Shaolin 101

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Perception

BY: MARK LESTER SALES

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Perception

Perception The process by which sensory information is actively

organized and interpreted by the brain

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Perception

Gestalt principles of perceptual organization

Figure-ground

Organization depends on what we see as figure (object) and whatwe perceive a ground (context).

Similarity Objects that have similar characteristics are perceived as unit.

Proximity

Objects close together in space or time perceived as belongingtogether.

Continuity

We tend to perceive figures or objects as belonging together if theyappear to form a continuous pattern.

Closure

We perceive figures with gaps in them to be complete.

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Perception

You can see a white vase as figure against a blackbackground, or two black faces in profile on awhite background

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Perception

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Perception

Perceptual constancy

The tendency to perceive objects as maintaining stableproperties (e.g., size, shape, brightness, and color)

despite differences in distance, viewing angle, andlighting

Size constancy

Perceiving objects as being about the same size when they move

farther away Shape constancy

Perceiving objects as having a stable or unchanging shaperegardless of changes in the retinal image resulting fromdifferences in viewing angle

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Perception

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Perception

Monocular depth cues

Depth cues that can be perceived by only one eye

Types of cues

Interposition

When one object partly blocks your view of another, you

perceive the partially blocked object as farther away

Linear perspective

Parallel lines that are known to be the same distanceapart appear to grow closer together, or converge, as

they recede into the distance

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Perception


Types of cues

Relative size

Larger objects are perceived as being closer to the

viewer, and smaller objects as being farther away

Texture gradient

Near objects appear to have sharply defined textures,

while similar objects appear progressively smoother andfuzzier as they recede into the distance

Atmospheric perspective

Objects in the distance have a bluish tint and appear

more blurred than objects close at hand

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Perception


Types of cues

Motion parallax

When you ride in a moving vehicle and look out the side

window, the objects you see outside appear to be

moving in the opposite direction

Objects seem to be moving at different speeds those

closest to you appear to be moving faster than those inthe distance

Objects very far away, such as the moon and the sun,

appear to move in the same direction as the viewer

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Perception

James Gibson

Pointed out that our perceptions of motion appear to bebased on fundamental, but frequently changing,

assumptions about stability

Our brains search for some stimulus in the environmentto serve as the assumed reference point for stability

When youre driving a car, you sense the car to be in

motion relative to the outside environment

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Perception

Depth perception The ability to see in three dimensions and to estimate

distance

Binocular depth cues Depth cues that depend on two eyes working together

Convergence Occurs when the eyes turn inward to focus on nearby objects

the closer the object, the greater the convergence Binocular disparity (or retinal disparity)

Difference between the two retinal images formed by the eyesslightly different views of the objects focused on

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Perception

Ambiguous figures

Can be seen in different ways to make different images

Best known ambiguous figure is Old Woman/YoungWoman, by E. G. Boring

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What do you see?

Now what do you see?

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2005

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Perception

Impossible figures

Do not seem unusual at first

Figures that cannot be built

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Perception

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Perception

Illusion

A false perception of actual stimuli involving amisperception of size, shape, or the relationship of one

element to another

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Perception

Mller-Lyer Illusion

The two lines above are the same length, but the diagonals

extending outward from both ends of the lower line make it look

longer than the upper line

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Influences on Perception

Bottom-up processing

Information processing in which individual componentsor bits of data are combined until a complete perception

is formed

Top-down processing

Application of previous experience and conceptualknowledge to recognize the whole of a perception andthus easily identify the simpler elements of that whole

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Perceptual set An expectation of what will be perceived, which can

affect what actually is perceived

David Rosenhan David Rosenhan and some of his colleagues were

admitted as patients to various mental hospitals withdiagnoses of schizophrenia

Once inside, they acted normal but the staff membersonly saw what they expected to see and not what wasactually occurring

The real patients were the first to realize that thepsychologists were not really mentally ill

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Inattentional blindness

The phenomenon in which we miss an object in our fieldof vision because we are attending to another

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Simons and his colleagues

Showed participants a videotape of a basketball game inwhich one team is uniformed in white and the other in

black Instructed them to count how many times the ball was

passed from one player to another either on the white orblack team

About a third of participants typically fail to later recallthe presence on the screen of even extremelyincongruent stimuli (e.g., a man dressed in a gorillacostume) under such conditions

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Social perception

Facial expressions, the visual cues for emotionalperception, often take priority over the auditory cues

associated with a persons speech intonation andvolume, as well as the actual words spoken

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Shaolin 101