7/26/2019 Single Integrated Operational Plan

1/13

Single Integrated Operational PlanThe Single Integrated Operational Plan(SIOP) was theUnited States'general plan fornuclearwarfrom 1961 to 2003 The S!"# ga$e the #resident of the United Statesa range of targetingoptions% and descri&ed launch procedures and target sets against whichnuclear weaponswould

&e launched1

The plan integrated the capa&ilities of the nuclear triadof strategic &om&ers% land&asedintercontinental &allistic missiles(!*+,)% and sea&ased su&marinelaunched &allisticmissiles(S-+,) The S!"# was a highl. classifieddocument% and was one of the most secretand sensiti$e issues in US national securit. polic.2

,ontage of su&merged su&marine launch to the reentr. of the multiple independentl. targeta&le reentr.

$ehiclesof a Trident missile

The first S!"#% titled S!"#62% was finished on 1/ ecem&er 1960 and implemented on 1 ul.1961 (the start of fiscal .ear1962)3The S!"# was updated annuall. until e&ruar. 2003% whenit was replaced &. "perations #lan("#-4) 50///Since ecem&er 2005% the US nuclear warplan has &een "#-4 5010% Strategic Deterrence and Global Strike

Contents

hide

1#lanning process

27istor.

o 218arl. targeting after the Second orld ar

211Truman

2128isenhower

2121#re$ention $ersus preemption

o 22#residential in$ol$ement and start of ci$ilian polic. direction

o 23The first S!"#

231S!"#63

o 2/*ounterforce migrates to deterrence and warfighting

o 2:eturn to counterforce% with strategic defense

1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_triadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bomberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missileshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missileshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missileshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_informationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_independently_targetable_reentry_vehiclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_independently_targetable_reentry_vehiclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_independently_targetable_reentry_vehiclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_yearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation_planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation_planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Planning_processhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Early_targeting_after_the_Second_World_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Trumanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Eisenhowerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Prevention_versus_preemptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Presidential_involvement_and_start_of_civilian_policy_directionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#The_first_SIOPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#SIOP-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Counterforce_migrates_to_deterrence_and_warfightinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Return_to_counterforce.2C_with_strategic_defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_triadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bomberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missileshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missileshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_informationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_independently_targetable_reentry_vehiclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_independently_targetable_reentry_vehiclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_yearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation_planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Planhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Planning_processhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Early_targeting_after_the_Second_World_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Trumanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Eisenhowerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Prevention_versus_preemptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Presidential_involvement_and_start_of_civilian_policy_directionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#The_first_SIOPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#SIOP-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Counterforce_migrates_to_deterrence_and_warfightinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Return_to_counterforce.2C_with_strategic_defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States

7/26/2019 Single Integrated Operational Plan

2/13

o 26:enaming and refocusing

38;ecuting the S!"#

/United options@ that are themsel$es comple; plans

Early targeting after the Second World Waredit

TrumaneditMain articles: Berlin Blockadeand Korean War

There is no e$idence that the So$iet Union's contingenc. plans from the end of orld ar !!to190 were an.thing &ut routine and defensi$e% and the su&stantial postwar demo&iliCation of theSo$iet militar. supports the $iew that the USS: did not $iew a new war in 8urope as li>el.lthough So$iet doctrine &elie$ed in the innate hostilit. of the capitalist powers to *ommunism%

2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Renaming_and_refocusinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Executing_the_SIOPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#United_Kingdom_participationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#SIOP_in_fictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Noteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_directivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=2https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=2https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Renaming_and_refocusinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Executing_the_SIOPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#United_Kingdom_participationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#SIOP_in_fictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Noteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_directivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=2https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II

7/26/2019 Single Integrated Operational Plan

3/13

So$iet leader osef Stalinapparentl. &elie$ed that neither the USS: nor the est could afford tofight another world war% and was s>eptical of the estern a&ilit. to raise an arm. large enough tooccup. So$iet territor. So$iet planning thus emphasiCed defenses against nuclear &om&ing% andattac>s on estern 8uropean &om&er &ases #lans in 19/6 and 19/5 assumed that during warwith an unspecified enem.% So$iet forces in Derman. would assume defensi$e positions withintheSo$iet occupation Coneand wait for reinforcements &efore counterattac>ing11

So$iet con$entional forces greatl. outnum&ered the est's% howe$er% and United States strategicnuclear stri>e plans were de$eloped accordingl. hile the United States was the onl. nationwith the atomic &om&% in 19/6 it had onl. 1= Sil$erplate +29 &om&ers and 11 atomic &om&s,an. earl. merican war plans were &ased on using hundreds of none;isting weaponsB fore;ample% an autumn 19/ plan en$isioned using 196 atomic &om&s on So$iet industrial targets%&ut S* could not deli$er such Auantities until 192 12The &om&s were of the ,ar> 3t.pe%weighing fi$e tons and reAuiring 39 men two da.s to assem&le 13The press reported that@atomiccapa&le@ +29s were deplo.ed to +ritain in mid19/5 during the +erlin +loc>ade% &.which time the US possessed a&out 0 atomic weapons The So$iets li>el. >new throughespionage% howe$er% that none of the aircraft was a Sil$erplateB rather% the. would ha$e &eenused as part of plan "U+-8EU!*e sustained con$entional &om&ingraids on So$iet air &ases in 8astern 8urope 12"ther than increasing its antiaircraft defenses%the So$iets did not change its militar. preparations in an. wa. during the &loc>ade% unli>e thereaction in the est lthough the So$iets launched an intensi$e pu&lic relations effort in 19/9%aided &. s.mpathetic estern 8uropean fellow tra$elers% to oppose the formation of 4T"% thenew alliance's militar. strength was so wea> that the #olit&urodid not &other to discuss it for si;months after its formation11

