SOLUTIONS

Matter

MixturePure Substance

YES NO

YES NO

Homogeneous Mixture

(Solutions)

Heterogeneous Mixture

NO

Element Compounds or Molecules

Are the particles one kind of atom?

Are all the particles alike?

Are the particles well-mixed and mixed evenly?

YES

For something to dissolve in water, the water molecules need to break the bonds between the solute molecules

very small particles evenly distributedoften difficult to separateexamples: metal alloys, milk, salt water,

Kool Aid®

Solutions (homogeneous mixture)

the substance that is dissolved is called the solutethe substance that does the dissolving is the

solventa substance that dissolves in another substance is

soluble; if it can’t, it is insolublesolubility describes the amount of solute that can

be dissolved in a volume of solvent○ an unsaturated solution will dissolve more solute○ can not dissolve any more solute in a saturated solution

Dissolving

Acids Properties

a substance that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in solution○ the more H+ dissolved in water, the stronger the acid

can taste sourcorrosive (“eat away” metals)dehydrating agents (remove water from materials-

skin!)

Acids and Bases

Common acidssulfuric acid: most widely used

chemical in the world, car batteries, production of fertilizers

phosphoric acid: make fertilizers and detergents

nitric acid: fertilizers and explosives

hydrochloric acid: stomach acid and to pickle (clean) metals

Bases (also called alkaline when in water)

Properties“opposite” of an acida substance that produce hydroxide ions (OH-)

in solution○ the more OH- dissolved in water, the stronger

the basefeel slippery (soap)may taste bitter

Common basesammonium hydroxide:

most common, household cleaning agent, and in fertilizers

magnesium hydroxide: laxative, antacid

sodium hydroxide: drain and oven cleaner

Measuring Acid/Base Strength pH scale

each increase or decrease is 10X change in concentration

indicators are chemicals that change color in an acid or base

Neutralization the chemical reaction between an acid and

base that produces “a salt” and wateracid + base → salt + water

○ HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O