint The Orchids of Cuba has the same problem as most other works that treat orchids from the Caribbean and Central America/Mexico. When ranges are stated the occurrence of the species in the United States, usually Florida, is omitted. In part, this appears to be perpetuated error, as the same omissions occur in several works. Rather than relying on publications from a quarter century or more ago, simply consulting Flora of North America or Wild Orchids of Florida would have solved this problem. Those species included in this work and also documented from Florida include Ionopsis utriculariodes, Prosthechea boothiana, Sacoila lanceolata, Bulbophyllum pachyrachis, Epidendrum nocturnum, Liparis nervosa, Maxillaria crassifolia, Brassia caudata, Eulophia elata, Malaxis spicata, Habenaria distans, Phaius tankervilliae, Vanilla planifolia, Epidendrum radicans, Prescottia opligantha, and Pelexia adnata. Govenia utriculata is erroneously attributed to Florida (Govenia floridana is the correct species). From a taxonomic standpoint little issue can be taken other than to note that the treatment and photographs of Habenaria quinqueseta are actually H. macroceratitis (syn. H. quinqueseta var. macroceratitis), and the curious treatment of Sacoila lanceolata and

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Stenorrhynchos squamulosum. The latter two both should be treated as Sacoila as the most obvious difference between Sacoila and Stenorrhynchos being the presence (in the former) or absence of a mentum (in the latter). The English translation is excellent and very readable and the only error noted would be the incomplete name, or omission of a period after the abbreviation, in one of the authors� names: Gal for Galeotti. The book is printed on very high-quality, heavy paper and durably bound. It is to be highly recommended to all interested in the orchids of the Caribbean and south Florida as well. (PMB)

An Enthusiasm for Orchids Sex and Deception in Plant Evolution John Alcock ISBN13: 9780195182743ISBN10: 019518274X hardback, 320 pages 320 pages; 56 color illus., 2 line illus.; 6 x 8-1/2; ISBN13: 978-0-19-518274-3ISBN10: 0-19-518274-X $29.95 Oxford University Press USA

The male thynnine wasp's extreme sexual enthusiasm is crucial to reproduction of hammer orchids in the wild. Hammer orchids have co-evolved to produce odors identical to those manufactured by female thynnine wasps. The male wasp's superb sensitivity to the scent of his female mate is the basis for the hammer orchid's deceit--in effect, orchids exploit the male insect's highly adaptive sense of smell for their own propagation. While pollinating orchids is a waste of time, and thus a maladaptive activity for a wasp, his mistake comes about because he must react quickly whenever he senses a possible mate nearby. John Alcock suggests that, "for insects, he who hesitates is lost, although perhaps it would be better to say that he who hesitates often loses a chance to pass on his genes."

This book abounds with clever explanations for how these exceptionally complex flowers came to be shaped as they are. The reader can explore many aspects of orchid biology and history ranging from how some species avoid inbreeding, to the origins of orchids from an ancestor that belonged to the asparagus family. Examining each component of an orchid's flower, Alcock explains how the various parts

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work together to produce the plant's minute offspring. Each element of an orchid, as quirky as it may seem, is biologically significant, bearing the imprint of natural selection. Readers can share in the delight that Darwin and all other orchid enthusiasts have felt in making sense of even the smallest of details of these most wonderful plants. (above from OUP website)

A cutting wit and spectacular photographs make this new book a

delight to read. Although it centers primarily on the orchids, and a few carnivorous plants, of Australia much of the information is application to orchids round the world. I especially appreciated the chapter on natural hybrids and the illustrations showing both parents and the hybrid. The author�s self-admitted non-botanical background gives him a fresh eye for some of these most fascinating plants. Apart from a wealth of detailed information it provides entertaining reading with a flowing narrative. (PMB)

Contributions to the taxonomic revision of the subtribes Spiranthinae, Stenorrhynchidinae and Cyclopogoninae (Orchid-aceae) in Mesoamerica and the Antilles. Dariusz L. Szlachetko, Piotr Rutkowski, & Joanna Mytnik. 2005. Polish Botanical Studies 20. (ISBN 83-89648-18-0, pbk.; ISSN 0867-0730). IB Publisher, Polish Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Krakow, Poland. (Ordering inquiries: [email protected]) Euro 90,00; ca. USD $105.46, 387 pp. 646 figures (including maps, types, line drawings, and color plates). 17 x 24 cm. This long-awaited publication by Szlachetko and his associates is a major contribution to the taxonomy and distribution of these three Spiranthoid subtribes. Treating 170 species in 35 genera, it is copiously illustrated with not only maps for each species but diagnostic morphological line drawings, photographs of type specimens, and a sprinkling of color plates and is an excellent reference for those interested in this particular group of orchids. Covering Mexico, Central America, and the Antilles many species are also found in the United