Strategic &om&ing during orld ar !!of >e. transportation and energ. sites was more effecti$ethan attac>ing cities% and earl. postwar nonnuclear war plans en$isioned focusing on the So$ietpetroleum industr. US war planners lac>ed updated maps of the USS:% howe$er% and had touse preorld ar !! mapsFsome older than the :ussian :e$olutionFor perhaps Dermanaerial photos from the war ue in part to the lac> of updated intelligence% nuclear planningincreasingl. focused on ur&an areas% which were easier to target and offered the potential for

@&onus damage@131/G59H90%92

The earl. #lan Totalit.targeted 20 cities with the 30 nuclear &om&sthen a$aila&le1#lan +:"!-8: (4o$em&er 19/=) en$isioned 3/ &om&s on 2/ So$iet cities 13!tand later plans such as 7-,""4 (,a. 19/5B 0 &om&s on 20 cities) and "T*s)en$isioned estern forces in 8urope slowl. retreating while the United s on the So$iet Union 1213#resident 7arr. S Trumanhoped foran international &an on atomic weapons and &elie$ed that the merican people would notsupport their use for @aggressi$e purposes@% and ordered *S to de$ise a plan for con$entionalwarB howe$er% Secretar. of efenseames orrestalin ul. 19/5 ordered it to stop and resumeatomic war planning due to the +erlin crisis13

"fficials were pessimistic a&out the effecti$eness of the atomic plans% howe$er +ritain's 19/5S#88I plan assumed that the So$iets would not ha$e atomic weapons% &ut nonetheless

forecast that the est could not @withstand a :ussian ad$ance in estern 8urope% e$en with thefull defence cooperation of the estern #owers@% including 60 merican and +ritish atomiccapa&le &om&ers1/G/00H/02The merican T:"4 (ecem&er 19/5) en$isioned 133 &om&s(although onl. 0 e;isted) hitting =0 cities committee led &. Deneral 7u&ert :7armonreported in ,a. 19/9 that e$en if all precisel. hit their targets% the USS: would notsurrender% its leadership would not &e seriousl. wea>ened% and its militar. could still operate inestern 8urope% the ,iddle 8ast% and sia The attac>s would reduce So$iet industrial capacit.&. 30 to /0J% &ut onl. temporaril. without followup attac>s 131/G9211The 7armon report had threeimmediate resultsG 1) !t supported those within the United States 4a$.and elsewhere whocriticiCed the centralit. of atomic &om&s and mass attac>s on cities in merican war planning 2)!t led to a su&stantial rise in nuclearweapons production 3) !t caused the oint *hiefs of Staff to%in fall 19/9% assign S* with the dut. of slowing a So$iet in$asion of estern 8urope as part of

4T"

13

8rroneous US and +ritish intelligence reports led to e;aggerated 4T" estimates ofSo$iet con$entional forces "ne 191 estimate foresaw 1= com&at di$isions allegedl. preparedto simultaneousl. attac> estern 8urope% the United ans% the ,iddle 8ast% and

3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Stalinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-mastny200203-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young200701-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_3_nuclear_bombhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young200701-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_travelerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Politburohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-mastny200203-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Totalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Totalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young200701-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Trumanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Trumanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Forrestalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_R._Harmonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_R._Harmonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_R._Harmonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-mastny200203-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-mastny200203-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Stalinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-mastny200203-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young200701-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_3_nuclear_bombhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young200701-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_travelerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Politburohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-mastny200203-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Totalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young200701-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Trumanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Forrestalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_R._Harmonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_R._Harmonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-mastny200203-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13

7/26/2019 Single Integrated Operational Plan

4/13

4orth merica11The percei$ed im&alance in forces was so great that merican planners fearedthat e$en +ritain would ha$e to &e a&andoned during the in$asion% a possi&ilit. the. did notdiscuss with their +ritish counterparts 12

Stalin did consider the possi&ilit. of war in sia% as opposed to 8urope !n anuar. 190% heappro$ed

7/26/2019 Single Integrated Operational Plan

5/13

The document formaliCed efforts &egun under Truman to deplo. newl. de$eloped tactical nuclearweapons small enough for most ir orce and 4a$. planes The administration &elie$ed thatthe. would &e useful &oth during a general war and to deter a local one in 8urope% 13and8isenhower said of tactical weapons that @on strictl. militar. targets and for strictl. militar.purposes% ! see no reason wh. the. shouldn't &e used ?ust e;actl. as .ou would use a &ullet oran.thing else@15

The doctrine of massi$e retaliation meant that% for the first time% atomic weapons &ecame the&asis of 4T" strateg. rather than an option of last resort Similarl.% the So$iet doctrine of nonatomic warfare &egan to change after Stalin's death in ,arch 193 !n Septem&er that .ear ageneral proposed in a militar. ?ournal that new weaponr. might end a war Auic>l. unli>e orldar !!% and in "cto&er the So$iet rm. held its first militar. e;ercise &ased on the enem. usingatomic weapons !n 19/ So$iet forces in 8urope recei$ed their first tactical atomic weapons% &.which time So$iet officers pu&licl. de&ated in the ?ournal the merits of preempti$e war 11

Prevention versus preemptioneditMain articles: Preventive war,Preemptive warandPre-emptive nuclear strike

