Solar Thermal Developments in Australia - Pointfocuspointfocus.com/images/pdfs/w_stein.pdfgood53p.pdf · Solar Thermal Developments in Australia ... Stirling or Brayton cycle

ENERGYENERGYENERGYENERGY TECHNOLOGY

Australia and EuropePartnerships for Sustainable Energy R&D

Solar Thermal Developments in Australia

Wesley Stein

Sponsored by The Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (ATSE) and

CSIRO, Australia's National R&D organisation.

30 June 2002


DriversDriversDriversDrivers

• Renewable and sustainable energy incentives

• Solar is pure green• Abundance of solar energy resource• Compatibility with both existing and

advanced energy technologies• Distributed or large scale centralised• New investment opportunity


Australia’s Mandatory Australia’s Mandatory Australia’s Mandatory Australia’s Mandatory Renewable Energy TargetRenewable Energy TargetRenewable Energy TargetRenewable Energy Target

• 9500GWh/yr of renewable energy required by 2010

0

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10000

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Year

GW

h


Australia’s Mandatory Australia’s Mandatory Australia’s Mandatory Australia’s Mandatory Renewable Energy TargetRenewable Energy TargetRenewable Energy TargetRenewable Energy Target

• 9500GWh/yr of renewable energy required by 2010

• Liability on electricity retailers• Certificate trading system• $40/MWh penalty for non-compliance

11001400

1950

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1950 1950

1950

1950

1950

17001700

170019502200

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Solar Global Radiation > 2200 kWh/m²a very good qualified

Qualification for Solar Electricity Generation

Solar Global Radiation > 1950 kWh/m²a good qualified

Global Solar Radiation


Solar thermal technologiesSolar thermal technologiesSolar thermal technologiesSolar thermal technologies

• Solar hot water• Solar tower• Solar ponds• Solar-assisted chilling• Solar steam/ Rankine cycle• Solar dish - Stirling or Brayton cycle• Central Receivers• Solar reforming or dissociation


Solar thermal/biomass Solar thermal/biomass Solar thermal/biomass Solar thermal/biomass hybridshybridshybridshybrids

• Bioenergy and solar thermal both utilise the same thermodynamic cycles

• Each fuel offers advantages to the other• Solar unlimited, biomass low cost

(sometimes)• No exotic material breakthroughs

required• Transitional

Solar Tower ProjectSolar Tower Project



ENERGY LOSSES UNDER TYPICAL OPERATION at 475degC, 900W/m2

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Inso

latio

n

Inte

rcep

ted

by re

c

Stea

m p

rodu

ced

@re

c

Del

iver

ed a

t LR

J

Del

iver

ed a

t Eng

ine

Gro

ss e

ngin

e ou

tput

Net

eng

ine

outp

ut

kW

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Perc

enta

ge

Energy, kWPercentage

0

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100

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350

0 100 200 300 400

Solar direct radiation into dish aperture, kW

Ther

mal

pow

er o

utpu

t, kW

th

Measured data, 480oC

Model data for improved dish

SOLAR COLLECTOR PERFORMANCE DATA

Wesley Stein, March 2000


The Dish and CollectorThe Dish and CollectorThe Dish and CollectorThe Dish and Collector



MultiMultiMultiMulti----tower solar arraytower solar arraytower solar arraytower solar array(University of Sydney)(University of Sydney)(University of Sydney)(University of Sydney)

ReceiverInsolationReceiver

Reflector orientation patterns set up to allow avoidance of blocking of reflected radiation under close packing. This diagram applies schematically to the MTSA along two axes. Courtesy of Philippe Schramek and David Mills.

CARNOT CYCLE EFFICIENCY AND SOLAR CONCENTRATION RATIO

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200Temperature, deg C

Car

notc

ycle

effi

cien

cy

10

100

1000

10000

Sola

r con

cent

ratio

n ra

tio,A

a/Ar

1


Gas Turbine

Steam Turbine

Condenser

Solar Field

SolarSteamGenerator

Fuel

Heat RecoverySteam Generator

Stack

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

% heat transferred

Tem

pera

ture

, o C

Single pressure

Dual pressure

Infinite pressure stages (evaporation external to HRB)

