.. . .

SOFTSWITCH

. . , . .

SOFTSWITCH

- 2006

621.395.34 59 32.881

. ., . . SOFTSWITCH .: -, 2006. 368 .: .

ISBN 5-8206-0117-3 NGN Softswitch , , , , . Softswitch , , H.323 SIP, ( 7) IP- ( SIP, MGCP, Megaco/.248, BICC, H.323), Sigtran, 7 IP-. Softswitch, . Softswitch NGN , , IMS (IP Multimedia SubSystem) SBC (Session Border Controller), , . , -, , NGN, , 210400 , , .

ISBN 5-8206-0117-3

. ., . ., 2006Alexander Goldstein, Boris Goldstein. SOFTSWITCH BHVSt. Petersburg, 2006. 368 .One of the basic NGN elements, Softswitch, has already formed a good alternative to the call control systems used in traditional switches, concerning not only its price and functionality, but also its scalability, QoS, dimensions, power consumption and operating expenses. But the main source of the Softswitch market success is its capability to couple different signaling protocols, both of the same type networks (for example, when the H.323 and SIP networks interwork) and of the different type ones the channel switching (SS7 protocols) and IP networks (SIP, MGCP, Megaco/H.248, BICC, H.323 protocols), which is examined in the Sigtran technology context that supports the SS7 subsystems by means of IP protocols. An ambiguity of the Softswitch definition is discussed, as well as peculiarities of its architecture, and its working principles. In final chapters of the book, an attempt is undertaken to look a little in the future, and examine the IMS (IP Multimedia SubSystem) architecture and the Session Border Controller SBC, both of which will cooperate (and, possible, compete) with Softswitch in NGNs, and imagine what the networks they will be. The book is intended for engineers of operation companies, of enterprises involved in research, planning and manufacturing works related to the Next Generation Networks, for college students and postgraduates studying in these areas, for all those who are interested in modern infocommunications technologies.

Technical edition

Copyright A. Goldstein, B. Goldstein 2006

................................................................................ 9 1. Softswitch....................... 131.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. ................................................... 13 ............................................................ 15 ........................................... 18 Softswitch .................................................. 19 ....................................... 21 Softswitch ................................................ 23

2. Softswitch................... 252.1. 2.2. IPCC ..................................................................... 25 Softswitch ............................................................. 27 2.2.1. ................................................... 28 2.2.2. .................................................................... 29 2.2.3. .......................................... 29 2.2.4. ........................ 29 2.3. 2.4. ........................................................ 30 .......................................... 35

3. IP ............................... 393.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. ........................................................................ 39 RTP .......................................................................... 41 VoIP .............................................................................. 44 IP- ........................................................... 47 3.4.1. 3.4.2. 3.4.3. 3.4.4. 3.5. .323. ....................................................................... 47 SIP ............................................................................ 49 MGCP MEGACO ............................ 50 ........................................... 53

............................................................. 56

4

4. ...... ............................................... 594.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. SIP .............................................................. 59 SIP ................................................................ 64 ............................................................... 68 () .................................................................. 71 ..................................................................................... 73 .......................................................... 77 4.6.1. ............................................................. 77 4.6.2. ............................................................................. 79 ........................................................... 80 SIP NGN ................................................................................. 82

4.7. 4.8.

5. H.323 .......................... 855.1. 5.2. .323 IP- ............................... 85 H.323........................................................... 86 5.2.1. .................................................................. 86 5.2.2. TSAP ........................................................ 86 5.2.3. Alias ........................................................................ 86 5.2.4. H.323 URL .............................................................. 87 .323........................ 87 5.3.1. H.323 ................................................................ 87 5.3.2. H.323 ...................................................................... 89 5.3.3. ....................................................................... 91 5.3.4. ........................... 92 H.323 ...................................................................... 93 5.4.1. RAS ................................................................. 94 5.4.2. .225.0................................................. 99 5.4.3. H.245 .............................................. 102 , ............................................................................ 108 5.5.1. ...................................................... 108 5.5.2. ...................... 112 5.5.3. .............. 113

5.3.

5.4.

5.5.

5

6. ........................................ 1156.1. 6.2. 6.3. ............................................. 115 .......................... 118 MGCP...................................................................... 119 6.3.1. ........................................................ 119 6.3.2. MGCP .............................................. 123 6.3.3. ......................................................... 128 6.3.4. SDP .......................................... 130 Megaco/H.248 ......................................................... 131 6.4.1. Megaco/H.248............................................ 131 6.4.2. ......................................... 132 6.4.3. ....................................................................... 133 6.4.4. ......................................................................... 134 6.4.5. ......................................................................... 135 6.4.6. ................................................................... 136 6.4.7. ..................................................................... 143 6.4.8. ..................................................................... 144 6.4.9. ............................................ 144 Megaco/H.248 .................................................... 149 6.5.1. .248 ............................................................... 149 6.5.2. Megaco/.248 .............................. 150 ............ 150 VoIP.................................................... 162 6.7.1. Megaco/H.248 MGCP .................................................... 162 6.7.2. Megaco/H.248 SIP......................................................... 162 6.7.3. Megaco/H.248 H.323..................................................... 162

6.4.

6.5.

6.6. 6.7.

7. Sigtran............................. 1637.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7 IP- ............. 163 Sigtran ................................................................ 165 c .................. 168 7.3.1. SCTP .............. 168 7.3.2. ............................................. 169 7.3.3. ............................... 171 7.3.4. ...................................................................... 172 7.3.5. DATA.................................. 177 7.3.6. ............................................... 179

6

7.4.

M3UA ...................................................................... 181 7.4.1. M3UA ................................................................ 181 7.4.2. ................................................................. 181 7.4.3. ................................................ 183 7.4.4. ...................................................................... 183 7.4.5. M3UA............................................................ 184 M2UA ...................................................................... 187 M2PA....................................................................... 189 SUA ......................................................................... 191 IUA .......................................................................... 196 V5UA ....................................................................... 196

7.5. 7.6. 7.7. 7.8. 7.9.

8. BICC ............................ 1978.1. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4. 8.5. 8.6. 8.7. 8.8. BICC............................................................. 197 BICC .................................................. 199 Capability Set 1........................................................................ 203 ........................................ 207 Capability Set 2........................................................................ 214 IPBCP...................................................................... 221 BICC ................................................. 222 Softswitch..................................... 223 8.8.1. DSS1 BICC SIP ........................ 226 8.8.2. SIP BICC DSS1 ........................ 230 Qu vadis? .............................................................................. 230

8.9.

9. NGN ................................... 2339.1. 9.2. ........................................... 233 Softswitch 7 ........................................ 237 9.2.1. ISUP SIP ................................................. 237 9.2.2. H.323 7 ....................................... 240 MSF ................................................... 242 NGN ............................................................................ 245 ..................................................................................... 250

9.3. 9.4. 9.5.

7

9.5.1. 9.5.2. 9.5.3. 9.5.4. 9.5.5. 9.5.6. 9.5.7. 9.6. 9.7.

................................................................ 250 ....................................... 251 ............................................ 252 ETSI........... 254 ETSI ........................... 255 NGN .......................................................... 258 ............................................................ 259

................................... 264 ............................................ 265 9.7.1. Session Border Controller.................................................. 265 9.7.2. SBC .......................................... 268 9.7.3. ................................................... 270 9.7.4. NAT Firewall ............................................. 271 9.7.5. QoS SLA ..................................................... 272 9.7.6. .......................................................... 273 9.7.7. ................................ 274 9.7.8. ............................... 275 9.7.9. SBC .............. 276

10. SOFTSWITCH ............ 27910.1. - Softswitch ........................ 279 10.2. Softswitch .......................................... 283 10.3. Softswitch .................................... 308 10.4. Softswitch ......................................................... 312 10.5. .................................................. 314 10.6. SBC.......................... 316

11. IMS ....................................... 31711.1. Softswitch ........................................ 317 11.2. IMS............................................................... 318 11.2.1. 3GPP/3GPP2 .......................................................... 318 11.2.2. GSM 3G ................................................................... 318 11.2.3. ........... 320 11.3. IMS ........................................ 321 11.3.1. IP-........................................... 322 11.3.2. ................................................. 323 11.3.3. ................................ 323

8

11.3.4. 11.3.5. 11.3.6. 11.3.7. 11.3.8.

.............................................. 324 ........................ 324 ........................................................................ 324 ............................................................... 325 ........................................................ 325

11.4. IMS ..................................................................... 325 11.4.1. IMS ................................................................... 325 11.4.2. HSS SLF ........................................ 326 11.4.3. SIP- ................................................... 327 11.4.4. PDF .............................................................................. 330 11.4.5. ................................................... 330 11.4.6. MRF.............................................................................. 331 11.4.7. BGCF ............................................................................ 332 11.4.8. PSTN/CS............................................................. 332 11.4.9. SEG .............................................. 333 11.4.10. GPRS ............................................................... 334 11.5. IMS ............................................................. 335 11.6. IMS ...................................................... 337 11.7. ................................................................ 343

.......................................................................344 ...........................................................................352 ....................................................365

, , . , , , , . , , , . Softswitch, ( , , , , , , 7 V5, , ISDN). , , . , 2001 , NASDAQ . NASDAQ , CLEC (Competitive Local Exchange Carriers), ILEC (Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers). CLEC , , , , .