,an. in the est also seriousl. discussed the idea of pre$enti$e and preempti$e war Truman

re?ected pre$enti$e war% stating that @starting an atomic war is totall. unthin>a&le for rationalmen@% &ut ttlee stated in 19/ that @twice is he armed who gets in the first &low@ *S proposedin 19/= that the president &e authoriCed to use atomic &om&s to pre$ent a nuclear attac>4S*65of pril 190 opposed @a militar. attac> not pro$o>ed &. a militar. attac> on us or on ourallies@% &ut ac>nowledged @if possi&le@ the &enefits of preempti$el. @landing the first &low@ &eforethe So$iet Union did so131/G93H9!n ugust 190 Secretar. of the 4a$.rancis ,atthewspu&licl.ad$ocated a pre$enti$e war% &ut 4S* 65 forecast that e$en after a massi$e pre$enti$e attac> theUSS: would li>el. not surrender and its forces could still @dominate most or all of 8urasia@ 19committee led &. retired general imm. oolittlesuggested in spring 193 that the administrationstud. the possi&ilit. of gi$ing the So$iets two .ears to cooperate% with the threat of possi&le warotherwise% and an ir orce stud. in ugust warned of @The *oming 4ational *risis@ due toha$ing to negotiate with a countr. run &. @the whims of a small group of pro$en &ar&arians@8isenhower and Secretar. of Stateohn oster ullesdiscussed that month their fears that%

once the So$iets acAuired fusion weapons% the resulting situation might force the United Statesinto either war or dictatorship hile the president and other ci$ilian and militar. leaders dou&tedthe moralit. or legalit. of pre$enti$e war% preempti$e war was much less pro&lematic gi$en that4S* /10L1 of ,arch 19/ ac>nowledged that @the sur$i$al of the United States@ was at ris>The *entral !ntelligence genc.&elie$ed that it could warn of a surprise So$iet attac> da.s ore$en wee>s ahead of time &ecause of the necessar. preparation time% and that up to 30 da.swould &e needed to deli$er all So$iet weapons The +:K":",8"8-T targeting strateg.continued% with tactical weapons to &e used in 8urope while S* deli$ered strategic weapons tothe USS:13

S* o&tained almost independent target selection &. 19 The ir orce often used target liststo ?ustif. greater weapons production% then greater spending on deli$er. s.stems for theadditional weapons lthough other ser$ices opposed such @&ootstrapping@% the. did not ha$ethe!+, =0/computer that S* used to anal.Ce target priorities so could not offer competingselection lists !ts +asic ar #lan of ,arch 19/ planned for up to =3 &om&ers tosimultaneousl. and massi$el. attac> all targets% militar. and ur&an% in the USS: 8isenhowerpreferred to a$oid ci$ilian targets% and &. 19/ se$eral ir orce planners ad$ocated a @nocities@strateg. "ther planners and US leadership% howe$er% &elie$ed that the So$iet Union couldsupport its @immensearmed forces for at least two .ears of intensi$e warfare@ if industrial andgo$ernment centers were not attac>ed The possi&ilit. e;isted% the. &elie$ed% that S* could infact deli$er a @decisi$e@ attac> on the USS:% a tempting idea gi$en the power of the 1megatonh.drogen &om&s &eing tested13-e,a. stated in an 1955 inter$iew that 20

there was a time in the 190s when we could ha$e won a war against :ussia !t would ha$ecost us essentiall. the accident rate of the fl.ing time% &ecause their defenses were prett. wea>

"ne time in the 190s we flew all of the reconnaissance aircraft that S* possessed o$erKladi$osto> at high noon e could ha$e launched &om&ing attac>s% planned and e;ecuted

5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-eisenhower19550316-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-eisenhower19550316-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-mastny200203-11https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemptive_warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-emptive_nuclear_strikehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-emptive_nuclear_strikehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-emptive_nuclear_strikehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSC_68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSC_68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSC_68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_P._Matthewshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_P._Matthewshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538550-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538550-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_Dulleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_704https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_704https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538995-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-eisenhower19550316-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-mastny200203-11https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemptive_warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-emptive_nuclear_strikehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-emptive_nuclear_strikehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSC_68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSC_68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_P._Matthewshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538550-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_Dulleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_704https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538995-20

7/26/2019 Single Integrated Operational Plan

6/13

?ust as well% at that time So ! don't thin> ! am e;aggerating when ! sa. we could ha$e deli$eredthe stoc>pile had we wanted to do it% with practicall. no losses 20

Two studies soon concluded% howe$er% that if such a window e;isted it had either closed or wouldsooneapons S.stems 8$aluation Droupstated in e&ruar. 19 that destro.ing all >nownSo$iet &ases would reAuire twice as large a force as the United States e;pected to field

4ational Securit. *ouncil stud. found that &. mid195 the onl. defense against a de$astatingSo$iet attac> would &e to attac> first after &eing warned% which 8isenhower &elie$ed wasimpossi&le Di$en the apparent impracticalit. of massi$e retaliation strateg.% rm. *hiefs ofStaff ,atthew :idgewa.and his successor ,a;well Ta.lorargued within *S that deterrence%instead of the @worst case@ scenario of a fullscale nuclear war% should &e the focus ,orecon$entional forces were needed to pre$ent limited wars from leading to larger nuclear onesBsimilarl.% tactical nuclear weapons should &e a$oided in local wars to pre$ent escalation8isenhower% howe$er% &elie$ed that tactical weapons should &e $iewed similarl. to $er. largecon$entional @&loc>&usters@% and did not want merican forces stalled within small wars ,assi$eretaliation remained the &asis of merican war planning% 13especiall. since 4T" estimated afterthe7ungarian re$olution of 196that during wartime estern forces would retreat to the :hine:i$erwithin /5 hours11