Flue gas profile

20%

22%

24%

26%

28%

30%

32%

34%

36%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

% of peak solar steam input

Inte

rnal

and

ove

rall

stea

m

cycl

e ef

ficie

ncy

73%

74%

75%

76%

77%

78%

79%

80%

81%

82%

HRB

effic

ienc

y

Internal steam cycle efficiency* Overall steam cycle efficiency*HRB efficiency

Solar topping/ solar evaporation performance with increasing solar input

Wesley Stein, March 2000



Process heat

Organic Rankine cycle

Chiller

Reverse cycle air conditioning

Electricity

CO/TRI-GENERATION FOR DISTRIBUTED ENERGY APPLICATIONS

Solar gas or Solar HTFpreheated air


ThermochemicalThermochemical Energy Energy StorageStorage

NH3 + 66.8kJ/mol 1/2N2 + 3/2H2

H2 / N2gas

liquidNH3

Heat Exchangers

Power Generation(Steam Cycle)

Ammonia Synthesis(Exothermic Reactor)

Ammonia Dissociation(Endothermic Reactor)

Separation and Storage


Towards Sustainable Towards Sustainable Towards Sustainable Towards Sustainable Energy Energy Energy Energy –––– CSIRO solar CSIRO solar CSIRO solar CSIRO solar reformingreformingreformingreforming

• Aim: demonstrate a solar thermal –fossil energy hybrid concept for high efficiency / low CO2 power generation and appropriate for Australian conditions


Project DriversProject DriversProject DriversProject Drivers• Deregulation of electricity and gas supply industries

• Move towards smaller-scale power generation based on gas

• By 2010 an additional 9,500 GWh pa to be sourced from newrenewable energy

• Introduction of renewable energy accreditation schemes by which electricity generated from renewable sources attracts a premium

• Legislation requiring distributors to sell electricity with reduced Greenhouse gas emissions

• Need for Greenhouse gas mitigation strategies to go beyond more efficient fossil energy technologies and fuel substitution


Project DriversProject DriversProject DriversProject Drivers (cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)• No exotic material breakthroughs required

• Thermal and chemical processes well understood

• Simple integration with existing thermodynamic cycles and energyprocesses

• Coincidence of high levels of solar and gas

• Storage of solar energy in chemical form


Operational Modes / Operational Modes / Operational Modes / Operational Modes / Products 1Products 1Products 1Products 1• Green syngas for electricity generation• Production of synthesis gas as precursor

for gas-to-liquids production (potential “bottled sunshine”)

• Closed loop heat generation (methanation) (zero GHG emission)


The ConceptThe ConceptThe ConceptThe Concept

Fossil Fuel (CH4)

Water

water

CO/H2/CO2 H2/CO2 H2 - fuel

CO2 to disposal / sequestration

• Fuel cells• Gas turbines• Cogeneration etc

CH4 + H2O(l l l l ) + 250 KJ CO + 3H2

CO + H2O(l l l l ) H2 + CO2 + 3 KJ

Solar Thermal

Fuel Reforming

Solar Thermal

Water GasShift

Conversion

CO2Recovery

Advanced Power

Generation~


Operational Modes / Operational Modes / Operational Modes / Operational Modes / Products 2Products 2Products 2Products 2• Hydrogen production with CO2

capture/sequestration• Fuel cell electricity generation from

hydrogen• Hydrogen for refining of heavier crude

oils


The ConceptThe ConceptThe ConceptThe Concept

Fossil Fuel (CH4)

Water

water

CO/H2/CO2 H2/CO2 H2 - fuel

CO2 to disposal / sequestration

• Fuel cells• Gas turbines• Cogeneration etc

CH4 + H2O(l l l l ) + 250 KJ CO + 3H2

CO + H2O(l l l l ) H2 + CO2 + 3 KJ

Solar Thermal

Fuel Reforming

Solar Thermal

Water GasShift

Conversion

CO2Recovery

Advanced Power

Generation~


The CSIRO Demonstration The CSIRO Demonstration The CSIRO Demonstration The CSIRO Demonstration FacilityFacilityFacilityFacility

• A 107m2 twin axis tracking solar dish

• Catalytic gas reforming reactors

• Receiver and flux modifier at focal point

• Absorption-based H2/CO2 separation units

• A 10 kWe polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (unavailable)

• Complete integrated operation has been successfully demonstrated - H2 has CO levels low enough for PEM fuel cell operation


The Dish and CollectorThe Dish and CollectorThe Dish and CollectorThe Dish and Collector

CSIRO MARK 2 SOLAR REFORMERWATER

PRODUCTGAS

NATURAL GAS / CO2

SOLAR ENERGY

112 MIRROR PANELS48 ACTIVE MIRRORS

43.2kW (900W/m2) INCIDENT ON MIRROR SURFACE AREA

40.6kW REFLECTED FROM 48 ACTIVE MIRRORS

94% DISH REFLECTIVITY

8.6kW LOST BY ABSORPTIONOR RERADIATION

32.0kW USEDFOR REFORMING

SS20TDISH

FEEDNATURAL GAS(95.7kW HHV)

