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Social Psychology
Influence of Groups on our Behaviors
Attribution Theory: How we explain the behavior of others
Why did the Nazi’s during WWII commit atrocities against fellow human beings?
Why are people homeless?
Why are some people in prison?
What are the major reasons why people become substance abusers?
Dispositional vs. Situational
Dispositional Attribution: Believe that people’s personality and personal choices can explain why they behave as they do.
Situational Attribution: Look at the various factors and pressures in a person’s situation to help explain why they behave as they do.
Explanations for Your Behaviors
Why did you cheat on a test?
Why do you sometimes lie?
Why have you teased or bullied someone?
Make the Attribution Error for the behavior of others but for our own
When we are explaining other people’s behaviors, we overplay their disposition or personality and ignore the significant impact of situational variables.
However, when explaining our own misdeeds, we are more than willing to address the pressures of the situation!
Conformity to Norms of Groups
Asch Experiment: Which line matches one on left?
Asch Study is a classic in demonstrating conformity
Groups have norms or standards of behavior
We tend to conform to the norms of a group even if we don’t agree. Why?
One-third of the time, subjects conformed to the wrong answer in the line experiment if 4 or more others first gave the wrong answer.
Group Think
Groups members work more toward harmony and avoidance of discord than toward critical thinking
Groupthink is more likely to occur when strong members speak early, frequently and strongly about their opinions
NASA: Challenger Shuttle Tragedy
Engineers under pressure from Directors of the Mission
Engineers knew that the weather was way too cold for the O ring to function properly to maintain the integrity of the shuttle
Spent time making their case but in the end they caved, resulting in the inevitable explosion of the Challenger after take-off
Columbia Shuttle Crew
Left Wing Harmed Upon Take-off
Classic Group Think
Engineers concerned about foam hitting the wing of Columbia
Two directors of Columbia mission immediately dismiss their concerns and fairly quickly reduced dissent
Why difficult to dissent at that point?
Columbia Disintegrating upon Reentry
Juries: 12 Angry Men
Plot of “12 Angry Men”
Start with judge sending jury to room for deliberation Room is very hot and most want to get home as
quickly as possible Take a close ballot and only one dissents from a
vote of guilty Henry Fonda asks them simply to re-examine the
evidence Much anger and bitterness develops See how jury moves from 11-1 for guilty to 12-0, not
guilty—very absorbing drama.
Bystander Apathy: Kitty Genovese
This was the incident that started the research on bystander apathy
Over 38 people stated to the police that they had heard Kitty yell for help
Many of them also had seen her being assaulted
None came to her assistance or even called the police. Why?
What reasons did the witnesses give for not taking action?
Karl Ross called police at 3:50 but not before call friend to ask what he should do.
Middle-class neighborhood but large apartment complex—therein lies the problem—diffusions of responsibility
Rationales given to police by residents:
Sounded like a “lovers’ quarrel.”Didn’t want to get involvedFrankly, we were afraid.Were too tired.
Studies of Bystander Apathy
Number of witnesses to crises crucial to if someone will come forward to assist
Ideal number is one or two
Four or more and likely to ignore or observe without assisting
Scene of Bystander Apathy: Train Station in Liverpool
Famous Studies by Latane & Darley
Experiment where subjects sit in a room completing a questionnaire when smoke begins to enter the room.
If subject is the only person in room, 75% leave room to report possible emergency
If three subjects in room, only 38% of the time will one of them report the smoke
If two passive confederates are in room with subject, subject reports only 10% of the time.
How respond when smoke flowing into the room
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KE5YwN4NW5o
Explanation Give for Behavior
If report that smoke flowing into the room, state do so because it could be fire
If not report the smoke but, instead stay seated, state not believe it was a dangerous situation
No one ever mentions that presence of others doing nothing about the fire inhibited them from reporting smoke
Lady in Distress Experiment
Situation: Sitting in Room when hear woman fall and appear to have been hurt
Sitting alone: 70% assist Sitting with stranger: 40% help Sitting with one passive confederate: 7% What are reasons give?
Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment
Male Stanford College Students Volunteer to participate
Randomly assigned to be prisoners or guards
Guards tended to conform to maltreatment of prisoners OR did nothing to protest treatment
Prisoners initially work together but soon felt isolated
Video about Prison Experiment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RazP8D-Mfe8&feature=related
Zimbardo Interview on Daily Show
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/thu-march-29-2007/philip-zimbardo
Treatment of Iraqi Detainees by American Soldiers: No one in charge
Conforming Behavior in Schools
Gang up and bully certain kids
More willing to perform anti-social behaviors in groups
Why do we conform?
Obedience Experiment by Milgram
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6GxIuljT3w
Obedience Experiment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6GxIuljT3w
Percentage that obeyed at each degree of shock
Programmed Responses
Degree of Obedience Depend on Situational Variables
Assertiveness Training
Have the right to refuse to request and to right a wrong
Self-assertion: Stand up for these rights by speaking on your behalf
Direct, honest expression of feelings and desires
Methods used by Cults
Initially very affectionate and friendly to people who are a bit lonely and depressed
Isolate from non-cult members to increase commitment and decrease critical thinking
Ask small favors at first, like attending a meeting
Slowly increase time, effort and $$ contributions
Encourage unquestioning acceptance of beliefs and dogma
Members begin as
balanced, thinking
people but taught to
suspend faculties
of independence
and objective
thought.
Members not know they are joining a cult!
Join because think group will fulfill genuine spiritual needs and for finding meaning in their life within an apparent caring community
Cult leaders give lip service to being “humble” leaders when actually receive and expect honor from followers that borders on worship.
Use of Indoctrination
Expose continually to propaganda of the cult
Use “Foot in the Door” tactics
Start with small favors
Slowly escalate in what asking of members
Gain Total Control Over Members
Sign over bank accounts Give control over children and women Leaders are portrayed as having total control Cult presents positive image to community Fundamentalist groups of all religions seem
to be inclined toward forming cult-like societies
Leaders of Cults
Speak and act from an infallible, unquestioned position of divine authority
Authority to pronounce words and teachings that have the weight of absolute power behind them
Usually a charismatic male
Jim Jones Cult Members Commit Suicide
Tragedy of Guyana: Jim Jones Story
Prejudice
Increase under frustration More commonly directed at group that
presents a threat Conforming to our reference group Prejudiced personality: authoritarian, rigid,
see things in black and white, impressed by power, accepts over-simplifications
Prejudice
Experiencing frustration
Perceive a group or person as a threat
Conforming to reference groups
Variable that Encourage Aggression
Biological Capacity for not sufficient Frustration Under High Stress Excessive heat Aversive stimuli around as a knife or gun Aggressive models
Factors that encourage pro-social & anti-social behaviors
Role models in your home
Behavior of peers
Stories covered in the media
Role models shown on TV and in films