+. the 190s% around %00 targets were listed to recei$e S* &om&er stri>esB these targetsconsisted primaril. of industrial sites &ut includedcounterforcetargets These plans% primaril. &.the ir orce% tended to &e &ased on selecting targets in order to use up the a$aila&le weapons%rather than considering the desired effects or strategic outcomes 21rom a 19= letter from ohn7 ,oore% former director of nuclear planning% air operations &ranch% United States 8uropean*ommand% ir orce target planning methodolog. can &e inferred @&last damage frame%@ withsuch references as @damage to concrete structures@ and the reAuirement for a @high pro&a&ilit. ofcratering runwa.s@ 7e cited the @destructi$e and disrupti$e nature of nuclear weapons@ withmegaton .ieldsG @the cumulati$e or ancillar. effects ma. &e as great or greater than primar.damage@ Specificall.% he considered dela.ed radiation &ut not thermal effects% &ut calledattention to the idea of @&onus@ effects% 22in which the totalit. of weapons effects would allowlower.ield weapons to achie$e the @desired destruction@ !n the letter to the head of the tomic

8nerg. *ommission% -ewis Strauss% ,oore noted that the #entagon @rigorousl. suppressed@ thisstud. and destro.ed all copiescitation needed

#rior to the de$elopment of S!"# and sur$i$a&le command and control% 8isenhowerpredelegated nuclear release authorit. to certain senior commanders 23!n pril 196% fore;ample% he authoriCedir efense *ommandto use Denieairtoair and 4i>e 7erculessurfacetoair missiles during a surprise attac> 13There ha$e continued to &e *ontinuit. of 4uclear"perations #lans (*""#)% which designated enough su&ordinates who% in the e$ent ofthe4ational *ommand uthorit.and immediate successors &eing >illed in a @decapitation@attac>% could still retaliate hile the details ha$e ne$er &een made pu&lic% 8isenhower'spredelegation% and a ederation of merican Scientists summar.% gi$e a framewor>

Presidential involvement and start of civilian policy directionedit

!n 195% Deorge ows>.% a >e. ,anhattan #ro?ectscientist and Science d$isorinthe8isenhower dministration%suggested to the #resident that inspection of foreign militar.facilities was not sufficient to control their nuclear weapons ows>. was particularl.concerned with the difficult. of $erif.ing the num&er% t.pe% and deplo.ment of nucleararmedmissiles on missile su&marines% and proposed that the arms control strateg. focus ondisarmament rather than inspections2/7e was also concerned with the short warning timesa$aila&le from !ntercontinental +allistic ,issile(!*+,) launches% which too> awa. the length.decision time a$aila&le when the nuclear threat came e;clusi$el. from manned &om&ers

6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538995-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_Systems_Evaluation_Grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_Systems_Evaluation_Grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ridgewayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Taylorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_bombhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_revolution_of_1956https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_revolution_of_1956https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_revolution_of_1956https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-mastny200203-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterforcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterforcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_European_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_European_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Strausshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIR-2_Geniehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Herculeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kistiakowskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Projecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President's_Science_Advisory_Committeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhowerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhowerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhowerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Ballistic_Missilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538995-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_Systems_Evaluation_Grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ridgewayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Taylorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_bombhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_revolution_of_1956https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-mastny200203-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterforcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_European_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_European_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Strausshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIR-2_Geniehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Herculeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2626731-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kistiakowskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Projecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President's_Science_Advisory_Committeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhowerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Ballistic_Missile

7/26/2019 Single Integrated Operational Plan

7/13

tlas% a firstgeneration !*+,

8isenhower sent ows>. to Strategic ir *ommand headAuarters where he was% at first%re&uffed t the same time as the earl. nuclear arms control wor>% the *hairman of the oint*hiefs of Staff%Deneral4athan Twining% US% sent a memorandum 2in ugust 199% totheSecretar. of efense% 4eil ,c8lro.% which suggested that the Strategic ir *ommand &eformall. assigned responsi&ilit. to prepare the national nuclear target list% and a single plan fornuclear operations Up to that point% the rm.% 4a$.% and ir orce had done their own targetplanning That had led to indi$idual targets &eing multipl. targeted &. the different ser$ices Theseparate ser$ice plans were not mutuall. supporting% as% for e;ample% &. the 4a$. destro.ing an

air defense facilit. on the route of an ir orce &om&er going to a target deeper inland hileTwining had sent the memo to ,c8lro.% the mem&ers of theoint *hiefs of Staffdisagreed onthe polic. during earl. 1960 262=Thomas Dates% who succeeded ,c8lro.%as>ed #residentwight 8isenhowerto decide the polic.25

8isenhower said he would not @lea$e his successor with the monstrosit.@ of the uncoordinatedand nonintegrated forces that then e;isted hen ows>. was not gi$en access%8isenhower sent him &ac> with a much stronger set of orders gi$ing S* officers the choice tocooperate with ows>.% or resign

ows>.'s report% presented on 4o$em&er 29% descri&ed uncoordinated plans with hugenum&ers of targets% man. of which would &e attac>ed &. multiple forces% resulting in o$er>ill8isenhower was shoc>ed &. the plans% and focused not ?ust on the creation of the Single!ntegrated "perational #lan (S!"#)% &ut on the entire process of pic>ing targets% generating

reAuirements% and planning for nuclear war operations Separate operational plans from the irorce and the 4a$. were com&ined to form the foundation of the S!"#

The first SIOPedit

The first plan% following the hite 7ouse polic. guidance% was de$eloped in 1960% consisting of alist of targets (the 4ational Strategic Target -ist% or 4ST-) and the assets to &e used againsteach target The targets themsel$es were pulled from the+om&ing 8nc.clopedia%which listedo$er 50%000 targets of interest29This first S!"# was e;tensi$el. re$ised &. a team at the :4*orporationto &ecome S!"#62% descri&ing a massi$e stri>e with the entire US arsenal of 3%200warheads against the USS:% *hina% and So$ietaligned states

The earl. S!"#% howe$er% had little fle;i&ilit.% treating all *ommunist countries as a uniform &loc

ocument *S 206L220 e;pressed the concerns ofUS ,arine*ommandant a$id Shoupthatthe 1961 draft was inconsistent with an 199 4S* polic. guidance paper appro$ed &.8isenhower30Shoup was especiall. concerned with language in the draft S!"# that said