PRODUCT GAS(120.2kW HHV)

11.9 kW RECOVERED IN PRODUCT GASTHROUGH WATER PREHEATING

FEEDWATER

7.5kW LOST TO STEAMAND SENSIBLE HEAT IN PRODUCT GAS

PREDICTED THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CSIRO MARK II SOLAR REFORMER WITH 900W/M2 DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY

Methane conversion @ 850C, 1MPa and steam-to-methane molar ratio of 2.5 = 87.1%Solar-to-chemical energy conversion (HHV)= 60.3%Increase in chemical energy of feed natural gas (HHV) = 25.6%


Future Plans & Outlook for Future Plans & Outlook for Future Plans & Outlook for Future Plans & Outlook for CSIRO solar reformingCSIRO solar reformingCSIRO solar reformingCSIRO solar reforming• Commercial prospects being evaluated

• Demonstration facility establishing proof of concept being pursued

• Appropriate solar concentrator is required

• Industrial partners being sought to move into a commercial implementation phase


0

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1,000

1,200

1,400

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19Equivalent gas price, $/GJ

Tota

l ins

talle

d co

st o

f sol

ar a

rray,

$/m

2(ap

ertu

re)

6000MJ/m2, 0% O&M

4000MJ/m2, 3% O&M

5000MJ/m2, 3% O&M

6000MJ/m2, 3% O&M

4000MJ/m2, 0% O&M

Estimated costs for Tennant Creek

25 yr life, 7% discount rateGas boiler avge efficiency = 83%0%/yr gas price escalation

5000MJ/m2, 0% O&M

Greenhouse gas emissions

12 21 15 18 1684

442

980

0

200

400

600

800

1000

SEGS Parabolic Trough

Dish/Stirling

PHOEBUS Power Tower

Solar Tower

Wind Turbine

Photovoltaics

Combined Cycle

Coal Plant (Australia Ø )G

reen

hous

e G

as e

mis

sion

s in

CO

2 eq

uiva

lent

s

[g/kWhel]

Source: Weinrebe, G.: ”Greenhouse Gas Mitigation with Solar Thermal Power Plants”, Proceedings of the PowerGen Europe 1999 Conference, Frankfurt, Germany, June 1-3

International International International International OpportunitiesOpportunitiesOpportunitiesOpportunities

ABENGOA

Solel

KfW FICHTNER

EEA/NREA

KJCSMA

World BankBECHTEL

ONE NEPCO

LOCATIONLOCATION TYPETYPE s olar MWs olar MWAus traliaAus tralia CLFRCLFR FresnelFres nel 1313CreteCrete SEGSSEGS TroughTrough 5252EgyptEgypt ISCCSISCCS TroughTrough 30-8030-80IndiaIndia ISCCSISCCS TroughTrough 3535IranIran ISCCS/SEGSISCCS/SEGS TroughTrough 30-8030-80JordanJordan PHOEBUSPHOEBUS TowerTower 3030MexicoMexico ISCCSISCCS TroughTrough 30-8030-80MoroccoMorocco ISCCS/SEGSISCCS/SEGS TroughTrough 30-8030-80SpainSpain SEGS, SP10SEGS, SP10 Trough,Tower Trough,Tower 10-5010-50USAUSA SEGSSEGS TroughTrough 354354

BOEING DukeSolarGamesa

Ghersa

AGOESTIAEuropean Solar Thermal Power Industry Association

Slide courtesy of:


Where to from here?Where to from here?Where to from here?Where to from here?

• A number of technology types opening up many different opportunities.

• Major hurdle at present is capital cost of the collector / concentrator.

• Apart from mirrors, manufacturing and civil works similar to wind turbines so could follow same cost reduction curve.

• Opportunity to link the best technologies of Europe and Australia to produce flexible solar thermal driven packages that can be customised for specific applications.


Required stepsRequired stepsRequired stepsRequired steps

• Demonstration plants at pre-commercial level are critical. Problem-free operation is possibly more crucial to technology confidence than cost at this time.

