SOLUTIONS
Matter
MixturePure Substance
YES NO
YES NO
Homogeneous Mixture
(Solutions)
Heterogeneous Mixture
NO
Element Compounds or Molecules
Are the particles one kind of atom?
Are all the particles alike?
Are the particles well-mixed and mixed evenly?
YES
For something to dissolve in water, the water molecules need to break the bonds between the solute molecules
very small particles evenly distributedoften difficult to separateexamples: metal alloys, milk, salt water,
Kool Aid®
Solutions (homogeneous mixture)
the substance that is dissolved is called the solutethe substance that does the dissolving is the
solventa substance that dissolves in another substance is
soluble; if it can’t, it is insolublesolubility describes the amount of solute that can
be dissolved in a volume of solvent○ an unsaturated solution will dissolve more solute○ can not dissolve any more solute in a saturated solution
Dissolving
Acids Properties
a substance that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in solution○ the more H+ dissolved in water, the stronger the acid
can taste sourcorrosive (“eat away” metals)dehydrating agents (remove water from materials-
skin!)
Acids and Bases
Common acidssulfuric acid: most widely used
chemical in the world, car batteries, production of fertilizers
phosphoric acid: make fertilizers and detergents
nitric acid: fertilizers and explosives
hydrochloric acid: stomach acid and to pickle (clean) metals
Bases (also called alkaline when in water)
Properties“opposite” of an acida substance that produce hydroxide ions (OH-)
in solution○ the more OH- dissolved in water, the stronger
the basefeel slippery (soap)may taste bitter
Common basesammonium hydroxide:
most common, household cleaning agent, and in fertilizers
magnesium hydroxide: laxative, antacid
sodium hydroxide: drain and oven cleaner
Measuring Acid/Base Strength pH scale
each increase or decrease is 10X change in concentration
indicators are chemicals that change color in an acid or base
Neutralization the chemical reaction between an acid and
base that produces “a salt” and wateracid + base → salt + water
○ HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O