Southern Boone County High School

Bill Palmer

College Anatomy The Integumentary System

College Anatomy Integument-Background

The skin that covers your body

Includes nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous (fat) glands

Dermatology is the study of the skin

Skin is reflective of overall health

Much social emphasis on skin

College Anatomy Integument-Background

The skin is our largest organ

1.5-2 square meters of skin/person

7-8% of body weight

1.5-4mm thick

Two main layersEpidermis

Dermis

College Anatomy Integument-Functions

ProtectionProtects body from trauma, scrapes

Protects body from chemicals, toxins, microbes

BUT, can absorb certain chemicals and drugs-nicotine patch

Replaces itself

Protects from UV rays

College Anatomy Integument-Functions

Prevent water lossWater resistant

Prevents unnecessary water loss

Not totally waterproof-allows some fluids to escape

College Anatomy Integument-Functions

Temperature RegulationCapillaries in skin help regulate temperature

Too Hot-blood goes to surface to coolToo Cold-blood stays internal

College Anatomy Integument-Functions

Metabolic Regulation

Epidermis makes Vitamin D3 when exposed to UV radiation

15 min of UV provides all needed D

Vitamin D converted to hormone that regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption in intestine

College Anatomy Integument-Functions

Immune Defense

Cells in epidermis attack pathogens and epidermal cancer cells

College Anatomy Integument-Functions

Sensory Reception

Large sense organ-detectsHeat

Cold

Touch

Pressure

Texture

Vibration

College Anatomy Integument-Functions

Excretion (Sweating)Sensible Perspiration-normal sweat

Cools bodyWaterSaltsUrea (nitrogen waste)

Sebaceous GlandsSecrete sebum-oil that lubricates skin and hair

College Anatomy Integument-Epidermis

Five Layers1. Stratum Basale (basal layer)

2. Stratum Spinosum (spiny layer)

3. Stratus Granulosum (granular layer)

4. Stratum Lucidum (clear layer)

5. Stratum Corneum (horny layer)

College Anatomy Integument-Epidermis

Five Layers1. Stratum Basale (basal layer)-3 cell types

Keratinocytes-Make new cells

Melanocytes-Produce pigments (brown, yellow, black) these shield cell DNA from UV rays

Tactile cells-sense pressure and produce chemicals

College Anatomy Integument-Epidermal Layers

Five Layers2. Stratum Spinosum (spiny layer)

Cells from basal layers continue to grow and specialize

Connections from cell to cell provide a spiny look to cells

Also has cells that fight infection

College Anatomy Integument-Epidermal Layers

Five Layers3. Stratus Granulosum (granular layer)

Cells mature

Cells become thinner

Have more keratin-a protein

Become less permeable

Cell begins to die

Keratin remains

College Anatomy Integument-Epidermal Layers

Five Layers4. Stratus Lucidum

Very thin (3-5 cells thick)

Found only in thick skin-palms soles

College Anatomy Integument-Epidermal Layers

Five Layers5. Stratum Corneum (horny layer)

Most superficial layer

What you see

20-30 layers of dead cells with keratin interlocked to make tough outer layer

About 2 weeks fro cells to go from basal layer to horny layer

Dead cells last about 2 weeks on skin before they are shed or washed away

College Anatomy Integument-Thickness

Skin thickness varies over body

Thick Epidermis-2 mm thickAll 5 layers

Palms, Soles

Sweat glands, no hair, or sebaceous glands

Thin epidermis-1 mm thickOnly 4 layers

College Anatomy Integument-Color

Three proteins determine colorHemoglobin-pink, red

Melanin-Yellow, red, tan, brown, black

Carotene-yellow-orange pigment

College Anatomy Integument-Color

Abnormal Skin Color/ConditionsAlbinism-No pigmentsBronzing-Gold skin due to Addison Disease (adrenal cortex of Kidney)Cyanosis-Blue skin-no oxygenErythema-redness of skinHematoma-bruiseJaundice-Yellow skin (liver problem)Pallor-Pale color

College Anatomy Integument-Color

ALBINISM

ADDISON DISEASE

CYANOSISERYTHEMA

HEMATOMA JAUNDICE

PALLOR

College Anatomy Integument-Markings

Nevus-mole, harmless, overgrowth of melanin forming cells-may become malignant due to UVB radiationFreckles-less melanin than a nevusHemangioma-abnormality due to excess blood vessels in skin

Strawberry birthmarks-Two types-may disappear in youth or persist through life

Friction Ridges (fingerprints) -allow us to pick things up

College Anatomy Integument-Markings

NEVUS

FRECKLES

HEMANGIOMA FINGERPRINT

College Anatomy Integument-Dermis

Deep to epidermis.5 to 4 mm thick Two layers (Papillary and Reticular)Contains several parts

FibersSweat glandsHair folliclesSebaceous glandsNail rootsNerve endingsMuscle tissue