10

, , . CLEC, 2001 , , , Softswitch. Softswitch , , , , , , , . , , . , 100000 64 /, Softswitch, , . , Softswitch, 1 2 , , , . IP (IP) (QoS). , 1995 VocalTec IP , , , , . IP 10 , , , MPLS [3], , . IP IP 3 . Softswitch , , H.323 SIP, , , ( 7) IP ( SIP, MGCP, MEGACO/H.248, H.323). Softswitch . SIP H.323, 4 5, -

11

. MGCP, MEGACO/H.248, 6. Softswitch . 7 (7), Softswitch 7 . 7 IP, , IP, . , , , IP Sigtran. 7 IP. , ISUP 7 Softswitch BICC (Bearer Independent Call Control) 8. , BICC ISUP ISDN ISDN (NISDN). 8 BICC, . BICC, , , , ENGINE Ericsson. BICC, , SIP [10] H.248, H.323 BICC. 9 NGN NGN (Next Generation Network) Softswitch. , , c IPTDMIP IPIP. NGN, Softswitch, SBC (Session Border Controller), 9. Softswitch SBC , , , Softswitch

12

IPTDMIP, IPIP, SBC, , , .. , DTMF .. , Softswitch, SBC, Softswitch, 10. Softswitch, NGN , , , Softswitch 5. 11, Quo Vadis?, IMS (IP Multimedia SubSystem), Softswitch SIP 3G. 11 mobile Softswitch, , mobile NGN , 3GPP 3GPP2. 11 , . . . . (www.skri.sut.ru), . , ... . , , NGN , , , , , Siemens, Lucent, Alcatel, Teledata, Ericsson, Avaya, Italtel, Strom, Nortel NGN, www.niits.ru.

1 Softswitch . , Apple

1.1. Softswith (IVR) MCI. 1997 MCI Level3 Communications, , , Call Agent Media Gateway. MGC (Media Gateway Controller), , Call Agent, , Softswitch. 1998 Level3 Xcom, -, Internet Protocol Device Control (IPDC). Bellcore SGCP (Signaling Gateway Control Protocol). IETF MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol). Softswitch. Softswitch GK (Gatekeeper). , MGC GK , Softswitch. H.323, 5. (

14

1

) ( ). H.323 , . , . , 2000 2001 .. Softswitch Lucent Technologies, Sonus Networks ( Insignus), Level3 ( Viper), MetaSwitch ( VP3000) . Softswitch 10, . , ( ) , . . Softswitch NGN (Next Generation Network). , Softswitch, . : Softswitch , , , . , Softswitch . , , . . , , .323 SIP-, Softswitch. , Softswitch , .. , Call Agent . , [6], , , ,

Softswitch

15

. Call Agent ; , , , . , Softswitch , .. , Softswitch , Call Agent, .. , , , . MGC Softswitch , H.248 , 6. Softswitch , .. Signaling Gateway (SG). [4] . , Softswitch , , , . , Softswitch , , , .

1.2. , Softswitch, , Softswitch . SIP-, 7 H.323, , , . E-DSS1 ISDN, V5 ( Sigtran- V5U), R1.5. MGCP Megaco/H.248, Softswitch SIP-T BICC.

16

1

. 1.1 Softswitch (CC). Softswitch () , Softswitch . , , . ( ). . 1.1 SCP (Service Control Point) [7], , 20 , API JAIN PARLAY , . . 1.1 , , Softswitch, , , , OSS (Operation Support System), RADIUS SNMP. . 1.1 Softswitch . 7, E-DSS1, R1.5, V5, STP SP 7, , , Sigtran. , IETF, 7 IP-. SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol), SP IP-, : M2UA, M2PA M3UA MTP, SUA SCCP, IP- SCTP SCCP 7 (, TCAP INAP), 7 .

Softswitch

17

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API

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32

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GK - Gatekeeper () SG - Signaling Gateway ( ) G - Trunking Gateway ( ) AG - Access Gateway ( ) MAK - IAD - Integrated Access Device ( ) K - - Authorization, Access, Accounts (, , ). 1.1. Softswitch

Softswitch , SIP (SIP-T), IETF 4, BICC, ITU-T 8 . SIP-T, BICC DSS1, 7. , ENGINE Ericsson (Softswitch) BICC CS-1, ATM (AAL1/AAL2) BICC CS-2, IP-. SIP-T, BICC . 1.1 -

2. ..

18

1

, BICC CS-3 SIP-T, BICC Softswitch ATM-. ATM- , H.323, SIP, H.248 BICC , ITU IETF SIP H.248 NGN.

1.3. (2005 ) , , XXI . , , , , IP IP , , , , , , IP. , NGN (Next Generation Network). NGN , , , Softswitch. . 1.2 , NGN. , VoIP. . , , , , IP- Softswitch , , IP- (IP-, ..). . -

Softswitch

19

, WiMAX, Softswitch NGN. NGN 9.

TDM

TDM VoIP

- VoIP

2010

Softswitch Softswitch IMS

2005

Softswitch

SBC

VoIP

TDM-PBX IP-PBX NGN

2000

M TD

. 1.2.

1.4. Softswitch Softswitch , . , , , . , . . Softswitch : , .

20

1

Softswitch, , , , PP (Point of Presence) . , , .. 100 000 . , , , , , , , . Softswitch , Softswitch . IP- 100 4- , 100 , , Softswitch , . . , , . IP- , , Softswitch. , , , , .. , , IP- , , . , , Softswitch, , - .

Softswitch

21

1.5. , . . , () , : 2 20 . 40 20, , .. 0.99999, , , 5 . . 1.1. 36 89 9 53 5

0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

0.99999 ( )

, , , , , . , , (, , ) 2 3 . (ITU) , . , , , , ,

22

1

QoS, . , , , , Softswitch , ... 100 ... - . Softswitch , , . , , . , , , , . 11 2001 . , IP- (VoIP) . , . , , . QoS Softswitch ( ). , , , 4.0 MOS (Mean Opinion Score) . Softswitch MOS 4.0. QoS IP- , DiffServ, RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) [8] MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) [3]. , , , SCP (Service Control Point) . , Softswitch ,

Softswitch

23

Softswitch, , , . IP- , , . , 7. 7 IP- 7 Sigtran . , 7 , SIP, 4 [10].

1.6. Softswitch VoIP, Softswitch [6] Softswitch. , , , . , , , . , , V5 [5], , , INAP [7]. , . Softswitch. , : , , . , .

24

1

SCP (SCP IN)

AS/SCP (SCP IN API) NGN

( )

IN

ATC/SSP

SSN (Softswitch)

()

()

Softswitch

MG

NGN

. 1.3.

Softswitch

TDM [6], Softswitch . 1.3. , , Softswitch , , , , . 1.3.

2 SoftswitchC , . ,

2.1. IPCC Softswitch , . Softswitch- ISC (International Softswitch Consortium), IPCC (International Packet Communication Consortium) Softswitch Softswitch. IPCC . 2.1 (), , , , Softswitch. IPCC Softswitch. IPCC . , , , ITU, ETSI IETF, . , IPCC , .

26 2.1. Applications WG IPCC

2

, , , . API , Softswitch SIP Softswitch, , ISC, ISC

Architecture WG SIP WG

SIP

Device Control WG

Network Boundary Functionalities WG Legal Intercept WG Marketing WG

. , Softswitch . IPCC, , , Softswitch. , NGN Softswitch IPCC. , ITU-T, IETF, ETSI, BCD- (Broadband Content Delivery Forum), MSF, EFMA (Ethernet in the First Mile Alliance), MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching Forum), MEF (Metro Ethernet Forum), SIP (Session Initiation Protocol Forum) .

Softswitch

27

2.2. Softswitch Softswitch, IPCC, . 2.1 : , , , .

(SCP, , LDAP-)

, ISDN

, , SNMP

SIP, MGCP, H.248

Call-Agents, ,

SIP/SIP-T, H.323, BICC

(, , QoS)

IP- IP-PBX

(, )IP

7

IP- ( , AG, RAN, IAD)IP-

VoIP

. 2.1.

Softswitch

2.2.1. (Transport Plane) . , , . , . IP-

28

2

/ , . , , . : IP, , IP. IP (IP Transport Domain) IP-. , , , QoS (Quality of Service). (Interworking Domain) , , , IP-, . , (Signaling Gateways), , (Media Gateways), / , (Interworking Gateways), . , IP (Non-IP Access Domain), IP- IP- . Access Gateways , , xDSL, GSM/3G, IAD (Integrated Access Devices) . IP-, , SIP-, IP Access Gateway.

Softswitch

29

2.2.2. (Call Control & Signaling Plane) IP- , , , . , , , . , MGC (Media Gateway Controller), Call Agent, Gatekeeper LDAP-. 2.2.3. (Service & Application Plane) / IP-, . , . , Application Servers Feature Servers. , , , , IVR . . 2.2.4. (Management Plane) , , . (, SNMP), API.