7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_F._Twininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-NSAEBB130-02-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_McElroyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-NSAEBB130-3a-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-NSAEBB130-3B-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sovereign_Gates,_Jr.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sovereign_Gates,_Jr.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhowerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-McKinzie2001-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-McKinzie2001-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overkill_(term)#Nuclear_weaponshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_Encyclopediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_Encyclopediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_Encyclopediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-Schlosser-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-Schlosser-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RANDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RANDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corpshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corpshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-NSAEBB130-25-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-NSAEBB130-25-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_F._Twininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-NSAEBB130-02-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_McElroyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-NSAEBB130-3a-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-NSAEBB130-3B-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sovereign_Gates,_Jr.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhowerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-McKinzie2001-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overkill_(term)#Nuclear_weaponshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_Encyclopediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-Schlosser-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RANDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RANDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corpshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-NSAEBB130-25-30

7/26/2019 Single Integrated Operational Plan

8/13

The United States should utiliCe all reAuisite force against selected targets in the USS:Fand asnecessar. in *ommunist *hina% 8uropean +loc and non8uropean &loc countriesFto attain thea&o$e o&?ecti$es ,ilitar. targets in +loc countries other than the USS: and *ommunist *hinawill &e attac>ed as necessar.

The 4ational Securit. rchi$e commentar. reports that Shoup as>ed USLS*

*ommander Thomas #ower@what would happen if +ei?ing was not fightingB was there anoption to lea$e *hinese targets out of the attac> planN@ #ower was reported to ha$e said that hehoped no one would thin> of that @&ecause it would reall. screw up the plan@Fthat is% the planwas supposed to &e e;ecuted as a whole pparentl. Shoup then o&ser$ed that @an. plan that>ills millions of *hinese when it isn't e$en their war is not a good plan This is not the mericanwa.@

SIOP-6edit

uring 1961H1962% the

,an. smaller target options were also created for possi&le use The plan contemplated thepossi&ilit. that options 1 and 2 &e used to pre$ent an @impending ma?or SinoSo$iet +loc attac>

upon the US or its allies@ +. 1963% howe$er% ,c4amara concluded that such plans wereuseless% &ecause the situations for which nuclear weapons might &e used were so unpredicta&lethat ad$anced planning was impossi&le 19

+. the mid1960s &oth sides had much more accurate understanding of the opposition's forceshile the So$iets were catching up to the mericans' strategic nuclear weapons% 4T" wascatching up to the arsaw #act's con$entional forces% in part with tactical nuclear weapons Thisincreased &oth sides' confidenceB a 196/ arsaw #act plan for *Cechoslo$a>ia written as aresult of the +erlin *risis of 1961assumed that the 8ast could capture -.onwithin two wee>safter the start of hostilities% while contemporar. 4T" plans e;pected that it could stop thearsaw #act near the eastern &order of est Derman.% in contrast to the earlier fears of the8nglish *hannel if at all The arsaw #act plan did not consider the possi&ilit. that mericanstrategic weapons might ha$e crippled the So$iet Union% assuming that superior So$iet air

defenses would ha$e stopped most enem. missiles while in$ading 4T" troops would ha$e% theplan stated% @suffered enormous losses from So$iet nuclear stri>es@ 16

The *Cechoslo$a>ia plan was appro$ed on 1/ "cto&er 196/% the da. So$iet leader 4i>ita

7/26/2019 Single Integrated Operational Plan

9/13

emplo.ment options@ to help manage escalation% to S!"#63 The related 4uclear eapons8mplo.ment #olic. (4U8#) of pril 19=/ pro$ided targets to achie$e $arious goalsB fore;ample% the document stated that the United States nuclear forces must possess the a&ilit. todestro. =0J of the industrial capacit. the So$iet Union needed to reco$er after a war Thesedocuments formed the &asis of S!"# (anuar. 19=6)%19sometimes called theSchlesingeroctrineafter Secretar. of efenseames Schlesinger31The e$ere;panding target lists were

split into classes of targets% with a wider range of plans matching stri>es to political intentionsfrom counterforce to counter$alue% or an. mi;Lwithhold strateg. to control escalation Schlesingerdescri&ed the doctrine as ha$ing three main aspectsG

1 The 4ational *ommand uthorit. or its successors should ha$e man. choicesa&out the use of weapons% alwa.s ha$ing an option to escalate

2 Targeting should ma>e it $er. e;plicit that the first reAuisite is selecti$e retaliationagainst the enem.'s militar. (ie% tailored counterforce)

3 Some targets and target classes should not &e struc>% at least at first% to gi$e theopponent a rational reason to terminate the conflict :educed collateral damagewas another &enefit of this @withhold@ method

The S!"# polic. was further modified during the *arterpresidenc. under#residentialirecti$e 9% a >e. section of which stated

The emplo.ment of nuclear forces must &e effecti$el. related to operations of our generalpurpose forces "ur doctrines for the use of forces in nuclear conflict must insure that we canpursue specific polic. o&?ecti$es selected &. the 4ational *ommand uthorities at that time%from general guidelines esta&lished in ad$ance (S) 3233

These reAuirements form the &road outline of our e$ol$ing counter$ailing strateg. To meetthese reAuirements% impro$ements should &e made to our forces% their supporting *3 andintelligence% and their emplo.ment plans and planning apparatus% to achie$e a high degree

of fle;i&ilit.% enduring sur$i$a&ilit.% and adeAuate performance in the face of enem. actionsThe following principles and goals should guide .our efforts in ma>ing these impro$ements(S)