College Anatomy Integument-Dermis

Papillary Layer

Supplies nutrients to epidermal layer

Sensory receptors

College Anatomy Integument-Dermis

Reticular Layer

Network of connective tissue

Accessory structures

College Anatomy Integument-Stretch marks

Weight gain, pregnancy stretch and tear the collagen in the dermis

College Anatomy Integument-Tension Lines

Places in body where collagen is organized in same direction

Can not cut across these in surgery-knee, elbow, groin

College Anatomy Integument-Nails

Nails-scale like modifications of the epidermis on fingers and toes

Made of keratin

Free-edge (whitish part)

Nail body (pinkish part)

Nail root (part in skin)

Nail bed (part skin under nail)

College Anatomy Integument-Nails

Nail Matrix-growing part of nail

Lunula-white moon shaped part of nail with thick basal layer

College Anatomy Integument-Hair

Hair-everywhere on body excepts palms and soles, lips, parts of genitalsOne hair is a pilusLanugo-fine baby hair, last trimester of pregnancy and sometimes on babies Vellus-hair at birthTerminal hair-normal adult hair

College Anatomy Integument-Hair

VELLUS HAIR

LANUGO HAIRLANUGO HAIR

TERMINAL HAIR

ADULT TERMINAL HAIR LOCATIONS

College Anatomy Integument-Hair

Hair StructureHair Bulb-swelling at the base of the hair

Hair Papilla-blood vessels and nerves

Hair Root-hair in the follicle

Hair Shaft-extends beyond the skin

College Anatomy Integument-Hair

College Anatomy Integument-Hair Functions

Protection-protect from injury and sunburn

Heat Retention-Hair on head prevents loss of heat through top of head

Facial Expressions-Eyebrows

Sensory Reception-Detect touch

Visual Identification-hair characteristics help determine sex, age, identification

Chemical Dispersal-hair helps to disperse pheromones-attract opposite sex

College Anatomy Integument-Hair Functions

Color-based on melanin in medulla of hair (CSI)

Growth-Hair grows at the rate of a .3 mm/day to 1 m

Lose 10-100 hairs/day

Captain Piccard

VERY LONG HAIR

4.2 M

College Anatomy Integument-Hair Glands

Merocrine Sweat Glands3-4 million, most in palms, soles, forehead

99% water, electrolytes, wastes

Aprocrine Sweat GlandsArmpits, nipples, groin

Contains proteins, lipids that are acted on by bacteria and produce odor

Controlled by hormones after puberty

College Anatomy Integument-Hair Glands

Sebaceous GlandsProduces oil-sebum

Keeps hair moist and flexible

Become active during puberty

Kill bacteria

Boil is a blocked duct in sebaceous gland-usually lanced

College Anatomy Integument-Clinical View

ACNEPlugged sebaceous ducts

Comedo-sebaceous gland plugged with sebum

– Whitehead– Blackhead

Papule-dome shaped lesion with white blood cellsNodule-similar to nodule but extends deeper, possible scarCyst-fluid filled nodule, probable scar

College Anatomy Integument-Clinical View

COMEDO PAPULE

NODULE CYST

College Anatomy Integument-Clinical View

SEVERAL GOOD TREATMENTSBenzoyl peroxide-antibacterial

Salicylic Acid-unclogs pores

Antibiotics-kill bacteria (doxycycline, Tetracycline, erythromycin

Topical Retinoids-similar to vitamin A-controls production of oil

Oral Retinoids-very good but may cause birth defects

College Anatomy Integument-Clinical View

BURNSFirst-Degree-Sunburn, treat with cool water, 3-5 days to healSecond-Degree-Scald producing blisters-treat with cool water, elevate limbs to reduce swelling, do not break blisters or add ointments, 2-4 weeks to healThird Degree-Very serious, patient may dehydrate, requires skin graft. Cover lightly, no ointment, elevate.longed healing

College Anatomy Integument-Clinical View-Burns

First degree Second degreeThird degree

College Anatomy Integument-Clinical ViewSkin Graft

College Anatomy Integument-Clinical View-Moles

Three types of skin cancerBasal Cell Carcinoma-90%-light fair skinned people-sun major cause

Squamous Cell Carcinoma-20%-light fair skinned people, sun

Melanoma-Les common but causes most deaths-often begins as a mole and then turns cancerous

College Anatomy Integument-Clinical View-Moles

Melanoma is a type skin cancer

Look at moles for the following characteristics

1,000,000 people/year are diagnosed

College Anatomy Integument-Clinical View-Moles

A-Asymmetrical

B-Border

C-Color

D-Diameter

College Anatomy Integument-Clinical View-Moles

MELANOMAMETASTISIZED MELANOMA

BASAL CARCINOMA

SQUAMOUS

CARCINOMA

College Anatomy Integument-Wrap up Questions

1. Make a drawing of a section of skin.2. Complete questions matching 1-10

and multiple choice 1-10 page 145-146.

3. Make a chart showing acne, burns, and skin cancers. Their names, causes, symptoms, and treatments.