2.3. Softswitch IP-. 12 ,

30

2

, , . , , .. . . 2.1 , 12 () Softswitch (. 2.2).

AS-F SCF

SPS-F R-F A-F

CA-F MGC-F

MS-F

IW-F

IP-

IP- SIP, H.323

SG-F MG-FAGS-F MG-F

7 AN

AS-F , SC-F , CA-F , MGC-F , SPS-F - SIP , R-F , A-F , , , MS-F , SG-F , MG-F , IW-F , AGS-F .. 2.2. Softswitch

MGC-F (Media Gateway Controller Function) . MGC-F

Softswitch

31

MG-F, MG-F, IP- , , MGC-F , AS-F , (, MG-F, . .), , R-F A-F , , (.. CA-F). MGC-F H. 248 MGCP. CA-F (Call Agent Function) IW-F (Interworking Function) MGC-F. , CA-F, , MGC-F . SIP, SIP-T, BICC, H. 323, Q. 931, Q. SIG, INAP, ISUP, TCAP, BSSAP, RANAP, MAP CAP [4, 5], API API JAIN Parlay [9]. , IW-F, , MGC-F , , IP ATM, 7 SIP/H.323 . . R-F A-F (Call Routing Accounting Functions) . R-F MGC-F. A-F , AAA, . . , . , MGC-F, ( MGC-F) (AS-F). R-F/A-F (R-F), (A-F), , ,

32

2

AS-F , . R-F A-F , R-F/A-F MGC-F, R-F/A-F/MGC-F R-F/A-F. A-F , AS-F , . R-F ENUM TRIP, A-F RADIUS AuC ( ). SIP-- SPS-F (SIP Proxy Server Function) , R-F A-F - SIP. SG-F (Signaling Gateway Function) IP- , 7/TDM , , BICC/ATM. SG-F IP- () 7. SG-F 7 (ISUP INAP) (MAP CAP) IP. SG-F 7 MGC-F SG-F, Sigtran. SG-F MGC-F, SG-F Sigtran TUA, SUA M3UA over SCTP, , SG-F MGC-F SG-F . AGS-F (Access Gateway Signaling Function) IP- V5.1/V5.2 [11] ISDN [5]. AGS-F TDM ATM. AGS-F V5 ISDN ( ), BSSAP

Softswitch

33

RANAP ( ) IP. AGS-F MGC-F V5, ISDN 7, Sigtran M3UA, IUA V5UA over SCTP. AS-F (Application Server Function) . AS-F MGC-F (, ), MGC-F (, ), , , SDP, MS-F , Web- Web-, API JAIN Parlay , , , MGC-F MS-F, AS-F , , MGC-F . SIP, MGCP, H. 248, LDAP, HTTP, CPL XML. AS-F MGC-F , , , . . , AS-F MGC-F , AS-F MGC-F API JAIN Parlay. , AS-F (Feature Server). SC-F (Service Control Function) , AS-F . SC-F INAP, CAP MAP, API JAIN Parlay. MG-F (Media Gateway Function) IP- , / , , , , , ATM. , , ATM IP .

3. ..

34

2

MG-F : / MGC-F MGCP MEGACO/H.248; , , , , , , .; , , DTMF, ., , MGC-F; , DTMF, / , . , MG-F , MGC-F , , ; . : RTP/RTCP, TDM, H. 248 MGCP. , SIP- SIP MG-F MGC-F . MS-F (Media Server Function) . , , AS-F MGC-F . MS-F , AS-F MGC-F ( ) ( ) SIP, MGCP H. 248. MA-F , , , , , , , .

Softswitch

35

2.4. , , MGC, IP-. MGC, : Softswitch, Call Agent, Call Controller, Telephone Server . . 2.3 MGC ISC.

OSS

OEMAA A ENUM

(R-F A-F)

( )

(-F)

(MGC-F)

(MG-F, RS-F) , , IP-

(IW-F)(SG-F, AGS-F)

. 2.3.

ISC

. 2.3, MGC, MGC-F, . , MGC : Connection Session Manager (MGC-F), (CA-F), Manager (IW-F), Interworking/Border Connection

Access Session Manager (R-F/A-F), Open Service Access Gateway, (Proxies),

36

2

OSS OEM, OSS/OEM, , , , . . . 2.3 CA-F, IW-F, R-F A-F , MGC. , / MGC . OSS,

MMSAS AS-F AS

OSS

,

ENUM/TRIP

SIP/ MGCP

SIP

ENUM/TRIP

MS MS-F

SIP/MGCP

MGCA-FR-F

SIP H.323

7/BICC 7/BICCIN SCP

SGSG-F

Sigtran (ISUP, INAP) (MAP, IS41)

IW-FCA-F

SIP H.323

SPS-F

MGC-F

MGCP/ H.248

SIP/SIP-T

Sigtran (IUA, V5UA)AG AGS-F

MGCP/H.248TG MG-F

Sigtran/ MGCP/H.248

7

TDM

RTP/RTCP

RTP/RTCP

MG-F

RTP/RTCP

(/ )

IP-: , ; .

. 2.4.

IPCC

Softswitch (. 2.4). Softswitch /IN IP-, MGCF, .

Softswitch

37

, MGC , Softswitch . (CA-F), . . 2.4 Softswitch , : (R-F/A-F), - SIP (SPS-F) (IW-F). , Softswitch Open Service Gateway Block , Softswitch, API, SIP, JAIN Parlay. . 2.4, Softswitch / API. AS-F (Application Server Function): SIP, MGCP, H. 248, LDAP HTTP, CPL, XML Open APIs (JAIN, PARLAY ..) SC-F (Service Control Function) INAP, CAP, MAP Open APIs (JAIN, PARLAY ..) MS-F (Media Server Function) SIP, MGCP, H. 248 SG-F (Signaling Gateway Function) Sigtran (TUA, SUA, M3UA over SCTP) IW-F (Interworking Function) Protocols H.323/SIP, IP/ATM MG-F (Media Gateway Function) RTP/RTCP, TDM H.248, MGCP ASG-F (Access Signaling Gateway Function) Sigtran (M3UA, IUA, V5UA over SCTP) CA-F (Call Agent Function) SIP, SIP-T, BICC, H. 323 Q. 931, Q. SIG, INAP, ISUP, TCAP

38

2

(Mobile) BSSAP, RANAP, MAP, CAP Open APIs (JAIN, PARLAY ..) SPS-F (SIP Proxy Server Function) SIP MGC-F (Media Gateway Controller Function) H.248, MGCP A-F (Authentication, Authorization, Accounting Function) RADIUS AuC R-F (Routing Function) ENUM, TRIP , 4, , , IP-, IP- , , .

3 IP ...

3.1. , , . IP- [8], . IP- : (1980-1995), (1995-1999), , . - . IP- 1983 , . , , BBN (Bolt, Beranek, Newman) . IP- , . , ,

40

3

, , . , IEFT: AVT (Audio/Video Transport) /, RTP, MMUSIC (Multiparty Multimedia Session Control) , , IP- SIP [10], . VocalTec, 1995 (DSP), , , 46 1995 181 1996 (- , , IP- ). VocalTec PC PC. , -. 1996 16- (ITU-T) 1 H.323, . IP- . H.323 5 . IP- , IP-, , , , B-ISDN, . IP- H.323. , H.323 , , . , H.323 7, . ,

IP

41

, , Softswitch MGC (Media Gateway Controller), , MG (Media Gateway), . , 1998 , MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol), 16 ITU-T IETF 2000 , H.248 MEGACO. 6. IP-, , RTP. Softswitch , . , RTP NGN, .

3.2. RTP RTP (Real-Time Protocol), IP-. RTP UDP, , , IP (. 3.1).0 RTP 32

//

UDPIP

Ethernet. 3.1. RTP/UDP/IP

, RTP, , . 3.1 . , UDP, , , . , ,

42

3

RTP , , . RTP . [25]: RTP , . () RTP , . 3.2. IP IP UDP0

RTP15 32 No

RTP

V

P

X

CC

M

PT

0 = 64 / 3 = 13 / GSM 14 = MPEG 32 = MPEG1

SSRC

CSRC

. 3.2.

VoIP

RTP , , 12 . RTP- ( , V) RTP ( 2). , RTP. : P, , - ( , ), , , . , . , CSRC- RTP-, .. , . , , , , .. (7 ), , (Application Data), , 8- .. , , . (SequenceNumber), (Time Stamp) SSRC, .

IP

43

, , , (, ..), . , SSRC- , RTP- . , . RTP- 15 32- CSRC-, . RTP RTCP (Real-Time Transport Control Protocol), , RTP. , UDP, RTP QoS (Quality of Service). RTCP , QoS, (, , ) (, ). . , , , . , . , RTP- ( , ). , , . , RTCP- . , RTCP-, . , RTCP RT, RTP/UDP/IP ( ). , G.729 10 (80 10 ). RTP-, 12 , , . , , 8- UDP- 20- IP- ( Ipv4), , . .