• Such plants should be installed in hybrid configurations (with reliable back-up fuel such as gas) and in parallel so that seamless operation can be demonstrated

• They should operate in a commercial environment (whether or not they are producing commercially-competitive energy) so that real experience is gained and investors see real solutions emerging


Collaborative opportunitiesCollaborative opportunitiesCollaborative opportunitiesCollaborative opportunities• Alliance with European partners sought

for various aspects• Collaboration could be:

– Technical R&D– Modelling– Product development– Product demonstration and testing


Collaborative opportunitiesCollaborative opportunitiesCollaborative opportunitiesCollaborative opportunities• Some immediate areas of interest:

– Solar/gas hybrid Brayton cycle– Solar thermal supplementation of distributed

generation plants, especially cogen and trigen– Solar steam Rankine cycle integration– Solar reformed methane– Solar biomass hybrids

• Work also required on associated equipment, for example:– Small heat engines utilising medium temperature

steam– Organic Rankine Cycles– Absorption cycle chilling


THANK YOUTHANK YOUTHANK YOUTHANK YOU

Mark 2 Solar Cavity Receiver Predicted Performance (No dish louvers) with Reformer @ 850C & 1000kPa, LT WGS @215C, Solar Energy @43kW (900W/m2), Gas Engine Efficiency = 40% & Fuell Cell Efficiency = 60%

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50

Water-to-Methane Molar Ratio

Ove

rall

Sola

r-To-

Elec

trica

l Ene

rgy

Conv

ersi

on (L

HV),

%

0.0

15.0

30.0

45.0

60.0

Sola

r-To-

Chem

ical

Ene

rgy

conv

ersi

on (L

HV),

%

Overall Conversionwith Heat Recovery @300C,

LT WGS@215C & Fuel Cell Unit

Overall Conversionwith Heat Recovery@200C

& Gas Engine

CO2/CH4ratio

= 0

= 1.0= 0.5

Chemical energyconversion (LHV)reforming only

Chemical energyconversion (LHV)

with LT WGS

Mark 2 Solar Cavity Receiver Predicted Performance (No dish louvers) with Reformer @ 850C & 1000kPa, LT WGS @215C, Solar Energy @43kW (900W/m2), Gas Engine Efficiency = 40% & Fuell Cell Efficiency = 60%

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50


Ove

rall

Sola

r-To-

Elec

trica

l Ene

rgy

Conv

ersi

on,

%

10.0

35.0

60.0

85.0

110.0

Feed

nat

ural

gas

(LHV

), kW

Conversion with Heat Recovery @300C,LT WGS@215C & Fuel Cell Unit

Conversionwith Heat Recovery@200C

& Gas Engine

CO2/CH4ratio

= 0

= 1.0= 0.5

Feed natural gas (LHV)reforming only

Feed natural gas (LHV)with LT WGS

Mark 2 Solar Cavity Receiver Predicted Performance (No dish louvers) with Reformer @ 850C & 1000kPa, LT WGS @215C and Solar Energy @43kW (900W/m2)

10.0

20.0

30.0

1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50


Incr

ease

in c

hem

ical

ene

rgy

(LHV

), kW

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

Feed

nat

ural

gas

(LHV

), kW

Feed natural gas (LHV)reforming only

CO2/CH4ratio

= 0

= 1.0= 0.5

Increase in Chemical Energy (LHV) with Heat Recovery @300C,

LT WGS@215C & Fuel Cell Unit

Increase in Chemical Energy (LHV)with Heat Recovery@200C

& Gas Engine

Feed natural gas (LHV)with LT WGS

112 MIRROR PANELS48 ACTIVE MIRRORS

43.2kW (900W/m2) INCIDENT ON MIRROR SURFACE AREA

40.6kW REFLECTED FROM 48 ACTIVE MIRRORS

94% DISH REFLECTIVITY

8.6kW LOST BY ABSORPTIONOR RERADIATION

32.0kW USEDFOR REFORMING

SS20TDISH

FEEDNATURAL GAS(86.4kW LHV)

PRODUCT GAS(105.6kW LHV)

11.9 kW RECOVERED IN PRODUCT GASTHROUGH WATER PREHEATING

FEEDWATER

7.5kW LOST TO STEAMAND SENSIBLE HEAT IN PRODUCT GAS

PREDICTED THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CSIRO MARK II SOLAR REFORMER WITH 900W/M2 DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY

Methane conversion @ 850C, 1MPa and steam-to-methane molar ratio of 2.5 = 87.1%Solar-to-chemical energy conversion (LHV) = 47.4%Increase in chemical energy of feed natural gas (LHV) = 22.3%

Documents

Solar Thermal Developments in Australia - Pointfocuspointfocus.com/images/pdfs/w_stein.pdfgood53p.pdf · Solar Thermal Developments in Australia ... Stirling or Brayton cycle