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States in Florida, southwestern Texas, southern New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona. Each genus is heavily referenced and although several newer genera and new combinations are used ten pages of cross-referenced synonyms are given. The are two negative aspects of the volume. The lack of a general index, although the aforementioned synonyms are helpful in locating current treatments, requires going back and forth from the Table of Contents to the synonyms; the arrangements of genera and species is by subtribes and not alphabetical. Following what unfortunately appears to be a trend in publications on this region, when species are also found in the adjacent United States the information on them is either lacking or erroneous, primarily because it is based up work done more than 25 years ago. For some reason distributional work presented in several recent major North American publications works was not consulted. Significant corrections that should be made concerning US distribution would include: Pages 14-17: Mesadenus polyanthus (Reichenbach f.) Schlechter listed for USA and is not found here, whereas M. lucayanus (Britton) Schlechter is not listed for the USA and is present in Florida. Pages 146-153: The treatment of Sacoila squamulosa at any rank or synonym is curiously missing. Szlachetko has treated in other publications as S. lanceolata var. squamulosa. It is present throughout much of the range of the work as well as in central Florida. Pages 209-210: Schiedeella fauci-sanguinea (Dod) Burns-Balogh is listed erroneously for USA and figure 351 is Schiedeella arizonica P.M. Brown photographed by C. Luer in Arizona and known from the USA in southwestern Arizona and western Texas. Page 229: Funkiella confusa (Garay) Szlachetko, Rutkowski, and Mytnik (syn. Deiregyne confusa Garay) omits USA (Texas) from the range whereas F. durangensis (Ames & C. Schweinfurth) Szlachetko on page 232 is listed for USA but does not occur there. Page 299: Cyclopogon elatus (Swartz) Schlechter omits USA (Florida) from the range. Page 302: Cyclopogon cranichoides (Grisebach) Schlechter omits USA (Florida) from the range.

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Page 313: Pelexia adnata (Swartz) Poiteau ex Richard omits USA (Florida) from the range. Supporting documentation for all of the above may be found in the appropriate generic treatments within the Orchidaceae, Flora of North America, volume 26. (PMB)

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OZETTE CORALROOT REDISCOVERED IN WASHINGTON

In June 2006 Chelsea Kieffer found two colonies at different times in different places on Whidbey Island, Island County, Washington. She realized that they were not the typical spotted coralroot, Corallorhiza maculata, of the region and took several excellent photographs. After consulting with Melissa Rathbun of the Washington Native Orchid Society, Melissa suspected that they were the rare Corallorhiza maculata var. ozettensis, a taxon that Melissa and I had discussed previously but that neither of us had seen in the wild, and sent the photos on to me. At that point I confirmed the identification.

When Ed Tisch (Tisch, 2001) discovered the plants on the mainland of the Olympic Peninsula he unfortunately did not take any photographs. In preparing Wild Orchids of the Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies (Brown and Folsom, 2006) all we had to work with was the drawing of the individual flowers in Ed�s original description and several images of the

type specimen. Stan Folsom then did a painting of an individual flower based upon these descriptions and images. The painting included in Wild Orchids of the Pacific Northwest� illustrates an older flower with more coloring per Tisch�s description. These photos by Chelsea are the first known photos of the variety. The plants of Corallorhiza maculata var. ozettensis from Whidbey Island were growing with flowering plants of Corallorhiza maculata var. occidentalis although Tisch stated in the type locality that no other species of Corallorhiza were present. (PMB) Literature Cited: Brown, P.M. and S. Folsom. 2006. Wild Orchids of the Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies. Gainesville: University Press of Florida Tisch. E. 2001. Corallorhiza maculata var. ozettensis (Orchidaceae), a new coral-root from coastal Washington. Madrono 48: 40-42.

Corallorhiza maculata var. ozettensis Whidbey Island, WA Photos by Chelsea Kieffer

OZETTE CORALROOT REDISCOVERED IN WASHINGTON

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Documents

2006 Compilation North American Native Orchid Journal