44

3

3.3. VoIP . ( ), ( ) . - , , . , IP-, DSP (Digital Signal Processor), , , , . DSP , , . . DSP VoIP. , , . 1.2 64 /, . , MOS (Mean Opinion Score), , . , , .. : 4-5 , ISDN; 3.5-4 (toll quality), , toll quality; 3-3.5 - , ; 2.5-3 , .

IP

45

, VoIP (VAD, CNG, DTX), , , . 50%, . : VAD (Voice Activity Detector) , , , ; DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) , VAD ( VAD), CNG (Comfort Noise Generator), . , , G.723.1 Annex A G.729 Annex B . , . (frame) , (.. ) . , , , : IP (20 ), UDP (8 ) RTP (12 ), VoIP . . 120 . VoIP , IP. , . , . , IP , .. , , . ,

46

3

, , , , , , . , . , , , , . . , N G.711, N*125 . , , , 20 150 . G.723.1 , 3% , . , G.711 , , , VoIP, ITU- 1965 , MOS 4.3. G.723.1 ITU-T 1995 . G.723.1 30 7.5 : 6.3 / ( 189 , 24 ) 5.3 / ( 158 , 20 ). G.723.1 MOS 3.7 6.3 / 3.9 5.3 /, . ADPCM G.726 ( 1990 .) G.711 40, 32, 24 16 /, MOS 4.3 (32 /), (toll quality). VoIP , . G.728 LD-CELP (low delay code excited

IP

47

linear prediction) MOS, G.726 16 /. G.729 Frame Relay, CS-ASELP (Conjugate Structure, Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction) 8 /. G.729 VAD, CNG DTX. VoIP DTMF. , , , , , , DTMF . , , - (, ), DTMF- VoIP. DTMF- VoIP: , H.245 (Userinputindication) * #. TCP-, , - TCP ; , VoIP , H.323v2 fastStart H.245. DTMF RTP-, , . RTP DTMF , .

3.4. IP-3.4.1. .323 IP- (ITU) H.323. H.323 ISDN, IP-.

48

3

, IP- .323 Q.931 , ISDN. .323 5 , , H.323 , IP- , . H.323, . RAS (Registration, Admission, Status), H.323, . .323 : (Terminal), (Gateway), (Gatekeeper) (Multipoint Control Unit), 5. Softswitch , H.323 .323. , . - , (H.323 ) , . .323 H.225.0 (Q.931) , , TCP. .245 , . , RTP/UDP/IP, . 3.1. H.323. , , , transportQoS ARQ RAS, . H.323 (RSVP) , RSVP. , , H.323 . IP-, H.323.

IP

49

3.2, RTCP, RTCP , . 3.4.2. SIP- IP- IETF MMUSIC RFC 2543. SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) IETF . RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol; RFC 1889) RTSP (Real-Time Streaming Protocol; RFC 2326), SIP 4 SDP (Session Description Protocol; RFC 2327), SAP (Session Announcement Protocol). , SIP . SIP TCP, UDP. 4. , SIP , () , [7], SIP Softswitch , . SIP , .. , . SIP : , - . (User Agent SIP client) : UAC (User Agent lient) UAS (User Agent Server). UAC SIP-, .. . UAS , .. . , SIP: - (-) . SIP 4. ..

50

3

(statefull), (stateless). SIP, stateless, , .323, . 3.4.3. MGCP MEGACO IP-, MGCP, IETF MEGACO 6 . MEGACO , 1 2 . 3.3 : MG (Media Gateway), , , , IP ( RTP/UDP/IP, ); MGC (Media Gateway Controller, Softswitch, Call Agent), ; SG (Signaling Gateway), , , .

7

Softswitch

MGCP RTP

. 3.3.

VoIP- MGCP

, Softswitch (MGC, Call Agent), , , , -

IP

51

STP SP 7, . , , MGCP 7 (. 3.4).

Softswitch

1. ISUP : IAM2. MGCP: CRCX 3. MGCP: Ack 4. MGCP: CRCX 5. MGCP: Ack

6. MGCP: MDCX 7. MGCP: Ack

8. ISUP : IAM 9. ISUP : ACM 11. ISUP : ANM

10. ISUP : ACM 12. ISUP : ANM

2. ISUP : REL

1. ISUP : REL 3. MGCP: DLCX 4. MGCP: Ack

5. MGCP: DLCX 6. MGCP: Ack 7. ISUP : RLC

8. ISUP : RLC

. 3.4.

IP-

. 3.4 MGCP c 7. , MGCP master/slave-, .. Softswitch , , , Softswitch. , , , . , , Softswitch, .

52

3

1. - SG1 IAM ISUP [12]. . 3.4 SG1 TGW1. SG1 IAM , , - TGW2. 2. TGW1 ( ). C CreateConnection. , TGW1 ( recvonly), , . 3. TGW1 . 4. TGW1, CRCX TGW2 . 5. TGW 2 , , CRCX. CRCX . , TGW 2 , , . 6. IAM -. 7. IAM - ACM, -. 8. , - ANM. 9. TGW1 recvonly . 10. TGW1 . 11. ANM -, . 12. . . - REL . 13. REL, .

IP

53

14. . 15. RLC - . 16. . 17. TGW2 . 18. DLCX -, , . , MGCP, . MEGACO IETF , MEGACO , MGCP, ,. ITU-T 4 .323 , MGC MEGACO, .248 Gateway Control Protocol. Megaco/H.248 H.248. Megaco MGCP, . (. 3.5) MGCP, 6 Megaco/H.248. 3.4.4. 7 ( TP) , , . IP Q.931. Sigtran IETF

54

3

7 IP-, 7. TCP, Sigtran SCTP (Stream Control Transport Protocol), TCP, , , . . 3.5 , MGCP c 7 DSS1. 1. - SG1 ( IAM). . 3.5 SG1 TGW1. SG1 IAM , , H.323. 2. TGW1 ( ). C CreateConnection. TGW1 ( recvonly). 3. TGW1 . 4. TGW1, .323 ARQ alias- . 5. ARQ ACF . 6. SETUP , Fast Start. SETUP . 7. ARQ. 8. ARQ ACF. 9. ALERTING, . , -

IP

55

, . 10. ALERTING ACM, -. 11. , CONNECT, ANM . 12. TGW1 recvonly . 13. TGW1 . 14. ANM -, , , RTP/UDP/IP, RTP- , RTP- . RTCP RTP . 15. . , , , RELEASE COMPLETE, . 16. RLC - c . 17. , DLCX. 18. . 19. . RAS DRQ, DCF. 20. - RLC, .

56

3

Softswitch

1. ISUP : IAM2. MGCP: CRCX 3. MGCP: Ack 4. RAS: ARQ 5. RAS: ACF 6. H.323 : Setup7. RAS: ARQ 8. RAS: ACF

10. ISUP : ACM 12. MGCP: MDCX13. MGCP: Ack 14. ISUP : ANM

9. H.323 : Alerting11. H.323 : Connect

1. H.323: Release Complete

2. ISUP : REL3. MGCP: DLCX 4. MGCP: Ack 5. RAS: DRQ 6. RAS: DCF 7. RAS: DRQ 9. ISUP : RLC 8. RAS: DCF

. 3.5.

IP-

, SIP MGCP, , .

3.5. IP-, . ,

IP

57

- , , . . 3.1, . , 4 7 . 3.1. SIP ( 4) IP- , 4-7 H.323 ( 5) IP- MGCP ( 6) MEGACO/ H.248 ( 6) MasterSlave MGCP . ITU-T IETF V1 2000, V2 2002, V3 2005 ISUP ( 7) TDM

Peer-to-Peer IETF- RFC

Peer-to-Peer Q.931 [5] ITU-T V1 1996, V2 1998, V3 1999 V4 2000 V5 2003

Master-Slave RFC

Peer-toPeer Q.700 [4] ITU-T

, 13

. H.225 RAS 30 , H.24572 , H.255.0 13

,

. 44 60

,

,

,

58 . 3.1 SIP ( 4) SDP H.323 ( 5) H.245 ( ) MGCP ( 6) SDP IP MEGACO/ H.248 ( 6) SDP IP

3

ISUP ( 7) ISUP QoS ( ) .ITU-T E.164,

QoS

IP- DNS

( ) IP-, ,

QoS IP

QoS IP

, IP-

, IP-

, Loop

IPSec, TLS, SSL HTTP Digest

H.235, IPSec TLS ASN.1

IPSec, TLS, SSL

IPSec, TLS, SSL

4 : , , ..

4.1. SIP SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) - , , , , , . SIP , / . SIP ( ) NGN. SIP [10], SIP, .

60

4

SIP, IETF 1996 draft-ietf-mmusic-sip-00, . , , SIP, HTTP (Hypertext Transport Protocol), : RFC 2543, , SIP 6 . . 1996 IETF : Session Invitation Protocol, , Simple Conference Invitation Protocol (SCIP), . Session Invitation Protocol , , [88]. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) SDP . SCIP, , TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). , . - HTTP SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol), SDP . 1996 SIP Session Initiation Protocol, [89]. Session Invitation Protocol SIP UDP SDP, SCIP SIP TCP SMTP HTTP. SIP2.0, SIP/1.0, Session Invitation Protocol. . , , ; SIP, ( ), , , . SIP , .