!n other words% #9 e;plored a @warfighting@ doctrine that suggested that nuclear plansmight change during a war% and that nuclear weapons were to &e used in com&ination withcon$entional weapons *arter's Secretar. of efense% 7arold +rown%emphasiCed selecti$ecounterforce% &ut also e;plicitl. threatened the So$iet leadership themsel$es ,a?orimpro$ements in US command% control% communications and intelligence (*3!)% includingma>ing elements sur$i$a&le during a nuclear war% were instituted to ma>e the #9 doctrinefeasi&le31+. 1952% S!"# contained more than /0%000 possi&le targets in four categoriesG19

1 So$iet nuclear forces 8;amplesG !*+, launch centers and control facilities% &om&erairfields% &allisticmissile su&marine &ases

2 *on$entional forces 8;amplesG Suppl. depots% con$entional airfields% ammunitionstorage% tan> storage .ards

3 ,ilitar. and political centers 8;amplesG *ommand posts% communications facilities

/ 8conomic and industrial centers 8;amplesG actories for ammunition and tan>s%refineries% steel and aluminum plants% power plants 19

hether So$iet militar. doctrine recogniCed the difference &etween counterforce and a

general attac> was un>nown 1952 anal.sis stated% howe$er% that the technicall. inferiorSo$iet attac>assessment s.stem would li>el. ha$e difficult. in differentiating &etween such

9

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538550-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesinger_Doctrinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesinger_Doctrinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesinger_Doctrinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Schlesingerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Schlesingerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Schlesingerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-Cimbala1984-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carterhttps://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Carter_Presidential_Directive_59,_Nuclear_Weapons_Employment_Policy.djvuhttps://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Carter_Presidential_Directive_59,_Nuclear_Weapons_Employment_Policy.djvuhttps://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Carter_Presidential_Directive_59,_Nuclear_Weapons_Employment_Policy.djvuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-classmark-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-FASPD59-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-Cimbala1984-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538550-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538550-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538550-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesinger_Doctrinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesinger_Doctrinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Schlesingerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-Cimbala1984-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carterhttps://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Carter_Presidential_Directive_59,_Nuclear_Weapons_Employment_Policy.djvuhttps://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Carter_Presidential_Directive_59,_Nuclear_Weapons_Employment_Policy.djvuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-classmark-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-FASPD59-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-Cimbala1984-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538550-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538550-19

7/26/2019 Single Integrated Operational Plan

10/13

attac>s !n an. case% gi$en that the ma?orit. of So$iet nuclear airfields and missile sites werelocated west of the Ural mountains% man. in ma?or population centers% the anal.sisconcluded that the merican plans for fle;i&le use of force were meaningless The authorwas also s>eptical of whether communications to manage escalationFwhether onthe ,oscowHashington hotline% or &etween command authorities and their deplo.ednuclear su&marines and &om&ersFcould &e maintained% and o&ser$ed that use of nuclear

weapons @are not suited to signalling an. precise and unam&iguous message@ 19

!eturn to counterforce" with strategic defenseeditMain article: Strategic De!ense "nitiative

uring the:eaganadministration% there was a return to a strong counterforce strateg.through 4S13 This included de$elopment of strategic weapons s.stems that were moreaccurate% more sur$i$a&le% or &oth Some of these s.stems e$entuall. too> the roleof&argaining chipsin arms control negotiations% although some% such as the +2@stealth@&om&er remained highl. classified as potential surprises in war The +2 was also seen as acounter to So$iet deplo.ment of mo&ile missiles% which onl. a manned &om&er could findand attac>

!n 1953% #resident :eagan ga$e a speech proposing% at the least% research andde$elopment into nonnuclear defense s.stems against nucleararmed missiles31The ideaof effecti$e Strategic efense !nitiati$ewas a potential disruption to the e;isting &alanceof,utual assured destruction% e$en with its @warfighting@ refinements

!enaming and refocusingedit

"n 1 ,arch 2003% the S!"# was renamed @"#-4 5022@% and later*"4#-4 (contingenc.plan) 50223/!t went into deplo.ment in ul. 200/% &ut it was reported cancelled in ul.200= !t ma. ha$e &een superseded &. an e;panded *"4#-4 50// citation needed

nother set of @Dlo&al Stri>e@ plans include a ?ointl. coordinated a nuclear option% intendedfor other than the general nuclear war situations% principall. with :ussia &ut possi&l. alsowith *hina% postulated in "#-4 5022 Dlo&al Stri>e plans are codified in *"4#-4 50//3

Executing the SIOPedit

This section needs additional citations forverification.Please hel

articlebyadding citations to reliable sources.Unsourced material m

challenged and removed. (October 2009)

!n the United States% the decision to use nuclear weapons is $ested in the 4ational*ommand uthorit.(4*)% composed of the #resident of the United Statesand the UnitedStates Secretar. of efenseor their dul. deputiCed alternates or successors The #residentalone cannot order an attac> The ordering of use% communication of orders% and the releaseof nuclear weapons is go$erned &. the twoman ruleat all times

eput.'s launch >e.switch in an old ,inuteman !*+, launch control center *ommander's >e. was

too far awa. to &e turned &. the same person

10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotlinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538550-19https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reaganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reaganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reaganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargaininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-Cimbala1984-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_assured_destructionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONPLAN_8022-02https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONPLAN_8022-02https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONPLAN_8022-02https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-NIP-guidance-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-NIP-guidance-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-FAS-GlobalStrike-35https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-man_rulehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotlinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2538550-19https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reaganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargaininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-Cimbala1984-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_assured_destructionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONPLAN_8022-02https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONPLAN_8022-02https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-NIP-guidance-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-FAS-GlobalStrike-35https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edit&section=13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-man_rule

7/26/2019 Single Integrated Operational Plan

11/13

4o one person e$er can ta>e such an action ll militar. personnel that participate in loading%arming% or firing weapons% as well as transmitting launch orders% are su&?ect to the #ersonnel:elia&ilit. #rogram(#:#)

!f the 4* decides that the United States must launch nuclear weapons% the. will direct the*hairman of the oint *hiefs of Staff (**S) to do so $ia the 4uclear oot&all&riefcase t

the 4*L*S le$el% the orders will &e to e;ecute S!"# stri>e options% &ro>en into ,a?orttac> "ptions (,"s)% Selected ttac> "ptions (S"s)% and -imited ttac> "ptions (-"s)!ndi$idual countries or regions can &e included in or withheld from nuclear attac>s dependingon circumstances The **S in turn will direct the general officer on dut. in addition to oneother officer on dut. in the4ational ,ilitar. *ommand *enter(4,**) at the #entagon torelease an 8mergenc. ction ,essage(8,) containing an 8mergenc. ar "rder(8")to all nuclear forcesB another officer will $alidate that order36dditionall.% the message willgo to thelternate 4ational ,ilitar. *ommand *enter(4,**)%3=located in :a$en :oc>,ountain% #enns.l$ania% and also to an air&orne command post% either the presidential4ational ir&orne "perations *enter (4"*) or the militar.86 ,ercur.-oo>ing Dlass35!fthe 4,** is destro.ed &. a first stri>e% either the 4,**% 4"* or -oo>ing Dlasscanissue the orders to e;ecute the S!"#

86 ,ercur.

s the orders go down the chain of command% alwa.s su&?ect to the twoman rule%intermediate headAuarters% and e$entuall. the nuclear deli$er. platforms themsel$es% willrecei$e8mergenc. ction ,essages(8,) to arm or launch weapons or most modernweapons% the 8, will also include codes for #ermissi$e ction -in>s(#-)

t a minimum% a #- code will actuall. arm a weapon for release The circuitr. controllingthe #- is deli&eratel. positioned inside the warhead such that it cannot &e reached withoutdisa&ling the weapon% at a minimum% to a le$el that would reAuire a full factor.le$el re&uildThere ma. &e separate #- codes for arming and launch Some weapons ha$e @diala.ield@functions that allow the power of the nuclear e;plosion to &e ad?usted from minimum toma;imum .ield ,ost weapons ha$e additional arming circuitr. that% e$en if a $alid launchcode is entered% will not arm the warhead unless the weapon senses that it has &eenreleased on an e;pected deli$er. path or e;ample% the first steps of the final arming

process for a &allistic missile depend on ph.sical characteristics of the weapon release% suchas the acceleration of a roc>et launch% Cerogra$it. coasting% and $arious ph.sical aspectsof h.personicreentr. into the atmosphere gra$it. &om& dropped from an aircraft willdetect the altitude of release and the decreasing altitude as it falls

ournalist :on :osen&aumhas pointed out that the S!"# is entirel. concerned with theidentit. of the commanding officer and the authenticit. of the order% and there are nosafeguards to $erif. that the person issuing the order is actuall. sane394ota&l.%,a?or7arold 7eringwas discharged from the ir orce for as>ing the Auestion @7ow can !>now that an order ! recei$e to launch m. missiles came from a sane presidentN@ citation needed

United Kingdom participationedit

lthough after orld ar !!% theformal militar. alliance&etween the United States andUnited

7/26/2019 Single Integrated Operational Plan

12/13

&ases until the United States de$eloped !*+,s and longrange &om&ers mericanDeneral*arl SpaatCand *hief of the ir Staff-ord Tedderinformall. agreed in 19/6 to USaircraft using +ritish &ases The discussions% and the su&seAuent actions such as e;tendingrunwa.s% were so secret that it is unclear whether #rime ,inister *lement ttleewas awareof them12+. 19/5% the .ear of the +erlin +loc>ade% +ritish leaders e;pected that @in a futureworld conflict% US and +ritish forces will find themsel$es fighting side &. side@ although the

alliance had not &een formall. renewed1/G=2The two countries &egan coordinating their plansfor a So$iet attac> in 8urope after the*Cechoslo$a> coup d'Otat of 19/5% and later that .earDeneral*urtis -e,a.%head of Strategic ir *ommand(S*)% as>ed Tedder to allow the&asing of merican atomic weapons in +ritain +. the end of 19/5% se$eral +ritish &aseswere atomiccapa&le or were close to &eing so% &ut the a&ilit. to fight an atomic war from+ritain did not e;ist until pril 19/9 when @Sil$erplate@ atomiccapa&le +29&om&ers &eganrotating through the &ases%12and no merican atomic weapons were present in +ritain until192/0G29%9=

ware that with or without &om&s% the &ases made +ritain what inston *hurchillcalled a@&ull'se.e@ for So$iet attac>% he and other +ritish leaders repeatedl. failed in learning detailsof merican war plans%/1and not until 191 did the United States formall.% if $aguel.% agreeto consult with +ritain &efore using atomic weapons &ased there 1/G120H121s Teddercomplained during the +erlin crisis% when war at an. moment seemed possi&le% the defenseof the est relied @on the use of a weapon a&out which we in fact >now $er. little@ +ritishplans such as S#88I (ecem&er 19/5)% which discussed merican+ritish*anadian?oint planning for the earl. part of a war o$er the ne;t 15 months% li>el. incorporated someinformation informall. sent &. the United States% including pro?ections on future &om&production and targets The*hiefs of Staff *ommitteewas dissatisfied% howe$er% writing that@e are at a disad$antage in that we do not >now the details of the num&er of mericanatomic weapons to &e used and so cannot assess with an. accurac. the results that can &eachie$ed@1/G=1H=/%/00H/02