61

( , -) , , . 1999 SIP IETF RFC 2543, 2002 RFC 3621 [114]. RFC 2543 IP-, . SIP VoIP IP-. , H.323, [78], , , , , , , . , SIP . , H.323, , , . , IP- SIP, SIP-T. Softswitch , , , SIP- Softswitch, IP- NGN, . , Softswitch SIP, , , 5 [8], .323. SIP : , .. , , , , Softswitch REGISTER;

62

4

, SIP ; , SIP; , IETF RSVP (Resource ReSerVation Protocol), RTP RTSP, SDP (Session Description Protocol), ; .323, MGCP, MEGACO/H.248, DSS1 7, SIP SIP-, .164 ; SIP, . SIP . UDP TCP. UDP , TCP, ( ), . , . , , TCP-, TCP-. UDP, , , . 5060 . SIP Softswitch, . SIP TCP . SIP SCTP, 7. SIP : , ,

63

, . SIP SDP, SIP. (, , , ), SIP SDP. IETF RTP, 3.2 , SIP . , SIP . , SIP , , , . , SIP .323 . SIP , .. . SIP : (multicasting), multicast-, ; MCU, -, MCU, , ; -. SIP. IP- SIP , . URL (Universal Resource Locators), SIP URL.

64

4

SIP- : @, @, @IP-, @. SIP- . , . - , . , . IP- DNS (Domain Name Service). SIP- IP-, . , sip:, , SIP URL. URL (, tel:). SIP-: sip: alex@niits.ru sip: boris@218.10.12.123 tel: +78129998877@sip-gateway.ru , SIP NAT (Network Address Translator). : STUN (Simple Traversal of UDP Through NAT); TURN (Traversal Using Relay NAT); SIP Application Layer Gateways (ALGs); MIDCOM (Middlebox Communication); SIP Symmetric Response Routing RFC 3581; Firewall Enhancement Protocol RFC 3093 .

4.2. SIP , SIP , , , (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). SIP (), (Softswitch), . SIP methods. C , , , , , . :

65

(. 4.1). , , . , , , , .

. 4.1.

-

SIP , , IP-. SIP : (User location) ; (User availability) , .. , ; (User capabilities) , .. , , ; (Session setup), .. , ; (Session management), , . , SIP , , , , IETF , . , , , SIP, , , . , SIP , . SIP , Web-, , , , Web- , 5. ..

66

4

. SIP , / , , , , , . SIP , , , , . UA (User Agents) SIP, , . ; : - . UA , , UAC (User Agent Client) UAS (User Agent Server). , UAS UAC ( ), , SIP . UAC UAS , , , . - (Proxy Servers) proxy , , . - . , , .. , - , , . - , , , LDAP RFC 1777 . -: stateful stateless. -

67

, , , , . , .. . stateful , . - stateful , , , , , . stateless , . , .. , . , . , - , , : , , . 2 IPCC ; (Redirect servers) . IP- . , - . . . , . . - SIP-, , , . : UA, .

68

4

(Registrars Location servers) , SIP. REGISTER. : , . , , , . . . , -, registrar, location server, . SIP , . , , SIP : , - .

4.3. - SIP . , , , , . SIP-. , . SIP , , , . . 4.2 SIP. SIP-. , , - . , , ,

69

. , , ., , , . SIP :

, , , , Call-ID ( ), Contact (), CSeq ( /), Date (), Encryption (), From ( ), (), Via (. 4.2. ), Record-Route ( ); SIP , Content, , Content-Encoding ( ), Content-Length ( ), Content-Type, ( ); , , , Accept (), Accept-Encoding ( ), Accept-Language ( ), Authorization (), Hide (), Max-Forwards ( ), Organization (), Priority (), Proxy-Authorization ( ), Proxy-Require ( -), Route (), Response-Key ( ), Subject (), User-Agent ( ); , , Allow (), Proxy-Authenticate ( -), Retry-After ( ), Server (), Unsupported ( ), Warning (), WWW-Authenticate ( WWW-). , . . , , . , . Call-ID ; all reference DSS1 [5].

70

4

, . Call-ID - , . @, , 2345call@niits.ru. . SIP-, tag , , , , , SIP URL. ; tag. , , , . From ; . CSeq , . . : 1 232 . CSeq , , . CSeq: 2 INVITE. Via , , , , (, firewall). , -, , -, . Via , : - . ( , ) . , -: niits.ru, sip.telecom.com. : Via: SIP/2.0/UDP sip.telecom.com:5060;branch=721e418c4.1 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP niits.ru:5060, branch , sip.telecom.com , , 721e418c4.1. Via , , , .

71

Record-route - SIP URL, , . SIP . , , BYE, . : , . Content-Type . , , SDP, . Content-Length .

4.4. () () SIP , , SIP- (methods), . , , , .. , . Request-URI SIP- , . Request-URI , , , Request-URI -, . INVITE , ( ), . , , , . INVITE . INVITE. ACK INVITE, , INVITE, .. , INVITE .

72

4

CANCEL , CANCEL Call-ID, To, From CSeq, , . , CANCEL , - . , , CANCEL. BYE . , BYE, () 200 . REGISTER . , , From ( , , ), Contact , INVITE ( Contact , , *), Expires, , ( , 1 ). REGISTER Expires, 0, Contact. OPTIONS . . , . SIP , . , . INFO, , DTMF, , ( ),

73

. INFO SIP-, , SIP. , , SIP . SIP SUBSCRIBE. , ( , ), NOTIFY , . MESSAGE , SMS. REFER, , , , . , , Call Transfer.

4.5. , (-) . , : , , .. SIP . , . . , , . , . SIP , : . , .. . , . , , ,

74

4

. , 2 INVITE. PRACK, , ACK, . PRACK SIP- 200 (). , (, ) INVITE, UPDATE. : INVITE, Allow , , UPDATE , . ( ) Allow UPDATE. UPDATE, SDP . ( SDP). , () . , , , 1 (provisional). , , 100 Trying, . , , , ( ) . CALL PROCEEDING Q.931. 180 Ringing; ALERTING Q.931. - 181 Call Forwarding, , . 182 Queued for Service , , , . . 183 Session Progress CALL PROGRESS Q.931 , ,

75

, . , , SIP , Session Progress SDP- . . 189 REFER , . , . , 2, 3, 4, 5 6. , . 2 (success) , . 200 . , : 200 INVITE , , ; 200 BYE , ; 200 CANCEL , ; 200 REGISTER , ; 200 OPTION , . 3 (redirection) , , . 300 Multiple Choices SIP-, , . 301 Moved Permanently , , , , Contact. 302 Moved Tempovarily , ( Expires) , Contact, .

76

4

4 (client error) , . . 400 Bad Request , - . 401 Unauthorized , . , , . 403 Forbidden , , . . , , .. HTTP 404 Not Found. 485 Ambiguous , . 486 Busy Here , ( ) . 5 (server error) , - . 500 Server Internal Error , - . . 501 Not Implemented , - , . , , . 502 Bad Gateway , , -, , . 503 Service Unavailable , . 6xx (global failure) , . 600 Busy Everywhere , . , . , , , 486 Busy Here. 603 Decline , , . 604 Does Not Exist Anywhere , . SIP-. , .

77

, , SIP .

4.6. SIP 3 : -, . . -, SIP- . , . , , . . , , -. , - .. 4.6.1. . . INVITE (1) 5060, (. 4.3), . (2), (3). 302 Moved Temporarily (4) . 302 ACK (5).

78

4

1. INVITE

2. 3.

4. 302 Moved Temporarily5. ACK

6. INVITE7. 100 Trying8. 180 Ringing9. 200 10. 11. BYE12. 200

. 4.3.

. INVITE (6) Call-ID, CSeq. INVITE SDP. INVITE , 100 Trying (7) . , 180 Ringing (8).

79

200 (9), SDP. (10). , . BYE (11), 200 (12). 4.6.2. -. -. INVITE (1) - 5060, (. 4.4). . - (2), (3). - INVITE (4). , Via - , . , , 180 Ringing (5), To, From, Call-ID, CSeq Via. 200 (9), SDP . (10). , . BYE (11), 200 (12). -, .

80

4

-

1. INVITE

2.

3.

4 INVITE

5. 180 Ringing

5. 180 Ringing6. 200

6. 200

7. 7.

8. BYE8. BYE

9. 200 12. 200

. 4.4.

-

4.7. SIP . . . 4.5 . , . , . : , . Also, : ,

81

INVITE , , Also.BC

INVITE A200 OKACK

BYE (Location: C)200 OK

INVITE C200 OKACK

. 4.5.

, , . 4.6.AINVITE B

B

C

100 Trying

INVITE (Also:C)200 OK

BYE

200 OK

INVITE C 200 ACK

. 4.6.

REFER.

6. ..

82

4

, , , (. 4.7).AB

INVITE (Call-Disposition:Queue)182 Queud200 OKACK

B

B

. 4.7.

Call-Disposition, , . INVITE Call-Disposition: Queue, : , , . 182 Queued, . , , .

4.8. SIP NGN SIP , Softswitch, NGN , . 4.8. , SIP Softswitch, Softswitch : IP-, soft-, IAD .. Softswitch SIP .323, MGCP H.248/MEGACO, Sigtran, BICC, .

83

SCP

Pa rlaySIP/SIP-T

Me gac o/H .24 8

gt Si

ra

nSoftswitch Softswitch

P INA

gac Me o/H 8 .24

7

RTP/UDP/IP

. 4.8.

SIP NGN

SIP SIP-T (SIP for Telephony) , SIP ISUP 7 IP- SIP. SIP-T ISUP SIP. SIP ISUP. , SIP-T SIP INFO ISUP IP. Sigtran 7. SIP . IPCC , . PINT (PSTN and Internet Interworking) PINT RFC 2848. PINT IP. SIP Java, Java servlet Web, , .

84

4

, Web- click-to-dial ( ), Web- PINT, , , , , . /IN SPIRITS (Service in the PSTN/IN Requesting Internet Service). SPIRITS IP . SPIRITS , , , (ISP), .. , PINT , IP, SPIRITS , . ENUM . ENUM E.164 DNS (URL). IP TRIP . TRIP , . SIP 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , , 3G IMS, . , 11.

5 H.323 , . .

5.1. .323 IP- .323 IP- [8] IP- . . , .323 , .323 . VoIP .323 SIP. [8] .323 IP- ( ITU- -, IP-), SIP, , IP- ( ). SIP SIP-T, , IP-, NGN SIP. , .323 SIP-. , IP- .323, .

86

5

, .323, .

5.2. H.323 , H.323 , . , . , , . 5.2.1. H.323 , , , , (.. ). . 5.2.2. TSAP H.323 TSAP ( ). . H.323 TSAP . (Gatekeepers) RAS . (, , , H.245 .) , H.323. , RAS , . 5.2.3. Alias- H.323 alias-. . ( ), H.323 ID ( , , e-mail), ,

H.323

87

H.225.0. . . , ( ). , . , (translation table). 5.2.4. H.323 URL alias-, H.323, url-ID, URL, . H.323 URL, H.323 URL, . H.323 URL , H.323. URL : user hostport. user ( , ). hostport , .

5.3. .323 . 5.1 , H.323. : , , , . 5.3.1. .323 .323 : H.323 IP-, , . .323 , .

88

5

.323

.323

IP -

/ISDN

.323/ISDN

V.70

.324. 5.1.

.323

.320

IP- .323 , . .323 , H.323, .. , . , ( ). SET (Simple Endpoint Type). , H.323, ( ) H.323, . () T.120. -, . , , .

H.323

89

- , H.323, - H.323 ( -), . . - .323 , , - . 5.3.2. H.323 .323 (, .), , , IP-, . .323 , , NGN IP-. , H.323. . . . 5.2 .323 , , .X RAS

X

H.245

B1

D

Z

B2X H.225.0

A

Y

Z

. 5.2.

90

5

.248, , -. H.323. B H.225.0 H.245 . C /ISDN FAS, , . D , NFAS, . . , , . . 5.2: X H.323, Y RTP-, Z . , , . , H.323, . , .323 MGC (Media Gateway Controller) Softswitch, .323- H.225.0, RAS , 7. MG (Media Gateway) : IP-, , H.323 . , . , .. NGN. , Softswitch MG , , , (, H.320/H.323). MG, MG MGC, .

H.323

91

. 5.3 ISUP-to-H.323, 7, MGC G . ISUP D . , MGC H.323 .MGC RAS

7

H.245

D

H.225.0

A

MG

. 5.3.

.323 , . 5.3.3. IP-, ITU H.323, Softswitch, : Softswitch .323.

92

5

, : alias- IP (IP- TCP), IP-, , , , . , E.164, IP- Softswitch. 5.3.4. .323 : , - MC (Multipoint Control), , , , , ( ) , , , .. . MC, , MC, . , MC, MP (Multipoint Processor), , . MP . . 5.4 5.5, .

H.323

93

1

2

N

1

2

N

. 5.4.

. 5.5.

5.4.

.323 .323 : RAS (Registration, Admission and Status), H.225 .245, . 5.6 - TCP/IP, UDP, RTP RTCP, Q.931 ( [5]). , TCP H.225 H.245, RAS UDP, RTP/RTCP.0 16 32

UDP H.225 H.245 RAS RTCP RTP (Q.931)

UDP IP

. 5.6.

C .323

94

5

5.4.1. RAS Softswitch. C RAS , . . . : , , , ; , GRQ (Gatekeeper Request) (multicasting) IP- 224.0.1.41 Gatekeeper UDP Discovery Multicast Address UDP 1718 Gatekeeper UDP Discovery Port. , rasAddress GRQ, GCF (Gatekeeper Confirmation) RAS Softswitch. , GRQ Softswitch, , . 5 GRQ, . , . , .. , . , - : . , alternateGatekeeper GCF RCF , . , . -

H.323

95

: alias- . . , RAS .225.0 (Q.931). , , . alternateEndpoint RAS. RRQ (Registration Request), ( , ) Gatekeeper UDP Registration and Status Port. RCF (Registration Confirmation) RRJ (Registration Reject). , . , timeToLive RRQ. RCF timeToLive, . , . RRQ keepAlive. , . (.. ). RRQ additiveRegistration. , , , .. : alias-, ; , ; RAS- callSignalAssress rasAddress, ; timeToLive, .

96

5

, , , , , . . , . , URQ (Unregister Request), UCF (Unregister Confirmation) URJ (Unregister Reject), . alias- . , , , , . , Setup, ARQ (Admission Request) , . , . ARQ , ARQ, , , ARQ. alias- / , , , ARQ alias- . ARQ RTP/UDP/IP . . , , . , ACF (Admission Confirm). ,

H.323

97

, , , , . , ARJ (Admission Reject). , .. , . (. 5.7). , , - , .

IRQ IRR

. 5.7.

() IRQ (Information Request). IRQ , 10 . IRQ, IRR (Information Request Response). IRR . ACF, irrFrequency , . , IRR , , IRQ, .

7. ..

98

5

, DRQ (Disengage Request), DCF (Disengage Confirm). , .. , DRQ. DRQ, , , DCF. , , DRQ . RAS . RAS Setup, . alias- . , , - , . , , . , . . , . RAS . . . . , , . (,

H.323

99

). , alternateTransportAddr esses RRQ. , , useSpecifiedTransport RCF ACF. , . . 5.4.2. .225.0 H.323 .225.0. Q.931 [5], D Q.931. . Setup . TCP 1720 . Information , , . , , . Call Proceeding , , . Alerting , . Connect , . Connect H.245. Release Complete .

100

5

Q.932 Facility ITU H.450.. Q.932 Notify , . , , . TCP (Transport Control Protocol). .323 . .323 H.225.0 , (call reference). . , , TRUE multipleCalls . , , . , Release Complete newConnectionNeeded ( ). , 3 .323 , .225.0 , , . , , TRUE maintainConnection . , ( ) . , , .225.0, . (Call Signalling Transport Address) . RAS ARQ

H.323

101

alias- . (Gatekeeper Routed Call Signalling), , (Direct Endpoint Call Signalling), . , , . , .225 . . , , . . . ARQ ACF RAS Setup ( ), ( ). Setup Call Proceeding, , , , , . Alerting, , . , Connect H.245 , , H.245 , . , , , H.245 Call Proceeding Alerting.

102

5

5.4.3. H.245 ITU-T H.245 . .245. ( ) , . .245 TCP , .245 . , , , . .245 : , , . -, -. -, , . - , - , , . .245, . , , , , . masterSlaveDetermination, terminalType , , statusDeterminationNumber [0(224-1)]. , terminalType, statusDeterminationNumber. masterSlaveDetermination masterSlaveDeterminationAck, , , . , ,

H.323

103

, , TerminalCapabilitySet, , , , . , , , . TerminalCapabilitySet capabilityTable , / . , , G.723.1, 1, , G.728, 2, , H.263, 3 . . alternativeCapabilitySet. ( ) , . , {G.711, G.723.1, G.728} , , . , simultaneousCapabilities. (capabilityDescriptor), (capabilityDescriptorNumber). , , . , , ITU .245, nonStandartParameter. TerminalCapabilitySet , , , . .323 TerminalCapabilitySet, , . EmptyCapabilitySet (

104

5

), . , TerminalCapabilitySet, TerminalCapabilitySetAck. TerminalCapabilitySetReject. . , , H.323, , . .245 : (uni-directional) Uni-directional Logical Signalling, .. , (bi-directional) Bi-directional Logical Signalling , . openLogicalChannel , , . RTP (Real Time Protocol), openLogicalChannel mediaControlChannel RTCP (Real Time Control Protocol), RTP . , , , openLogicalChannelReject, openLogicalChannel openLogicalChannelAck. openLogicalChannelConfirm, openLogicalChannelAck , . CloseLogicalChannel, , , , , . endSessionCommand. , H.245.

H.323

105

H.245. , RTP , , H.222.0 H.223. , H.323 , , . . H.245 RTP-. , H.245, RTP . , H.245 RTP- . , / . , , .. H.245 , H.245. / , H.245, RTP -. , , . . H.323, , , MiltiplexedStreamCapability, H.323. controlOnMuxStream MultiplexedStreamCapability , H.245, RTP. controlOnMuxStream

106

5

, capabilityOnMuxStream. capabilityOnMuxStream, , H.245 RTP . , controlOnMuxStream , capabilityOnMuxStream. . openLogicalChannel dataType MultiplexedStreamCapability miltiplexParameters h2250LogicalChannelParameters. MultiplexedStreamCapability controlOnMuxStream=1, , .. reverseLogicalChanelParameters. . , , (, AL3 H.223). multiplexFormat h223Capability controlOnMuxStream, . - . openLogicalChannel dataType multiplexParameters, (, h223logicalChannelParameters). controlOnMuxStream , H.245 H.245, . .222.0, resourceID h2220LogicalChannelParameters , . , H.223 , . closeLogicalChannel, , openLogicalChannel.

H.323

107

, controlOnMuxStream, , closeLogicalChannel. controlOnMuxStream , , . H.323 . , H.323 QSIG, ISUP DSS1. , , .323 NGN. T.38 H.323. 3 H.323 , , . Store & Forward . , H.323 T.38 IP . H.323, , T.38. T.38 Fast connect. ( ) , . 5.8. . .38 TCP UDP. , TCP , . UDP. , , -, . H.323 . H.323 , V.150.1 H.323. H.245, MPS (Multiple Payload Streams).

108

5

. 5.8.

H.245 RTP-, , ( , , DTMF, ..).

5.5. , 5.5.1. , H.323 : A. . B. / . C. . D. , , . E. .

H.323

109

Softswitch, . . 5.9. [8]. ARQ alias- , ACF , (Gatekeper routed call signaling), . Setup. Setup Call Proceeding, , . Setup Call Proceeding. , ARQ, ACF ARJ. Alerting, . , , . Release Complete. , Connect H.245 . H.245 Connect , .245. , Setup H.245 , Call Proceeding Alerting, H.245 . H.245 . , , .

110

5

1

2

ARQ

ACFSetup

Call Proceeding

SetupCall ProceedingARQ

AlertingConnect

ACF/ARJAlertingConnectTerminalCapabilitySetTerminalCapabilitySetTerminalCapabilitySetACK TerminalCapabilitySetACKMSDMSD MSDAckMSDAck OpenLogicalChannelOpenLogicalChannelOpenLogicalChannelAckOpenLogicalChannelAck

EndSessionCommandEndSessionCommandRelease Complete

DRQ

Release CompleteDRQDCF

DCF

C .245 C RAS C . 5.9.

H.323

111

TerminalCapabilitySet, . , TerminalCapabilitySet , . , TerminalCapabilitySet , TerminalCapabilitySetAck. / , , , , , . masterSlaveDetermination. masterSlaveDetermination masterSlaveDeterminationAck, , , . , MasterSlave Determination, : , masterSlaveDetermination masterSlaveDeterminationAck, masterSlaveDeterminationAck. . ( ) openLogicalChannel , , . , openLogicalChannel mediaControlChannel RTCP, RTP-. openLogicalChannel openLogicalChannelAck, , RTP-, RTCP. . , RTP/UDP/IP, RTP- ,

112

5

RTP- . RTCP RTP-. . , , , H.245 endSessionCommand, , . endSessionCommand, .245 . , , Release Complete. , endSessionCommand , , , endSessionCommand. , , Release Complete, . . RAS DRQ, DCF, .

5.5.2. , .245. .245 , . .245 h245Control h323_uu_pdu Q.931. .245, TRUE h245Tunnelling, Setup Q.931. , Setup h245Tunnelling TRUE , TRUE h245Tunnelling , Setup, Q.931.

H.323

113

, , h245Tunnelling, Setup, FALSE. H.245.

5.5.3. , H.323, Fast Connect. Fast Connect, Setup c fastStart. OpenLogicalChannel. OpenLogicalChannel forwardLogicalChannelParameters reverseLogicalChannelParameters, , , OpenLogicalChannel . , , forwardLogicalChannelParameters. , , RTCP. forwardLogicalChannelParameters , , reverseLogicalChannelParameters , RTP, , RTCP. fastStart OpenLogicalChannel, , . Fast Connect, , .245 H.245 . fastStart , Setup, Connect . H.245. , Setup fastStart Fast Connect, fastStart Q.931, Setup,8. ..

114

5

Connect . fastStart OpenLogicalChannel, , . OpenLogicalChannel forwardLogicalChannelParameters , RTP RTCP . OpenLogicalChannel forwardLogicalChannelParameters, , reverseLogicalChannelParameters RTCP . Q.931 fastStart. , , Setup . Q.931 fastStart, Setup, . Connect, TRUE mediaWaitForConnect, Setup. , Fast Connect, Q.931, fastStart. Release Complete, . , Fast Connect , H.245, Q.931 h245Address. Fast Connect . , . , .323 IP- , Softswitch .

6 , , , .

6.1. MGCP Megaco/H.248 H.323 SIP. - (master-slave) . . 3 VoIP TDM ( , , , ..). , IP, . , IP- . IP-, . ,

116

6

VoIP, , . , SIP .323, VoIP, , . , 7 , ; 7 TDM. , : ( Softswitch) ( Softswitch ), . 6.1, .1.1, 1. , Softswitch, Softswitch , , , Softswitch. Softswitch . Softswitch , , RTP IP , . 6.1.

Softswitch

Softswitch

MG

RTP- IP-

MG

. 6.1.

IP-

117

Megaco ( ) , : Media Gateway, , , , IP, .. RTP/UDP/IP, ; Media Gateway Controller (Softswitch, Call Agent), ; Signaling Gateway, , , , .., , STP 7. Softswitch, , . Softswitch, , . , MGCP Megaco Softswitch ; H.323 SIP, BICC, 8. Sigtran IETF ( ) Softswitch , 7 ( TP) , , Softswitch. (), , . , MGCP, , .. Softswitch , . , . ,

118

6

Softswitch, . : Trunking Gateway IP-, ( 10 ) 7; Voice over ATM Gateway -; Residential Gateway , IP- : , xDSL ; IAD; Access Gateway ; ; Business Gateway IP- , , DSS1. Megaco, .

6.2. Telcordia, Bellcore, SGCP (Simple Gateway Control Protocol). Level 3 IDCP (IP Device Control Protocol), IPDC (IP Device Control). MGCP (. 6.2). MGCP RFC 2705, . , Megaco, MGCP , , Megaco/H.248. Megaco/H.248 IETF SG 16 ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector).

119

IPDC (Level 3)

SGCP (Bellcore)

1998

MDCP (Lucent)

MGCP (RFC 2705)

1999

H.GCP (ITU-T)

Megaco/H.248 (RFC 2885, RFC 3015 IETF + ITU-T SG16) MGCP Megaco/H.248

2000

. 6.2.

Megaco/H.248 : IETF Megaco ( ), ITU H.248. Megaco/H.248 RFC 2885. , , RFC 2886, . RFC RFC 3015, RFC 2885 1 Megaco. Megaco/H.248 MGCP NGN. , MGCP , .

6.3. MGCP6.3.1. MGCP Megaco (Connection model). : , Endpoints, Connections. , Endpoints, (, ) , / . ,

120

6

(POTS). , , , . , , , , . , , . , . IP- . , RTP/IP. , , 64 / (DS0). DS0 , , IP- . DS0 , IP-, DS0 IP IP- . MGCP . , . IP- , . , / . . 6.3 . , . . 6.3 () MGCP. . 6.3 64 /, , , E1 (2.048 /). DS0 , G.711. 64 / , , D- ISDN. , Call agent . . 6.3 , .

121

( 64 /)

)

N

( )

)

1

) ,

IVR )

1

L

) ,

2

)

1

)

( )

) -

K

. 6.3.

, , , , , , . IP. .6.3 . , , . , IP, -

122

6

IP, . (IVR) . 6.3 IVR, , . . 6.3 , , . . 6.3 - , . () , - (), . . 6.3 , . . ATM . 6.3 ( ) ATM , VoIP Voice over ATM . . , , . , X/Y X/Y/Z, Y X, Z Y. , 3. 64 / , 3 (X), 1 3 (Y) (Z) 1. 64 / 12 6 3 3, : trunk3/6/12@gateway.niits.ru. , $ ( ) *

123

( ). , 1 3 , : trunk2/3/$@gateway.niits.ru. , Softswitch , . $ . * Call agent , , , Call agent . MGC , , . 6.4 .( 1) EP1. 6.4.

(C1) . . .

. . . (C2)

EP2

( 2)

, MGCP

6.3.2. MGCP MGCP , Softswitch , Softswitch. . 6.1. MGCP , , , . , ASCII. , MGCP . MGCP , . , Softswitch ( CRCX), . , NotificationRequest, CreateConnection. , . , Softswitch MG DTMF, . NotificationRequest, -

124

6

DTMF , CreateConnection, . MGCP . , , . MGCP UDP. 6.1. K EndpointConfiguration (K ) CreateConnection ( ) ModifyConnection ( ) DeleteConnection ( ) NotificationRequest ( ) Notify () MGCP EPCF Softswitch MG Softswitch , Softswitch Softswitch Softswitch Softswitch , Softswitch , , NotificationRequest Softswitch - Softswitch Softswitch ,

CRCX MDCX

Softswitch MG Softswitch MG

DLCX RQNT

Softswitch MG, MG Softswitch Softswitch MG

NTFY

MG Softswitch

AuditEndpoint ( ) AuditConnection ( ) ReStartInProgress ( )

AUEP

Softswitch MG Softswitch MG MG Softswitch

AUCX RSIP

MGCP , (session description). . . , , CRCX 1204 ts/1@skri.niits.ru MGCP 0.1, .

125

, . (. 6.1). . MGCP : , TransactionIdentifier. , . 1 999999999, . , , Notify ReStartInProgress, , . , ( RFC 821). , ts/1@skri.niits.ru, ( ) skri, niits. , MGCP 1.0. , , , . MGCP . 6.2. , . , . . . . , . , , MGCP , MGCP ( , , F).

126 6.2. ResponseAck ( ) BearerInformation ( ) ReasonCode (K ) K K MGCP

6

B

. , K: 6234-6255, 6257, 19030-19044 , 6234 6255, 6257 19030 19044 A

CallID ( ) ConnectionID ( ) NotifiedEntity ( )

C

I

N

RequestIdentifier ( ) LocalConnection Options ( ) ConnectionMode ( ) RequestedEvents ( )

X

L

: 000 , 900 901 902 (, ) , . 32 , , . , , . , RFC 821, , MGC@alex.niits.ru:5625 Alex@[128.23.0.4]. IP-, , Softswitch, , Notify , , K/c, , . Softswitch , CRCX : , , /, , , , , . Softswitch , Softswitch, . : Softswitch ; ; DTMF, DigitMap; ; Endpoint Configuration, .

M

R

. 6.2. SignalRequests ( ) DigitMap ( ) K S

127

D

ObservedEvents ( ) ConnectionParameters ( ) SpecifiedEndPointID ( ) RequestedInfo ( ) QuarantineHandling (K )

O P Z F

, , , DTMF. , , , RFC821, , EndPoint@alex.niits.ru:1234 , Softswitch , , , , (quarantine period), Softswitch , , Softswitch , , , , ; Softswitch AuditEndpoint . : graceful, forced, restart, disconnected or cancel-graceful . , . Softswitch Softswitch . : , , , , , , , .

Q

DetectEvents ( ) EventStates (, )

T

ES

RestartMethod ( )

RM

RestartDelay ( )

RD

Capabilities ( )

A

128

6

6.3.3. MGCP . MGCP . , , , . (SP), / (CRLF). : 0XX ( 000 099) , 1XX ( 100 199) ; , 2XX ( 200 299) , 4XX ( 400 499) - , 5XX ( 500 599) - , 8XX ( 800 899) . . 6.3 MGCP. , , . TransactionId , . TransactionId, . , MGCP, MGCP. . , LocalConnectionOptions CRCX, CRCX. , . , , , , . . SNMP.

6.3. K 100 200 250 400 401 402 403 404 500 501 502 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 MGCP

129

, - - K , K , K , K - K , K , K , K , K , , K K , Call Agent LocalConnectionOptions LocalConnectionOptions LocalConnectionOptions CAS () LocalConnectionOptions RestartMethod / (, , , .) LocalConnectionOptions

9. ..

130

6

6.3.4. SDP Softswitch , , . MGCP IP-, UDP/RTP-, , .. MGCP SDP (Session Description Protocol), 4. SDP . : SDP v=0; IP- IP-, RTP, MGCP, , , , ; m ( ), , RTP ( MGCP) ( ), RTP ; : sendonly , recvonly , sendrecv , inactive , , loopback conttest . , SDP . , MGCP , SDP. SDP:

131

v=0 c = IN IP4 212.18.62.1 m = audio 1234 RTP/AVP 0 : SDP, 0, IP, 4, IP 212.18.62.1, , RTP, RTP 1234, G.711, . MGCP , Megaco/H.248, .

6.4. Megaco/H.2486.4.1. Megaco/H.248 IETF Megaco (MEdia GAteway COntrol Protocol), ITU H.248. Megaco/.248 MGCP. MGCP, MG, , , , , MGC Softswitch, MG. , , . Megaco/H.248 UDP, TCP, SCTP . UDP , TCP , , SCTP, , . Megaco/H.248 , . IETF , SDP. - ABNF (Augmented Backus-Naur Form), 2 [4]. , ITU-T ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One), ITU-T X.680 1997 ,

132

6

TLV (--), [3]. , Megaco/.248 , , , IETF, ABNF, ITU, ASN.1. , , ( ), . H.248/Megaco , Softswitch , , IAD . , , , ( ) . Megaco MGCP, , , . , Megaco, ASN.1. MGCP Megaco/H.248 . -, Softswitch , , , , . , , , MGCP Megaco . , . 6.4.2. Megaco , MGCP. Megaco : (termination) (context). ()

133

IAD, , (endpoint) MGCP. ; , , , , .. . , , MGCP, , . , Megaco, Residential Gateway, (), (, ), , RTP-, . , .. . (null). , , . 6.4.3. (Terminations), , , , , , . , . . , , . , IP- (, RTP-), . Softswitch Add Subtract, Add Subtract, , . . , , , , 64 /. , Megaco, , Softswitch MG.

134

6

, TerminationID, . . , E1 . , Root. wildcard: ALL CHOOSE. , . , (properties), propertyID. , , , DTMF. , Megaco/.248 . . 6.4.5 . Megaco/.248 , . 6.4.6. , , , Softswitch . / . 6.4.4. (Context) , . , . , , , . . , , , . ( ) . Add. Add , , Add . .

135

Move, Subtract. Subtract , . : ContextID, ( ), ( 16 ), ( ). , . 6.4.5. Megaco/H.248 , . , Softswitch MG, Notify ServiceChange. 8 . Add (). Softswitch . Add , , . TerminationID, ($), MG . Modify () Softswitch . Modify , . Subtract () . , . . RTP- , , .. Subtract DLCX MGCP. Move () . , Add Subtract, . .

136

6

AuditValue ( ) Softswitch , , . AuditCapabilities ( ) Softswitch , , . , AuditValue. , AuditValue , AuditCapabilities , . , AuditValue , , AuditCapabilities , . Notify () MG , Softswitch , . , , Softswitch MG, , Modify. , , RequestedID, Softswitch . ServiceChange ( ) MG Softswitch . , Softswitch Softswitch. Softswitch MG, , MG ServiceChange Softswitch . 6.4.6. Megaco/H.248 , . / . , . , , . , , . : Descriptorname={parm=value, parm=value, }

137

, Modem, , , . : V.18 ( ), V.22 (1200 /), V.22bis (2400 /), V.32 (9600 /), V.32bis (14400 /), V.34 (33600 /), V.90 (56 /), V.91 (64 /) ISDN. . , . , Add Modify Softswitch MG. Megaco RFC 3015, 2 , . .., , . , Mux, . : H.211, H.223, H.226. V.76 Nx64K. , Media, (-). , , , , , - . , , , , . : , TerminationState, : ServiceStates EventBufferControl, , - . ServiceStates , . : , . , , , , . .

138

6

EventBufferControl , . , Softswitch , EventsDescriptor. EventsDescriptor , , EventBufferControl off () lockstep ( ). off, . lockstep, FIFO ( , ). EventsDescriptor, , . EventBufferControl Term inationStateDescriptor Softswitch EventsDescriptor . . , Stream. LocalControlDescriptor, LocalDescriptor RemoteDescriptor StreamID. StreamID MG Softswitch, , . StreamID . StreamID . ReserveGroup ReserveValue LocalControlDescriptor false. LocalControlDescriptor -, , Mode, ReserveGroup ReserveValue. Mode () : , , /, . . , . . , , . Softswitch , (

139

), Softswitch MG, . MG Softswitch , , Softswitch. ReserveValue ReserveGroup , , Softswitch LocalDescriptor RemoteDescriptor. LocalDescriptor RemoteDescriptor / . , SDP : G.711 A- G.729. ReserveGroup true (), MG . ReserveValue , , . LocalDescriptor RemoteDescriptor SDP, , . SDP Megaco SDP, RFC 2327. , s=, t= o= , ($) , , . LocalDescriptor, RemoteDescriptor . , Events, RequestIdentifier , MG ( , .). RequestIdentifier . Softswitch. , EventControlBuffer ( TerminationStateDescriptor), . , Softswitch, EventBufferDescriptor. , Signals, , . . , , ,

140

6

. : On/off (on) , (off), Timeout , , , R1.5. , . , Audit Descriptor, , MG Softswitch. , . : , , , ObservedEvents, DigitMap, EventBuffer. ServiceChangeDescriptor ServiceChange , , , . ServiceChangeMethod, : Graceful, Forced, Restart, Disconnected, Handoff, Failover (, , , , , ). Graceful . Forced , . Restart ,