The mericans preferred that the +ritish not de$elop atomic weapons at all% &ut as that wasnot possi&le% the. decided that partnership was prefera&le to losing influence with the United

% in part &ecause the. feared that merica might not&e willing to defend 8urope with its nuclear missiles once the USS: could attac> the UnitedStates itself% or during wartime not prioritiCe targets that threatened the United ed for% and recei$ed% =0 +29s from the UnitedStates after offering to place them under the control of S* during wartime The &om&erswere &ecoming o&solete% howe$er The +ritish ne$er made them nuclearcapa&le% /0G32/2//and the : refused the US's reAuest for S*'s complete targeting control o$er thesophisticated +ritish&uilt K &om&erswhich &egan deplo.ing in 19 +ritain's goal of anindependent deterrent aimed at So$iet cities was so important that% when it offered to placethe K +om&ers underS*8U:authorit. in 193 in e;change for merican financial aid topurchase new fighters% it refused to agree to them &eing used in a tactical role against So$iettargets in 8urope The agreement permitted +ritain to commit onl. nominal forces toS*8U:% and presaged future technolog. and targeting cooperation ///0G99H100

s the US &egan in 19 helping the : to con$ert K &om&ers to carr. merican atomicweapons under #ro?ect 8and h.drogen weapons under #ro?ect P%//cooperation increasedand the United States &egan sharing some war plan details lthough &oth nations remainedreluctant to full. share their plansFas late as 196% +ritain did not ha$e targeting informatione$en for S* aircraft it hostedFredundancies were eliminated &. one side as>ing the otherwhether it planned to attac> $arious targets ///1!n e&ruar. 199% the US agreed to target10 So$iet &ases that threatened +ritain with nuclear weapons% while K &om&ers would usenuclear weapons to attac> So$iet air defenses &efore S* arri$ed The : retained aseparate plan to attac> 30 So$iet cities with h.drogen &om&s The agreement formed the&asis for the ongoing nucleartargeting cooperation &etween the two countries% //and the

different target t.pes resem&led the two nations' different priorities during their orld ar !!strategic &om&ing campaign/1The nglomerican dispute during the 196 SueC *risisonl.&riefl. disrupted the partnership%/2and the desire to restore relations to their former le$el%

12

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Spaatzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Spaatzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Spaatzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attleehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young200701-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_coup_d'%C3%A9tat_of_1948https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_coup_d'%C3%A9tat_of_1948https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_LeMayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_LeMayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_LeMayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverplatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young200701-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young2007spring-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young2007spring-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefs_of_Staff_Committeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefs_of_Staff_Committeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2009841-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2009841-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2009841-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2618068-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2009841-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_bomberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SACEURhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SACEURhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Ehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young2007spring-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young2007spring-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young2007spring-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2009841-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Spaatzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attleehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young200701-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_coup_d'%C3%A9tat_of_1948https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_LeMayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverplatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young200701-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young2007spring-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefs_of_Staff_Committeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-baylis1995-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2009841-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2618068-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Commandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2009841-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_bomberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SACEURhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Ehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young2007spring-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young2007spring-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2009841-42

7/26/2019 Single Integrated Operational Plan

13/13

and the Sputni> crisis% increased merican willingness to help +ritain impro$e its atomicweaponr.///0G161!n ,arch 19= the United States agreed to sell 60 Thor!:+,s%/2in 195merican h.drogenweapon designs%//in 1960 the S>.&olt-+,% and after its cancellationthe #olarisS-+,in 1962 as replacement #olaris was especiall. nota&leB +ritish officialsinitiall. refused to &elie$e the mericans' offer of stateoftheart su&marine missiles at amoderate price% and one scholar later called it @amaCing@ /2

hile its contri&ution to S!"# was minor compared to the enormous S* arsenal of 1%600&om&ers and 500 missiles% as : officers who wor>ed with the mericans rose toleadership positions their e;perience &enefited later partnerships &etween the two countriesThe ?oint targeting plan changed o$er timeB the 1962 list for the : included /5 cities% si;airdefense sites% and three &om&er &ases% and the 1963 list had 16 cities% // airfields andother offensi$e sites% 10 airdefense sites% and 25 !:+, sites The degree of cooperationwas such &. the*u&an ,issile *risisthat : officers $isiting S* headAuarters in4e&ras>a reported &eing @treated ?ust li>e mericans e went all through their &riefings%computers% top secret rooms and so forth@ hile some +ritish officers emphasiCed thecontinuing importance of maintaining the a&ilit. to act alone with an independent deterrent ifnecessar.% &. 1962 the independent list was essentiall. the : portion of the ?oint plan andno acti$e training was done/1The +ritish emphasis on retaining an independent capa&ilit.%howe$er% continued o$er se$eral decades and changes in go$ernment s the efence*ouncilstated in 1950%/

our force has to &e $isi&l. capa&le of ma>ing a massi$e stri>e on its own e need tocon$ince So$iet leaders that e$en if the. thought the US would hold &ac>% the +ritish forcecould still inflict a &low so destructi$e that the penalt. for aggression would ha$e pro$ed toohigh/

hile current United e a ma;imum of 12separate targetsB eAui$alent to =J of the total US nuclear stri>e capacit.

13

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_crisishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_missilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2009841-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skybolt_missilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Polaris_programmehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2009841-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young2007spring-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Council_of_the_United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Council_of_the_United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Council_of_the_United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-Future_Deterrent-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-Future_Deterrent-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_missilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_missilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_class_submarinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_class_submarinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_class_submarinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_crisishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-ball1995-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_missilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2009841-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2639991-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skybolt_missilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Polaris_programmehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-jstor2009841-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-young2007spring-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Council_of_the_United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Council_of_the_United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-Future_Deterrent-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan#cite_note-Future_Deterrent-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_missilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_class_submarinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO