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Special Eurobarometer 402
UNDECLARED WORK IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
REPORT
Fieldwork: April – May 2013
Publication: March 2014
This survey has been requested by the European Commission,
Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion and
co-ordinated by Directorate-General for Communication.
http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.htm
This document does not represent the point of view of the European Commission. The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the authors.
Special Eurobarometer 402 / Wave EB79.2 – TNS opinion & social
Special Eurobarometer 402
Undeclared work in the European Union
Conducted by TNS opinion & social at the request of the European Commission,
Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion
Survey co-ordinated by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication
(DG COMM “Strategy, Corporate Communication Actions and Eurobarometer” Unit)
Project number 20.137.541
Project title Special Eurobarometer 402 “Undeclared Work in the EU”
Linguistic Version EN
Catalogue Number KE-01-13-603-EN-N
ISBN 978-92-79-33468-9
DOI 10.2767/37041
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................2
MEASURING UNDECLARED WORK.....................................................................6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................9
I. THE DEMAND SIDE OF UNDECLARED WORK .............................................. 16
1. Share of people buying undeclared goods or services............................. 16
2. Types of undeclared goods and services purchased................................ 22
3. Amount spent on undeclared work ........................................................ 28
4. Sources of undeclared work................................................................... 35
5. Reasons for purchasing goods or services involving undeclared work ..... 41
II. THE SUPPLY SIDE OF UNDECLARED WORK................................................ 47
1. People supplying undeclared goods and services ................................... 47
2. Types of undeclared goods and services supplied .................................. 56
3. Amount earned through undeclared work .............................................. 60
4. Clients of undeclared work.................................................................... 63
5. Reasons for carrying out undeclared work ............................................. 67
6. Consequences of carrying out undeclared work ..................................... 72
III. ENVELOPE WAGES ................................................................................ 76
1. Share of employees who are paid cash in hand ...................................... 76
2. Proportion of gross annual income paid cash in hand ............................. 83
3. Unpaid and flexible work ...................................................................... 86
IV. UNDECLARED WORK – PERCEPTIONS AND ACCEPTANCE ........................ 91
1. Perceived level of risk ........................................................................... 91
2. Expected sanctions ............................................................................... 96
3. Assumed reasons for doing undeclared work ....................................... 100
4. Acceptability of undeclared work ........................................................ 104
CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................. 121
ANNEXES
Technical specifications
Questionnaire
Tables
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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INTRODUCTION
Undeclared work is defined as "paid activities that are lawful as regards their nature but
not declared to public authorities, taking into account differences in the regulatory
system of Member States". This definition has been used systematically by the
Commission since its 1998 Communication on undeclared work. The definition notably
excludes criminal activities which are defined in national law. Crime and tax fraud as
such are outside the scope of employment policy.
Undeclared economic activities create considerable costs on several levels: tax
authorities receive less revenue in the form of income tax or value added taxes; social
security institutions do not obtain contributions and undeclared activities partly inhibit
the creation of regular employment with full social protection. Undeclared work risks
undermining the financing of social services, under increasing pressure in the current
economic climate and can affect competitive conditions. It also runs counter to European
ideals of solidarity and social justice. Undeclared work affects all Member States and the
transformation of undeclared work into formal work is thus an important issue for the
employment policy of the European Commission.
The notion of undeclared work has been integrated in the European Employment
Strategy. Since 2001, the issue of undeclared work has been taken up in the
employment guidelines (second pillar) in which Member States have committed
themselves to combat undeclared work.
More recently, the Commission declaration on Stepping up the fight against undeclared
work (COM (2007) 628) identified the main drivers for the informal economy, set out
successful ways to reduce it and proposed a series of concrete follow-up actions at
European and national levels.
Across the 27 EU Member States, a lot of effort is being invested into developing and
testing policy measures aimed at tackling undeclared work. A 2008 report by the
European Foundation for Living and Working Conditions1 identified two broad policy
approaches:
a focus on deterrence (by improving detection or increasing penalties)
encouraging compliance by preventing people from taking up undeclared work,
enabling the legitimisation of previously undeclared work and changing attitudes
It found that the principal policy measures that Member States had taken were in
relation to punishing noncompliance (a deterrence approach) with prevention measures,
alongside these, becoming more commonplace.
It is widely recognised that part of the population within the EU is engaged in undeclared
work. The findings from the initial 2007 Eurobarometer survey – the first attempt to
measure undeclared work on an EU-wide basis and in a cross-nationally comparable way
– supported this2. The survey found that the level of participation in undeclared work is
relatively low overall, with just 11% of the EU27 population admitting to having bought
1 http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/htmlfiles/ef0813.htm 2 http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_284_en.pdf
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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goods or services that involved undeclared work and 5% of citizens reporting that they
had done undeclared work themselves within the past 12 months. However, there was
significant variation between Member States and, in view of the sensitive nature of the
subject, these findings only provide a measure of the lower limits of undeclared work.
This survey was carried out by TNS Opinion & Social network in the 27 Member States of
the European Union and in Croatia between the 26th of April and the 14th of May 2013.
Some 26.563 respondents from different social and demographic groups were
interviewed face-to-face at home in their mother tongue on behalf of Directorate-General
for Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. The methodology used is that of
Eurobarometer surveys as carried out by the Directorate-General for Communication
(“Research and Speechwriting” Unit)3.. A technical note on the manner in which
interviews were conducted by the Institutes within the TNS Opinion & Social network is
appended as an annex to this report. Also included are the interview methods and
confidence intervals4.
This survey covers the general population’s personal experiences of undeclared work in
terms of:
Knowing anyone who works without declaring their income/part of it to tax or
social security institutions
Making any payments for goods or services in the last 12 months where the
individual had good reason to believe they included undeclared work. For such
payments:
▫ what goods or services were paid for in this way
▫ total approximate spend on these goods/services and
▫ for undeclared services bought most frequently, the approximate hourly
cost
▫ Where/from whom the goods/services were purchased
▫ Reasons for buying undeclared goods/services
Amongst dependent employees:
▫ whether any of their income from their employer in the last 12 months was
paid in cash and without declaring it to tax or social security authorities
▫ and, amongst those where it was, whether it was for regular work,
overtime or both and the approximate percentage of gross yearly income
paid in this way
▫ the employee size of the organisation
3 http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.htm 4 The results tables are included in the annex. It should be noted that the total of the percentages in the tables of this report may exceed 100% when the respondent has the possibility of giving several answers to the question.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Excluding regular employment, if any undeclared paid activities have been carried
out in the last 12 months. Where they have:
▫ What activities have been carried out
▫ How much money has been earned from such activities
▫ For whom the activities were undertaken
▫ Reasons for doing such work
▫ If experienced consequences as a result
It also covers the general population’s perceptions of undeclared work in terms of:
Awareness of the sanctions imposed by authorities if discovered
The level of risk of being detected
Reasons why people may do such work
The acceptability of undeclared work and various ‘evasion’ scenarios
The findings of the survey have been analysed firstly at EU level and secondly by either
country level or, where base sizes are too small for reliable analysis, country grouping
level. At an EU level the results are based on the 27 Member States. Croatia has
completed its accession negotiations with the European Commission and the date of 1
July 2013 has been set for it to join the EU. Croatia is therefore not included at the
overall EU level analysis since its accession took place after the period of fieldwork, but is
shown in the country-level analyses. At a country grouping level the results are based on
all 28 countries and divided into four groups: ‘Continental Europe’5, Eastern and Central
Europe6, Southern Europe7 and the Nordic countries8.
5 Belgium, Germany, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Austria and the UK 6 Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia and Croatia 7 Cyprus, Greece, Spain, Italy, Malta and Portugal 8 Denmark, Finland and Sweden
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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The questionnaire used in the 2013 survey has changed from that used in the 2007 pilot
survey. Where possible, results have been compared with the 2007 survey. Where
appropriate, a variety of socio-demographic variables – such as respondents’ gender,
age, terminal education age, occupation and ability to pay household bills – have been
used to provide further analysis. Other key variables that have been used to provide
additional insight include:
Respondents’ knowing or not knowing anyone who carries out undeclared work
Whether respondents have or have not paid for goods or services where they had
good reason to believe that they involved undeclared work in the past year
Whether respondents have or have not undertaken paid undeclared work in the
past year
Respondents’ views about the level of risk of being detected
Whether dependent employees have been paid envelope wages in the past year
Note: In this report, countries are referred to by their official abbreviation. The
abbreviations used in this report correspond to:
ABBREVIATIONS BE Belgium LV Latvia CZ Czech Republic LU Luxembourg BG Bulgaria HU Hungary DK Denmark MT Malta DE Germany NL The Netherlands EE Estonia AT Austria EL Greece PL Poland ES Spain PT Portugal FR France RO Romania IE Ireland SI Slovenia IT Italy SK Slovakia CY Republic of Cyprus* FI Finland LT Lithuania SE Sweden UK The United Kingdom HR Croatia EU27 European Union – 27 Member States
* Cyprus as a whole is one of the 27 European Union Member States. However, the ‘acquis communautaire’ has
been suspended in the part of the country which is not controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus.
For practical reasons, only the interviews carried out in the part of the country controlled by the government of
the Republic of Cyprus are included in the ‘CY’ category and in the EU27 average .
* * * * *
We wish to thank all the people interviewed throughout Europe
who took the time to participate in this survey.
Without their active participation, this survey would not have been possible.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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MEASURING UNDECLARED WORK
1. METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
Undeclared work is multi-faceted. It ranges, for example, from occasional baby-sitting to
the construction of entire buildings with professionally organised networks of undeclared
workers. Some of these variants of undeclared work are widely accepted within most
societies whereas others are less accepted by the general public.
In the past three decades, a broad range of methods has been developed to measure the
phenomenon of undeclared work in order to improve the understanding of its dimensions
and causes. These can be roughly divided into two groups: indirect and direct methods of
measurement. Both groups have their specific strengths and shortcomings.
Indirect methods are mainly aimed at measuring or estimating the size of undeclared
work. The essence of these methods is that they interpret observable phenomena as
signs of the invisible part of the economy. The most prominent are discrepancy methods
based on data comparisons, e.g. between labour force surveys and business statistics, as
well as monetary methods. The latter have become known in Europe especially through
the work of Professor Friedrich Schneider9 who presented undeclared work rates for
many different countries, calculated using an analysis of the cash flow within a country.
Direct methods of measurement are survey-based methods that rely on information
directly provided by the population. Such survey approaches have been applied in a
number of countries in recent years. The advantage of direct surveys is that not only the
extent but also the structure of undeclared work and the motives of the participants can
be measured.
While some indirect methods – especially Prof. Schneider’s monetary model
calculations -have been criticised for measuring unrealistically high rates of undeclared
work10, direct surveys tend to measure only the lower limit of the phenomenon since not
everybody is willing to (fully) admit their own involvement in undeclared work. The
willingness to talk openly about the subject in an interview situation depends on a series
of factors such as the general level of acceptance of the phenomenon within the society
or people’s general trust in the confidentiality of surveys. These factors can significantly
differ between countries and even within the same country. While small-scale undeclared
work carried out in the neighbourhood might be widely accepted in a society, undeclared
work for firms or undeclared work by people receiving social security benefits might
enjoy far less acceptance and are therefore less likely to be reported in an interview
situation.
9 Cf. e.g. Schneider, F. and Enste, D.H.: Shadow economies: Size, causes and consequences. Journal of Economic Literature. March. Vol. XXXVIII, Number 1. 10 For a discussion of the reliability and validity of monetary methods and other direct methods of measurement cf. e.g. Pedersen, S. (2003): The Shadow Economy in Germany, Great Britain and Scandinavia: A measurement based on questionnaire surveys. Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, Study No. 10, p. 21-31 or Renooy et al. (2004): Undeclared Work in an enlarged Union – An analysis of undeclared work: an in-depth study of specific items. European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment and Social Affairs, p. 101–103.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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2. THE CHOSEN SURVEY CONCEPT
The approach of this survey was to address the phenomenon openly and to provide
respondents with an exact definition, at the beginning of the interview, of how the study
would define undeclared work. This method was piloted successfully in the 2007
Eurobarometer survey – the first time the approach had been tested across all countries
of the European Union, with their different cultural and economic backgrounds. Prior to
this the approach had delivered good results in a series of national surveys in Denmark,
Germany, Norway and Sweden.
This study was carried out as a part of Eurobarometer wave 79.2 which included several
topics. The share of people who refused to answer the more general questions about
their personal involvement in undeclared work was relatively low in most cases. The
refusal rate was somewhat higher for questions that asked for a specification of the
amount of money earned from any undeclared work that had been carried out and the
proportion of annual income paid in the form of envelope wages.
In the survey, respondents’ participation in undeclared work was examined from different
perspectives. Respondents were asked separately whether within the preceding 12
months they had:
acquired any goods or services (supposedly) which they believed to have
stemmed from undeclared work (demand side of undeclared goods)
actively performed any undeclared activities (supply side for both goods and
services)
received part of their salary in their regular job (if holding one) on an undeclared
basis as so-called ‘envelope wages’.
It should be noted that a survey of individuals is especially suitable for mapping
undeclared work done by private persons. Work done by firms can only be partly
measured with this instrument: undeclared work done by firms for private persons or
households can be measured from the demand side only; undeclared work done by firms
for other firms cannot be measured. Likewise, undeclared work done by individuals for
firms can be measured from the supply side, but not from the demand side.
The following table illustrates the types of undeclared work covered by the survey and
those which are only partly covered or not covered at all.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Type of undeclared work From supply
perspective (doer)
From demand
perspective (buyer)
Individuals doing undeclared work for
individuals or private households ✓ ✓
Firms working undeclared for individuals
or private households ✘ ✓
Firms performing undeclared work on
behalf of other firms ✘ ✘
Individuals doing undeclared work for
firms ✓ ✘
Illegal immigrants are a group which is generally hard to survey due to language and
sampling difficulties. In this survey, undeclared work done by illegal immigrants is
therefore certainly not fully covered from the supply side. In countries where a large
share of undeclared work is carried out by illegal immigrants, this may have contributed
to unexpectedly low figures for undeclared work observed in this survey.
3. DEFINITION OF UNDECLARED WORK IN THE SURVEY
Respondents were asked to report as undeclared work all remunerated activities which
are in principle legal but circumvent declarations to tax authorities or social security
institutions. Activities that are not legal as such – e.g. smuggling, drug dealing or other
criminal activities - were not intended to be reported.
Undeclared work is not restricted to work carried out for money but also comprises work
done in return for a payment in kind - the barter of goods, an exchange of services on a
quid pro quo basis or mutual favours. However, this survey only reports on undeclared
work paid for with money – work carried out in return for payment in kind was not
included in order to enable quantification of the value of income gained through any
undeclared work undertaken11.
The approach used in the study classifies undeclared work as only those activities that
should be reported but go unreported to the tax and social security authorities. In some
countries income from work that falls below a certain threshold amount does not need to
be reported to the authorities while in others virtually almost all income has to be
reported. Generally, in the interpretation and comparison of country results we have to
take into account that tax systems and rules governing what is taxable and what is not
vary considerably between countries. In some countries such as Sweden or Denmark,
virtually all income from work is taxable, while in others certain thresholds are set with
regard to taxability.
11 This differs from the 2007 survey where the definition included ‘payment in kind and money ’
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
As in 2007, around one in ten Europeans (11%) have acquired goods or services
in the past year where they have had good reason to believe it involved
undeclared work.
By looking at country groups (Continental Europe; Eastern and Central Europe;
Southern Europe; and the Nordic countries) some patterns emerge: Healthcare
providers are a significant source of undeclared goods or services in Southern
Europe (16%) whereas friends, colleagues or acquaintances play a larger role for
respondents in Continental Europe (52% compared with 42% at EU level).
Whilst the Nordic countries often spend more on undeclared goods or services,
the amount of money made from the supply side only represented a very small
amount when comparing it to the yearly income. On the other hand, in Eastern,
Central and Southern Europe, less is spent but the money earned from these
services often constitutes a significant proportion of their annual income. This
indicates that respondents in these areas who perform undeclared work often rely
on the income.
Countries with particularly high proportions of respondents who have purchased
undeclared goods or services in the past year are Greece (30%), the Netherlands
(29%), Latvia (28%), Denmark and Malta (23% in each) and Slovenia (22%).
Those with the lowest proportions of purchasers are the UK and Spain (8% in
each), Germany (7%) and Poland (5%).
However, the Netherlands and Denmark differ in the type of services purchased.
Gardening and cleaning are much more common activities whereas healthcare
and the purchasing of other goods are more common in Greece, Latvia, Malta and
Slovenia.
Since 2007, the most notable increases in the proportion who have bought
undeclared goods or services are in Cyprus (+14 percentage points), Greece
(+13), Malta (+6) and Slovenia (+5). The most marked decrease is in Sweden (-7
points).
Europeans are most likely to have purchased goods or services which may have
included undeclared work for home repairs or renovations (29%) and car repairs
(22%), followed by home cleaning (15%) and food (12%).
Home repair or renovations are most likely to be bought in Slovakia (53%), the
Czech Republic (45%), Austria (43%) and the UK (42%)
Car repair goods or services are most likely to be purchased in Slovakia and the
Czech Republic (39% in each), Slovenia (38%) and Estonia (35%).
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Home cleaning is most likely to be purchased in Luxembourg12 (45%), Cyprus13
(35%), the Netherlands (31%) and Austria (30%). With the exception of
Romania (15%) and Croatia (12%), home cleaning services are not purchased by
more than 6% in any country in Eastern and Central Europe, and are also not
widely purchased in Malta (5%).
Food is most likely to be purchased in Bulgaria (41%), Latvia (36%), Hungary
(33%), Estonia and Croatia (27%), Portugal (25%), Slovenia (24%) and Greece
(22%).
The median spend14 by Europeans on all undeclared goods or services purchased
in the last year is 200 euros.
The median hourly cost for undeclared services purchased most frequently is 11
euros.
The Nordic countries have the highest median hourly cost for undeclared goods or
services (20 euros) and Eastern and Central Europe the lowest (5 euros).
Europeans are most likely to purchase undeclared goods or services from
someone that they know: either friends, colleagues or acquaintances (42%),
relatives (9%) or neighbours (9%). Nearly three in ten Europeans (28%) report
purchasing from other private persons or households and around a quarter (24%)
from firms or businesses. Around one in fourteen Europeans (7%) have purchased
goods and services which may have involved undeclared work from healthcare
providers, although this practice is particularly widespread in Malta (26%),
Cyprus15 (25%), Italy (23%) and Greece (19%).
Europeans are much more likely to mention lower price as a reason for purchasing
goods or services that might involve undeclared work (60%) than anything else,
though the proportion doing so is slightly lower than in 2007 (66%). Lower price
is most widely cited as a reason for buying goods or services that might include
undeclared work among respondents in all 28 countries.
Around one in five (22%, up from 14% in 2007) mention that it was a favour
amongst friends, relatives or colleagues, with similar proportions mentioning that
it was a faster service (20%, compared with 21% in 2007) and that it helped
someone in need of money (20%, up from 11% in 2007).
One in twenty five Europeans (4%) say they have carried out undeclared paid
activities apart from regular employment in the past year.
12 Caution advised because of low base 13 Caution advised because of low base 14 The median is a type of average that finds the ‘middle value’ of a set of data. The median was used because the base size is often low and the mean would have been easily inflated by extreme values. 15 Caution advised because of low base
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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There has been a small drop since 2007 in the proportion who say they have
carried out undeclared activities (-1 percentage point). However, findings from
the two surveys are not strictly comparable because in 2007 respondents were
asked if they had carried out undeclared activities which were paid for in money
or in kind.
Countries with particularly high proportions of respondents who have undertaken
undeclared paid activities, apart from regular employment in the past year are
Latvia, the Netherlands and Estonia, (11% in each), Denmark (9%), Lithuania
(8%) and Sweden, Slovenia and Croatia (7% in each). Those with the lowest
proportions are Germany, Portugal, Cyprus, Italy and Ireland (2% in each) and
Malta (1%).
Since 2007, the most notable increases in the proportion who have carried out
undeclared paid work are in Spain and Slovenia (+2 percentage points in each).
The most marked decreases are in in Denmark (-9 points), Latvia (-4) and
Sweden, the Czech Republic and Hungary (-3 in each).
One in three Europeans (32%) know someone who carries out undeclared work,
compared with just under two in five (38%) in 2007.
The countries where respondents are most likely to report that they know
someone who carries out undeclared work are Denmark (59%), the Netherlands
(55%) and Greece (54%), Slovenia (48%) and Latvia (46%). Those where
respondents are least likely to know anyone are Malta and Romania (20% in
each) and the UK (15%).
The only four countries where respondents are more likely than in 2007 to know
anyone who does undeclared work are all in southern Europe: Greece (+7 points),
Spain (+6), Cyprus (+4) and Portugal (+3).
Europeans are most likely to have carried out undeclared work in the area of
repairs or renovations (19%), followed by gardening (14%), cleaning (13%),
babysitting (12%) and working as waiting staff (11%). Just under one in seven
(15%) had carried out undeclared paid activity that involved a service not
itemised on the list shown to them.
Respondents in Southern Europe are much less likely than those in the other
regions to have carried out undeclared gardening work (3%) and much more
likely to have carried out undeclared cleaning work (25%), the most widely
mentioned type of undeclared work carried out in the region. Respondents in the
Nordic countries are much more likely than those in all other regions to have
carried out undeclared work that involved a service not itemised on the list shown
to them (30%).
The median amount earned by Europeans from any undeclared work carried out
in the past 12 months is 300 euros.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Respondents in the Nordic countries earn the most money from undeclared work
they supply, with annual earnings of 465 euros, compared with median earnings
of 300 euros in each of the other three regions.
Reflecting the findings on the demand side, Europeans are most likely to be
supplying undeclared work to someone they know: either friends, colleagues or
acquaintances (49%), relatives (27%) or neighbours (18%). Three in ten (30%)
have carried out work for other private persons or households and a much smaller
proportion (14%) for firms or businesses.
The most common reason Europeans give for doing undeclared work is that it
benefited both parties (50%). The other main reasons given are that they could
not find a regular job (21%), tax or social security contributions are too high
(16%), they have no other means of income (15%) and that undeclared work is a
common practice in their region or work sector so there is no real alternative
(14%).
Those in Southern Europe are particularly likely to cite difficulty finding a regular
job (41%), having no other source of income (26%) and undeclared work being a
common practice in their region or work sector (21%) as reasons for doing
undeclared work. They are much less likely to cite the benefit to both parties
(26%) than those in the Nordic and ‘Continental’ countries (65% and 62%
respectively).
In line with the 2007 findings, the majority (58%) of respondents who carried out
undeclared work do not mention experiencing any particular consequences.
Respondents in ‘Continental’ countries are much more likely than those in the
other regions, particularly Southern Europe, to say they did not experience any
consequences (72% and 36% respectively).
The most likely consequences experienced are no entitlement to social security
and no insurance against accidents (20% and 19% respectively), with
respondents in Southern Europe much more likely than those in the other regions
to mention both (37% and 34% respectively).
There has been a small drop in the proportion of dependent employees reporting
that they received any part of their salary within the past year in cash and without
declaring it to tax or social security authorities, from 5% in 2007 to 3% in 2013.
The proportion of dependent employees receiving envelope wages is above the EU
average in all countries within the Central and Eastern Europe region, and below
the EU average in each of the Nordic countries. The countries with the highest
proportions of dependent employees who received envelope wages are Latvia
(11%), Croatia (8%), Greece, Slovakia and Romania (7% in each) and Lithuania,
Bulgaria and Hungary (6% in each).
The most notable increase since 2007 in the proportion of dependent employees
in receipt of envelope wages is in Greece (+4 percentage points). The most
marked decreases are in Romania (-16 points) and Bulgaria (-8).
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
13
Those in receipt of envelope wages are more likely than those who are not to be
working for smaller organisations: companies with less than 20 people (56% vs.
30%); companies with 100 people or more (15% vs. 39%).
Just under two fifths (37%) say the envelope wages they received was
remuneration for regular work, around three in ten (31%) that it was payment for
overtime or extra work and a quarter (25%) that it was for both regular and
overtime work.
There has been a notable drop since 2007 in the proportion who say they received
envelope wages as payment for both regular and overtime work (-11 points).
There has also been a notable drop in the average proportion of income received
in the form of envelope wages, from 43% in 2007 to 36% of total annual
remuneration in 2013.
The proportion of annual income received in the form of envelope wages is
highest in Southern Europe (69%), followed by Eastern and Central Europe
(29%), ‘Continental’ countries (17%) and the Nordic countries (7%).
One in twenty Europeans (5%) are on a variable salary, with a substantial part
based on results. One in fifty (2%) are employed without a formal written
contract and a similar proportion (2%) work unpaid (either full or part -time) for a
partner or family business. Among dependent employees, one in twenty-five (4%)
are employed without a formal written contract; around one in nine (11%) are
paid a variable salary, with a substantial part based on results; and 1% work
unpaid for a partner or family business.
The countries where respondents are most likely to be employed without a formal
written contract are all in Southern Europe: Cyprus (13%), Malta and Portugal
(9% in each). Those where respondents are particularly likely to be on a variable
salary, with a substantial part based on results, are all in Eastern and Central
Europe: Slovakia (13%), Estonia and Latvia (10% in each), the Czech Republic
(9%) and Lithuania and Hungary (8% in each).
Just over half (53%) of Europeans think that people who carry out undeclared
work are at a small risk of being detected by the relevant authorities. This view is
held by the majority in 19 countries and is most widespread in Sweden (76%),
and Slovenia (74%). In most countries there has been a drop since 2007 in the
proportion holding this view, most notable in Denmark (-17 percentage points),
with the most notable increases in Cyprus (+10), and Portugal and Romania (+8
in each).
There has been a small increase since 2007 in the proportion thinking the risk is
high (+3 points from 33% to 36%). This view is most widespread in Lithuania
(49%), the UK (48%), Ireland and Portugal (47% in each) and Estonia (44%).
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
14
The sanction that Europeans are most likely to think would be imposed if someone
was discovered to be receiving an undeclared income from work is payment of the
normal tax and social security contributions due along with a fine (56%), followed
by payment of the normal tax and social security contributions only (21%). Only a
small minority (6%) imagine that the person would be sent to prison.
The receipt of a fine in addition to having to pay the normal contributions is the
sanction that respondents are most likely to think authorities would impose in 25
countries, and is most widespread in Denmark (77%). The exceptions are Poland
and Latvia, where respondents are more likely to think that authorities would
impose only normal tax or social security contributions that are due (41% and
37% respectively) and Croatia, where opinion is evenly divided between the two
different options (34% mentioning each).
Europeans are most likely to think that undeclared work is carried out because:
salaries in the regular market are too low (35%); there is a lack of regular jobs on
the labour market (29%); taxes and/or social security contributions are too high
(26%); and there is a lack of control by authorities (21%).
While the three most commonly given reasons for doing undeclared work are the
same in 2013 and 2007, the proportion of respondents citing the lack of regular
jobs on the labour market as a possible reason has increased (+5) and the
proportions citing low salaries in regular businesses and taxes and/or social
security contributions being too high have both decreased (each by -6).
On the whole, Europeans consider ‘evasion’ behaviours to be unacceptable. Of the
seven scenarios presented to them, respondents are particularly likely to think
that someone receiving welfare payments without entitlement and a firm hired by
another firm for work not reporting its activity to the relevant authorities are
‘unacceptable’ (90% and 87% respectively). The scenario respondents are least
likely to consider ‘unacceptable’ is a private person, hired for work by a private
household, not reporting the payment received to the relevant authorities (67%).
Respondents in Cyprus are the least tolerant of the practices among the 28
countries, followed by the three Nordic countries, and three other Southern
European countries – Greece, Malta and Spain. The most tolerant views, in
contrast, are found in several of the countries in Eastern and Central Europe
countries, with respondents in Latvia the most likely to view each of the seven
practices as acceptable, and those in Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia,
Poland and Estonia also having relatively tolerant views. The remaining countries,
including all of the ‘Continental’ countries, fall between these two extremes.
There has been a slight hardening of attitudes towards ‘evasion’ at the EU level
since 2007, with small increases in the proportions of respondents thinking each
scenario is ‘unacceptable’. This trend is particularly notable in Austria and, to a
somewhat lesser extent, in Italy, Denmark, Romania, Bulgaria and Portugal. The
reverse is true – with attitudes softening somewhat since 2007 – most markedly
in Latvia, but also in Malta and Slovakia, and, to a lesser extent, Lithuania.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
15
The socio-demographic groups which have a greater tendency to purchase goods
or services that might involve undeclared work are 25-54 year olds, those who
left full-time education aged 20 or more, those who have difficulty paying
household bills most of the time and the self-employed, managers and other
white collar workers.
The socio-demographic groups which have a greater tendency to supply
undeclared work are 15-34 years old, people who struggle with household bills,
the unemployed and students.
People who buy goods or services that might involve undeclared work are also
more likely than average to say they have supplied undeclared work.
Similarly buyers and suppliers of undeclared work are more likely than average to
know someone who carries out undeclared work, to be dependent employees
receiving envelope wages and to think that the risk of undeclared work being
detected is small.
Older people, in particular those of retirement age, and to a lesser extent
managers and those who almost never struggle to pay household bills, tend to
have less tolerant views towards ‘evasion’ behaviours. Younger people (aged 15-
24), students and, to a lesser extent, the unemployed and those who almost
always struggle to pay bills, tend to have more tolerant views.
Not surprisingly, respondents who have experienced ‘evasion’ activities in one
way or another, i.e. through supplying undeclared work or purchasing goods or
services that may have involved undeclared work, knowing someone who carries
out undeclared work, or receiving income in cash, all demonstrate more tolerant
attitudes towards ‘evasion’ behaviours than those who have not had such
exposure.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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I. THE DEMAND SIDE OF UNDECLARED WORK
The first chapter on the survey findings focuses on Europeans’ involvement in undeclared
work from the demand perspective – buying goods or services which may have involved
undeclared work. It examines the proportion of the general public who say they have
purchased undeclared goods or services in the past year. It then looks at the types of
goods and services that have been purchased, the amount of money that has been spent
on undeclared work and the sources used to obtain the work (i.e. who the suppliers are).
It concludes by exploring Europeans’ reasons for buying goods or services where they
had good reason to believe that they included undeclared work.
1. SHARE OF PEOPLE BUYING UNDECLARED GOODS OR SERVICES
Respondents were asked if they had paid for any goods or services in the last 12 months
where they had good reason to believe that they included undeclared work. This question
was asked part-way through the interview. At the start, the interviewer explained that all
information given would be handled with confidentiality and that answers would remain
absolutely anonymous. Respondents were also given an explanation of undeclared work
and examples of professions and services where it is common16. Respondents were then
asked four questions - if they knew anyone who does undeclared work, the type of
punishment such a person would get if authorities discovered they were receiving income
from such work, the risk of being detected and opinions on why people may undertake
such work – before being asked if they themselves had paid for any goods or services
that were likely to include undeclared work. Within the introduction to this question it
was again reiterated by the interviewer that it is commonly known that many people
accept undeclared work and that such work includes a variety of good and services, with
examples given17.
16 “The following questions are of a sensitive nature and I would like to confirm you that all the information
collected is handled in strict confidentiality and anonymity. Your answers to the following questions therefore
will remain absolutely ANONYMOUS. It is widely known that part of the population is engaged in undeclared
work, in the sense of activities which avoid partly or entirely declaration to tax authorities or social security
institutions, but which are otherwise legal. This could be people working in certain sectors of activity like
construction, transport or agriculture for example but also in hotels, restaurants and cafes. Often it concerns
only part of their income from work like remuneration of overtime or other extras. Undeclared work is also
common in the whole range of household services - such as gardening, babysitting and elderly care -, personal
services – like hairdressing, cosmetic or medical treatment - and repair services for cars, clothes, or
computers.” 17 “It is widely known that many people to some extent accept "undeclared work" – i.e. activities which are not
declared to tax authorities or social security institutions. As mentioned earlier this work can include a variety of
goods and services – such as gardening, babysitting, hairdressing, and many other things
Q5. Have you in the last twelve months paid for any goods or services of which you had a good reason to
assume that they included undeclared work (e.g. because there was no invoice or VAT receipt)? (ONE ANSWER
ONLY) Yes; No; Refusal (SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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- Around one in ten Europeans think they have acquired undeclared goods
or services in the past year -
Just over one in ten respondents (11%) say that they have acquired goods or services in
the past year where they have had good reason to believe it involved undeclared work18.
One in twenty (5%) say they “don’t know” if they have acquired such goods or services
or refused to answer the question. Most respondents (84%) say they have not paid for
goods or services where they had good reason to believe they included undeclared work.
Base: All respondents = 26,563
The result is in line with the finding from the 2007 survey. There has been a small
increase in the proportion of respondents who say that they have not bought undeclared
goods or services in the past year (+4 percentage points to 84% in 2013), and a
decrease in the proportion who say they “don’t know” or refuse to answer the question
(-4 points to 5%).
There is variation across the EU. Member States with a particularly high proportion of
respondents who say that they have purchased undeclared goods or serv ices in the past
year include Greece (30%), the Netherlands (29%), Latvia (28%), Malta and Denmark
(23% in each) and Slovenia (22%). The Member States with the lowest proportions of
purchasers are Spain and the UK (8% in each), Germany (7%) and Poland (5%).
18
In 2007, the payment for goods or services was asked as two separate questions. Therefore the results
should be taken with caution.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
In most countries the proportion of respondents saying that they have purchased
undeclared goods or services is broadly similar to the corresponding result in 2007. The
most notable increases are in Cyprus (+14 percentage points from 2% to 16%) and
Greece (+13 points from 17% to 30%), followed by Malta (+6 points from 17% to 23%)
and Slovenia (+5 points from 17% to 22%). The most marked drop in the proportion of
respondents who say they have bought undeclared goods or services in the past year is
found in Sweden (-7 points from 23% to 16%).
Whilst there have been some quite large increases in the proportion saying they have not
purchased undeclared goods or services in Italy (+14 percentage points), Romania (+12
points), Sweden (+9), Bulgaria and Ireland (+8 points in each), Austria (+7 percentage
points, Denmark, Poland and Estonia (+5 points) none of these countries show a notable
increase in the proportion saying they have bought undeclared goods or services. This is
because almost all of the increase is taken up by a corresponding decrease in the
proportion of “don’t knows” or refusals.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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There are no large marked differences between socio-demographic groups – purchasers
are found among both men and women, in all age groups, and across different types of
occupation. Those who have a slightly greater tendency to be purchasers of undeclared
goods or services are:
Men (12%), compared with women (10%)
25–54 year olds, when compared with those aged 55+
Those who left full-time education aged 20+ (14%), particularly when compared
with those who left education aged 15 or below (8%)
In terms of occupation, those who are self-employed (16%), managers (15%)
and other white collar workers (12%), particularly when compared with those who
are retired (8%) or house persons (9%)
Those who say they find it difficult to pay household bills most of the time (13%),
compared with those who say they almost never struggle paying bills (10%)
Base: All respondents = 26,563
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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There is more marked variation between groups with different experiences of and
attitudes towards undeclared work, suggesting a strong relationship between the supply
and demand side. Here the groups who are more likely to say they have purchased
undeclared goods or services are:
Those who have carried out undeclared work (40%), compared with those who
have not (10%)19
Dependent employees who have received any of their income from their employer
in cash in the last 12 months (33%), compared to those who have not (12%)20
Those who know anyone who undertakes undeclared work (27%), compared to
those who do not (3%)21
Those who think that the risk of undeclared work being detected is small (14%),
compared with those who think the risk is high (8%)22
Base: All respondents = 26,563
19 Defined from Q14: “Apart from a regular employment, have you yourself carried out any undeclared paid
activities in the last 12 months? (READ OUT – ONE ANSWER ONLY) (PLEASE REMIND THE INTERVIEWEE THAT
ALL ANSWERS WILL REMAIN ANONYMOUS) Yes; No; Refusal (SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
20 Defined from Q10 asked of dependent employees:
“Sometimes employers prefer to pay all or part of the regular salary or the remuneration (for extra work,
overtime hours or the part above a legal minimum) in cash and without declaring it to tax or social security
authorities. Has your employer paid you any of your income in the last 12 months in this way? (ONE ANSWER
ONLY) (PLEASE REMIND THE INTERVIEWEE THAT ALL ANSWERS WILL REMAIN ANONYMOUS) Yes; No; Refusal
(SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
21 Defined from Q1: “Do you personally know any people who work without declaring their income or part of their income to tax or social security institutions? (ONE ANSWER ONLY) Yes, No, Refusal (SPONTANEOUS), Don’t know” 22 Defined from Q3: “People who work without declaring the income risk that tax or social security institutions
find out and issue supplementary tax bills and perhaps fines. How would you describe the risk of being detected
in (OUR COUNTRY)? (READ OUT - ONE ANSWER ONLY) Very high; Fairly high; Fairly small; Very small; Refusal
(SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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2. TYPES OF UNDECLARED GOODS AND SERVICES PURCHASED
Respondents who had paid for goods or services in the last 12 months where they had
reason to believe that they included undeclared work were asked what goods or services
these were23.
Europeans are most likely to have purchased goods or services that may
have involved undeclared work for home repairs or renovations -
Respondents are most likely to say that they have purchased undeclared goods or
services for home repairs or renovations (29%) and car repairs (22%). Just under one in
seven respondents (15%) say they acquired goods or services in relation to home
cleaning, around one in eight (12%) purchased food and one in ten (10%) purchased
gardening services or products. A slightly lower proportion (8%) say they paid for
healthcare services and one in twenty (5%) for home baby-sitting. For each of the other
goods and services that were shown to respondents on a list, only very small minorities
said they had made undeclared purchases in the past year. Just under a fifth of
Europeans (19%) paid for services that were not included in the category list and a
slightly lower proportion (15%) purchased goods not covered by the list.
Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
23 ASK Q6-Q9 IF “YES” AT Q5
Q6. “Which of the following goods or services have you paid for during the last 12 months, where you had good
reason to believe that they included undeclared work, i.e. that the income was not completely reported to tax
or social security institutions? (SHOW CARD – READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) Babysitting at your
home; Babysitting outside of your home; Healthcare services; Cleaning your home; Ironing clothes; Repairs or
renovations of your home; Gardening; Tutoring; Help moving house; Assistance for a dependant or elderly
relative; Administrative or IT assistance; Car repairs; Buying food (e.g. farm produce); Buying other goods;
Buying other services; Refusal (SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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There is variation across the EU. Focussing on the four most commonly purchased
categories (home repairs or renovations, car repairs, home cleaning and buying food):
Respondents in Slovakia are markedly more likely than those in any other
Member State to have made undeclared purchases of home repair or renovation
products or services (53%), followed by those in the Czech Republic (45%),
Austria (43%), the UK (42%) and Ireland (37%). Those Member States with the
lowest proportion of respondents saying they have made such purchases are
Lithuania (13%) and Latvia (14%).
In relation to undeclared purchases of car repair goods or services, respondents in
the Czech Republic and Slovakia are again more likely than those in any other
Member State to have made such purchases (39% in each), followed by those in
Slovenia (38%) and Estonia (35%). Respondents in Greece, the Netherlands and
Poland24 (13% in each) are the least likely to have done so, followed by those in
Luxembourg25 and Portugal (15% in each), and Romania, Sweden and the UK
(16% in each).
Luxembourg26 has an exceptionally high proportion of respondents (45%) who say
they have made undeclared purchases in the area of home cleaning, followed by
Cyprus (35%)27, the Netherlands (31%) and Austria (30%). Member States with
the lowest proportions purchasing this type of good or service are Bulgaria and
Latvia (1% in each), Slovakia (2%), Estonia, Lithuania and Poland28 (3% in each),
Hungary and Slovenia (4% in each) and Malta (5%).
Buying food is the most widespread type of undeclared purchase in Bulgaria
(41%) followed by Latvia (36%) and Hungary (33%). There are also particularly
high proportions of purchasers in Estonia (27%), Portugal (25%), Slovenia (24%)
and Greece (22%), along with Croatia (27%). Member States with the lowest
proportion of respondents purchasing food are the UK (4%), followed by Ireland
and Finland (5% in each).
In terms of the goods or services not shown in the table because they are less widely
mentioned, there are some notable findings:
Gardening products or services (EU27 average: 10%) are most likely to be bought
in the UK (23%), Romania (22%) and Ireland (21%) and are the second most
widely mentioned purchase in these countries.
Healthcare services (EU27 average: 8%) are particularly prevalent purchases
among respondents in Cyprus29 (34%) and Italy and Malta (26% in each).
Home babysitting (EU27 average: 5%) is the third most widely purchased service
among respondents in Ireland (20%) and Luxembourg30 (19%)
24 Caution advised for interpretation of result in Poland because of low base size 25 Caution advised because of low base size 26 Caution advised because of low base size 27 Caution advised because of low base size 28 Caution advised because of low base size 29 Caution advised because of low base size
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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There are some countries with a markedly high proportion of respondents who say they
purchased other goods or services that were not shown on the list presented to them. In
terms of other goods this is most notable in Poland31 (48%), Greece (47%), Portugal
(39%) and Lithuania (32%) where it is the most common answer given by respondents.
There are also high proportions of respondents in Bulgaria (26%), Malta (25%) and in
Croatia (25%) who say they have bought other undeclared goods. In relation to
purchases of other services, this is the most widely mentioned answer in Germany and
Finland (38% in each), Malta (35%) and Sweden (31%). It also receives a notably high
level of mentions in Estonia (31%), Lithuania (30%), Portugal and Slovenia (26% in
each).
30 Caution advised because of low base size 31 Caution advised because of low base size
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
25
Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
26
Looking at the four most commonly purchased goods and services, the most notable
differences between socio-demographic groups and groups based on different personal
experiences of and attitudes towards undeclared work are:
Home repairs or renovations
o Those aged 25+ (ranging from 3% to 32%) particularly when compared
with 15-24 year olds (14%)
o Those who left full-time education aged 20+ (30%), particularly when
compared with those who left education aged 16-19 (12%)
o The self-employed (37%) and other (i.e. non-managerial) white collar
workers (35%), particularly when compared with students (33%)
o Those who either almost never struggle to pay household bills (31%) or
struggle from time to time (30%), compared with those having difficulty
most of the time (23%)
Car repairs
o Men (28%), compared with women (15%)
o 25-39 year olds (26%), particularly when compared with those aged 55+
(14%)
o The self-employed (29%) and manual workers (28%), particularly when
compared with the retired (15%)
o Those who know anyone who carries out undeclared work (24%), versus
those who do not (12%)
o Those who have carried out undeclared work (35%), compared with those
who have not (19%)
Home cleaning
o Those aged 55+ (21%), particularly when compared with those aged 15-
24 (6%)
o Managers (21%), the self-employed (20%) and the retired (20%),
particularly when compared with those who are unemployed (2%) and
students (8%)
o Those who say they almost never struggle to pay household bills (17%),
particularly when compared with those who say they struggle to pay such
bills most of the time (7%)
Food
o There are no notable differences
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
28
3. AMOUNT SPENT ON UNDECLARED WORK
Respondents who thought that they had paid for goods or services in the last 12 months
that included undeclared work were asked to estimate how much they had spent in total
on undeclared goods and services32.
- The median amount spent on undeclared goods and services in the past
year is 200 euros -
Just under two fifths of Europeans (37%) say that their total spend on undeclared goods
and services in the past year was 200 euros or less, with around one in eight (12%)
saying it was 50 euros or less and one in four (25%) estimating spend to be in the range
of 51-200 euros. Around one in six (17%) say they spent between 201-500 euros and a
slightly larger proportion (19%) more than 500 euros. A small minority (5%) refused to
provide a response, with a further 13% saying they ‘don’t know’ and 9% unable to recall
how much they spent.
Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
The median amount of money spent by Europeans on all undeclared goods or services
purchased in the last year is 200 euros.
32 Q7a. “And approximately how much have you spent on all these undeclared goods and services in the last 12
months?” (WRITE DOWN – ONE ANSWER ONLY) (NO DECIMALS - IF "DON’T REMEMBER" CODE '99997' - IF
"REFUSAL" CODE '99998' – IF “DON’T KNOW” CODE “99999”) _ _ _ _ _ EUROS
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
29
There is national variation. Luxembourg33 has the highest median annual spend on
undeclared goods and services (500 euros), significantly higher than the median in any
other Member State. It is followed by the Netherlands (400 euros), Austria, Belgium and
Italy (around 350 euros in each), Cyprus34 (328 euros), Denmark (317 euros) and
Greece (300 euros). The lowest median annual spend on undeclared goods and services
is in Hungary (68 euros). Other countries with a particularly low median annual spend
are Bulgaria (118 euros), Romania (115 euros) and Latvia and Poland35 (100 euros in
each).
Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
33 Caution advised because of low base size 34 Caution advised because of low base size 35 Caution advised because of low base size
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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At a country group level, respondents in Southern Europe spend the most money on
undeclared goods or services, with a median spend of 300 euros and those in Eastern
and Central Europe the least, with a median spend of 117 euros. This however may
reflect a difference in the purchasing power of people living in these regions.
Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
The socio-demographic groups and groups based on particular experiences of and
attitudes towards undeclared work that spend the most money on undeclared goods or
services are:
o Those aged 40-54 (median spend 250 euros), particularly when compared
with 15-24 year olds (118 euros)
o The self-employed (400 euros) and other (i.e. non-managerial) white collar
workers (300 euros), particularly when compared with students and the
unemployed (100 euros in each)
o Those who say they know anyone who carries out undeclared work (250
euros), compared with those who do not (139 euros)
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
Having reported their total spend on undeclared goods or services in the last year
respondents were asked to estimate the cost per hour of the undeclared services they
had purchased most frequently36.
36 Q7b. “When considering only the undeclared services which you buy most frequently, how much do they cost
you approximately per hour?” (WRITE DOWN – ONE ANSWER ONLY) (NO DECIMALS - IF "NEVER BUY
SERVICES" CODE '99996' – IF “DON’T REMEMBER” CODE ‘99997’ - IF "REFUSAL" CODE '99998' – IF “DON’T
KNOW” CODE “99999”) _ _ _ _ _ EUROS
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
32
- The median hourly cost for undeclared goods and services purchased most
frequently is 11 euros -
Around a quarter (24%) of respondents who have purchased undeclared goods or
services in the past year estimate the hourly cost of the most frequently bought services
to be no more than 10 euros, with most (17%) thinking the hourly cost was in the range
of 6-10 euros and a smaller proportion (7%) estimating it to be 1-5 euros. Around one in
eight (13%) think the hourly cost was in the range of 11-20 euros, with 8% estimating it
to be 11-15 euros, 5% 16-20 euros and 12% more than 20 euros. A small minority (5%)
refused to provide an approximate cost and over four in ten (42%) did not know or could
not remember the approximate hourly cost of their most frequently purchased services.
Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
The median hourly cost for undeclared services purchased most frequently is 11 euros.
There is national variation. Finland has the highest median hourly cost for the most
frequently purchased undeclared services (25 euros), followed by Denmark and Sweden
(17 euros in each). The country with the lowest median hourly cost for purchases of
undeclared services is Romania (2 euros), with notably low medians also in Cyprus37,
Latvia and Slovakia (5 euros in each) and Poland38 (3 euros).
37 Caution advised because of low base size 38 Caution advised because of low base size
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
At country grouping level, the Nordic countries have the highest median hourly cost for
undeclared goods or services (20 euros) and Eastern and Central Europe the lowest (5
euros).
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
There are no marked differences on this measure between socio-demographic groups or
groups with particular experiences of and attitudes towards undeclared work.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
35
4. SOURCES OF UNDECLARED WORK
Respondents who had paid for undeclared goods or services in the last 12 months were
asked from whom they had purchased these goods or services. They were shown a list of
possible sources, all answers they gave were recorded39.
- The most popular source of undeclared work is friends, colleagues or
acquaintances -
Europeans are most likely to be purchasing undeclared goods or services from someone
that they know, with just over two fifths (42%) buying from friends, colleagues or
acquaintances, just under one in ten (9%) from relatives and a similar proportion (9%)
from neighbours. Nearly three in ten Europeans (28%) say they purchased undeclared
goods or services from other private persons or households and around a quarter (24%)
that they bought such goods or services from firms or businesses. Smaller proportions of
Europeans report purchasing goods or services that might have involved undeclared work
from healthcare providers (7%) or another source (4%).
Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
39 Q8. “Among the following, could you please indicate from whom did you buy these goods or services? (SHOW
CARD – READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) Friends, colleagues or acquaintances; Relatives;
Neighbours; Healthcare providers; Other private persons or households; Firms or businesses; Other
(SPONTANEOUS); Refusal (SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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There is variation across the EU. Focussing on the three most common sources of
undeclared goods or services (friends, colleagues or acquaintances, other private persons
or households and firms or businesses):
Respondents in Austria (60%) and Slovenia (59%) are most likely to say they
have purchased from friends, colleagues or acquaintances, followed by those in
the Czech Republic, France and Croatia (56% in each), Germany and Slovakia
(55% in each) and Luxembourg40 (53%). Countries with the lowest proportion of
respondents saying they have purchased undeclared goods or services from
friends, colleagues or acquaintances are Malta (16%), Bulgaria (20%), Greece
(21%) and Lithuania (24%). In all other Member States at least one in four
respondents mention purchasing from this source.
Lithuania is the only country where a majority of respondents (58%) mention
purchasing from other private persons or households. Other countries with
relatively high proportions reporting this source are Bulgaria (49%), Greece
(45%), Malta (44%), Cyprus41 and Latvia (42% in each) and Slovakia (40%).
Countries where respondents are least likely to say they have used other private
persons or households for their purchases that may have involved undeclared
work are France (14%), the UK (16%), Ireland (18%) and Slovenia (19%).
Countries where respondents are most likely to mention that they purchased
goods or services that may have included undeclared work from firms or
businesses are Greece and Finland (43% in each), followed by Sweden (41%),
Bulgaria (39%), Estonia (34%) and Malta (33%). Countries with the lowest
proportions purchasing undeclared goods or services from firms and businesses
are Ireland (9%), the Netherlands, Romania and Croatia (10% in each) and
Austria (11%).
In terms of other sources (relatives, neighbours and healthcare providers):
Respondents in Austria and Slovakia are particularly likely to mention relatives
(27% and 21% respectively), whilst those in Bulgaria and Malta are least likely to
do so (0% and 2% respectively)
Respondents in Austria and Slovakia are also particularly likely to mention
neighbours (27% and 18% respectively), along with those in Slovenia (22%) and
Ireland and Romania (20% in each)
Respondents in Malta (26%), Cyprus42 (25%), Italy (23%) and Greece (19%) are
particularly likely to mention that they have purchased undeclared goods or
services from healthcare providers
It is also worth noting that Malta and Portugal have a particularly high proportion of
respondents (15% and 12% respectively) who say they have made purchases from
another source (not included in the list presented to respondents).
40 Caution advised because of low base size 41 Caution advised because of low base size 42 Caution advised because of low base size
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Analysis at country group level shows some interesting patterns. Respondents in
‘Continental’ countries are much more likely than those in the other three regions to
mention they have bought undeclared goods or services from friends, colleagues or
acquaintances (52%), particularly when compared with those in Southern Europe (31%).
Respondents in Eastern and Central Europe are more likely than those in other regions to
say they have purchased undeclared goods or services from other private households or
persons (36%), particularly when compared with those in ‘Continental’ countries (22%).
Respondents in the Nordic countries in particular, but also those in Southern Europe, are
more likely than those elsewhere to have bought goods and services from private firms
and businesses (37% and 31% respectively). Finally, respondents in Southern Europe
are much more likely than those in other regions to mention that they have bought
undeclared goods or services from healthcare providers (16%).
Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Looking at the three most common sources, the most notable differences between socio-
demographic groups and groups based on different personal experiences of and attitudes
towards undeclared work are:
From friends, colleagues or acquaintances
o Those aged 15-24 (55%) and 25-39 year olds (48%), particularly when
compared with those aged 55+ (34%).
o Students (51%) and the unemployed (49%), particularly when compared
with house persons (35%) and the retired (36%)
o Those who know anyone who carries out undeclared work (45%), versus
those who do not (34%)
o Those who have carried out undeclared work (59%), compared with those
who have not (40%)
From other private persons or households
o The self-employed (41%), particularly when compared with the
unemployed (21%)
From firms or businesses
o 15-24 year olds are much less likely (14%) than all other age groups
o The self-employed (35%), particularly when compared with students
(16%)
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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5. REASONS FOR PURCHASING GOODS OR SERVICES INVOLVING
UNDECLARED WORK
The chapter concludes with an examination of Europeans’ reasons for buying goods or
services that may have involved undeclared work.
Respondents who had paid for undeclared goods or servic es in the last 12 months were
asked why they made such a purchase instead of buying on the regular market 43. They
were able to give multiple reasons.
- Europeans are much more likely to mention lower price as a reason for
their purchases of goods and services that might include undeclared work
than anything else -
Respondents are much more likely to mention lower price as a reason for buying goods
or services that might involve undeclared work (60%) than any other reason. Around one
in five respondents mention that it was a favour amongst friends, relatives or colleagues
(22%), with similar proportions mentioning that it was a faster service (20%) and it
helped someone in need of money (20%). Around one in ten cite better quality (11%)
and unavailability or scarce availability on the regular market (10%) as reasons for
purchasing these goods or services rather than buying them on the regular market.
Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
43 Q9. “From the following, what made you buy it undeclared instead of buying it on the regular market?
(SHOW CARD – READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) Lower price; Faster service; Better quality; In
order to help someone who is in need of money; It was a favour amongst friends\ relatives\ colleagues; The
goods or service is not or hardly available on the regular market; Other (SPONTANEOUS); Refusal
(SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Compared with the results from the 2007 survey, there has been a slight drop in the
proportion of respondents who mention lower price as a reason for buying goods or
services that might involve undeclared work (-6 percentage points from 66% in 2007 to
60%). There have been increases in the proportions who cite as reasons: helping
someone in need of money (+9 points from 11% to 20%); as a favour amongst friends ,
relatives or colleagues (+8 points from 14% to 22%); better quality (+3 points from 8%
to 11%) and other reasons (+3 points from 6% to 9%).
Lower price is most widely cited as a reason for buying these goods or services among
respondents in all Member States and those in Croatia. Countries with the highest
proportion of respondents giving this reason are Austria (76%), Greece (74%) and
Denmark and Latvia (70% in each). The only countries where it is not cited as a reason
by the majority of respondents who buy undeclared work are Malta (38%), Romania
(41%), Sweden and the UK (45% in each), Bulgaria (49%) and Ireland (50%).
In terms of other reasons for purchasing goods or services that might involve undeclared
work: as a favour amongst friends, relatives or colleagues is particularly likely to be
mentioned by respondents in Austria (46%), Germany (42%), Slovakia (39%), France
(32%) and Luxembourg44 and Slovenia (31% in each); because of faster service is
particularly likely to be mentioned in Austria (47%), Cyprus45 and Slovakia (44% in
each), the Czech Republic (37%) and Bulgaria (35%); to help someone in need of money
receives a notably high level of mentions in Austria (37%), Croatia (34%) and
Luxembourg (31%)46; and better quality is particularly likely to be mentioned as a
reason in Bulgaria (29%), Latvia (28%), Slovenia (26%), the Czech Republic (25%) and
Hungary (21%).
44 Caution advised because of low base size 45 Caution advised because of low base size 46 Caution advised because of low base size
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
Some countries show marked increases and decreases since 2007 in the proportion citing
each of the reasons. However, it should be noted that in some cases base sizes (in 2007
and/or in 2013) are too small for reliable analysis. This is most notable in Cyprus,
Luxembourg, Spain, Poland and Portugal. With this in mind, countries showing the
largest increases and decreases in the proportions mentioning a reason are:
Lower price:
o Greece (+16 percentage points to 74%), Estonia (+13 points to 63%) and
Bulgaria (+10 points to 49%); Romania (-25 points to 41%), Germany and
the UK (both -19 points to 56% and 45% respectively), Sweden (-15
points to 45%)
Favour amongst friends, relatives or colleagues:
o Slovakia (+25 points to 39%), Germany (+19 points to 42%), Slovenia
(+17 points to 31%); UK (+14 points to 19%); no notable decreases
Faster service:
o Bulgaria and Slovakia (both +15 points to 35% and 44% respectively),
Austria (+9 points to 47%); Ireland (-16 points to 20%), Estonia (-15
points to 28%), Germany (-8 points to 23%)
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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To help someone in need of money:
o Austria (+19 points to 37%), Slovenia (+16 points to 22%), Germany
(+15 points to 29%); no notable decreases
Better quality
o Bulgaria (+18 points to 29%), the Czech Republic (+14 points to 25%),
Slovakia (+13 points to 22%), Slovenia (+11 points to 26%), Latvia and
Hungary (both +10 points to 28% and 21% respectively); Malta (-9 points
to 3%)
Goods or service not/hardly available on regular market
o Hungary and Malta (both +8 points to 13% and 14% respectively),
Bulgaria (+7 points to 15%); Italy (-8 points to 5%)
Analysis at country group level shows that buyers of goods or services that might involve
undeclared work in Southern Europe are less likely than those in the other regions,
particularly ‘Continental’ countries, to mention they did so as a favour amongst friends,
relatives or colleagues (13% and 29% respectively); less likely to mention faster service
as a reason, particularly when compared with Eastern and Central Europe (15% and 26%
respectively) and less likely to mention that it was because the goods or service is not or
hardly available on the regular market, particularly when compared with ‘Continental’
countries (6% and 12% respectively). Buyers in the Nordic countries are less likely than
those elsewhere to say they purchased these goods or services to help someone in need
of money (10%).
Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Looking at the four most common reasons for buying goods or services that might
involve undeclared work, the most notable differences between socio-demographic
groups and groups based on different personal experiences of and attitudes towards
undeclared work are:
Those who struggle to pay household bills most of the time are more likely to cite
lower price as a reason (68%), particularly when compared with those who almost
never struggle (55%) and less likely to mention helping someone in need of
money (14% vs. 20%)
House persons and other white collar workers show are more likely to give lower
price as a reason (66% in each), particularly when compared with the retired
(52%) and managers (53%). Students are less likely to mention helping someone
out (11%) compared with all other occupational groups. Students also, along with
the unemployed, are less likely to mention faster service as a reason (12% and
14% respectively), particularly when compared with managers (25%)
15-24 year olds are more likely to mention lower price (65%), particularly when
compared with those aged 55+ (51%)
Those who have carried out undeclared work are more likely to mention each of
the four reasons, particularly as a favour (30% vs. 21%), for a faster service
(25% vs. 19%) and for a lower price (74% vs. 58%)
Those who know anyone who carries out undeclared work are more likely to cite
each of the four reasons, particularly for a faster service (22% vs. 14%), lower
price (64% vs. 45%) and in order to help someone in need of money (21% vs.
15%)
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: Respondents who have paid for undeclared goods or services = 2,896
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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II. THE SUPPLY SIDE OF UNDECLARED WORK
Having explored the demand side of undeclared work this next chapter focusses on the
supply side. It begins by looking at the proportion of Europeans who are engaged in
carrying out undeclared work. It then examines the types of goods and services these
people are providing, the level of earnings from such activities and the types of clients to
whom they are providing such goods and services. It concludes with an examination of
Europeans’ reasons for undertaking undeclared work and whether those involved
experienced any consequences.
1. PEOPLE SUPPLYING UNDECLARED GOODS AND SERVICES
Respondents were asked if they themselves had carried out any undeclared paid
activities in the last 12 months, apart from a regular employment 47. This question was
asked part-way through the interview and respondents were again reassured and
reminded that all answers would remain anonymous. Nevertheless, asking people if they
have carried out such work is of a very sensitive nature. While some national laws allow
a certain level of tolerance towards purchasers of undeclared goods or services,
supplying undeclared work is punishable in almost all EU countries. Therefore the
willingness of respondents to admit they have actively been involved in doing undeclared
work is likely to be lower than their willingness to admit to purchasing goods or services
where they had good reason to believe that they included undeclared work. Differences
between reported and real involvement in supplying undeclared work are likely to be
most significant in countries where (i) some forms of undeclared work are so common
that they are not perceived as undeclared work and therefore not reported as such (ii)
there are very strict prosecutions of those found to be undertaking undeclared work (iii)
public opinion shows little tolerance towards people who are engaged in undeclared work.
For these reasons, the share of people reporting that they have carried out undeclared
paid activities in the last 12 months in this survey should be interpreted as the lower
limit of undeclared work that is actually being undertaken.
47 ASK ALL
Q14. “Apart from a regular employment, have you yourself carried out any undeclared paid activities in the last
12 months? (READ OUT – ONE ANSWER ONLY) (PLEASE REMIND THE INTERVIEWEE THAT ALL ANSWERS WILL
REMAIN ANONYMOUS) Yes; No; Refusal (SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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- One in twenty five Europeans say they have undertaken undeclared paid
work in the past year and one in three say they know someone who carries
out undeclared work -
Almost all respondents (93%) say they have not undertaken any undeclared paid
activities in the past year. A small minority, one in twenty five (4%), say that they have
carried out undeclared paid work in the past year. A very small proportion (2%) refused
to answer the question.
Base: All respondents = 26,563
The wording of the question used for this measure is somewhat different to that used in
the 2007 survey where respondents were asked if they had carried out undeclared
activities which they were paid for in money or in kind48, so it should be noted that the
findings from the two surveys are not strictly comparable. With this in mind, the results
show a small drop in 2013 in the proportion of Europeans who say they have carried out
undeclared activities (-1 percentage point from 5% in 2007 to 4%) and a corresponding
increase in the proportion who say they have not carried out any undeclared activities
(+1 point from 92% in 2007 to 93%).
48 2007 question wording “Did you yourself carry out any undeclared activities in the last 12 months for which you were paid in money or in kind? Herewith we mean again activities which were not or not fully reported to the tax or social security authorities and where the person who acquired the good or service was aware of this?”
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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There is widespread national variation. Countries with a particularly high proportion of
respondents saying that they have undertaken undeclared paid work in the last 12
months include Latvia, the Netherlands and Estonia, (11% in each), followed by Denmark
(9%), Lithuania (8%) and Sweden, Slovenia and Croatia (7% in each). Member States
with a particularly low proportion of respondents reporting their involvement in
undeclared paid work in the past year are Germany, Portugal, Cyprus, Italy and Ireland
(2% in each) and Malta (1%).
Base: All respondents = 26,563
At a country group level, respondents in Eastern and Central Europe and those in the
Nordic region are most likely to be undertaking undeclared paid work, whilst those in
Southern Europe are least likely.
In most countries the proportion of respondents who say that they are involved in
undeclared paid activities remains similar to or a little lower than the level reported in
2007. The most notable decreases are in Denmark (-9 percentage points from 18% to
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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9%), Latvia (-4 points from 15% to 11%), Sweden (-3 points from 10% to 7%), the
Czech Republic (-3 points from 7% to 4%) and Hungary (-3 points from 7% to 4%). Any
increases in the proportion undertaking undeclared work are relatively small with the
most notable in Spain (+2 points from 3% to 5%) and Slovenia (+2 points from 5% to
7%).
Base: All respondents = 26,563
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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The socio-demographic groups and groups based on different personal experiences of
and attitudes towards undeclared work that are most likely to be carrying out undeclared
paid work are:
Men (5%), compared with women (3%)
15-24 year olds (7%), particularly when compared with those aged 55+ (1%)
The unemployed (9%) and students (7%), particularly when compared with the
retired (1%) and managers (2%)
Those who struggle to pay household bills most of the time (7%), particularly
when compared with those who almost never struggle (3%)
Those who know anyone who carries out undeclared work (10%), compared with
those who do not (1%)
Those who have paid for goods or services that may have involved undeclared
work in the past year (14%), compared with those who have not (3%)
Dependent employees who have been paid any of their income as cash in the past
year (26%), compared with dependent employees who have not (3%)
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
It is not surprising that the proportion of Europeans admitting to supplying undeclared
work (4%) is much smaller than the proportion who say they know people who work
without declaring all or some of their income. Respondents were asked this question at
the beginning of the survey and the interviewer explained that all information given
would be handled with confidentiality and that answers would remain absolutely
anonymous. Respondents were also given an explanation of undeclared work and
examples of professions and services where it is common49.
49 “The following questions are of a sensitive nature and I would like to confirm that all the information collected is handled in strict confidentiality and anonymity. Your answers to the following questions therefore will remain absolutely ANONYMOUS.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Around one in three Europeans (32%) know someone who works without declaring their
income or part of it to tax or social security institutions. Compared with the results from
the 2007 survey, there has been a drop in the proportion of respondents who say they
know anyone who does undeclared work (-6 percentage points from 38% in 2007 to
32%).
Base: All respondents = 26,563
There is national variation. Countries with the highest proportions of respondents
reporting that they know anyone involved in carrying out undeclared work are Denmark
(59%), the Netherlands (55%) and Greece (54%), followed by Slovenia (48%), Latvia
(46%), Croatia (41%) and Belgium (40%). Countries where respondents are least likely
to say they know anyone involved in undeclared work are Ireland (25%), Malta and
Romania (20% in each) and the UK (15%).
It is widely known that part of the population is engaged in undeclared work, in the sense of activities which avoid partly, or entirely declaration to tax authorities or social security institutions, but which are otherwise legal. This could be people working in certain sectors of activity like construction, transport or agriculture for example but also in hotels, restaurants and cafes. Often it concerns only part of their income from work li ke remuneration of overtime and other extras. Undeclared work is also common in a whole range of household services – such as gardening, babysitting and elderly care -, personal services – like hairdressing, cosmetic or medical treatment – and repair services for cars, clothes or computers. Q1. Do you personally know any people who work without declaring their income or part of their income to tax or social security institutions? (ONE ANSWER ONLY) Yes, No, Refusal (SPONTANEOUS), Don’t know”
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
In most Member States respondents are less likely than they were in 2007 to say that
they know anyone, with the largest decreases observed in Poland (-17 percentage points
from 45% in 2007 to 28%), Sweden (-17 points from 56% to 39%), Belgium (-16 points
from 56% to 40%), Hungary (-16 points from 45% to 29%), Latvia (-15 points from
61% to 46%), Malta (-14 points from 34% to 20%), Luxembourg (-13 points from 48%
to 35%) and the Netherlands (-11 points from 66% to 55%). There are only four
Member States where the proportion of respondents reporting that they know anyone
who does undeclared work has increased. They are all in southern Europe: Greece (+7
points from 47% to 54%), Spain (+6 points from 27% to 33%), Cyprus (+4 points from
35% to 39%) and Portugal (+3 points from 25% to 28%). These countries are facing
some of the toughest economic problems in Europe and have exceptionally high rates of
unemployment.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
No consistent patterns emerge at a country group level50.
50 Whilst analysis would indicate that likelihood of knowing someone who undertakes undeclared work is much greater in the Nordic region than in the other regions this is due to an exceptionally high proportion in only one country - Denmark
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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2. TYPES OF UNDECLARED GOODS AND SERVICES SUPPLIED
Respondents who had carried out any undeclared paid activities, apart from a regular
employment, were asked what undeclared activities they had undertaken in the past
year51.
- Europeans who have carried out undeclared work are most likely to have
done so in the area of repairs or renovations, followed by gardening work
and cleaning -
Europeans who carry out undeclared work are most likely to mention undertaking repairs
or renovations (19%). Around one in seven Europeans say they have carried out
undeclared gardening work (14%) and a similar proportion cleaning work (13%). Slightly
smaller proportions mention babysitting (12%) and working as waiting staff (11%). Less
than one in ten respondents mentioned carrying out work in any of the other service
sectors. Just under one in seven (15%) said they had carried out undeclared paid activity
that involved a service not itemised on the list shown to them and around half as many
(7%) mentioned undeclared paid activity involving unlisted goods.
Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988
51 ASK Q15a TO Q18 IF “YES”, CODE 1 IN Q14 – OTHERS GO TO Q19
Q15. “Which of the following activities have you carried out undeclared in the last 12 months? (SHOW CARD –
READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) Babysitting; Cleaning; Ironing clothes; Repairs or renovations;
Gardening; As a waiter or waitress; Tutoring; Help moving house; Assistance for a dependant or elderly
relative; Administrative or IT assistance; Car repairs; Selling food (e.g. farm produce); Selling other goods;
Selling other services; Refusal (SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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It is not possible to look at the national picture in this and the remaining sections within
this chapter because the low incidence of reported undeclared work means that, in most
countries, respondent base sizes are not robust enough to allow valid and reliable
interpretation of the data findings.
At a country group level there are differences. Respondents in Southern Europe are much
less likely than those in the other regions, particularly those in Eastern and Central
Europe, to have carried out undeclared work in the areas of: repairs or renovations (12%
and 26% respectively) and gardening (3% vs. 21%). They are much more likely than
respondents in all the other regions to have carried out undeclared cleaning work (25%)
– the most widely mentioned type of undeclared work carried out in Southern Europe.
Respondents in ‘Continental’ countries are much more likely than those elsewhere to say
they have carried out undeclared work in the area of babysitting (17%) and this activity
is as widely mentioned as repairs or renovations (17%) and gardening (17%) in the
region. Respondents in the Nordic countries are much more likely than those in all other
regions to have carried out undeclared work that involves selling other services (30%)
and it is the most widespread activity undertaken here.
Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988
There are also differences by socio-demographic group and personal experience
of/attitudes towards undeclared work in terms of the proportion of respondents carrying
out each type of activity, the most notable being:
Repairs or renovations
o Men (29%), compared with women (2%)
o Those aged 55+ (28%), particularly when compared with 15-24 year olds
(10%)
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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o Those who left full-time education aged 15 or under (32%), particularly
when compared with those who left aged 20+ (12%)
o Manual workers (27%), particularly when compared with managers (4%)
Gardening
o Men (19%), compared with women (7%)
o Those who are retired (21%), particularly when compared with house
persons (6%)
Cleaning
o Women (25%), compared with men (5%)
o Those who left full-time education aged 15 or under (31%), particularly
when compared with those who left aged 20+ (6%)
o House persons (32%) and the unemployed (22%), particularly when
compared with managers (2%) and the self-employed (3%)
o People who struggle to pay household bills most of the time (22%),
particularly when compared with those who almost never struggle (10%)
Babysitting
o Women (25%), compared with men (3%)
o 15-24 year olds (28%), compared with all other age groups
o Students (31%), particularly when compared with the self-employed (3%)
and other (non-managerial) white collar workers (4%)
o People who almost never struggle to pay household bills (17%),
particularly when compared with those who struggle most of the time (7%)
o Those who say they do not know anyone who carries out undeclared work
(24%), compared with those who do (9%)
Waiter/Waitressing
o Women (18%), compared with men (6%)
o 15-24 year olds (20%), particularly when compared with those aged 40-54
(4%) and 55+ (3%)
o Students (20%), particularly when compared with the retired (0%)
Selling other services (not included in the list shown to respondents)
o 25-39 year olds (24%) compared with all other age groups (ranging from
10% to 14%)
o The self-employed (24%) and other (non-managerial) white collar workers
(22%), particularly when compared with house persons (8%)
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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o Those who have bought goods or services that may have included
undeclared work in the past year (22%), compared with those who have
not (12%)
Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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3. AMOUNT EARNED THROUGH UNDECLARED WORK
Respondents who had carried out undeclared paid activities in the past year were asked
to estimate how much money they had earned from such activities52.
- The median annual earnings from any undeclared work carried out in the
past year is 300 euros -
Just under half (46%) of Europeans who undertake undeclared work estimate that their
annual earnings from such activity are no more than 500 euros, with a fifth (20%)
reporting earnings in the range of 1-100 euros (20%), just under one in ten (9%)
estimating between 101-200 euros and around one in six (17%) specifying a value in the
range of 201-500 euros. Around one in nine Europeans (11%) estimate annual earnings
in the range of 501-1000 euros and a similar proportion (12%) earnings in excess of
1000 euros. A small minority of respondents were unable to answer the question, with
9% saying ‘don’t know’ and a further 6% saying they ‘don’t remember’. Around one in
six respondents (16%) refused to say what their annual earnings were.
Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988
The median amount earned from undeclared work in the past 12 months is 300 euros.
52 Q15b. “APPROXIMATELY how much money have you earned from these undeclared activities in the last 12
months?” (WRITE DOWN – ONE ANSWER ONLY) (NO DECIMALS – IF “DON’T REMEMBER” CODE ‘99997’ – IF
“REFUSAL” CODE ‘99998’ – IF “DON’T KNOW” CODE ‘99999’) _ _ _ _ _ EUROS
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Analysis at country group level shows that the median annual amount earned from
undeclared work is highest in the Nordic countries (465 euros), compared with a median
of 300 euros in each of the other three regions.
Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988
There are again differences by socio-demographic group and personal experience
of/attitudes towards undeclared work in terms of median earnings from undeclared work,
the most notable being:
o Men (402 euros), compared with women (231 euros)
o Those aged 55+ (500 euros) and those aged 40-54 (400 euros),
particularly when compared with 15-24 year olds (200 euros)
o Those who finished full-time education aged 15 or under (400 euros),
compared with those who left education aged 16-19 and those who left
aged 20 or more (300 euros in each)
o The retired (465 euros) and manual workers (460 euros), particularly
when compared with managers (171 euros)
o Those who say they know anyone who carries out undeclared work (360
euros), compared with those who do not (200 euros)
o Those who have bought goods or services that may have involved
undeclared work in the past year (400 euros), compared with those who
have not (250 euros)
o Dependent employees who have been paid any of their income as cash in
the past year (500 euros), compared with dependent employees who have
not (345 euros)
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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4. CLIENTS OF UNDECLARED WORK
Respondents who had undertaken undeclared paid activities in the last 12 months were
asked who they had undertaken the work for53.
- Europeans who carry out undeclared paid activities are most likely to be
providing goods or services to friends, colleagues or acquaintances -
Reflecting the findings on the demand side, respondents are most likely to say that they
have carried out undeclared work for friends, colleagues or acquaintances (49%). Around
a quarter (27%) say they have carried out such work for relatives and almost a fifth
(18%) mention neighbours. Three in ten (30%) say they have carried out undeclared
work for other private persons or households. A much smaller proportion, around one in
seven (14%), say they provided undeclared work for firms or businesses.
Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988
53 Q16. “Would you please indicate for whom you carried out any of these activities? (READ OUT – MULTIPLE
ANSWERS POSSIBLE) Friends, colleagues or acquaintances; Relatives; Neighbours; Other private persons or
households; Firms or businesses; Other (SPONTANEOUS); Refusal (SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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At a country group level, respondents in the Nordic countries are more likely than those
in any other region to mention that they have carried out undeclared work for friends,
colleagues or acquaintances (60%), particularly when compared with those in Southern
Europe (34%). Respondents in Southern Europe are notably more likely to have
undertaken work for other private persons or households (41%), particularly when
compared with those in ‘Continental’ countries (23%); and work for firms or businesses
(21%), particularly when compared with those in Eastern and Central Europe (10%).
Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988
The socio-demographic and attitudinal/behavioural groups that show the most notable
tendency to be supplying the different client groups are:
Friends, colleagues or acquaintances:
Men (55%), compared with women (39%)
The retired (62%), managers (58%) and other white collar workers (59%)
Those who know anyone who does undeclared work (51%), compared with those
who do not (39%)
Those who think the risk of undeclared work being detected is small (53%),
compared with those who think the risk is high (43%)
Those who have purchased undeclared goods or services in the past 12 months
(55%), compared with those who have not (44%)
Relatives:
Those who have purchased undeclared goods or services in the past 12 months
(33%), compared with those who have not (22%)
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Neighbours:
Those aged 55+ (32%), compared with all other age groups
The retired (39%), particularly when compared with managers (11%), the
unemployed (12%) and students (13%).
Those who do not know anyone who does undeclared work (28%), compared with
those that do (16%)
Other private persons or households:
The self-employed (40%), house persons (37%) and the unemployed (36%)
particularly when compared with the retired (18%)
Those who know anyone who does undeclared work (32%), compared with those
who do not (19%)
Dependent employees who have been paid any of their income in cash in the past
year (36%), compared with dependent employees who have not (26%)
Firms or businesses:
Those aged 15-24 (20%), particularly when compared with those aged 55+ (7%)
Students (21%), particularly when compared with the retired (5%)
Dependent employees who have been paid any of their income as cash in the past
year (21%), compared with dependent employees who have not (9%)
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Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988
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5. REASONS FOR CARRYING OUT UNDECLARED WORK
Respondents who had undertaken undeclared paid activities in the past year were asked
their reasons for doing these activities undeclared54.
- Europeans who supply undeclared work are most likely to say that a reason
for doing so is that both parties benefit -
Half of respondents (50%) who have supplied undeclared work in the past 12 months
say that a reason for doing so was that both parties benefitted from such work. Other
reasons for doing undeclared work are much less widely mentioned. Around one in five
respondents (21%) say that they did undeclared work because they could not find a
regular job and around one in six (16%) that tax and/or social security contributions are
too high. Around one in seven (15%) say that they have no other form of income and a
similar proportion (14%) that undeclared work is common practice in their region or
sector of activity and there is therefore no real alternative. Around one in nine (11%)
mention bureaucracy or red tape for minor or occasional work being too complicated and
one in ten (10%) that the person(s) they were supplying insisted on non-declaration.
Other reasons for doing undeclared work receive mentions from only a very small
minority of respondents.
Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988
54 Q17. “Among the following, what are your reasons for doing these activities undeclared? (SHOW CARD –
READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) The person(s) who acquired it insisted on the non-declaration;
Bureaucracy or red tape for a regular economic activity is too complicated; Bureaucracy or red tape for minor
or occasional economic activities is too complicated; You could not find a regular job; You were able to ask for a
higher fee for your work; Both parties benefitted from it; Taxes and/or social security contributions are too
high; Working undeclared is common practice in your region or sector of activity so there is no real alternative;
The State does not do anything for you, so why should you pay taxes; It is difficult to live on social welfare
benefits; You have no other means of income; Other (SPONTANEOUS); Refusal (SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
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There are again differences between the four country groups. Respondents in both the
Nordic and ‘Continental’ countries are much more likely to mention both parties
benefitting from the undeclared work as a reason for doing it (65% and 62%
respectively), particularly when compared with those in Southern Europe (26%).
Respondents in the Nordic countries are also more likely than those in other regions to
mention bureaucracy or red tape being too complicated for a minor or occasional
economic activity as a reason (14%), particularly when compared with ‘Continental’
countries (4%).
Respondents in Southern Europe are particularly likely to mention the inability to find a
regular job (41%) - the most commonly given reason in this region - and, linked to this,
that they have no other form of income (26%). Respondents in Southern Europe are also
the most likely of the four country groups to mention that undeclared work is a common
practice in their region or work sector so there is no real alternative (21%).
Respondents in Eastern and Central Europe are more likely than those in any other
region to say that a reason for doing undeclared work is “the State does not do anything
for you, so why should you pay taxes” (15%), particularly when compared with those in
the Nordic countries (2%).
Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988
The socio-demographic groups and attitudinal/behavioural groups showing the most
notable tendency to cite each of the main reasons given for doing undeclared work are:
Both parties benefited
o Men (55%), compared with women (42%)
o Those who left full-time education aged 20 or more (56%), particularly
when compared with those who finished their education aged 15 or under
(38%)
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o Other (non-managerial) white collar workers (60%), manual workers
(57%) and students (58%), particularly when compared house persons
(25%)
o Those who know anyone who undertakes undeclared work (53%),
compared with those who do not (38%)
o Those who think the risk of undeclared work being detected is small
(55%), compared with those who think it is high (43%)
o Dependent employees who did not receive any of their income in the last
12 months in cash (60%), compared with those who received part/all of
their income in cash (48%)
Could not find a regular job
o 25-39 year olds (27%), particularly when compared with those aged 55+
(16%)
o Those who left full-time education aged 15 or under (27%) and aged 16-
19 (29%), compared with those who finished their education aged 20 or
more (9%)
o The unemployed (58%), particularly when compared with managers (8%)
and other white collar workers (5%)
o People who struggle to pay household bills most of the time (38%),
particularly when compared with those who almost never struggle (9%)
o Dependent employees who received part/all of their income in the last 12
months in cash (25%), compared with those who did not (7%)
Taxes and/or social security contributions are too high
o 25-39 year olds (24%), particularly when compared with those aged 55+
(7%)
o Those who are self-employed (24%), particularly when compared with the
retired (5%) and students (10%)
o People who struggle to pay household bills most of the time (21%),
particularly when compared with those who almost never struggle (14%)
o Those who know anyone who undertakes undeclared work (17%),
compared with those who do not (9%)
No other means of income
o Women (19%), compared with men (12%)
o Those who left full-time education aged 15 or under (22%), particularly
when compared with those who finished their education aged 20 or more
(7%)
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o House persons (31%) and the unemployed (26%), particularly when
compared with managers (0%) and other white collar workers (3%)
o People who struggle to pay household bills most of the time (29%),
particularly when compared with those who almost never struggle (7%)
Undeclared work is common in region or work sector so no real choice
o 25-39 year olds (20%), particularly when compared with those aged 15-24
(6%)
o Those who left full-time education aged 15 or under (21%), particularly
when compared with those who finished their education aged 20 or more
(9%)
o House persons (22%) and the unemployed (20%), particularly when
compared with students (5%) and the retired (7%)
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Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988
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6. CONSEQUENCES OF CARRYING OUT UNDECLARED WORK
The final section in this chapter looks at the consequences (other than financial
considerations) suppliers of undeclared work experienced, if any, when they were
undertaking these activities.
- Around a fifth say that carrying out undeclared work meant they had no
entitlement to social security and that it meant they were not insured against
accidents -
Respondents who had carried out undeclared paid activities in the past year were asked
whether, apart from financial considerations, they experienced any consequences when
working undeclared55.
The majority (58%) of respondents who carried out undeclared work in the previous 12
months say that they did not experience or were unaware (i.e. “didn’t know” or “none”)
of any consequences when undertaking the work. One in five (20%) say that it meant
they had no entitlement to social security and a similar proport ion that it meant they
lacked insurance against accidents (19%). Other consequences – harder physical working
conditions than a regular job, a higher risk of job loss and a higher risk of accidents
compared with a regular job – are mentioned by less than one in ten respondents.
Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988 56
55 Q18. “Apart from financial considerations, did you experience any of the following consequences when
working undeclared? (SHOW CARD – READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) A higher risk of accidents as
compared to a regular job; Lack of insurance against accidents; Harder physical working conditions as
compared to a regular job; A higher risk of losing your job; No social security entitlements; Other
(SPONTANEOUS); None (SPONTANEOUS); Refusal (SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
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The results are similar to those reported in 2007, with the most notable difference being
a drop in the proportion of refusals (-7 percentage points)57.
There are differences between the four regions. Respondents in Southern Europe are
much more likely than those in any other region, particularly those in ‘Continental’
countries, to mention that they had no social security entitlements as a consequence of
working undeclared (37% compared with 13% respectively). They are also much more
likely than those in other regions to say they lacked insurance against accidents (34%).
They are more likely than respondents in the other regions, particularly those in
‘Continental’ countries, to mention experiencing a higher risk of accidents compared with
regular work (11% and 3% respectively) and a higher risk of losing their job (15% vs.
2%). Respondents in Eastern and Central Europe are most likely to mention experiencing
harder physical working conditions than in a regular job (11%), notably higher than the
proportion in ‘Continental’ countries (4%). Finally, respondents in ‘Continental’ countries
are much more likely than those in the other regions, particularly Southern Europe, to
say they did not experience (or did not know of) any of these consequences when
working undeclared (72% and 36% respectively).
Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988
The most notable increase since 2007 is in the proportion of respondents in ‘Continental’
countries who do not report any consequences (+16 percentage points), with
respondents in the region less likely than they were in 2007 to say they experienced lack
of insurance against accidents (-4 points), a higher risk of job loss (-4 points) and a
higher risk of accidents (-3 points). There has been a much smaller increase in the
proportion citing no consequences in Eastern and Central Europe (+3 points), with
respondents here now less likely than in 2007 to report that they experienced lack of
insurance against accidents (-6 points) and a higher risk of accidents (-3 points).
57 No social security entitlements was not recorded as a specific response in 2007
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Respondents in Southern Europe are notably less likely to say they experienced harder
physical working conditions (-5 points) and a little more likely to mention that they
experienced a higher risk of losing their job (+3 points).
There are notable differences between socio-demographic groups, with managers, the
retired, students and those who say they almost never struggle to pay household bills
particularly likely to say that they did not experience any consequences when carrying
out the undeclared work; and the unemployed and house persons particularly likely to
cite consequences.
More than six in ten managers (69%), retired people (65%) and students (63%) say that
they did not experience any consequences when carrying out the undeclared work,
compared with around four in ten among the unemployed (37%) and house persons
(41%). Similarly, around two thirds (64%) of those who say they almost never struggle
to pay household bills say that they did not experience any consequences, compared with
less than half of those who struggle almost always or from time to time (both 45%).
Conversely, those who are unemployed are particularly likely, compared with all other
occupation groups, to mention they experienced a higher risk of accidents (12%), a
higher risk of job loss (11%) and harder physical working conditions (10%) and, along
with house persons, are notably more likely than those in other occupations to mention
that a lack of insurance against accidents (26% and 28% respectively) and no social
security entitlements (35% and 36%) were consequences.
Similarly, those who struggle to pay household bills most of the time, particularly when
compared with those who almost never struggle, are much more likely to mention
experiencing a higher risk of accidents (11% and 5% respectively), lack of insurance
against accidents (28% vs. 14%) and a higher risk of losing their job (12% vs. 4%).
In terms of variation between groups with different experiences of and attitudes towards
undeclared work, the most notable relates to dependent employees and whether they
received all or part of their salary in the past year as cash in hand. Those who did receive
cash in hand from their employer are much less likely than those who did not to say
there were no consequences (28% and 70% respectively) and much more likely to
mention experiencing each of the five outcomes.
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Base: Respondents who have carried out undeclared work in the last 12 months = 988
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III. ENVELOPE WAGES
The previous chapter examined the general public’s involvement in the supply side of
undeclared work. The first two sections of this chapter concentrate on a specific variant
within the supply side of undeclared work – envelope (cash in hand) wages. It therefore
focusses on the population sub-group where envelope wages are relevant: those who
work and rely on an employer to pay their income (i.e. excluding the self-employed).
This group is described as dependent employees. The chapter examines how widespread
envelope wages are, whether this form of payment is being used for regular work and/or
for overtime and what share of total income is paid in this manner. The final section of
the chapter looks at unpaid and flexible work among the general public as a whole.
1. SHARE OF EMPLOYEES WHO ARE PAID CASH IN HAND
When a dependent employee receives envelope wages, the employer pays all or part of
their regular salary and/or remuneration for extra work on a cash-in hand basis, without
declaring the amount to the relevant authorities. This could mean:
No salary or only a relatively small salary (e.g. the legal minimum wage) is paid
to the employee in a formal way that would imply the payment of taxes and social
security contributions. Instead of a regular salary, or in addition to it, the
employee receives an ‘envelope wage’ for an agreed regular amount of work
Contractually agreed hours are paid in a formal way, but additional hours are
remunerated on a cash-in-hand basis, without declaration to tax or social security
institutions
In each case, both parties – the employer and the employee – may profit. The employer
avoids paying social security contributions for the salary of the employee. Employees in
turn usually receive higher salaries than the net salaries they would receive if they were
formally paid. Although in some instances employees may have no choice – they either
accept the envelope wages or they do not get the job.
Respondents who fell into the category of dependent employees were asked if their
employer had paid any of their income in the last 12 months in cash and without
declaring it to tax or social security authorities58.
58 ASK Q10 TO Q13 IF “DEPENDENT EMPLOYEES” CODE 10 TO 18 IN D15a – OTHERS GO TO Q14
Q10. “Sometimes employers prefer to pay all or part of the regular salary or the remuneration (for extra work,
overtime hours or the part above a legal minimum) in cash and without declaring it to tax or social security
authorities. Has your employer paid you any of your income in the last 12 months in this way? (ONE ANSWER
ONLY) (PLEASE REMIND THE INTERVIEWEE THAT ALL ANSWERS WILL REMAIN ANONYMOUS) Yes; No; Refusal
(SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
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The vast majority of dependent employees say they have not received any part of their
salary as envelope wages within the past year (93%). A very small minority (3%) say
that they did receive all or part of their remuneration in cash. Levels of respondent
refusal and inability to answer the question are low (2% in each case).
Base: Respondents who are dependent employees = 11,066
Compared with the results from 2007, there has been a small drop in the proportion of
dependent employees who say they have received all or part of their salary as envelope
wages within the past 12 months (-2 percentage points from 5% to 3%). There has been
a slightly larger increase in the proportion who say they did not receive any of their
remuneration as cash in hand (+4 points from 89% to 93%) because there have also
been small drops in the proportions who were not able to answer or refused to answer
the question (-1 point from 3% to 2% in each case).
There is national variation. Dependent employees in Latvia are particularly likely to say
they received all or some of their remuneration in the form of envelope wages (11%),
followed by those in Croatia (8%), Greece, Slovakia and Romania (7% in each) and
Lithuania, Bulgaria and Hungary (6% in each). Countries where dependent employees
are least likely to say they have received envelope wages are Germany, Finland, France
and Sweden (1% in each) and Malta (0%).
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All countries within the Central and Eastern Europe region have a proportion of
dependent employees who receive envelope wages that is above the EU average. In
contrast, the Nordic countries all have proportions below the European average. In
‘Continental’ countries, only Belgium (4%) reports a share that is above the EU average
and in Southern Europe only Greece (7%) and Spain (5%) report higher than average
shares.
It is worth noting that Romania has an exceptionally high proportion of dependent
employees who were unable to answer the question (16%) and Hungary, Italy and
Austria have a notably high levels of refusals (8%, 6% and 7% respectively).
Base: Respondents who are dependent employees = 11,066
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In the majority of countries the proportion of dependent employees who receive
envelope wages is broadly similar to the level reported in 2007. The most notable
increase is in Greece (+4 percentage points). The most marked decreases, and where
there are notable increases in the proportion who say they have not received envelope
wages in the past year are in:
Romania: received envelope wages (-16 points); did not (+27 points)
Bulgaria: received envelope wages (-8 points); did not (+14 points)
Latvia: received envelope wages (-6 points); did not (+5 points)
Poland: received envelope wages (-6 points); did not (+6 points)
Lithuania: received envelope wages (-5 points); did not (+4 points)
Italy: received envelope wages (-5 points); did not (+11 points)
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Base: Respondents who are dependent employees = 11,066
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The socio-demographic and attitudinal/behavioural groups showing the most notable
tendency to have received envelope wages from their employer are:
15-24 year olds (5%), particularly when compared with those aged 40-54 (2%)
and 55+ (1%)
Those who struggle to pay household bills most of the time (6%), particularly
when compared with those who almost never struggle (2%)
Those who know anyone who carries out undeclared work (5%), compared with
those who do not (2%)
Those who have bought goods or services that might have involved undeclared
work in the past year (7%), compared with those who have not (2%)
Those who have carried out undeclared work (22%), compared with those who
have not (2%)
Base: Respondents who are dependent employees = 11,066
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Dependent employees who receive envelope wages are more likely than those who have
not been paid any of their remuneration by their employer as cash in hand to be working
for smaller sized organisations. More than half (56%) of dependent employees who have
been paid envelope wages are employed in organisations with less than twenty people,
compared with three in ten (30%) of those who have not. Around one in six dependent
employees who have been paid envelope wages (17%) work in organisations of 1-4
people, a similar proportion (18%) for an organisation with 5-9 employees and a fifth
(21%) for an employer with 10-19 staff. These proportions compare with 9%, 10% and
11% respectively among those who have not been paid envelope wages.
Conversely, only one in seven employees who have been paid envelope wages work for
organisations of 100 or more employees (14%), with only 7% employed by companies
with 500 or more staff, compared with four in ten (39%) and a quarter (24%)
respectively among those who have not been paid envelope wages.
Base: Respondents who are dependent employees = 11,066
Dependent employees who had received income in the last year as cash, without it being
declared to the tax or social security authorities, were asked if this was for regular work,
overtime or both59. Just under two fifths (37%) say the envelope wages they received
was remuneration for regular work, around three in ten (31%) that it was payment for
overtime or extra work and a quarter (25%) that it was for both regular and overtime
work. Compared with the results from the 2007 survey, there has been a notable drop in
the proportion who say they received envelope wages as payment for both regular and
overtime work (-11 percentage points from 36% to 25%).
59 ASK Q11 AND Q12 IF “YES”, CODE 1 IN Q10 – OTHERS GO TO Q13
Q11. “Was this income part of the remuneration for your regular work, was it payment for overtime hours or
was it both? (ONE ANSWER ONLY) Part of the remuneration of the regular work; Overtime, extra work; Both
regular and overtime work; Refusal (SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
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2. PROPORTION OF GROSS ANNUAL INCOME PAID CASH IN HAND
Dependent employees who had received any of their income in the past year in cash,
without it being declared to the relevant authorities, were asked to estimate the
proportion of their gross annual income in their main job that was paid in this way60.
- Dependent employees paid envelope wages received, on average, just over a
third of their total annual remuneration in cash -
Recipients of envelope wages are most likely to say that less than 25% of their gross
yearly income in their main job was paid in this way (28%). One in ten (10%) report that
the cash payments accounted for 25-49% of their gross annual income, with slightly
smaller proportions saying envelope wages amounted to 50-74% (8%) and 75-100%
(9%) of their total annual income. Around one in six (16%) refused to provide an
estimate. A similar proportion (16%) said that they “didn’t know” with a further one in
eight (12%) unable to remember.
Base: Respondents who have received all or part of their salary in cash and not declared it in the
last 12 months = 316
60 Q12. “Approximately which percentage of your gross yearly income in your main job did you get this way?
(WRITE DOWN – ONE ANSWER ONLY) (NO DECIMALS – IF “DON’T REMEMBER” CODE ‘997’ - IF "REFUSAL"
CODE '998' - IF "DON’T KNOW" CODE '999') _ _ _%”
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Compared with the results from the 2007 survey there has been a notable drop in the
proportion who say that envelope wages accounted for 75% or more of the gross yearly
income from their main job (-9 percentage points from 18% to 9%). There has been a
small increase in the proportion who refused to give an answer (+5 points). The large
differences between 2007 and 2013 in the proportions saying they “don’t know” and
“don’t remember” are due to changes in the way responses were recorded by the
interviewer61.
Among recipients of envelope wages the average proportion of gross yearly income from
the main job received in this form is 36%. Compared with the results from 2007, and
reflecting the drop in the proportion who say that envelope wages accounted for more
than 75% of their salary, there has been a notable decrease in the average proportion of
gross annual income received as envelope wages (-7 percentage points from 43% in
2007).
It is not possible to look at the national picture in this section because the low incidence
of reported envelope wages means that, in most countries, respondent base sizes are not
robust enough to allow valid and reliable interpretation of the data findings.
There are differences between the four country groups. Recipients of envelope wages in
Southern Europe were given, on average, more than two thirds (69%) of their total
remuneration in the form of cash. This is an exceptionally high proportion relative to the
other regions. In Eastern and Central Europe the average is less than a third (29%), in
‘Continental’ countries it is less than a fifth (17%) and in the Nordic countries it is less
than a tenth (7%) of total annual remuneration.
Base: Respondents who have received all or part of their salary in cash and not declared it in the
last 12 months = 316
61 In this survey there was an option to record “don’t remember” but in 2007 there was not. Combining the proportion who say they “don’t know” with those who say they “don’t remember” shows 2013 findings to be in line with those from 2007
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Among recipients of envelope wages the socio-demographic and attitudinal/behavioural
groups reporting a notably larger share of their annual remuneration paid in this way
are:
Women who report that envelope wages accounted for 45% of their total annual
remuneration, compared with men who report that envelope wages accounted for
29%
Those who left full-time education aged 15 or under (69%), particularly when
compared with those who finished aged 20 or more (18%)
Manual workers (41%), particularly when compared with other (non-managerial)
white collar workers (24%)
Those who struggle to pay household bills most of the time (46%), particularly
when compared with those who almost never struggle (20%)
Those who know anyone who carries out undeclared work (40%), compared with
those who do not (25%)
Base: Respondents who have received all or part of their salary in cash and not declared it in the
last 12 months = 316
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3. UNPAID AND FLEXIBLE WORK
This chapter concludes with an examination of unpaid and flexible work among the
general public as a whole.
Respondents were asked to say whether any of the following applied to them: their
salary was variable, with a substantial part results-based; they were employed but with
no formal written contract; or they worked unpaid (part or full-time) for a partner or
family business62. The first two options – variable salary and no formal written contract –
were asked only of dependent employees.
- One in twenty Europeans are on a variable salary, with a substantial part
based on results -
One in twenty Europeans (5%) are on a variable salary, with a substantial part based on
results; one in fifty (2%) are employed without a formal written contract; and a similar
proportion (2%) work unpaid (either full or part time) for a partner or family business.
Among dependent employees, one in twenty-five (4%) are employed without a formal
written contract; around one in nine (11%) are paid a variable salary, with a substantial
part based on results; and 1% work unpaid for a partner or family business.
Base: All respondents = 26,563
62 Q19. “Does the following apply to you? (READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) (ONLY IF “DEPENDENT EMPLOYEE”) You are employed WITHOUT a formal written contract, (ONLY IF “DEPENDENT EMPLOYEE”) Your salary is variable, with a substantial part based on results, You work unpaid (either part or full-time) for a partner or family business, Other (SPONTANEOUS), Refusal (SPONTANEOUS), Don’t know”
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There is national variation. Respondents in Cyprus (13%), Malta and Portugal (9% in
each) and Ireland (5%) are particularly likely to say that they are employed without a
formal written contract. There are three countries where less than 1% of dependent
employees reported that they are without a formal written contract: Bulgaria, the Czech
Republic and Slovenia, with Slovakia reporting no dependent employees (all 0%).
Countries where respondents are particularly likely to say that their salary is variable,
with a substantial part based on results, are Slovakia (13%), Estonia and Latvia (10% in
each), the Czech Republic (9%) and Lithuania and Hungary (8% in each). Dependent
employees are least likely to be on variable salaries in Greece (1%) and Spain, Malta and
the Netherlands (2% in each).
There is less widespread national variation in the proportion who work unpaid (part or
full-time) for a partner or family business, with the highest proportions in the
Netherlands and Poland (6% in each), followed by Denmark and Lithuania (4% in each).
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
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The socio-demographic and attitudinal/behavioural groups showing the most notable
tendency to cite each of the employment circumstances are:
Employed without a formal written contract
o Manual workers (6%), compared with managers and other (non-
managerial) white collar workers (both 3%)
o Dependent employees who received part/all of their income in the last 12
months in cash (20%), compared with those who did not (4%)
Salary variable, with a substantial part based on results
o 25-39 year olds (8%), particularly when compared with those aged 55+
(1%)
o Those who left full-time education aged 20 or more (6%), particularly
when compared with those who finished their education aged 15 or under
(2%)
o Dependent employees who received part/all of their income in the last 12
months in cash (24%), compared with those who did not (11%)
Work unpaid (full or part-time) for a partner or family business
o The self-employed (6%), particularly when compared with managers,
other white collar workers and manual workers (1% each)
o Those who have carried out undeclared work (8%), compared with those
who have not (2%)
In terms of the respondents who received envelope wages, 24% (vs. 11% who do not
receive envelope wages) are on a variable salary where a substantial part is based on
results and 21% (vs. 4% who do not receive envelope wages) are without a formal
contract at all. When looking at the three statements, it is clear that they are more
applicable to those who receive envelope wages compared to those who do not. None of
the statements were applicable to only 49% of respondents who receive envelope wages
compared to more than eight in 10 (83%) of those who do not.
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
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IV. UNDECLARED WORK – PERCEPTIONS AND ACCEPTANCE
Previous chapters examined the general public’s involvement in the demand and supply
side of undeclared work and the prevalence of envelope wages among dependent
employees. The final chapter looks at Europeans’ general perceptions of undeclared
work. It examines opinions on the level of risk of being detected, awareness of sanctions
imposed by authorities and reasons why people may undertake such work. It concludes
with a section looking at how acceptable the general public think undeclared work is,
along with various ‘evasion’ scenarios.
1. PERCEIVED LEVEL OF RISK
The interviewer explained that people who work without declaring income risk tax or
social security institutions finding out and issuing supplementary tax bills and possibly
fines. Respondents were then asked what they thought the level of risk of being detected
was in their country63.
- Just over half of all Europeans think that people who carry out undeclared
work are at a small risk of being detected. Just over one in three think the risk
of being detected is high -
Just over half (53%) of respondents think that people who carry out undeclared work are
at a small risk of being detected by the relevant authorities, with most (38%) saying the
risk is “fairly small” rather than “very small” (15%). Just over one in three (36%) think
the risk of being detected is high, with most saying the risk is “fairly high” (29%) rather
than “very high” (7%). Around one in ten (9%) say they do not know what the level of
risk of being detected is.
63 Q3. “People who work without declaring the income risk that tax or social security institutions find out and
issue supplementary tax bills and perhaps fines. How would you describe the risk of being detected in (OUR
COUNTRY)? (READ OUT - ONE ANSWER ONLY) Very high; Fairly high; Fairly small; Very small; Refusal
(SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
These findings are very similar to those reported in 2007, although there has been a
small increase in the proportion of respondents who think that people who work without
declaring their income have a high risk of being detected (+3 percentage points), driven
by an increase in the proportion who say the risk is “fairly high” (+3 points).
There is national variation. Countries where respondents are most likely to say that the
risk of being detected is high are Lithuania (49%), the UK (48%), Ireland and Portugal
(47% in each) and Estonia (44%). In each of these countries, apart from Estonia, at
least one in ten respondents think that the risk is “very high”64.
In 18 countries the majority think that people doing undeclared work have only a small
risk of being detected. This view is most widespread in Sweden (76%), Slovenia (74%),
the Netherlands (69%), Cyprus (67%), Finland and the Czech Republic (66% in each)
and Denmark (64%). Slovenia and Cyprus have the highest proportions of any country
thinking the risk of detection is “very small” (38% and 33% respectively). Other
countries where a notably high proportion think the risk is “very small” are Spain (26%),
Greece and Latvia (22%), Italy (21%) and Bulgaria (20%).
Countries where respondents are particularly likely to say they “don’t know” what the
risk of being detected is are Poland (15%), Romania (19%), Bulgaria (20%) and Malta
(22%).
64 Lithuania 10%, the UK 10%, Ireland 13%, Portugal 12%, Estonia 6%
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
In most countries there has been a drop since 2007 in the proportion of respondents
thinking that there is only a small risk of being detected. This is most notable in Denmark
(-17 percentage points), the Netherlands (-10 points), Malta, Slovakia and Sweden (-8
points in each) and France (-7 points). A few countries show an increase in the
proportion thinking the risk of being detected is small, with the most notable shifts in
Cyprus (+10 points), and Portugal and Romania (+8 points in each).
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
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The socio-demographic showing the most notable tendency to think that the risk of
someone being detected for carrying out undeclared work is small are:
o Managers (62%), particularly when compared with house persons (47%)
o Those who almost never struggle to pay household bills (57%), compared
with those who struggle most of the time and those who struggle form
time to time (49% in each)
The findings show that those with exposure of undeclared work tend to perceive there is
less risk in doing undeclared work than those who have no exposure. Thus those groups
with a notable tendency to say the risk is small are:
o Those who know anyone who undertakes undeclared work (67%),
compared with those who do not (48%)
o Those who have paid for goods or services that might have involved
undeclared work in the past year (69%), compared with those who have
not (53%)
o Those who have carried out undeclared work (68%), compared with those
who have not (53%)
Base: All respondents = 26,563
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2. EXPECTED SANCTIONS
Respondents were asked what punishment, if any, they imagined someone would receive
if the authorities discovered that they were receiving an income from work that was not
being declared to tax or social security authorities65.
- The majority of Europeans think that if someone was discovered to be carrying
out undeclared work they would be forced to pay the normal tax and social
security contributions along with a fine -
The majority of respondents (56%) say that if someone was discovered to be rec eiving
income from work which was not declared to the relevant authorities the sanction would
be the normal tax and social security contributions, plus a fine. A fifth (21%) think that
the punishment would be to pay the normal tax and social security contributions. Only a
small minority (6%) imagine that the person would be sent to prison. Around one in
eight respondents (12%) say they “don’t know” what sanction would be imposed.
Base: All respondents = 26,563
65 Q2. “What sanction, if any, do you imagine someone would receive if the authorities find out that they
receive an income from work which was not declared to tax or social security authorities? (ONE ANSWER
ONLY) Normal tax or social security contributions due; Normal tax or social security contributions due, plus a
fine; Prison; Other (SPONTANEOUS); Refusal (SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
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The national picture shows widespread variation in opinions about sanctions that would
be imposed by authorities. The proportions thinking that normal tax and social security
contributions would be due, along with a fine, range from a high of 77% to a low of 24%.
It is the view of the majority in 18 Member States. Countries where respondents are
particularly likely to think that this is the sanction that would be imposed are
Denmark (77%), Sweden (70%), Germany (68%), Austria (67%), France and
Cyprus (both 65%) and Luxembourg (64%). Countries least likely to think that normal
tax and social security contributions, along with a fine would be imposed are Portugal
(45%), Lithuania (41%), Slovenia (39%), Romania (38%), Latvia (35%), Croatia (34%)
and Poland (24%).
The requirement to pay normal tax and social security contributions, plus a fine is the
sanction that respondents are most likely to think authorities would impose in 25
Member States. The two exceptions are Poland and Latvia where respondents are more
likely to think that authorities would impose only normal tax or social security
contributions that were due: around four in ten respondents in Poland (41%) and a
slightly lower proportion in Lithuania (39%) and Latvia (37%) think this would be the
most likely sanction. In Croatia opinion is evenly divided between the two different
sanctions (34% mentioning each). Other countries where respondents are particularly
likely to think that the sanction imposed would be normal tax and social security
payments only include Estonia (33%), Belgium (29%) and the Netherlands and Portugal
(28% in each).
Countries where respondents are most likely to think that the punishment would be
prison are the UK (14%) and Cyprus (12%), whilst those where they are least likely to
think this would be the sanction are Estonia, Lithuania and Poland (1% in each) and the
Netherlands (2%).
Countries with a particularly high proportion of respondents not knowing what sanction
would be imposed include Bulgaria (25%), Romania (23%), Poland (21%), Spain (19%)
and Malta (18%).
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
The socio-demographic and attitudinal/behavioural groups showing the most notable
tendency to cite each sanction are:
Normal tax or social security contributions due, plus a fine:
o Those who left full-time education aged 20 or more (61%), particularly
when compared with those who finished their education aged 15 or under
(52%)
o Managers (64%), particularly when compared with the unemployed (47%)
and house persons (48%)
o Those who almost never struggle to pay household bills (59%), particularly
when compared with those who almost always struggle (49%)
o Dependent employees who have not received part/all of their income in
cash in the last 12 months in cash (61%), compared with those who have
(46%)
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o Those who have not carried out undeclared work (57%), compared with
those who have (49%)
Normal tax or social security contributions, plus a fine:
o Dependent employees who have received part/all of their income in cash in
the last 12 months in cash (29%), compared with those who have (21%)
Base: All respondents = 26,563
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3. ASSUMED REASONS FOR DOING UNDECLARED WORK
Respondents were asked what, in their opinion, are the reasons why people do
undeclared work, with the first and second answers that they gave recorded66.
- Europeans are most likely to think that undeclared work is carried out because
salaries in the regular market are too low -
Just over a third (35%) of respondents think that a reason for doing undeclared work is
because salaries in the regular business market are too low. Three in ten (29%) mention
lack of regular jobs on the labour market as a reason, a quarter (26%) mention
taxes/and or social security contributions being too high and a fifth (21%) say that
authorities lack control. Around one in seven respondents mention sanctions being too
weak (14%), that it is difficult to live on social welfare benefits (14%) and that there is
no real alternative in certain sectors or regions (13%) as reasons. All other reasons are
mentioned by less than one in ten respondents.
Base: All respondents = 26,563
66 Q4a. “What are in your opinion the reasons for doing undeclared work? Firstly?
Q4b. And secondly? (SHOW CARD – ONE ANSWER PER COLUMN) Bureaucracy or red tape for a regular
economic activity is too complicated; Bureaucracy or red tape for minor or occasional economic activities is too
complicated; Lack of control by authorities; Sanctions are too weak; In certain sectors or regions there is no
real alternative; Salaries in the regular businesses are too low; Lack of regular jobs on the labour market; The
State does not do anything for the people, so why should they pay taxes; Nobody would buy these goods or
services at normal market prices; Taxes and/or social security contributions are too high; It is difficult to live on
social welfare benefits; Other (SPONTANEOUS); Refusal (SPONTANEOUS); Don’t know”
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While the three most commonly given reasons for doing undeclared work are the same in
2013 and 2007, the proportion of respondents citing the lack of regular jobs on the
labour market as a possible reason for doing undeclared work has increased (+5
percentage points), perhaps reflecting the economic environment, while the proportions
citing low salaries in regular businesses and taxes and/or social security contributions
being too high have both decreased (each by -6 points).
Countries where respondents are particularly likely to mention that a reason for doing
undeclared work is that salaries are too low in the regular businesses are Latvia (60%)
and Estonia (55%) – where it is a view held by the majority – followed by France (46%),
Germany (45%) and Austria and the UK (43% in each). It is the most widely mentioned
reason in ten Member States. Countries where respondents are least likely to think
undeclared work is done because salaries in the regular businesses are too low are
Denmark (17%), Greece (19%), Italy (22%), Spain (23%) and Sweden (24%).
Countries with the highest proportion of respondents mentioning lack of regular jobs on
the labour market – and where this is mentioned more than any other reason - are
Croatia (61%), Slovenia (60%), Poland (48%), Spain (45%), Slovakia (42%), Romania
(39%) Bulgaria (38%) and Ireland (36%). Lack of regular jobs is least likely to be
perceived as a reason for doing undeclared work in Malta (11%), Denmark (14%) and
Cyprus (15%).
Taxes and/or social security contributions being too high is the most common reason
given by respondents in Lithuania (42%), Belgium (40%), Hungary (37%), Portugal
(36%), Denmark and Estonia (both 35%). It is least likely to be mentioned in Ireland
(11%), Bulgaria, Cyprus and Croatia (14% in each) and the Czech Republic and Slovenia
(16% in each).
Lack of control by authorities is most widely mentioned and is the most common reason
given by respondents in Cyprus (56%), Greece (44%) and Malta (37%). It is least likely
to be cited as a reason for doing undeclared work in Latvia (7%) and Estonia and Poland
(11% in each).
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
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The differences in opinion on why people carry out undeclared work between socio-
demographic and attitudinal/behavioural groups tend to be small. Those showing the
most notable tendency to cite each of the reasons are:
Salaries are too low in the regular businesses
o Manual workers (41%), particularly when compared with the self-
employed (27%)
Lack of regular jobs on the labour market
o The unemployed (37%), particularly when compared with managers (22%)
Taxes and/or social security contributions are too high
o The self-employed (32%), particularly when compared with the
unemployed (20%)
Lack of control by authorities
o Those who think the risk of being detected is small (26%), compared with
those who think the risk is high (18%)
Base: All respondents = 26,563
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4. ACCEPTABILITY OF UNDECLARED WORK
The last section of this chapter looks at how acceptable the general public think
undeclared work is, along with various ‘evasion’ scenarios.
Respondents were asked to rate how acceptable they felt various behaviours relating to
fraudulent activity were, using a 10 point scale where ‘1’ equates to “absolutely
unacceptable” and ‘10’ means “absolutely acceptable”67. At the analysis stage the 10
point scale was condensed into three groups: a respondent rating of 1-4 was allocated
into the group “Unacceptable”; a rating of 5-6 into the group “Fairly acceptable” and a
rating of 7-10 classified as “Acceptable”.
–At least two-thirds of Europeans consider all listed ‘evasion’ behaviours to be
unacceptable-
For each of the ‘evasion’ scenarios described, the majority of respondents think the
behaviour is ‘unacceptable’. Respondents are most likely to think that someone receiving
welfare payments without entitlement is ‘unacceptable’ (90%), with a slightly smaller
proportion (87%) saying that a firm hired by another firm for work and does not report
its activity to the relevant authorities is ‘unacceptable’. More than three quarters of
respondents think that all but one of the other ‘evasion’ scenarios are ‘unacceptable’,
with two thirds (67%) thinking it ‘unacceptable’ for a private person, hired for work by a
private household, not to report the payment received to the relevant authorities. This is
the only scenario where more than one in ten respondents (11%) say the behaviour
illustrated is ‘acceptable’, i.e. gave it a score of 7-10 on the rating scale.
67 Q20. “Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what
extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: ‘1’ means that you find it “absolutely
acceptable” and ‘10’ means that you find it “absolutely unacceptable”. (SHOW CARD WITH SCALE – ONE
ANSWER PER LINE) (READ OUT) Someone receives welfare payments without entitlement: Someone uses
public transport without a valid ticket; A private person is hired by a private household for work and he or she
does not report the payment received in return to tax or social security institutions although it should be
reported; A firm is hired by a private household for work and it does not report the payment received in return
to tax or social security institutions; A firm is hired by another firm for work and it does not report its activity to
tax or social security institutions; A firm hires a private person and all or a part of the salary paid to him or her
is not officially registered; Someone evades taxes by not or only partially declaring income”
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
Since 2007 there have been small increases in the proportions of respondents thinking
each ‘evasion’ scenario is ‘unacceptable’, with the most notable in relation to: someone
evading taxes by not or only partially declaring income (+4 percentage points from 79%
to 83%) and a private person, hired for work by a private household, not reporting the
payment received to the relevant authorities (+4 points from 63% to 67%).
An analysis of the findings by country across the seven practic es shows some strong
patterns by individual country and country grouping. Respondents in Cyprus are the least
tolerant of the practices among the 28 countries, followed by the three Nordic countries,
and three in Southern Europe – Greece, Malta and Spain. The most tolerant views, in
contrast, are found in several of the countries in Eastern and Central Europe, with
respondents in Latvia the most likely to view each of the seven practices as acceptable,
and those in Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Estonia also having
relatively tolerant views. The remaining countries, including all of the ‘Continental’
countries, fall between these two extremes.
There are also some notable patterns by country in terms of how attitudes towards these
‘evasion’ practices have changed since the last survey was conducted in 2007. Whilst, as
noted above, there has been a slight hardening of attitudes overall at the EU level, this
trend is particularly notable in Austria, and, though to a somewhat lesser extent, in Italy,
Denmark, Romania, Bulgaria and Portugal. Meanwhile the reverse is true – with attitudes
softening somewhat since 2007 – most markedly in Latvia, but also in Malta and
Slovakia, and, to a lesser extent, Lithuania.
The differences in attitudes by country for each of the individual practices are described
in further detail below.
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There is national variation. It is the majority view among respondents in all countries
that it is ‘unacceptable’ for someone to receive welfare payments without entitlement.
Those countries where respondents are most likely to say it is an ‘unacceptable’ practice
are Cyprus (98%), Sweden and Denmark (96%) and the Netherlands (95%). There are
only two countries where less than eight in ten respondents think it is ‘unacc eptable’
practice and these are the two countries where respondents are most likely to say it is an
‘acceptable’ practice: Lithuania (‘unacceptable’:78%; ‘acceptable’:8%), Latvia (67% and
9% respectively).
Base: All respondents = 26,563
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In most countries the results are broadly similar to the findings reported in 2007. The
largest increases in the proportion of respondents thinking that it is ‘unacceptable’ for
someone to receive welfare benefits without entitlement can be found in Austria (+9
percentage points), Romania (+8 points), Portugal and Hungary (+7 points in each) and
Spain (+6 points). The largest decrease is observed in Malta (-5 points)68.
In all Member States, and in Croatia, the majority of respondents also think that it is
‘unacceptable’ for a firm hired by another firm to not report this work activity to the
relevant authorities. Consistent with the findings on the acceptability of a firm hired by a
private person not reporting its activity, the view that it is not acceptable for a firm hired
by another firm to do so is most widespread in Cyprus (97%), Sweden (96%), Finland
(94%), and Greece and Denmark (93% in each), together, in this case, with Germany
(93%). There are five countries where less than eight in ten respondents think it
‘unacceptable’ and where notably high proportions think it ‘acceptable’ that a firm
working for another firm does not report its activity: Lithuania (‘unacceptable’: 75%;
‘acceptable’: 7%), Poland (74% and 6% respectively), Slovakia (73% vs. 6%), the Czech
Republic (72% vs. 7%) and Latvia (66% vs. 11%). Other countries with a notably high
proportion thinking this practice ‘acceptable’ are Ireland (6%) and Hungary (5%).
68 The table displaying all of the country level evolutions can be found at the end of this section
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
Compared with the findings in 2007, the most notable increases in the proportion holding
the view that it is ‘unacceptable’ for a firm hired by another firm to withold its activity
from the relevant authorities are in Austria (+8 percentage points), Italy and Portugal
(+7 points in each) and Spain and Bulgaria (+6 points in each). The most marked
decreases in the proportion holding such a view are in Malta (-7 points) and Latvia (-5
points)69.
69 The table displaying all of the country level evolutions can be found at the end of this section
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The majority of respondents in all countries also think that a firm that hires a private
person and does not officially register all or part of his or her salary is ‘unacceptable’
practice. Again there are consistent patterns, with those countries where respondents are
most likely to hold this opinion being Sweden (95%), Cyprus (94%), Finland (92%),
Greece and Denmark (91% in each) and Germany (90%). There are two countries where
less than seven in ten respondents perceive it to be ‘unacceptable’ practice and where a
notably high proportion think it ‘acceptable’: the Czech Republic (‘unacceptable’: 66%;
‘acceptable’: 11%) and Latvia (57% and 16% respectively).
Base: All respondents = 26,563
Compared with the 2007 results, the most notable increases in the proportion of
respondents thinking that it is ‘unacceptable’ for a firm that hires a private person to not
officially register all or part of his or her salary are in Denmark and Austria (+10
percentage points in each), Bulgaria (+9 points) and Italy (+8 points). The most marked
decreases in the proportion thinking it ‘unacceptable’ are in Malta (-6 points) and Latvia
(-5 points)70.
70 The table displaying all of the country level evolutions can be found at the end of this section
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In all Member States, and in Croatia, the majority of respondents think that a firm hired
by a private household for work that does not report the payment received to the
relevant authorities is ‘unacceptable’ practice. This view is most widespread in Cyprus
and Sweden (94% in each), Finland (93%), Greece (92%) and Denmark (91%). There
are four countries where less than seven in ten respondents think it ‘unacceptable’ and
where notably high proportions of respondents say it is ‘acceptable’ for a firm to do this:
the Czech Republic (‘unacceptable’ :68%; ‘acceptable’: 10%), Lithuania (67% and 11%
respectively), Slovakia (63% vs. 10%) and Latvia (53% vs. 18%). Poland and Estonia
also have a high proportion thinking this behaviour ‘acceptable’ (8% and 7%
respectively).
Base: All respondents = 26,563
Countries showing the most notable increases since 2007 in the proportion thinking that
it is ‘unacceptable’ for a firm hired by a private household to withhold the payment
details from the relevant authorities are Austria (+10 percentage points), Denmark (+8
points) and Bulgaria, Italy and Portugal (+7 points in each). There have been notable
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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drops in the proportion thinking it an ‘unacceptable’ practice in Latvia (-10 points),
Slovakia (-8 points) and Luxembourg and Malta (-7 points in each).
The view that it is ‘unacceptable’ for someone to evade taxes by not or only partially
declaring income is held by the majority within all countries. Once again there are
consistent patterns, with particularly high proportions thinking this is ‘unacceptable’
practice in Cyprus (96%), Sweden (94%), Finland (93%) and Denmark (91%), along
with Spain (also 91%) and Malta (90%). The only three countries where less than seven
in ten respondents perceive this to be ‘unacceptable’ practice and where a notably high
proportion think it ‘acceptable’ are: the Czech Republic (‘unacceptable’: 69%;
‘acceptable’: 9%), Slovakia (68% and 10% respectively) and Latvia (53% vs. 19%).
Other countries with a particularly high proportion of respondents thinking it ‘acceptable’
practice are Lithuania and Hungary (9% in each) and Estonia and Poland (7%) in each71.
Base: All respondents = 26,563
71 The table displaying all of the country level evolutions can be found at the end of this section
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Since 2007 there have been notable increases in the proportion of respondents thinking
that someone evading tax by not or only partially declaring income is ‘unacceptable’ in
Austria (+15 percentage points), Denmark and Italy (+12 points in each), Bulgaria (+10
points), Portugal (+9 points) and Spain and Romania (+7 points in each). The largest
declines are in Slovakia (-8 points) and Slovenia and Latvia (-6 points in each).
Someone using public transport without a valid ticket is also perceived to be an
‘unacceptable’ practice by the majority of respondents in all countries. Again, the
countries most likely to think it is an ‘unacceptable’ practice are Cyprus (92%), Denmark
(89%), and Sweden and the Netherlands (84% in each), together, in this case, with
Malta (87%). There are four countries where less than seven in ten respondents think it
is an ‘unacceptable’ practice for someone to use public transport without a valid ticket
and where the view that it is ‘acceptable’ is most widespread: Luxembourg
(‘unacceptable’: 67%; ‘acceptable’: 13%), France (67% and 10% respectively), Latvia
(56% and 18%) and Croatia (69% and 12%). The only other countries where at least
one in ten respondents think this practice is ‘acceptable’ are Estonia (11%) and Lithuania
(10%).
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
Compared with the results from 2007, the most notable increases in the proportion of
respondents thinking that it is ‘unacceptable’ for someone to use public transport without
a valid ticket can be seen in Austria (+12 percentage points), Spain and Ireland (+11
points in each), Romania (+9 points) and Italy (+8 points). There have been notable
decreases in the proportion thinking it an ‘unacceptable’ practice in Latvia (-14 points),
Luxembourg (-10 points) and Greece and Estonia (-8 points in each).
There is greater national variation in Europeans’ views on the acceptability of a private
person, hired by a private household for work, not to report the payment to the relevant
authorities. Indeed this practice, compared with the other six ‘evasion’ scenarios
presented to respondents, shows the greatest national variation. In 22 Member States,
and in Croatia, the majority of respondents think that this practice is ‘unacceptable’ with
the strongest views in Greece (82%), Cyprus and Malta (81% in each), Italy (78%), the
UK (77%) and Finland (76%). The exceptions, where only a minority think that it is
‘unacceptable’, and where notably high proportions of respondents say it is ‘acceptable’
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for someone to do this, are: the Czech Republic (‘unacceptable’: 49%; ‘acceptable’:
22%), Lithuania (40% and 35% respectively), the Netherlands (39% and 27%), Estonia
(38% and 36%) and Latvia (33% and 38%). Other countries with a notably high
proportion thinking this practice is ‘acceptable’ are Bulgaria and Slovakia (18% in each),
Slovenia and Luxembourg (17% in each), and Croatia (16%).
Base: All respondents = 26,563
Compared with the findings in 2007, the most notable increases in the proportion of
respondents thinking that it is ‘unacceptable’ for someone to be hired by a private
household and not report the payment received can be observed in Austria (+13
percentage points), Italy (+12 points), Romania and Denmark (+11 points in each),
Ireland and Hungary (+9 points in each) and Belgium (+8 points). The most marked
decreases in the proportion thinking it an ‘unacceptable’ practice can be found in Finland
and Slovakia (-7 points in each) Slovenia, Estonia and Latvia (-6 points in each).
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
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Base: All respondents = 26,563
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The socio-demographic and attitudinal/behavioural groups showing the most notable
tendency to cite each practice as ‘unacceptable’ are:
Someone receives welfare payments without entitlement :
o Dependent employees who have not received part/all of their income in
cash in the last 12 months (92%), compared with those who have (79%)
o Those who have not carried out undeclared work (91%), compared with
those who have (81%)
A firm is hired by another firm for work and it does not report its activity to the
relevant authorities:
o Managers (90%), particularly when compared with students (81%)
o Dependent employees who have not received part/all of their income in
cash in the last 12 months in cash (89%), compared with those who have
(78%)
o Those who have not carried out undeclared work (88%), compared with
those who have (76%)
A firm hires a private person and all or a part of the salary paid to him/her is not
officially registered:
o Those aged 55 or more (88%), particularly when compared with 15-24
year olds (77%)
o The retired (88%) and managers (87%), particularly when compared with
students (77%)
o Those who have not bought goods or services which might have involved
undeclared work (86%), compared with those who have (76%)
o Dependent employees who have not received part/all of their income in
cash in the last 12 months (86%), compared with those who have (68%)
o Those who have not carried out undeclared work (86%), compared with
those who have (63%)
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
117
Base: All respondents = 26,563
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
118
Regarding the final four items, the behaviour groups that display the largest differences
in the number of people who think that the following practices are unacceptable are:
Someone uses public transport without a valid ticket :
o Those aged 55 or more (85%), when compared with 15-24 year olds
(67%)
o The retired (85%), particularly when compared with students (66%)
o Those who almost never struggle to pay household bills (81%), particularly
when compared with those who struggle most of the time (70%)
o Those who have not carried out undeclared work (79%), compared with
those who have (62%)
A private person is hired by a private household and he/she does not report the
payment received to the relevant authorities even though it should be reported:
o Those aged 55 or more (71%), particularly when compared with 15-24
year olds (61%)
o The retired (71%), house persons (70%) and the self-employed (70%),
particularly when compared with students (60%) and the unemployed
(61%)
o Those who do not know anyone who carries out undeclared work (73%),
compared with those who know someone (56%)
o Those who have not paid for goods or services that might have involved
undeclared work (71%), compared with those who have (46%)
o Dependent employees who have not received part/all of their income in
cash in the last 12 months (68%), compared with those who have (50%)
o Those who have not carried out undeclared work (69%), compared with
those who have (32%)
A firm is hired by a private household and it does not report the payment received
to the relevant authorities:
o Those aged 55 or more (86%) in comparison with 15-24 year olds (78%)
o Managers and the retired (86% in each), particularly when compared with
students (77%)
o Those who have not bought goods or services that may have involved
undeclared work (85%), compared with those who have (74%)
o Dependent employees who have not received part/all of their income in
cash in the last 12 months (85%), compared with those who have (68%)
o Those who have not carried out undeclared work (85%), compared with
those who have (65%)
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
119
Someone evades taxes by not or only partially declaring income:
o Those aged 55 or more (87%) particularly when compared with 15-24 year
olds (78%)
o The retired (87%) and managers (86%), particularly when compared with
students or house persons (78% in each)
o Those who almost never struggle to pay household bills (87%), particularly
when compared with those who struggle most of the time (77%)
o Those who do not know anyone who carries out undeclared work (86%),
compared with those who know someone (78%)
o Those who have not bought goods or services that might have included
undeclared work (85%), compared with those who have (73%)
o Dependent employees who have not received part/all of their income in
cash in the last 12 months (84%), compared with those who have (65%)
o Those who have not carried out undeclared work (85%), compared with
those who have (61%)
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
120
Base: All respondents = 26,563
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
121
CONCLUSIONS
Undeclared work is held responsible for obstructing growth-orientated economic,
budgetary and social policies and, in particular, lowering work standards, creating
risks for the health and safety of workers, putting the financial sustainability of social
protection systems at risk and undermining the competitive business environment. It
is perceived to be a significant contributor to the financial crises and economic
problems that a number of EU Member States are currently experiencing. A lot of
effort is being invested in measures aimed at tackling undeclared work – using both
deterrence and preventative approaches.
It is difficult to obtain a clear picture of the size of the undeclared part of the EU
economy, particularly the supply side, for a number of reasons, among these being
the sensitive nature of the subject and the difficulty of covering undeclared work by
illegal immigrants in surveys. Country-level comparisons of measures of undeclared
work are also difficult to make because in some countries certain forms of undeclared
work are so common that they are not perceived and reported as such. The extent to
which respondents are prepared to report participation in undeclared activities may
vary according to the social and legal norms in the country, i.e. the extent to which
undeclared work is considered acceptable by the general public and the severity with
which it is punished by authorities. Therefore, these findings only provide a measure
of the lower limits of undeclared work activities, and differences between countries
may reflect social and legal norms as well as behavioural differences.
That said, the level of reported involvement in the demand side of undeclared work
remains similar to that reported in 2007. One in nine Europeans admit they are
involved in acquiring goods or services where they have good reason to believe that
they include undeclared work.
Whilst the level of participation in buying goods or services which might involve
undeclared work is relatively low overall, it shows no sign of shrinking. There is
significant variation between Member States, with as many as three in ten
participating in Greece and as few as one in twenty in Poland and whilst, in most
countries the number of people involved in purchasing these goods and services
remains similar to that reported in 2007, there have been notable increases in a few
countries (particularly Greece and Cyprus) and a notable drop in only one (Sweden).
It is not confined to particular population sub-groups. Purchasers are found among
both men and women, all age groups and across different types of occupation. There
is, however, a greater tendency to purchase these goods or services among 25-54
year olds, those who left full-time education aged 20 or more, those who have
difficulty paying household bills most of the time, the self-employed, managers and
other white collar workers.
The types of goods and services that Europeans are purchasing remain diverse, most
commonly related to home repairs or renovations and car repairs, but also including
cleaning, gardening, food, babysitting, healthcare services and a range of other goods
and services. Again there are considerable differences between countries in terms of
what they acquire in this ‘informal’ market.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
122
Europeans are most likely to purchase goods or services that might involve
undeclared work from private persons or households, particularly from someone that
they know, emphasising the ‘informal’ nature of the transactions. Despite this, a
sizeable proportion buy goods and services from firms or businesses. There is again
regional variation with those in ‘Continental’ countries particularly likely to source
from friends, colleagues or acquaintances; people in Eastern and Central Europe
more likely to purchase from other private persons or households, those in the Nordic
countries (and to some extent those in Southern Europe) to purchase goods and
services from firms or businesses, and those in Southern Europe much more likely
than in any other region to have bought goods or services that might have involved
undeclared work from healthcare providers.
The key motivation for purchasing these goods and services is price. Europeans
mention lower price more than any other reason, although they are a little less likely
to mention it than in 2007 and slightly more likely to cite other reasons, in particular
helping someone in need of money and as a favour amongst friends, relatives or
colleagues.
The findings suggest that the amount of money being spent on undeclared goods or
services is relatively small, but it is difficult to infer that the impact on the economy is
not significant. Again there is regional variation, with respondents in Southern Europe
spending the most and those in Eastern and Central Europe the least.
Looking at undeclared work from the supply perspective, one in twenty five
Europeans admit that they have undertaken undeclared paid work in the past year.
Whilst this represents a small drop since 2007 in the proportion reporting such
activity it is difficult to gauge whether this represents a real decline because the 2007
survey definition included undeclared activities paid for in kind, whilst in 2013 the
definition was restricted to those attracting payment in money only.
Like buyers, suppliers are not confined to particular population sub-groups. However,
the findings suggest a greater tendency to supply undeclared work among 15-34
years old, people who struggle with household bills, the unemployed and students.
Those who buy goods or services that might involve undeclared work are also more
likely than average to be suppliers.
As seen on the demand side, there is considerable regional variation, with
respondents in Eastern and Central Europe and those in the Nordic countries most
likely to report they have carried out undeclared paid work, whilst those in Southern
Europe are least likely. A high share of the population involved does not necessarily
imply that the phenomenon is very significant in economic terms. Most count ries
show levels of reported involvement that are broadly in line or a little below the levels
reported in 2007 and any increases are only small. The most notable increases are in
Spain and Slovenia (+2 percentage points in each).
Whilst only one in twenty five Europeans admit to carrying out undeclared paid work
a much larger proportion - one in three – say they know someone who carries out
undeclared work, although this proportion has declined from nearly four in ten in
2007. Indeed there are only four Member States, all in Southern Europe, where
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
123
respondents are more likely now than in 2007 to know anyone who supplies
undeclared work.
Mirroring the findings on the demand side, the most common type of undeclared work
being carried out is in the area of repairs or renovations, but activities are again
diverse and include gardening work, cleaning work, babysitting and working as
waiting staff along with providing other goods and services. Again, the types of
activities being supplied vary regionally. For example, cleaning work is a far more
common activity than repairs or renovations or gardening work in Southern Europe.
Babysitting is as popular as repairs or renovations or gardening in ‘Continental’
Europe and undeclared work that involves selling other services is much more
prevalent in the Nordic countries than elsewhere in Europe. Also reflecting the
findings on the demand side Europeans involved in supplying undeclared work are
most likely to provide it to someone they know but, again, the type of client varies
regionally.
The findings suggest that the amount of money earned by Europeans from the supply
of undeclared work is relatively small (a median of 300 euros in a year), indicating
that the activity only provides a side income for many of those involved in it. Again
there is regional variation, which tends to reflect the economies in different regions,
with those supplying undeclared work in the Nordic countries earning the most.
The most common reason that Europeans who do undeclared work give for doing so
is that both parties benefit. This reason is given more than twice as often as any
other offered on a list of options, although whether the interest of the buyer is
genuinely a key motivating factor for many of those who undertake undeclared work
might be reasonably questioned. Interestingly, there is considerable regional
variation in terms of the reasons given for undertaking undeclared work. For
example, the notion of mutual benefit is particularly widely mentioned in the more
affluent Nordic and ‘Continental’ countries, and much less widely among suppliers in
Southern Europe who are more likely to present undeclared work as something forced
on them by economic circumstance, because they are unable to find a regular job or
have no other form of income or because it is a common practice in their region or
work sector so there is no real alternative.
One plausible reason for people undertaking undeclared work is that they may feel
the risk of detection is relatively low. Indeed, Europeans as a whole do not perceive
the risk of being detected when doing undeclared work to be particularly high. Just
over half of Europeans think that people who carry out undeclared work are at a
small risk of being detected by the relevant authorities, around one in five think that
a reason for undeclared work is that authorities lack control and around one in seven
that the sanctions imposed if detected are too weak. The findings also show that
those who themselves do (or know someone who does) undeclared work are
particularly likely to perceive the risk as low.
Whilst around three in five suppliers do not mention experiencing any consequences
as a result of doing undeclared work, around one in five say that it meant they had
no entitlement to social security and a similar proportion that they were not insured
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
124
against accidents. However, there are notable regional differences in experience
here. Suppliers in ‘Continental’ countries are twice as likely as those in Southern
Europe to report no consequences, with suppliers in Southern Europe much more
likely than in other regions to report the absence of both entitlement to social
security and insurance against accidents.
In terms of undeclared work specifically in the area of envelope wages, only a very
small minority of dependent employees report that they received any part of their
salary within the past year in this form and the number has dropped a little since
2007. There is however regional variation, with this practice reported more widely by
employees in Eastern and Central Europe, and less widely by those in the Nordic
countries. Remuneration through envelope wages is most likely to be used for regular
forms of work. It is clearer here that this form of undeclared work is likely to have a
more significant impact on the economy with the proportion of envelope wages
averaging just over a third of total annual remuneration. Once again there are
regional differences with recipients of envelope wages in Southern Europe given, on
average, more than two thirds of their total remuneration in the form of cash, whilst
those in the Nordic countries have been given less than a tenth.
Whilst attitudes towards undeclared work vary between countries, Europeans, for the
most part, consider ‘evasion’ practices as unacceptable or, at best, have a neutral
view of them. Even suppliers and buyers of goods and services that might involve
undeclared work, although expressing higher levels of tolerance, have a tendency to
acknowledge the unacceptable nature of ‘evasion’ activity. Although these views are
expressed in a survey context and might to some extent overstate opposition to
‘evasion’ activity, they nonetheless suggest that efforts at both a national and
European level to combat ‘evasion’ activity should attract widespread support among
the general public.
ANNEXES
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
TS1
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402
Undeclared work in the European Union
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Between the 26 April and 14 May 2013, TNS opinion & social, a consortium created between TNS plc and TNS
opinion, carried out the wave 79.2 of the EUROBAROMETER survey, on request of the EUROPEAN COMMISSION,
Directorate-General for Communication, “Strategy, Corporate Communication Actions and Eurobarometer”.
The SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 survey is part of wave 79.2 and covers the population of the respective
nationalities of the European Union Member States, resident in each of the Member States and aged 15 years and
over.
The SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 survey has also been conducted in Croatia where the survey covers the
national population of citizens and the population of citizens of all the European Union Member States that are
residents in this country and have a sufficient command of the national languages to answer the questionnaire.
The basic sample design applied in all states is a multi-stage, random (probability) one. In each country, a
number of sampling points was drawn with probability proportional to population size (for a total coverage of the
country) and to population density.
In order to do so, the sampling points were drawn systematically from each of the "administrative regional units",
after stratification by individual unit and type of area. They thus represent the whole territory of the countries
surveyed according to the EUROSTAT NUTS II (or equivalent) and according to the distribution of the resident
population of the respective nationalities in terms of metropolitan, urban and rural areas. In each of the selected
sampling points, a starting address was drawn, at random. Further addresses (every Nth address) were selected
by standard "random route" procedures, from the initial address. In each household, the respondent was drawn,
at random (following the "closest birthday rule"). All interviews were conducted face-to-face in people's homes
and in the appropriate national language. As far as the data capture is concerned, CAPI (Computer Assisted
Personal Interview) was used in those countries where this technique was available.
For each country a comparison between the sample and the universe was carried out. The Universe description
was derived from Eurostat population data or from national statistics offices. For all countries surveyed, a national
weighting procedure, using marginal and intercellular weighting, was carried out based on this Universe
description. In all countries, gender, age, region and size of locality were introduced in the iteration procedure.
For international weighting (i.e. EU averages), TNS opinion & social applies the official population figures as
provided by EUROSTAT or national statistic offices. The total population figures for input in this post-weighting
procedure are listed below.
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
TS2
Readers are reminded that survey results are estimations, the accuracy of which, everything being equal, rests
upon the sample size and upon the observed percentage. With samples of about 1,000 interviews, the real
percentages vary within the following confidence limits:
various sample sizes are in rows various observed results are in columns
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50%
N=50 6,0 8,3 9,9 11,1 12,0 12,7 13,2 13,6 13,8 13,9 N=50
N=500 1,9 2,6 3,1 3,5 3,8 4,0 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,4 N=500
N=1000 1,4 1,9 2,2 2,5 2,7 2,8 3,0 3,0 3,1 3,1 N=1000
N=1500 1,1 1,5 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,5 2,5 N=1500
N=2000 1,0 1,3 1,6 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,1 2,2 2,2 N=2000
N=3000 0,8 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,8 1,8 N=3000
N=4000 0,7 0,9 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 N=4000
N=5000 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,4 N=5000
N=6000 0,6 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,3 N=6000
N=7000 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,2 N=7000
N=7500 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 N=7500
N=8000 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 N=8000
N=9000 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 N=9000
N=10000 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,0 N=10000
N=11000 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 N=11000
N=12000 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 N=12000
N=13000 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 N=13000
N=14000 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 N=14000
N=15000 0,3 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 N=15000
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50%
Statistical Margins due to the sampling process
(at the 95% level of confidence)
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
TS3
ABBR. COUNTRIES INSTITUTES N°
INTERVIEWS
FIELDWORK
DATES
POPULATION
15+
BE Belgium TNS Dimarso 1.000 27/04/2013 13/05/2013 8.939.546
BG Bulgaria TNS BBSS 1.018 26/04/2013 06/05/2013 6.537.510
CZ Czech Rep. TNS Aisa 1.000 27/04/2013 09/05/2013 9.012.443
DK Denmark TNS Gallup DK 1.004 26/04/2013 13/05/2013 4.561.264
DE Germany TNS Infratest 1.499 26/04/2013 12/05/2013 64.336.389
EE Estonia Emor 1.003 26/04/2013 12/05/2013 945.733
IE Ireland IMS Millward Brown 1.002 27/04/2013 12/05/2013 3.522.000
EL Greece TNS ICAP 1.000 26/04/2013 11/05/2013 8.693.566
ES Spain TNS Demoscopia 1.003 27/04/2013 12/05/2013 39.127.930
FR France TNS Sofres 1.027 26/04/2013 13/05/2013 47.756.439
IT Italy TNS Italia 1.016 28/04/2013 10/05/2013 51.862.391
CY Rep. of Cyprus Synovate 505 26/04/2013 12/05/2013 660.400
LV Latvia TNS Latvia 1.006 26/04/2013 13/05/2013 1.447.866
LT Lithuania TNS LT 1.027 27/04/2013 12/05/2013 2.829.740
LU Luxembourg TNS ILReS 505 26/04/2013 14/05/2013 434.878
HU Hungary TNS Hoffmann Kft 1.033 27/04/2013 12/05/2013 8.320.614
MT Malta MISCO 500 26/04/2013 11/05/2013 335.476
NL Netherlands TNS NIPO 1.019 27/04/2013 13/05/2013 13.371.980
AT Austria Österreichisches
Gallup-Institut 1.022 27/04/2013 12/05/2013 7.009.827
PL Poland TNS OBOP 1.000 27/04/2013 13/05/2013 32.413.735
PT Portugal TNS EUROTESTE 1.015 02/05/2013 14/05/2013 8.080.915
RO Romania TNS CSOP 1.027 27/04/2013 11/05/2013 18.246.731
SI Slovenia RM PLUS 1.017 27/04/2013 12/05/2013 1.759.701
SK Slovakia TNS Slovakia 1.000 29/04/2013 12/05/2013 4.549.955
FI Finland TNS Gallup Oy 1.003 26/04/2013 14/05/2013 4.440.004
SE Sweden TNS GALLUP 1.006 27/04/2013 12/05/2013 7.791.240
UK United Kingdom TNS UK 1.306 27/04/2013 14/05/2013 51.848.010
TOTAL
EU27 26.563 26/04/2013 14/05/2013 408.836.283
HR Croatia Puls 1.000 27/04/2013 12/05/2013 3.749.400
TOTAL
EU28 27.563 26/04/2013 14/05/2013 412.585.683
QUESTIONNAIRE
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
QE1
1234
QE2
123456
QE3
123456DK
EB67.3 QB3
Fairly small Very small Refusal (SPONTANEOUS)
(READ OUT – ONE ANSWER ONLY)Very high Fairly high
DKNEW (BASED ON EB67.3 QB4)
People who work without declaring income, run the risk that tax or social security institutions find out and issue supplementary tax bills and perhaps fines. How would you describe the risk of being detected in (OUR COUNTRY)? (M)
PrisonOther (SPONTANEOUS)Refusal (SPONTANEOUS)
(READ OUT – ONE ANSWER ONLY)Normal tax or social security contributions dueNormal tax or social security contributions due, plus a fine
DKEB67.3 QB2
What sanction, if any, do you imagine someone would receive if the authorities find out that they receive an income from work which was not declared to tax or social security authorities?
ASK ALL
The following questions are of a sensitive nature and I would like to confirm you that all the information collected is handled in strict confidentiality and anonymity. Your answers to the following questions therefore will remain absolutely ANONYMOUS. (M)
It is widely known that part of the population is engaged in undeclared work, in the sense of activities which avoid partly or entirely declaration to tax authorities or social security institutions, but which are otherwise legal. This could be people working in certain sectors of activity like construction, transport or agriculture for example but also in hotels, restaurants and cafes. Often it concerns only part of their income from work like remuneration of overtime or other extras. Undeclared work is also common in a whole range of household services - such as gardening, babysitting and elderly care -, personal services - like hairdressing, cosmetic or medical treatment - and repair services for cars, clothes, or computers. (M)
YesNoRefusal (SPONTANEOUS)
ASK ALL
Do you personally know any people who work without declaring their income or part of their income to tax or social security institutions?(ONE ANSWER ONLY)
Q1
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
QE4a
QE4b
QE5
1234
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS)DKEB67.3 QB8 TREND MODIFIED
(ONE ANSWER ONLY) (PLEASE REMIND THE INTERVIEWEE THAT ALL ANSWERS WILL REMAIN ANONYMOUS) (M)YesNo
EB67.3 QB7a&b TREND MODIFIED
It is widely known that many people to some extent accept "undeclared work" – i.e. activities which are not declared to tax authorities or social security institutions. As mentioned earlier this work can include a variety of goods and services - such as gardening, babysitting, hairdressing, and many other things. (M)
Have you in the last 12 months paid for any goods or services of which you had a good reason to assume that they included undeclared work (e.g. because there was no invoice or VAT receipt)? (M)
DK 14 14Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) 13 13Others (SPONATENOUS) 12 12It is difficult to live on social welfare benefits (N) 11 11
Taxes and/or social security contributions are too high 10 10
Nobody would buy these goods or services at normal market prices (M) 9 9
The State does not do anything for the people, so why should they pay taxes 8 8
Lack of regular jobs on the labour market 7 7Salaries in the regular businesses are too low 6 6
In certain sectors or regions there is no real alternative 5 5
Sanctions are too weak 4 4Lack of control by authorities 3 3
Bureaucracy or red tape for minor or occasional economic activities is too complicated (N) 2 2
FIRSTLY SECONDLYBureaucracy or red tape for a regular economic activity is too complicated (M) 1 1
And secondly?(SHOW CARD – ONE ANSWER PER COLUMN)
(READ OUT) QE4a QE4b
What are in your opinion the reasons for doing undeclared work? Firstly?
Q2
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
QE6
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,
10,11,12,13,14,15,1617
QE7a
QE7b
QE8
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,89DK
EB67.3 QB12 TREND STRONGLY MODIFIED
Firms or businessesOther (SPONTANEOUS) (M)Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) (M)
NeighboursHealthcare providers (N)Other private persons or households
(SHOW CARD – READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)Friends, colleagues or acquaintancesRelatives
EUROSNEW (BASED ON EB67.3 QB11)
Among the following, could you please indicate from whom did you buy these goods or services? (M)
NEW (BASED ON EB67.3 QB11)
When considering only the undeclared services which you buy most frequently, how much do they cost you approximately per hour?(WRITE DOWN – ONE ANSWER ONLY) (NO DECIMALS – IF "NEVER BUY SERVICES" CODE ‘99996’ – IF "DON’T REMEMBER" CODE ‘99997’ – IF "REFUSAL" CODE ‘99998’ – IF "DON’T KNOW" CODE ‘99999’)
And approximately how much have you spent on all these undeclared goods and services in the last 12 months? (M)(WRITE DOWN – ONE ANSWER ONLY) (NO DECIMALS – IF "DON’T REMEMBER" CODE ‘99997’ – IF "REFUSAL" CODE ‘99998’ – IF "DON’T KNOW" CODE ‘99999’)
EUROS
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS)DKNEW
Buying food (e.g. farm produce)Buying other goods Buying other services
Assistance for a dependant or elderly relativeAdministrative or IT assistanceCar repairs
GardeningTutoringHelp moving house
Cleaning your homeIroning clothesRepairs or renovations of your home
Babysitting at your homeBabysitting outside of your homeHealthcare services
ASK QE6 TO QE9 IF "YES", CODE 1 IN QE5 – OTHERS GO TO QE10
Which of the following goods or services have you paid for during the last 12 months, where you had a good reason to believe that they included undeclared work, i.e. that the income was not completely reported to tax or social security institutions?(SHOW CARD – READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE
Q3
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
QE9
1,2,3,4,5,
6,
7,89
QE10
1234
QE11
12345
QE12
%EB67.3 QB17
EB67.3 QB16
Approximately what percentage of your gross yearly income in your main job did you get this way? (M)(WRITE DOWN – ONE ANSWER ONLY) (NO DECIMALS – IF "DON’T REMEMBER" CODE ‘997’ – IF "REFUSAL" CODE ‘998’ – IF "DON’T KNOW" CODE ‘999’) (M)
Both regular and overtime workRefusal (SPONTANEOUS)DK
(ONE ANSWER ONLY) (M)Part of the remuneration of the regular workOvertime, extra-work
EB67.3 QB15 TREND MODIFIED
ASK QE11 AND QE12 IF "YES", CODE 1 IN QE10 – OTHERS GO TO QE13
Was this income part of the remuneration for your regular work, was it payment for overtime hours or was it both?
NoRefusal (SPONTANEOUS)DK
Sometimes employers prefer to pay all or part of the salary or the remuneration (for extra work, overtime hours or the part above a legal minimum) in cash and without declaring it to tax or social security authorities. Has your employer paid you any of your income in the last 12 months in this way? (M)(ONE ANSWER ONLY) (PLEASE REMIND THE INTERVIEWEE THAT ALL ANSWERS WILL REMAIN ANONYMOUS) (M)Yes
DKEB67.3 QB13
ASK QE10 TO QE13 IF "DEPENDENT EMPLOYEES", CODE 10 TO 18 IN D15a – OTHERS GO TO QE14
The goods or service is not or hardly available on the regular market (M)Other (SPONTANEOUS)Refusal (SPONTANEOUS)
Better qualityIn order to help someone who is in need of moneyIt was a favour amongst friends, relatives or colleagues (M)
(SHOW CARD – READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)Lower priceFaster service
From the following, what made you buy it undeclared instead of buying it on the regular market?
Q4
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
QE13
123456789
QE14
1234
QE15a
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,
10,11,12,13,14,1516
QE15b
NEW
APPROXIMATELY how much money have you earned from these undeclared activities in the last 12 months?(WRITE DOWN – ONE ANSWER ONLY) (NO DECIMALS – IF "DON’T REMEMBER" CODE ‘99997’ – IF "REFUSAL" CODE ‘99998’ – IF "DON’T KNOW" CODE ‘99999’)
EUROS
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS)DKNEW
Selling food (e.g. farm produce)Selling other goodsSelling other services
Assistance for a dependant or elderly relative Administrative or IT assistanceCar repairs
As a waiter or waitressTutoringHelp moving house
Ironing clothesRepairs or renovations Gardening
(SHOW CARD – READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)Babysitting Cleaning
EB67.3 QB19 TREND MODIFIED
ASK QE15a TO QE18 IF "YES", CODE 1 IN QE14 – OTHERS GO TO QE19
Which of the following activities have you carried out undeclared in the last 12 months?
NoRefusal (SPONTANEOUS)DK
Apart from a regular employment, have you yourself carried out any undeclared paid activities in the last 12 months? (M)(ONE ANSWER ONLY) (PLEASE REMIND THE INTERVIEWEE THAT ALL ANSWERS WILL REMAIN ANONYMOUS) (M)Yes
DKNEW
ASK ALL
100-499500 or moreRefusal (SPONTANEOUS)
10-1920-4950-99
(READ OUT – ONE ANSWER ONLY)1-45-9
Thinking about the organisation you work for, APPROXIMATELY how many employees does it have (including both full and part time)?
Q5
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
QE16
1,2,3,4,5,6,78
QE17
1,
2,
3,
4,5,6,7,
8,
9,
10,11,12,1314
QE18
1,2,3,4,5,6,789DK
EB67.3 QB18b TREND MODIFIED
Other (SPONTANEOUS)(M)None (SPONTANEOUS) (N) Refusal (SPONTANEOUS)
Harder physical working conditions as compared to a regular jobA higher risk of losing your job No social security entitlements (N)
(SHOW CARD – READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)A higher risk of accidents as compared to a regular jobLack of insurance against accidents
DKNEW (BASED ON EB67.3 QB30)
Apart from financial considerations, did you experience any of the following consequences when working undeclared?
You have no other means of incomeOther (SPONTANEOUS)Refusal (SPONTANEOUS)
Working undeclared is common practice in your region or sector of activity so there is no real alternativeThe State does not do anything for you, so why should you pay taxesIt is difficult to live on social welfare benefits
You were able to ask for a higher fee for your workBoth parties benefited from itTaxes and/or social security contributions are too high
Bureaucracy or red tape for a regular economic activity is too complicatedBureaucracy or red tape for minor or occasional activities is too complicatedYou could not find a regular job
Among the following, what were the reasons for doing these activities undeclared?(SHOW CARD – READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)The person(s) who acquired it insisted on the non-declaration
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS)DKNEW (BASED ON EB67.3 QB29)
Other private persons or householdsFirms or businessesOther (SPONTANEOUS)
Friends, colleagues or acquaintancesRelativesNeighbours
Would you please indicate for whom you carried out any of these activities?(SHOW CARD – READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
Q6
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
QE19
1,
2,
3,
4,5,6,
QE20
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS
)
DK
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Someone receives welfare payments without entitlementSomeone uses public transport without a valid ticketA private person is hired by a private household for work and he/she does not report the payment received in return to tax or social security institutions although it should be reported
Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable".(SHOW CARD WITH SCALE – ONE ANSWER PER LINE)
(READ OUT) 1 Absolutely unacceptable 10 Absolutely acceptable
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS)DKNEW
(ONLY IF "DEPENDENT EMPLOYEE, CODE 10 TO 18 IN D15a") Your salary is variable, with a substantial part based on resultsYou work unpaid (either part or full time) for a partner or family businessNone (SPONTANEOUS)
Does the following apply to you?(READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)(ONLY IF "DEPENDENT EMPLOYEE", CODE 10 TO 18 IN D15a) You are employed WITHOUT a formal written contract
ASK ALL
Q7
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Someone evades taxes by not or only partially declaring income
EB67.3 QB32
A firm is hired by a private household for work and it does not report the payment received in return to tax or social security institutionsA firm is hired by another firm for work and it does not report its activity to tax or social security institutions
A firm hires a private person and all or a part of the salary paid to him/her is not officially registered
Q8
TABLES
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 32 -6 63 8 3 0 2 -2
BE 40 -16 59 17 1 0 0 -1
BG 33 -6 58 17 3 -1 6 -10
CZ 33 -7 62 9 4 -1 1 -1
DK 59 -6 40 6 0 0 1 0
DE 27 -6 67 6 3 1 3 -1
EE 33 -5 64 8 2 -1 1 -2
IE 25 -2 69 10 3 -2 3 -6
EL 54 7 42 -8 2 0 2 1
ES 33 6 63 -3 2 -1 2 -2
FR 38 -9 60 9 1 1 1 -1
IT 37 -2 53 7 6 0 4 -5
CY 39 4 58 1 0 -1 3 -4
LV 46 -15 50 15 3 1 1 -1
LT 35 -5 59 6 4 2 2 -3
LU 35 -13 64 13 1 1 0 -1
HU 29 -16 62 15 8 2 1 -1
MT 20 -14 71 11 3 1 6 2
NL 55 -11 43 10 0 0 2 1
AT 31 -5 59 8 8 1 2 -4
PL 28 -17 67 17 3 1 2 -1
PT 28 3 65 0 3 0 4 -3
RO 20 -9 67 16 4 -1 9 -6
SI 48 -4 47 3 3 1 2 0
SK 36 -3 58 2 4 3 2 -2
FI 30 -7 68 7 1 0 1 0
SE 39 -17 60 19 0 -1 1 -1
UK 15 -9 84 10 0 -1 1 0
HR 41 54 3 2
QE1 Connaissez-vous personnellement des personnes qui travaillent sans déclarer leurs revenus ou une partie de leurs revenus aux institutions fiscales ou de sécurité sociale ? QE1 Do you personally know any people who work without declaring their income or part of their income to tax or social security institutions? QE1 Kennen Sie persönlich Menschen, die arbeiten, ohne das Einkommen oder einen Teil davon an Steuerbehörden oder die Sozialversicherung zu melden?
Oui Non Refus (SPONTANE) NSP
Yes No Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
Ja Nein Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
T1
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
QE2 A quelle sanction, le cas échéant, peut-on s’attendre si les autorités découvrent que quelqu’un perçoit un revenu pour un travail qui n’a pas été déclaré aux autorités fiscales ou de sécurité sociale ? QE2 What sanction, if any, do you imagine someone would receive if the authorities find out that they receive an income from work which was not declared to tax or social security authorities? QE2 Was denken Sie, welche Strafe – wenn überhaupt – würde jemand erhalten, wenn die Behörden herausfinden, dass er oder sie ein Einkommen aus Arbeit erzielt, das den Steuerbehörden oder der Sozialversicherung nicht gemeldet wurde?
L’impôt normal ou les contributions dues à la sécurité sociale
L’impôt normal ou les contributions dues à la sécurité sociale, plus une amende
La prison Autre (SPONTANE)
Refus (SPONTANE) NSP
Normal tax or social security contributions
due
Normal tax or social security contributions
due, plus a finePrison
Other (SPONTA-NEOUS)
Refusal (SPONTA-NEOUS)
DK
Die normal fälligen Steuern oder
Sozialversicherungsabgaben
Die normal fälligen Steuern oder
Sozialversicherungsabgaben und
zusätzlich eine Geldbuße
Gefängnis Sonstige (SPONTAN)
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
21 56 6 3 2 12
29 60 4 3 2 2
13 56 3 1 2 25
21 60 7 1 4 7
14 77 5 0 0 4
12 68 6 2 2 10
33 48 1 1 6 11
24 49 7 4 2 14
26 52 8 3 2 9
20 48 4 6 3 19
17 65 8 1 1 8
18 58 6 3 3 12
15 65 12 2 0 6
37 35 3 6 6 13
39 41 1 7 4 8
14 64 6 5 4 7
17 58 5 1 8 11
23 55 3 1 0 18
28 60 2 5 1 4
15 67 5 2 3 8
41 24 1 9 4 21
28 45 3 8 3 13
26 38 5 3 5 23
27 39 3 17 4 10
24 52 5 3 5 11
22 58 4 6 4 6
17 70 8 2 0 3
18 61 14 0 0 7
34 34 4 15 6 7
T2
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 7 0 29 3 38 -1 15 -1 2 1 9 -2 36 3 53 -2
BE 6 2 30 3 48 -1 12 -5 1 1 3 0 36 5 60 -6
BG 6 2 19 5 33 4 20 -10 2 1 20 -2 25 7 53 -6
CZ 4 -2 20 5 47 4 19 -9 3 2 7 0 24 3 66 -5
DK 3 1 31 17 51 -4 13 -13 0 -1 2 0 34 18 64 -17
DE 5 -3 29 4 42 -5 14 1 2 1 8 2 34 1 56 -4
EE 6 0 38 -2 35 4 7 -2 4 1 10 -1 44 -2 42 2
IE 13 0 34 10 25 0 16 4 1 -1 11 -13 47 10 41 4
EL 8 -3 28 2 35 2 22 -5 2 1 5 3 36 -1 57 -3
ES 7 2 22 2 32 3 26 7 1 0 12 -14 29 4 58 10
FR 6 0 28 5 48 -4 10 -3 1 1 7 1 34 5 58 -7
IT 7 2 32 1 29 -5 21 3 3 1 8 -2 39 3 50 -2
CY 5 -2 23 0 34 1 33 9 1 1 4 -9 28 -2 67 10
LV 5 1 23 1 40 -2 22 -1 2 1 8 0 28 2 62 -3
LT 10 0 39 0 32 3 11 0 2 1 6 -4 49 0 43 3
LU 8 2 24 0 45 8 9 -14 3 2 11 2 32 2 54 -6
HU 9 0 30 2 32 -4 14 -2 4 2 11 2 39 2 46 -6
MT 6 3 14 -6 42 5 15 -13 1 1 22 10 20 -3 57 -8
NL 3 0 22 5 54 -6 15 -4 0 0 6 5 25 5 69 -10
AT 6 -2 35 6 35 3 9 -2 4 1 11 -6 41 4 44 1
PL 8 2 30 4 35 -1 10 -6 2 1 15 0 38 6 45 -7
PT 12 2 35 -5 28 6 12 2 1 -2 12 -3 47 -3 40 8
RO 7 0 22 1 30 3 18 5 4 3 19 -12 29 1 48 8
SI 2 -1 12 -8 36 -6 38 10 1 0 11 5 14 -9 74 4
SK 8 3 31 10 38 -6 15 -6 1 -1 7 0 39 13 53 -12
FI 3 0 26 -1 54 0 12 0 2 1 3 0 29 -1 66 0
SE 1 0 21 8 59 7 17 -15 0 0 2 0 22 8 76 -8
UK 10 0 38 5 34 0 10 -2 0 -1 8 -2 48 5 44 -2
HR 9 24 36 23 2 6 33 59
QE3 Les personnes qui travaillent sans déclarer des revenus risquent que les institutions fiscales ou de sécurité sociale le découvrent et procèdent à des redressements fiscaux et peut-être des amendes. Comment décririez-vous le risque d’être découvert en (NOTRE PAYS) ?
QE3 People who work without declaring income, run the risk that tax or social security institutions find out and issue supplementary tax bills and perhaps fines. How would you describe the risk of being detected in (OUR COUNTRY)?
QE3 Menschen, die arbeiten, ohne ihr Einkommen zu melden, gehen das Risiko ein, dass Steuerbehörden oder die Sozialversicherung dies herausfinden und nachträglich Steuern sowie eventuell Geldbußen in Rechnung stellen. Wie hoch würden Sie das Risiko einschätzen, in (UNSEREM LAND) bei Schwarzarbeit ertappt zu werden?
Très élevé Plutôt élevé Plutôt faible Très faible Refus
(SPONT-ANE)
NSP Total 'Elevé'
Total 'Faible'
Very high Fairly high Fairly small Very small Refusal (SPONT-ANEOUS)
DK Total 'High' Total 'Small'
Gesamt 'Hoch'
Gesamt 'Gering'Sehr hoch Ziemlich
hochZiemlich gering Sehr gering
Verweigert (SPON-TAN)
WN
T3
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 4 -4 5 5 12 0
BE 3 -2 3 3 14 2
BG 5 -4 3 3 16 -7
CZ 5 -4 5 5 14 -5
DK 6 1 7 7 12 1
DE 2 -6 5 5 13 6
EE 3 -3 2 2 8 -3
IE 5 -6 5 5 19 5
EL 5 1 2 2 28 5
ES 3 -2 2 2 16 -2
FR 4 -2 4 4 12 -1
IT 8 1 7 7 12 -2
CY 5 2 5 5 37 7
LV 4 -1 2 2 4 -3
LT 5 -7 5 5 9 -1
LU 7 1 10 10 11 -1
HU 3 -2 4 4 8 1
MT 5 3 4 4 25 4
NL 2 -7 7 7 12 -2
AT 3 -2 6 6 11 2
PL 7 -2 3 3 5 -1
PT 5 -3 3 3 16 1
RO 8 -7 5 5 12 -1
SI 4 0 3 3 11 1
SK 4 -5 6 6 11 -1
FI 10 -10 14 14 13 2
SE 4 -3 10 10 10 2
UK 2 -4 2 2 9 -2
HR 3 1 8
QE4a Quelles sont, à votre avis, les raisons pour faire du travail non déclaré ? Premièrement ?
QE4a What are in your opinion the reasons for doing undeclared work? Firstly?
QE4a Was sind Ihrer Meinung nach die Gründe für Schwarzarbeit? Erstens?
La bureaucratie ou les formalités pour exercer une
activité économique régulière sont trop compliquées
La bureaucratie ou les formalités pour exercer une activité économique mineure ou occasionnelle sont trop
compliquées
Manque de contrôle par les autorités
Bureaucracy or red tape for a regular economic activity is
too complicated
Bureaucracy or red tape for minor or occasional
economic activities is too complicated
Lack of control by authorities
Die Bürokratie bzw. der Papierkrieg für eine reguläre wirtschaftliche Tätigkeit ist
zu kompliziert
Die Bürokratie bzw. der Papierkrieg für geringfügige
oder gelegentliche wirtschaftliche Tätigkeiten ist
zu kompliziert
Mangel an Kontrollen durch die Behörden
T4
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 6 1 6 -2 20 -6
BE 7 2 5 -1 19 -7
BG 6 1 12 1 16 -6
CZ 9 2 10 0 17 -3
DK 5 1 1 -1 10 -1
DE 3 0 5 -2 28 -4
EE 4 -1 5 -2 37 2
IE 6 -3 4 -4 16 3
EL 5 -2 7 2 9 -21
ES 7 0 8 -1 10 -9
FR 5 2 5 -1 31 -4
IT 6 0 9 -2 10 -3
CY 8 -2 4 2 15 -17
LV 5 3 6 3 37 -7
LT 4 1 4 1 17 -2
LU 3 -1 3 -3 21 -4
HU 7 -1 5 -2 13 0
MT 3 -3 2 0 17 -7
NL 4 -1 2 -1 16 -6
AT 6 0 11 -4 25 3
PL 4 0 9 -2 16 -14
PT 6 1 5 0 14 -3
RO 5 3 7 -1 19 -7
SI 4 -1 3 -1 19 -21
SK 5 2 14 -3 16 -9
FI 7 1 3 -1 18 -3
SE 5 1 4 1 13 -4
UK 13 4 2 -1 29 -8
HR 4 2 18
Die Sanktionen sind zu schwachIn einigen Bereichen oder
Regionen gibt es keine wirkliche Alternative
Die Löhne in regulären Anstellungen sind zu niedrig
Sanctions are too weak In certain sectors or regions there is no real alternative
Salaries in the regular businesses are too low
Les sanctions sont trop faiblesDans certains secteurs ou
certaines régions, il n’y a pas de véritable alternative
Les salaires pour du travail déclaré sont trop bas
QE4a Quelles sont, à votre avis, les raisons pour faire du travail non déclaré ? Premièrement ?
QE4a What are in your opinion the reasons for doing undeclared work? Firstly?
QE4a Was sind Ihrer Meinung nach die Gründe für Schwarzarbeit? Erstens?
T5
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 15 5 3 0 2 0 13 -4
BE 11 6 3 0 1 -1 24 -7
BG 22 13 5 -2 1 0 7 0
CZ 13 6 5 0 1 -1 6 -9
DK 8 7 1 0 12 -3 21 -18
DE 8 -6 1 -2 4 0 12 -6
EE 10 6 3 0 1 0 15 -1
IE 18 12 1 -2 1 0 5 -8
EL 10 -1 7 0 2 1 16 4
ES 29 21 4 2 1 -1 9 -1
FR 11 0 2 0 1 -1 13 -3
IT 16 -1 3 -1 1 0 20 3
CY 6 4 4 1 1 -1 7 -3
LV 9 6 11 1 1 0 15 -6
LT 12 7 7 -2 2 1 24 -6
LU 13 6 2 -1 2 -3 10 -9
HU 19 8 5 0 1 -1 21 -14
MT 5 0 1 0 1 -1 8 -20
NL 11 7 1 -1 4 -4 15 -8
AT 12 -5 2 0 5 -3 11 0
PL 29 18 5 1 2 2 12 -7
PT 17 8 5 -4 1 1 17 -4
RO 18 8 7 3 1 0 8 -2
SI 36 13 6 2 1 0 7 1
SK 22 6 5 2 1 0 8 -3
FI 9 2 1 -1 2 -2 12 -8
SE 10 0 1 0 6 -4 19 -13
UK 8 3 2 -1 1 0 10 -1
HR 43 5 1 7
Niemand würde diese Waren oder
Dienstleistungen zu normalen Marktpreisen
kaufen
Die Steuern und/oder Sozialabgaben sind zu
hoch
Mangel an regulären Arbeitsplätzen auf dem
Arbeitsmarkt
Der Staat tut nichts für die Menschen, warum sollen sie also Steuern
zahlen
Lack of regular jobs on the labour market
The State does not do anything for the people, so why should they pay
taxes
Nobody would buy these goods or services at normal market prices
Taxes and\ or social security contributions
are too high
Personne n’achèterait ces produits ou services
aux prix du marché
Les impôts et\ ou les contributions à la
sécurité sociale sont trop élevés
Le manque de travail déclaré sur le marché
de l’emploi
L’état ne fait rien pour les gens, pourquoi
devraient-ils payer des impôts
QE4a Quelles sont, à votre avis, les raisons pour faire du travail non déclaré ? Premièrement ?
QE4a What are in your opinion the reasons for doing undeclared work? Firstly?
QE4a Was sind Ihrer Meinung nach die Gründe für Schwarzarbeit? Erstens?
T6
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 6 6 2 0 1 0 5 -1
BE 7 7 0 -3 1 1 2 0
BG 1 1 0 0 0 0 6 0
CZ 9 9 1 0 2 1 3 -1
DK 6 6 8 2 0 0 3 -2
DE 9 9 3 2 1 0 6 4
EE 3 3 2 0 2 0 5 -3
IE 13 13 0 -4 1 0 6 -11
EL 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1
ES 4 4 2 -1 0 -1 5 -11
FR 6 6 2 0 1 1 3 -1
IT 2 2 1 -1 1 0 4 -3
CY 4 4 3 2 0 0 1 -4
LV 2 2 1 0 1 1 2 -1
LT 6 6 1 1 1 0 3 -4
LU 4 4 5 -2 2 2 7 1
HU 9 9 1 -1 1 0 3 -1
MT 7 7 4 2 1 1 17 10
NL 16 16 7 0 0 0 3 0
AT 4 4 2 1 1 0 1 -2
PL 3 3 1 0 1 1 3 -2
PT 4 4 1 0 1 -1 5 -3
RO 2 2 1 1 1 1 6 -5
SI 3 3 2 1 0 0 1 -1
SK 5 5 0 -1 1 1 2 0
FI 4 4 5 2 0 0 2 0
SE 2 2 13 10 0 -2 3 0
UK 10 10 3 0 1 0 8 -2
HR 5 1 1 1
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
Es ist schwierig, von Sozialleistungen zu leben Sonstiges (SPONTAN) Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
It is difficult to live on social welfare benefits Others (SPONATENOUS)
Il est difficile de vivre avec les prestations
sociales Autres (SPONTANE) Refus (SPONTANE) NSP
QE4a Quelles sont, à votre avis, les raisons pour faire du travail non déclaré ? Premièrement ?
QE4a What are in your opinion the reasons for doing undeclared work? Firstly?
QE4a Was sind Ihrer Meinung nach die Gründe für Schwarzarbeit? Erstens?
T7
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 3 -2 4 9 -1 8 0
BE 3 -2 5 11 -2 9 0
BG 2 -2 3 12 -1 10 -2
CZ 2 -2 3 9 -2 11 0
DK 5 -1 5 15 -2 11 -1
DE 3 -1 5 8 1 9 4
EE 3 -3 3 4 -5 3 -5
IE 3 -7 3 12 -2 11 -1
EL 2 -1 4 16 1 11 2
ES 2 0 2 12 1 9 0
FR 3 -2 4 9 0 8 -1
IT 6 1 6 10 -3 8 0
CY 3 0 3 20 2 22 8
LV 3 -2 3 3 -4 4 1
LT 5 -4 5 9 2 4 -1
LU 2 -4 9 7 -3 9 1
HU 2 -2 4 7 0 5 -3
MT 2 0 2 14 -3 10 -1
NL 3 -7 9 12 -4 8 -3
AT 2 -2 5 7 1 6 1
PL 2 -7 3 6 0 5 2
PT 3 -3 3 7 -2 7 -1
RO 4 -2 5 7 0 6 0
SI 3 0 3 8 0 5 -3
SK 2 -3 5 7 0 6 0
FI 6 -4 9 11 0 8 -1
SE 6 -4 8 9 -2 9 1
UK 3 -3 3 10 -1 10 -5
HR 3 3 8 5
QE4b Et deuxièmement ?
QE4b And secondly?
QE4b Und zweitens?
La bureaucratie ou les formalités pour exercer une
activité économique régulière sont trop compliquées
La bureaucratie ou les formalités pour exercer une activité économique mineure ou occasionnelle sont trop
compliquées
Manque de contrôle par les autorités
Les sanctions sont trop faibles
Bureaucracy or red tape for a regular economic activity is
too complicated
Bureaucracy or red tape for minor or occasional
economic activities is too complicated
Lack of control by authorities
Sanctions are too weak
Die Bürokratie bzw. der Papierkrieg für eine reguläre wirtschaftliche Tätigkeit ist
zu kompliziert
Die Bürokratie bzw. der Papierkrieg für geringfügige
oder gelegentliche wirtschaftliche Tätigkeiten ist
zu kompliziert
Mangel an Kontrollen durch die Behörden
Die Sanktionen sind zu schwach
T8
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 8 -1 15 -1 15 0 6 -1
BE 7 -1 15 -4 13 4 4 -1
BG 13 4 17 -1 17 3 10 -7
CZ 10 -1 16 -1 15 1 8 0
DK 2 -4 8 -2 7 4 1 -2
DE 7 0 18 -1 12 -10 2 -4
EE 5 -2 19 -1 17 12 8 0
IE 10 -1 14 1 20 12 4 -1
EL 8 2 10 -4 9 -5 8 -6
ES 10 1 13 -2 16 3 6 2
FR 5 -1 15 -3 15 2 6 0
IT 12 -4 13 2 17 -1 8 2
CY 3 0 11 -4 8 3 9 -2
LV 4 0 23 2 18 11 12 -7
LT 5 1 13 -2 14 7 11 -2
LU 7 2 10 -5 10 0 4 -1
HU 6 -5 19 1 15 3 8 -1
MT 5 3 13 -5 7 1 3 0
NL 5 -1 12 0 11 5 2 -1
AT 12 0 18 -1 14 -4 3 -3
PL 12 3 18 -2 19 1 9 -1
PT 7 -1 14 -2 16 1 9 -2
RO 7 -5 16 -2 23 7 12 1
SI 5 -1 21 -2 24 0 8 1
SK 11 -2 19 -3 20 0 7 0
FI 4 -2 13 -3 13 0 3 0
SE 4 0 12 1 13 1 1 -2
UK 4 -2 15 1 13 4 2 -4
HR 5 23 19 11
In einigen Bereichen oder Regionen gibt es
keine wirkliche Alternative
Die Löhne in regulären Anstellungen sind zu
niedrig
Mangel an regulären Arbeitsplätzen auf dem
Arbeitsmarkt
Der Staat tut nichts für die Menschen, warum sollen sie also Steuern
zahlen
Lack of regular jobs on the labour market
The State does not do anything for the people, so why should they pay
taxes
In certain sectors or regions there is no real
alternative
Salaries in the regular businesses are too low
Dans certains secteurs ou certaines régions, il n’y a pas de véritable
alternative
Les salaires pour du travail déclaré sont trop
bas
Le manque de travail déclaré sur le marché
de l’emploi
L’état ne fait rien pour les gens, pourquoi
devraient-ils payer des impôts
QE4b Et deuxièmement ?
QE4b And secondly?
QE4b Und zweitens?
T9
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 3 -2 13 -4 9
BE 3 0 16 -7 12
BG 2 0 8 0 5
CZ 3 -2 11 -4 10
DK 12 -2 14 2 8
DE 5 -3 15 -3 10
EE 4 1 21 -2 6
IE 3 1 6 -10 10
EL 7 2 17 -2 5
ES 2 -3 11 -2 9
FR 3 -1 13 -4 11
IT 1 -1 14 -3 4
CY 2 0 8 -12 6
LV 2 0 19 -9 4
LT 3 1 19 -11 7
LU 4 -4 10 -7 6
HU 5 1 17 -5 10
MT 4 1 13 -12 9
NL 5 -6 10 -5 13
AT 7 -3 15 -2 7
PL 1 -2 13 -6 9
PT 3 0 20 2 6
RO 2 -1 12 -4 4
SI 3 0 9 -3 8
SK 2 -1 12 -3 8
FI 3 -4 14 -4 8
SE 9 -2 14 -6 2
UK 2 -1 11 -4 11
HR 2 7 11
Niemand würde diese Waren oder Dienstleistungen zu normalen
Marktpreisen kaufen
Die Steuern und/oder Sozialabgaben sind zu hoch
Es ist schwierig, von Sozialleistungen zu leben
Nobody would buy these goods or services at normal market prices
Taxes and\ or social security contributions are too high
It is difficult to live on social welfare benefits
Personne n’achèterait ces produits ou services aux prix du marché
Les impôts et\ ou les contributions à la sécurité sociale
sont trop élevés
Il est difficile de vivre avec les prestations sociales
QE4b Et deuxièmement ?
QE4b And secondly?
QE4b Und zweitens?
T10
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 3 1 0 0 4 -2
BE 0 -3 0 0 2 -1
BG 0 0 0 0 1 -2
CZ 1 1 0 0 1 -3
DK 3 -5 0 -1 9 1
DE 3 2 0 0 3 0
EE 1 -1 1 0 5 -3
IE 0 -3 0 0 4 -2
EL 2 2 0 0 1 0
ES 3 -2 1 1 4 -10
FR 2 0 0 0 6 -5
IT 1 -1 0 0 0 -2
CY 3 2 0 0 2 -6
LV 1 1 0 0 4 0
LT 2 1 0 -1 3 -3
LU 9 4 0 0 13 2
HU 1 0 0 0 1 -3
MT 2 0 0 0 16 5
NL 5 2 0 -1 5 -1
AT 2 1 0 0 2 0
PL 1 0 0 0 2 0
PT 1 0 0 0 4 -1
RO 0 -1 0 -1 2 -1
SI 3 1 0 -1 0 -3
SK 0 -1 0 0 1 0
FI 4 2 1 1 3 -2
SE 10 7 0 0 3 -4
UK 5 2 1 1 10 -2
HR 2 0 1
Sonstiges (SPONTAN) Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DKOthers
(SPONATENOUS)
Autres (SPONTANE) Refus (SPONTANE) NSP
QE4b Et deuxièmement ?
QE4b And secondly?
QE4b Und zweitens?
T11
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 7 -5 9 9 21 0
BE 6 -3 8 8 25 0
BG 7 -5 5 5 27 -8
CZ 7 -6 9 9 23 -6
DK 11 1 12 12 27 0
DE 4 -7 10 10 20 7
EE 6 -6 5 5 11 -8
IE 9 -10 8 8 30 4
EL 7 0 6 6 44 6
ES 4 -3 5 5 28 1
FR 7 -3 7 7 21 -1
IT 13 2 13 13 21 -5
CY 8 2 8 8 56 9
LV 6 -4 5 5 7 -6
LT 10 -11 10 10 17 0
LU 8 -4 18 18 18 -4
HU 4 -4 8 8 15 1
MT 7 2 5 5 37 0
NL 4 -15 15 15 24 -5
AT 5 -3 11 11 18 4
PL 8 -10 6 6 11 -1
PT 7 -7 6 6 23 0
RO 13 -7 10 10 18 -2
SI 7 0 7 7 19 1
SK 6 -8 10 10 18 -2
FI 16 -14 24 24 23 1
SE 9 -8 18 18 18 0
UK 5 -7 5 5 18 -3
HR 5 4 16
QE4T - Raisons pour faire du travail non déclaré - TOTAL
QE4T - Reasons for doing undeclared work - TOTAL
QE4T - Raisons pour faire du travail non déclaré - TOTAL
La bureaucratie ou les formalités pour exercer une
activité économique régulière sont trop compliquées
La bureaucratie ou les formalités pour exercer une
activité économique mineure ou occasionnelle sont trop
compliquées
Manque de contrôle par les autorités
Bureaucracy or red tape for a regular economic activity is too
complicated
Bureaucracy or red tape for minor or occasional economic activities is too complicated
Lack of control by authorities
Die Bürokratie bzw. der Papierkrieg für eine reguläre wirtschaftliche Tätigkeit ist zu
kompliziert
Die Bürokratie bzw. der Papierkrieg für geringfügige
oder gelegentliche wirtschaftliche Tätigkeiten ist zu
kompliziert
Mangel an Kontrollen durch die Behörden
T12
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 14 1 13 -3 35 -6
BE 16 2 11 -3 34 -10
BG 16 -1 23 4 32 -7
CZ 19 1 20 0 32 -5
DK 15 -1 3 -4 17 -4
DE 11 2 11 -3 45 -5
EE 7 -5 10 -3 55 2
IE 17 -2 13 -4 28 5
EL 16 0 15 4 19 -25
ES 15 1 17 1 23 -9
FR 13 1 9 -3 46 -6
IT 14 0 21 -5 22 -1
CY 29 5 7 3 26 -20
LV 8 3 10 3 60 -5
LT 8 0 8 1 29 -4
LU 11 -1 9 -1 31 -8
HU 12 -4 10 -7 31 1
MT 11 -5 6 2 28 -12
NL 11 -5 7 -2 28 -5
AT 12 2 23 -3 43 3
PL 8 2 20 0 33 -16
PT 13 2 11 -1 27 -5
RO 10 2 14 -5 33 -9
SI 9 -5 8 -1 40 -22
SK 10 1 24 -6 35 -12
FI 15 1 6 -4 31 -6
SE 14 2 7 0 24 -4
UK 22 -1 6 -2 43 -7
HR 8 7 41
Die Sanktionen sind zu schwach
In einigen Bereichen oder Regionen gibt es keine wirkliche Alternative
Die Löhne in regulären Anstellungen sind zu niedrig
Sanctions are too weak In certain sectors or regions there is no real alternative
Salaries in the regular businesses are too low
Les sanctions sont trop faibles
Dans certains secteurs ou certaines régions, il n’y a
pas de véritable alternative
Les salaires pour du travail déclaré sont trop bas
QE4T - Raisons pour faire du travail non déclaré - TOTAL
QE4T - Reasons for doing undeclared work - TOTAL
QE4T - Raisons pour faire du travail non déclaré - TOTAL
T13
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 29 5 8 -2 5 -2 26 -6
BE 23 10 6 -2 4 -1 40 -13
BG 38 15 15 -8 3 1 14 0
CZ 28 8 13 1 4 -3 16 -13
DK 14 11 3 -1 23 -5 35 -15
DE 19 -16 3 -6 8 -3 27 -9
EE 26 17 11 0 4 0 34 -3
IE 36 23 5 -2 3 0 11 -15
EL 19 -7 15 -6 9 3 33 2
ES 45 26 10 4 3 -3 19 -2
FR 26 2 7 -1 5 0 25 -8
IT 32 -1 11 1 2 -1 33 0
CY 15 8 13 0 3 0 14 -15
LV 26 16 23 -5 3 1 33 -15
LT 26 15 17 -4 5 2 42 -15
LU 22 6 6 -2 6 -6 18 -16
HU 33 11 13 0 6 0 37 -20
MT 11 1 3 -1 4 0 19 -32
NL 22 12 3 -2 10 -9 24 -13
AT 26 -8 5 -4 11 -6 26 0
PL 48 20 14 1 3 1 24 -13
PT 32 10 14 -5 3 0 36 -1
RO 39 15 18 4 3 -1 20 -4
SI 60 13 14 3 3 0 16 -2
SK 42 6 11 1 4 0 19 -6
FI 21 1 4 0 5 -6 26 -12
SE 23 2 2 -2 15 -5 32 -19
UK 20 7 4 -4 3 -1 20 -4
HR 61 16 3 14
Niemand würde diese Waren oder
Dienstleistungen zu normalen
Marktpreisen kaufen
Die Steuern und/oder Sozialabgaben sind
zu hoch
Mangel an regulären Arbeitsplätzen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt
Der Staat tut nichts für die Menschen,
warum sollen sie also Steuern zahlen
Lack of regular jobs on the labour market
The State does not do anything for the
people, so why should they pay
taxes
Nobody would buy these goods or
services at normal market prices
Taxes and\ or social security contributions
are too high
Personne n’achèterait ces produits ou
services aux prix du marché
Les impôts et\ ou les contributions à la
sécurité sociale sont trop élevés
Le manque de travail déclaré sur le marché
de l’emploi
L’état ne fait rien pour les gens,
pourquoi devraient-ils payer des impôts
QE4T - Raisons pour faire du travail non déclaré - TOTAL
QE4T - Reasons for doing undeclared work - TOTAL
QE4T - Raisons pour faire du travail non déclaré - TOTAL
T14
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 14 14 4 1 1 0 4 -2
BE 18 18 0 -6 1 1 2 0
BG 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 0
CZ 18 18 1 0 2 1 3 -1
DK 14 14 11 0 0 -1 3 -2
DE 18 18 5 4 1 0 6 4
EE 9 9 3 -1 2 0 5 -3
IE 22 22 0 -5 1 -1 6 -11
EL 8 8 5 5 2 2 1 1
ES 13 13 4 -2 1 0 5 -11
FR 17 17 3 -1 1 1 3 -1
IT 6 6 1 -2 1 0 4 -2
CY 10 10 6 4 0 0 1 -4
LV 6 6 2 0 1 1 2 -1
LT 13 13 3 2 1 0 3 -4
LU 9 9 11 0 2 2 7 1
HU 18 18 2 -1 1 -1 3 -1
MT 14 14 6 2 1 1 17 10
NL 29 29 10 1 0 -1 4 1
AT 11 11 3 1 1 0 1 -3
PL 11 11 2 0 1 1 3 -2
PT 9 9 2 0 1 -2 5 -3
RO 5 5 1 0 1 0 6 -5
SI 10 10 4 1 0 -1 0 -2
SK 13 13 0 -1 1 1 2 0
FI 12 12 7 3 1 0 2 0
SE 4 4 21 15 0 -2 3 0
UK 20 20 6 2 2 1 8 -2
HR 16 3 1 1
Es ist schwierig, von Sozialleistungen zu
lebenSonstiges (SPONTAN) Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DKIt is difficult to live on
social welfare benefits Others
(SPONATENOUS)
Il est difficile de vivre avec les prestations
sociales Autres (SPONTANE) Refus (SPONTANE) NSP
QE4T - Raisons pour faire du travail non déclaré - TOTAL
QE4T - Reasons for doing undeclared work - TOTAL
QE4T - Raisons pour faire du travail non déclaré - TOTAL
T15
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 11 0 84 4 2 1 3 -4
BE 15 -3 83 4 1 1 1 -2
BG 16 3 75 8 2 1 7 -11
CZ 19 4 78 1 2 -1 1 -4
DK 23 -4 77 6 0 0 0 -2
DE 7 1 87 -1 3 2 3 -2
EE 12 -1 82 5 4 1 2 -5
IE 10 2 84 8 3 0 3 -10
EL 30 13 66 -16 3 3 1 0
ES 8 2 88 0 2 1 2 -3
FR 9 -1 89 2 0 0 2 -1
IT 12 0 78 14 5 1 5 -15
CY 16 14 82 -13 1 1 1 -1
LV 28 4 68 -1 3 2 1 -5
LT 14 2 81 -1 2 1 3 -3
LU 14 2 84 0 1 1 1 -1
HU 11 -1 79 1 7 3 3 -3
MT 23 5 72 -5 1 0 4 -1
NL 29 -3 68 6 1 1 2 -1
AT 14 2 77 -4 7 4 2 -8
PL 5 -3 90 6 1 0 4 -3
PT 10 3 84 2 2 0 4 -5
RO 10 -1 76 12 3 1 11 -12
SI 22 5 72 -7 3 2 3 0
SK 17 2 78 0 2 1 3 -3
FI 11 0 86 1 3 2 0 -3
SE 16 -7 84 9 0 0 0 -2
UK 8 -1 91 3 0 -1 1 -1
HR 17 76 3 4
QE5 Avez-vous acquis, au cours des 12 derniers mois, un produit ou un service pour lequel vous avez une bonne raison de croire qu’il comprenait du travail non déclaré (p.ex. car il n’y avait pas de facture ou de reçu de TVA) ? QE5 Have you in the last 12 months paid for any goods or services of which you had a good reason to assume that they included undeclared work (e.g. because there was no invoice or VAT receipt)? QE5 Haben Sie in den letzten 12 Monaten für irgendwelche Waren oder Dienstleistungen bezahlt, bei denen Sie Grund zu der Annahme hatten, dass Schwarzarbeit im Spiel war (z. B. weil es keine Rechnung gab oder keine Umsatzsteuer ausgewiesen wurde)?
Oui Non Refus (SPONTANE) NSP
Yes No Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
Ja Nein Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
T16
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
QE6 Parmi les suivants, quels sont les biens ou services pour lesquels vous avez payé au cours des 12 derniers mois et pour lesquels vous avez une bonne raison de croire qu’ils comprenaient du travail non déclaré, c’est-à-dire que le revenu n’était pas complètement communiqué aux institutions fiscales ou de sécurité sociale ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)
QE6 Which of the following goods or services have you paid for during the last 12 months, where you had a good reason to believe that they included undeclared work, i.e. that the income was not completely reported to tax or social security institutions? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)QE6 Für welche der folgenden Waren oder Dienstleistungen haben Sie in den letzten 12 Monaten bezahlt, bei denen Sie Grund zu der Annahme hatten, dass Schwarzarbeit im Spiel war, d. h. dass das Einkommen den Steuerbehörden oder der Sozialversicherung nicht vollständig gemeldet wurde? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
Du babysitting chez vous Du babysitting en dehors de chez vous Des services de santé Le nettoyage de votre
domicile
Babysitting at your home Babysitting outside of your home Healthcare services Cleaning your home
Babysitten bei Ihnen zu Hause
Babysitten außerhalb Ihres Zuhauses
Dienstleistungen im Gesundheitswesen bzw. der Gesundheitspflege
Reinigung/Putzen Ihres Zuhauses
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
5 2 8 15
8 0 2 10
6 2 18 1
5 0 6 6
5 1 2 21
3 0 2 15
2 1 3 3
20 10 2 13
0 0 16 12
8 1 5 11
9 3 2 12
3 2 26 21
6 3 34 35
3 3 12 1
1 1 14 3
19 5 3 45
1 0 12 4
0 0 26 5
9 3 1 31
7 1 6 30
3 1 0 3
5 1 5 14
2 0 14 15
2 0 2 4
0 0 10 2
3 0 3 9
3 0 1 12
5 3 2 13
3 1 6 12
T17
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR 5 71 30
42 23 16
4 01 23
22 5 02
9 70 53
23 6 21
22 43 29
22 5 37
9 60 25
43 16 817
12 23 25
24 0 141
7 59 27
28 16 1114
3 80 13
14 6 41
3 812 25
28 11 13
11 24 22
33 2 90
3 32 25
37 21 22
5 21 22
25 6 32
14 01 25
45 9 81
5 70 33
34 12 63
10 33 29
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
Gartenarbeit NachhilfeBügeln von WäscheReparaturen oder
Renovierungsarbeiten an Ihrem Zuhause
TutoringIroning clothes Repairs or renovations of your home Gardening
Le repassage de vêtements
La réparation ou la rénovation de votre
habitatDu jardinage Des cours particuliers
QE6 Parmi les suivants, quels sont les biens ou services pour lesquels vous avez payé au cours des 12 derniers mois et pour lesquels vous avez une bonne raison de croire qu’ils comprenaient du travail non déclaré, c’est-à-dire que le revenu n’était pas complètement communiqué aux institutions fiscales ou de sécurité sociale ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)
QE6 Which of the following goods or services have you paid for during the last 12 months, where you had a good reason to believe that they included undeclared work, i.e. that the income was not completely reported to tax or social security institutions? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)QE6 Für welche der folgenden Waren oder Dienstleistungen haben Sie in den letzten 12 Monaten bezahlt, bei denen Sie Grund zu der Annahme hatten, dass Schwarzarbeit im Spiel war, d. h. dass das Einkommen den Steuerbehörden oder der Sozialversicherung nicht vollständig gemeldet wurde? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
T18
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR 5 2 6 21
161 1 2
6 6 1 16
215 2 0
5 2 5 39
383 4 5
2 3 2 16
154 1 3
9 2 0 13
287 6 4
4 3 4 13
181 0 4
4 4 3 20
159 7 3
0 2 3 28
255 2 6
4 1 0 22
241 5 4
6 4 2 24
273 1 6
2 1 0 13
201 3 2
3 0 8 35
273 1 3
1 1 5 23
398 5 13
1 3 0 27
195 2 4
3 3 3 22
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
UmzugshilfeUnterstützung für einen pflegebedürftigen oder älteren Angehörigen
Administrative oder IT-Unterstützung Autoreparatur
Help moving houseAssistance for a
dependant or elderly relative
Administrative or IT assistance Car repairs
De l’aide pour un déménagement
De l’aide à un proche âgé ou dépendant
De l’aide administrative ou informatique
Des réparations de voitures
QE6 Parmi les suivants, quels sont les biens ou services pour lesquels vous avez payé au cours des 12 derniers mois et pour lesquels vous avez une bonne raison de croire qu’ils comprenaient du travail non déclaré, c’est-à-dire que le revenu n’était pas complètement communiqué aux institutions fiscales ou de sécurité sociale ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)
QE6 Which of the following goods or services have you paid for during the last 12 months, where you had a good reason to believe that they included undeclared work, i.e. that the income was not completely reported to tax or social security institutions? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)QE6 Für welche der folgenden Waren oder Dienstleistungen haben Sie in den letzten 12 Monaten bezahlt, bei denen Sie Grund zu der Annahme hatten, dass Schwarzarbeit im Spiel war, d. h. dass das Einkommen den Steuerbehörden oder der Sozialversicherung nicht vollständig gemeldet wurde? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
T19
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR 27 25 21 3 2
4 6 14 0 0
13 20 31 0 0
5 11 38 2 0
16 21 27 2 1
24 21 26 5 2
15 12 8 3 4
25 39 26 8 2
7 48 17 2 1
16 7 21 1 0
6 6 21 1 2
16 25 35 1 1
33 9 11 6 2
11 12 16 2 0
19 32 30 3 1
36 16 14 6 1
11 20 24 1 0
15 17 15 2 1
7 11 13 2 3
7 7 9 3 1
22 47 22 3 0
5 7 8 3 4
27 19 31 1 1
7 5 38 2 1
17 15 22 1 4
12 14 21 4 2
41 26 7 1 4
15 15 17 4 2
12 15 19 2 1
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
Lebensmittel (z. B. landwirtschaftliche
Erzeugnisse)Andere Waren Andere
DienstleistungenVerweigert (SPONTAN) WN
Buying other goods Buying other services
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DKBuying food (e.g.
farm produce)
Acheter d’autres services Refus (SPONTANE) NSP
Acheter de la nourriture (p. ex. des produits de la
ferme)
Acheter d’autres biens
QE6 Parmi les suivants, quels sont les biens ou services pour lesquels vous avez payé au cours des 12 derniers mois et pour lesquels vous avez une bonne raison de croire qu’ils comprenaient du travail non déclaré, c’est-à-dire que le revenu n’était pas complètement communiqué aux institutions fiscales ou de sécurité sociale ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)
QE6 Which of the following goods or services have you paid for during the last 12 months, where you had a good reason to believe that they included undeclared work, i.e. that the income was not completely reported to tax or social security institutions? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)QE6 Für welche der folgenden Waren oder Dienstleistungen haben Sie in den letzten 12 Monaten bezahlt, bei denen Sie Grund zu der Annahme hatten, dass Schwarzarbeit im Spiel war, d. h. dass das Einkommen den Steuerbehörden oder der Sozialversicherung nicht vollständig gemeldet wurde? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
T20
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
QE7a Et pourriez-vous m’indiquer approximativement combien d’argent vous avez dépensé au cours des 12 derniers mois pour tous ces produits ou services provenant d'un travail non déclaré ?
QE7a And approximately how much have you spent on all these undeclared goods and services in the last 12 months?
QE7a Und wie viel haben Sie in den letzten 12 Monaten ungefähr für alle diese Waren und Dienstleistungen, bei denen Schwarzarbeit im Spiel war, insgesamt ausgegeben?
1-50 euros 51-200 euros 201-500 euros 500+ euros Ne se souvient pas Refus NSP
1-50 euros 51-200 euros 201-500 euros 500+ euros Don't remember Refusal DK
EB79.2
EB79.2
1-50 euros 51-200 euros 201-500 euros 500+ euros Kann mich nicht erinnern Verweigert
17 19 9 5
WN
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
13
6 23 18 29 6 7 11
12 25
9 15
17 20 10 5 14 7
16 36 6 5
27
17 29 13 13 5
46 27
17 35 14 15 6 4
17 10 7 4
10
8
8 31 18 24 5 13 2
23 30
4 15
11 23 17 19 19 3
13 15 7 7
8
14 19 20 23 4
12
1 18 20 22 17 5 17
13 32
4 7
15 15 13 27 15 1
19 11 8 3
13
30 28 15 7 10
18
13 9 20 36 5 3 14
15 27
2 39
24 34 3 2 7 6
17 33 8 2
24
8 20 10 11 10
7
5 17 29 19 11 13 6
13 21
8 48
15 24 13 9 13 10
13 2 16 9
17
10 10 7 8 8
33
22 29 17 9 10 4 9
18 9
0 5
15 24 10 12 6 10
22 27 1 0
23
25 29 20 16 4
9
14 29 22 25 5 0 4
8 32
1516 26 16 14 7 5
T21
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
QE7b En pensant uniquement au service non déclaré que vous achetez le plus fréquemment, combien ce service vous coûte-t-il approximativement de l’heure ? QE7b When considering only the undeclared service which you buy most frequently, how much does this service cost you approximately per hour? QE7b Wenn Sie nur an die schwarz erbrachte Dienstleistung denken, die Sie am häufigsten kaufen, wie viel kostet diese ungefähr pro Stunde?
1-5 euros 6-10 euros
11-15 euros
16-20 euros
20+ euros
N'achète jamais de services non
déclarés
Ne se souvient
pasRefus NSP
1-5 euros 6-10 euros
11-15 euros
16-20 euros
20+ euros
Never buy undeclared
services
Don't remember Refusal DK
1-5 euros 6-10 euros
11-15 euros
16-20 euros
20+ euros
Kauft nie schwarz erbrachten
Dienstleistungen
Kann mich nicht
erinnernVerweigert WN
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
7 17 8 5 12 3 8 5 34
3 26 9 9 17 0 6 6 23
8 6 0 0 5 1 7 5 68
25 21 5 5 0 0 9 5 30
4 4 21 20 23 3 4 4 17
10 30 8 8 14 4 9 3 14
17 19 7 8 12 0 6 7 23
3 22 14 7 20 2 15 14 3
7 6 4 4 5 11 9 3 53
2 17 6 2 16 11 4 1 40
3 25 9 3 11 3 9 6 31
2 16 5 3 11 2 8 9 45
14 1 0 1 4 0 13 3 64
24 10 2 3 5 7 8 5 36
8 12 11 1 7 0 6 6 48
3 11 37 6 4 0 5 5 29
16 9 4 3 1 0 5 6 57
5 10 3 0 8 3 12 5 55
8 21 19 10 17 0 5 1 19
2 42 21 5 8 4 4 10 6
17 3 2 0 0 10 23 8 38
9 4 0 3 3 0 3 7 70
14 0 0 0 2 0 15 11 57
13 17 3 5 11 1 8 6 36
19 8 1 3 3 3 6 5 51
5 7 9 15 41 3 4 3 13
13
3 3 15 12 29 8
7
4 1 25
4 17 13 1 21 0
28
3 28
25 10 10 2 10 4 5
T22
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
QE8 Parmi les suivants, pourriez-vous m’indiquer à qui vous avez acheté ces biens ou services. (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)QE8 Among the following, could you please indicate from whom did you buy these goods or services? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)QE8 Bitte sagen Sie mir, von wem auf der folgenden Liste Sie diese Waren oder Dienstleistungen erworben haben. (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
Des amis, des collègues ou des connaissances
Des membres de la famille Des voisins Des fournisseurs de
soins de santé
Friends, colleagues or acquaintances Relatives Neighbours Healthcare providers
Freunde, Kollegen oder Bekannte Verwandte Nachbarn
Dienstleister aus dem Gesundheitswesen
bzw. der Gesundheitspflege
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
42 9 9 7
37 10 7 3
20 0 8 8
56 13 10 3
50 11 4 2
55 10 6 2
43 6 5 2
49 8 20 2
21 6 5 19
36 6 6 2
56 10 10 2
32 8 12 23
44 8 8 25
26 6 8 10
24 5 10 11
53 16 13 2
30 6 9 11
16 2 0 26
49 11 9 1
60 26 27 5
28 7 12 1
35 9 13 2
41 5 20 8
59 15 22 1
55 21 18 9
40 8 6 3
32 5 4 0
50 10 4 2
56 11 8 4
T23
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR 0
0 0
29 10 7 8
5 1 0
16 27 7
25 41
0
21 43 1 3 2
5 1
40 17 0 5
5 3 2
19 23 3
34 10
7
27 30 12 13 2
4 0
39 20 3 2
4 2 2
29 11 1
29 10
5
44 33 15 2 0
3 0
34 31 5 12
8 1 1
34 14 7
58 14
0
42 31 2 7 1
5 1
42 22 5 1
1 4 2
25 26 9
14 16
0
24 32 1 0 0
7 0
45 43 2 3
1 5 1
18 9 9
35 34
1
26 20 1 2 0
5 1
34 28 2 3
2 2 1
34 15 3
49 39
1
28 27 7 5 4
EB79.2
EB79.2
28 24 4 3
Sonstiges (SPONTAN)
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
Andere Privatpersonen oder Haushalte
Firmen oder Unternehmen
NSP
Other private persons or households
Firms or businesses
Other (SPONTANEOUS)
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
D’autres personnes ou
ménages privés
Des sociétés ou entreprises Autre (SPONTANE) Refus
(SPONTANE)
QE8 Parmi les suivants, pourriez-vous m’indiquer à qui vous avez acheté ces biens ou services. (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)QE8 Among the following, could you please indicate from whom did you buy these goods or services? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)QE8 Bitte sagen Sie mir, von wem auf der folgenden Liste Sie diese Waren oder Dienstleistungen erworben haben. (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
T24
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 60 -6 20 -1 11 3 20 9
BE 64 8 22 1 10 5 15 3
BG 49 10 35 15 29 18 6 4
CZ 68 -3 37 7 25 14 10 2
DK 70 -2 17 -13 13 1 14 1
DE 56 -19 23 -8 7 0 29 15
EE 63 13 28 -15 18 2 12 4
IE 50 -11 20 -16 14 8 23 11
EL 74 16 13 1 7 0 12 6
ES 59 5 15 -7 7 7 28 17
FR 59 -8 18 0 7 -1 22 4
IT 63 -5 14 -2 8 1 23 7
CY 53 19 44 44 13 13 22 5
LV 70 3 22 4 28 10 15 12
LT 68 -5 27 0 17 1 10 6
LU 53 5 30 13 10 2 31 11
HU 61 2 26 8 21 10 18 9
MT 38 -6 20 -2 3 -9 2 -1
NL 61 4 13 -2 11 2 17 7
AT 76 4 47 9 17 2 37 19
PL 75 -13 13 -2 17 8 13 8
PT 62 -8 15 3 9 4 24 14
RO 41 -25 21 -5 19 -5 22 10
SI 64 -8 23 -7 26 11 22 16
SK 78 3 44 15 22 13 18 11
FI 53 6 21 -7 10 1 8 -4
SE 45 -15 26 -2 10 4 8 2
UK 45 -19 18 6 6 1 16 8
HR 68 25 19 34
QE9 Parmi la liste suivante, qu’est-ce qui vous l’a fait acheter non déclaré au lieu de l’acheter sur le marché officiel ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)QE9 From the following, what made you buy it undeclared instead of buying it on the regular market? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)QE9 Was auf der folgenden Liste hat Sie veranlasst, die Ware oder Dienstleistung aus Schwarzarbeit zu erwerben, anstatt sie auf dem regulären Markt zu kaufen? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
Prix plus bas Service plus rapide Meilleure qualité Afin d’aider quelqu’un qui a besoin d’argent
Lower price Faster service Better quality In order to help someone who is in need of money
Geringerer Preis Schnellerer Service Bessere Qualität Um jemandem zu helfen, der Geld braucht
T25
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 22 8 10 0 9 3 2 0 2 -1
BE 21 -2 7 -4 13 5 1 -1 3 -2
BG 14 9 15 7 8 -3 1 -3 3 2
CZ 24 0 4 -7 3 -1 3 0 1 1
DK 25 3 10 -3 7 1 1 1 2 1
DE 42 19 11 5 7 7 1 1 1 -1
EE 22 6 11 -5 2 -2 2 1 3 0
IE 22 12 9 -7 3 -4 6 6 2 -1
EL 10 2 11 -3 12 0 1 -1 1 1
ES 14 5 3 -11 17 10 0 -9 0 -11
FR 32 13 10 1 7 0 1 -1 2 0
IT 15 6 5 -8 14 8 5 4 0 -1
CY 26 6 1 1 13 0 1 1 4 -12
LV 16 7 14 0 2 -2 1 0 3 -1
LT 15 5 9 1 8 3 1 1 0 -2
LU 31 18 7 -9 10 4 1 0 0 -3
HU 17 1 13 8 2 -4 6 -1 5 2
MT 9 3 14 8 16 -2 2 2 16 9
NL 22 11 15 -2 6 -1 1 -1 2 0
AT 46 10 15 5 2 0 1 0 0 0
PL 4 -6 7 2 6 5 0 0 6 6
PT 5 -1 9 -2 10 -2 5 5 11 10
RO 22 7 14 -1 9 9 1 1 5 -3
SI 31 17 7 3 11 7 2 0 1 0
SK 39 25 8 0 2 -3 1 -1 1 -12
FI 15 5 10 -4 24 11 1 1 3 0
SE 17 1 13 1 14 6 0 -1 4 2
UK 19 14 12 6 10 3 0 -2 3 -2
HR 21 18 6 2 0
Sonstiges (SPONTAN)
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
Es war eine Gefälligkeit unter Freunden, Verwandten oder
Kollegen
Die Ware oder Dienstleistung ist nicht oder nur schwer auf dem regulären Markt
erhältlich
NSP
It was a favour amongst friends,
relatives or colleagues
The goods or service is not or hardly available on the regular market
Other (SPONTANEOUS)
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
C’était un service entre amis, membres de la famille ou collègues
Le produit ou service n’est pas ou presque pas disponible sur le
marché officiel
Autre (SPONTANE) Refus (SPONTANE)
QE9 Parmi la liste suivante, qu’est-ce qui vous l’a fait acheter non déclaré au lieu de l’acheter sur le marché officiel ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)QE9 From the following, what made you buy it undeclared instead of buying it on the regular market? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)QE9 Was auf der folgenden Liste hat Sie veranlasst, die Ware oder Dienstleistung aus Schwarzarbeit zu erwerben, anstatt sie auf dem regulären Markt zu kaufen? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
T26
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 3 -2 93 4 2 -1 2 -1
BE 4 -2 95 1 1 1 0 0
BG 6 -8 87 14 3 -3 4 -3
CZ 5 2 93 0 2 -2 0 0
DK 2 0 96 -1 1 1 1 0
DE 1 0 96 0 2 0 1 0
EE 5 -3 91 3 3 2 1 -2
IE 2 0 93 20 3 0 2 -20
EL 7 4 88 -9 4 4 1 1
ES 5 0 91 5 3 -3 1 -2
FR 1 0 98 2 0 -1 1 -1
IT 2 -5 90 11 6 -4 2 -2
CY 2 -2 93 0 1 1 4 1
LV 11 -6 83 5 4 1 2 0
LT 6 -5 90 4 2 1 2 0
LU 3 2 95 -3 1 1 1 0
HU 6 -2 85 1 8 1 1 0
MT 0 -1 95 -1 2 2 3 0
NL 3 1 96 -2 0 0 1 1
AT 2 -2 90 5 7 2 1 -5
PL 5 -6 90 6 3 1 2 -1
PT 3 -1 93 7 3 -1 1 -5
RO 7 -16 73 27 4 -3 16 -8
SI 4 -1 91 -1 4 2 1 0
SK 7 0 88 6 4 3 1 -9
FI 1 -2 98 1 1 1 0 0
SE 1 -2 99 2 0 0 0 0
UK 2 1 96 -1 0 -1 2 1
HR 8 86 4 2
QE10 Parfois, les employeurs préfèrent payer tout ou partie du salaire ou de la rémunération (pour du travail supplémentaire, des heures supplémentaires ou la partie au-dessus du minimum légal) en espèces et sans le déclarer aux autorités fiscales ou de sécurité sociale. Votre employeur vous a-t-il payé tout ou partie de votre revenu de cette façon au cours des 12 derniers mois ? QE10 Sometimes employers prefer to pay all or part of the salary or the remuneration (for extra work, overtime hours or the part above a legal minimum) in cash and without declaring it to tax or social security authorities. Has your employer paid you any of your income in the last 12 months in this way? QE10 Manchmal ziehen es Arbeitgeber vor, das Gehalt ganz oder teilweise oder die Vergütung (für zusätzliche Arbeit, Überstunden oder den Teil, der über einem gesetzlichen Mindestbetrag liegt) in bar zu bezahlen, ohne es den Steuerbehörden oder der Sozialversicherung zu melden. Hat Ihr Arbeitgeber Ihnen in den letzten 12 Monaten irgendetwas von Ihrem Einkommen auf diese Weise ausbezahlt?
Oui Non Refus (SPONTANE) NSP
Yes No Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
Ja Nein Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
T27
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 37 8 31 4 25 -11 4 0 3 -1
BE 14 -4 44 -22 25 15 17 17 0 -6
BG 61 15 15 0 24 -13 0 0 0 -2
CZ 26 13 56 10 18 -23 0 0 0 0
DK 16 8 64 20 20 4 0 -8 0 -24
DE 38 3 62 -3 0 0 0 0 0 0
EE 48 11 26 6 26 -6 0 -9 0 -2
IE 14 3 60 -6 8 8 0 -12 18 7
EL 58 29 14 -40 16 -1 12 12 0 0
ES 48 30 23 -13 29 -3 0 -10 0 -4
FR 40 29 0 -61 14 -14 24 24 22 22
IT 19 7 41 24 30 -14 10 -3 0 -14
CY 100 91 0 -54 0 -37 0 0 0 0
LV 34 -13 18 0 38 4 5 4 5 5
LT 34 -10 22 12 44 -2 0 0 0 0
LU 0 0 64 -36 36 36 0 0 0 0
HU 21 2 45 -5 26 -1 8 4 0 0
MT 0 -100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NL 15 15 77 2 8 -7 0 0 0 -10
AT 9 -5 61 13 16 -14 14 10 0 -4
PL 30 -5 20 5 46 -4 0 0 4 4
PT 33 14 29 14 20 -13 0 -14 18 -1
RO 30 -18 44 35 19 -22 0 -1 7 6
SI 28 15 40 0 32 4 0 -19 0 0
SK 26 -13 28 -15 46 28 0 0 0 0
FI 51 15 49 10 0 -25 0 0 0 0
SE 84 78 16 -64 0 -9 0 -5 0 0
UK 70 43 13 -40 17 -3 0 0 0 0
HR 42 25 27 6 0
QE11 Ce revenu faisait-il partie de votre rémunération pour votre travail régulier, était-ce un paiement pour des heures supplémentaires ou était-ce les deux ?
QE11 Was this income part of the remuneration for your regular work, was it payment for overtime hours or was it both?
QE11 War dieses Einkommen Teil der Vergütung für Ihre reguläre Arbeit, war es die Bezahlung für Überstunden oder war es beides?
Une partie de la rémunération du travail régulier
Heures supplémentaires,
travail
A la fois travail régulier et heures supplémentaires
Refus (SPONTANE) NSP
Part of the remuneration of the
regular work
Overtime, extra-work
Both regular and overtime work
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
Teil der Vergütung für reguläre Arbeit
Überstunden, zusätzliche Arbeit
Beides, für reguläre und zusätzliche
Arbeit
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
T28
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 28 1 10 3 8 0 9 -9 12 12 16 5 16 -12
BE 36 -37 26 12 7 7 0 0 8 8 17 10 6 0
BG 11 -9 31 8 15 5 0 -15 0 0 16 14 26 -3
CZ 25 -27 26 9 0 -4 0 0 25 25 10 -6 14 2
DK 74 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 0 0 16 -24
DE 20 -27 27 27 20 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 5
EE 40 -2 17 -2 16 5 18 7 0 0 4 -3 4 -6
IE 57 4 14 14 0 0 0 -11 29 29 0 -25 0 -11
EL 30 -24 5 -12 6 6 6 -9 19 19 18 18 16 2
ES 8 -35 8 1 7 7 45 41 8 8 16 -16 8 -6
FR 40 14 0 -11 0 0 0 -28 0 0 22 22 38 4
IT 8 -5 11 6 0 0 21 1 28 28 13 -14 19 -16
CY 0 -60 25 25 75 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -40
LV 16 -4 19 4 21 -21 23 10 2 2 7 -1 11 8
LT 39 24 13 -11 17 -20 4 -11 0 0 4 1 24 18
LU 20 -80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 19 61 61
HU 43 -8 23 11 0 -11 9 4 18 18 7 -1 0 -13
MT 0 -100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NL 53 -8 15 2 0 -16 0 0 14 14 0 0 19 9
AT 61 7 0 -16 0 0 0 -4 23 23 0 -8 16 -2
PL 42 22 4 -3 27 -4 0 -23 0 0 23 19 4 -11
PT 9 -5 0 -16 9 0 30 23 0 0 28 13 23 -16
RO 18 6 0 0 3 2 0 -37 21 21 24 19 35 -9
SI 40 -7 0 -5 26 13 0 -4 0 0 22 11 12 -7
SK 36 -8 11 -11 18 6 3 3 6 6 0 -15 27 20
FI 100 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -37
SE 100 22 0 0 0 -6 0 0 0 0 0 -5 0 -10
UK 31 0 12 12 0 0 1 1 21 21 24 24 11 -58
HR 29 15 14 16 0 4 23
QE12 Quel pourcentage environ du revenu annuel brut de votre travail principal avez-vous obtenu de cette façon ?
QE12 Approximately what percentage of your gross yearly income in your main job did you get this way?
QE12 Welchen Prozentsatz Ihres jährlichen Brutto-Gehalts in Ihrem Hauptberuf haben Sie ungefähr auf diese Weise erhalten?
1-24 % 25-49 % 50-74 % 75-100 % Ne se souvient pas Refus NSP
1-24 % 25-49 % 50-74 % 75-100 % Don't remember Refusal DK
WN1-24 % 25-49 % 50-74 % 75-100 % Kann mich nicht erinnern Verweigert
T29
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
QE13 Combien de personnes APPROXIMATIVEMENT travaillent-elles pour l’organisation dans laquelle vous travaillez (emploi à plein temps et à temps partiel confondus) ? QE13 Thinking about the organisation you work for, APPROXIMATELY how many employees does it have (including both full and part time)? QE13 Ungefähr wie viele Angestellte (Voll- und Teilzeit) arbeiten in der Organisation bzw. dem Unternehmen, für das Sie arbeiten?
1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-499 500 ou plus
Refus (SPONT-
ANE)NSP
1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-499 500 or more
Refusal (SPONT-ANEOUS)
DK
1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-499 500 oder mehr
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
9 10 12 14 10 15 23 2 5
6 9 9 14 15 21 24 1 1
6 10 19 20 14 7 3 6 15
4 8 14 23 13 19 12 2 5
7 6 8 17 11 16 34 0 1
5 7 13 14 13 19 24 2 3
8 8 16 15 17 19 9 3 5
14 13 12 10 11 13 17 3 7
24 18 16 10 7 9 7 5 4
15 12 9 15 10 12 15 6 6
10 6 10 11 7 19 34 1 2
17 23 18 13 8 6 7 3 5
20 19 11 14 9 12 9 0 6
8 12 17 19 13 16 12 0 3
6 7 15 21 16 17 14 1 3
6 7 8 12 11 22 32 1 1
8 12 17 17 16 11 9 3 7
5 5 15 12 10 14 12 3 24
5 4 6 10 8 24 41 1 1
7 14 22 21 11 13 8 2 2
9 10 13 19 10 11 11 6 11
14 18 16 11 10 11 9 3 8
7 8 10 12 10 10 9 6 28
12 7 9 14 14 18 18 3 5
6 11 13 26 15 16 10 1 2
6 11 11 14 6 19 29 0 4
43
2 5 3 15 8 19
2
46 0 2
6 7 6 10 10 13
2
1 4
10 9 14 15 15 19 14
T30
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 4 -1 93 1 2 0 1 0
BE 4 -2 95 2 1 0 0 0
BG 5 0 93 4 1 -3 1 -1
CZ 4 -3 93 3 3 0 0 0
DK 9 -9 91 10 0 -1 0 0
DE 2 -1 94 -1 3 2 1 0
EE 11 0 85 1 3 0 1 -1
IE 2 -2 94 9 3 0 1 -7
EL 3 -1 93 -2 3 2 1 1
ES 5 2 93 -2 2 0 0 0
FR 5 -1 94 1 0 0 1 0
IT 2 -1 93 2 4 0 1 -1
CY 2 1 97 2 0 -1 1 -2
LV 11 -4 85 4 2 -1 2 1
LT 8 1 89 -2 2 1 1 0
LU 5 0 94 0 1 0 0 0
HU 4 -3 90 1 5 1 1 1
MT 1 -1 96 -1 2 1 1 1
NL 11 -2 88 2 0 -1 1 1
AT 5 -2 90 4 5 1 0 -3
PL 3 -2 94 3 2 0 1 -1
PT 2 -1 95 2 2 0 1 -1
RO 3 -1 88 -1 4 0 5 2
SI 7 2 90 -2 3 0 0 0
SK 5 -1 92 0 3 2 0 -1
FI 3 -1 94 0 3 2 0 -1
SE 7 -3 93 4 0 0 0 -1
UK 3 1 97 2 0 -2 0 -1
HR 7 89 3 1
QE14 Mis à part un emploi régulier, avez-vous, vous-même, exercé une activité payée non déclarée au cours des 12 derniers mois ?
QE14 Apart from a regular employment, have you yourself carried out any undeclared paid activities in the last 12 months?
QE14 Sind Sie selbst neben Ihrer regulären Beschäftigung in den letzten 12 Monaten irgendeiner Tätigkeit nachgegangen, für die Sie schwarz bezahlt wurden?
Oui Non Refus (SPONTANE) NSP
Yes No Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
Ja Nein Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
T31
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
QE15a Parmi les suivantes, quelles activités non déclarées avez-vous exercées au cours des 12 derniers mois ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)QE15a Which of the following activities have you carried out undeclared in the last 12 months? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)QE15a Welchen der folgenden Tätigkeiten sind Sie in den letzten 12 Monaten schwarz nachgegangen? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
Du babysitting Du nettoyage Du repassage Des réparations ou rénovations
Babysitting Cleaning Ironing clothes Repairs or renovations
Babysitten Putzen Wäsche bügeln Reparatur- oder Renovierungsarbeiten
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
12 13 2 19
6 10 5 18
8 11 0 28
12 15 2 29
8 10 1 29
19 7 0 9
7 8 1 17
25 5 0 16
3 10 3 18
6 26 2 11
25 14 7 15
5 25 0 11
0 10 10 30
8 3 1 29
6 3 0 24
14 8 9 32
2 12 0 19
0 0 0 24
14 13 0 13
10 15 8 34
9 8 0 28
11 45 6 25
6 5 3 26
6 5 7 18
4 3 0 30
11 7 0 29
5 0 0 18
5 10 0 27
3 5 1 24
T32
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR 13 16 5 3
37 10 0 16
19 5 9 6
1 0 0 0
7 11 0 14
8 6 7 7
31 3 2 0
12 6 0 0
27 4 0 0
6 16 9 30
13 6 12 8
0 0 0 0
35 10 5 12
14 20 9 26
9 2 4 0
12 5 5 8
10 10 10 0
5 6 5 0
13 14 7 6
2 20 8 4
4 16 6 4
5 0 10 0
10 4 2 8
12 15 11 6
6 9 9 4
11 5 14 24
11 2 2 0
14 27 12 4
14 11 7 7
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
Gartenarbeit Kellnern Nachhilfe geben Umzugshilfe
Gardening As a waiter or waitress Tutoring Help moving house
Du jardinage Serveur ou serveuse Des cours particuliers De l’aide pour déménager
QE15a Parmi les suivantes, quelles activités non déclarées avez-vous exercées au cours des 12 derniers mois ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)QE15a Which of the following activities have you carried out undeclared in the last 12 months? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)QE15a Welchen der folgenden Tätigkeiten sind Sie in den letzten 12 Monaten schwarz nachgegangen? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
T33
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR 4 6 3 7
0 0 12 5
8 15 8 11
14 10 1 0
13 6 5 5
7 8 6 9
0 0 7 2
6 0 12 0
0 6 0 4
5 3 3 0
10 13 5 3
41 0 0 25
7 0 5 9
14 13 19 0
5 3 9 4
4 6 10 4
0 0 10 0
10 12 0 0
0 4 6 3
0 7 4 4
6 0 7 0
4 9 0 11
4 6 5 4
3 11 3 0
10 2 5 2
4 8 18 9
0 9 8 10
3 6 3 0
3 7 6 3
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
Unterstützung für einen pflegebedürftigen oder älteren Angehörigen
Administrative oder IT-Unterstützung Autos reparieren
Verkauf von Lebensmitteln (z. B. landwirtschaftliche
Erzeugnisse)
Assistance for a dependant or elderly
relative
Administrative or IT assistance Car repairs Selling food (e.g. farm
produce)
De l’aide à un proche âgé ou dépendant
De l’aide administrative ou informatique
Des réparations de voitures
Vendre de la nourriture (p. ex. des produits
fermiers)
QE15a Parmi les suivantes, quelles activités non déclarées avez-vous exercées au cours des 12 derniers mois ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)QE15a Which of the following activities have you carried out undeclared in the last 12 months? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)QE15a Welchen der folgenden Tätigkeiten sind Sie in den letzten 12 Monaten schwarz nachgegangen? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
T34
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR 7 013 15
6 012 9
0 116 36
1 06 20
6 316 17
10 26 21
6 85 12
6 017 0
11 04 10
4 02 20
1 010 25
0 00 10
0 04 11
0 018 20
2 420 29
9 40 14
0 00 20
8 011 18
0 78 4
7 60 19
9 00 29
6 04 14
7 312 32
0 30 19
1 116 24
0 07 12
3 25 16
0 712 7
4 37 15
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WNVerkauf anderer Waren Verkauf anderer Dienstleistungen
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DKSelling other goods Selling other services
Refus (SPONTANE) NSPVendre d’autres biens Vendre d’autres services
QE15a Parmi les suivantes, quelles activités non déclarées avez-vous exercées au cours des 12 derniers mois ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)QE15a Which of the following activities have you carried out undeclared in the last 12 months? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)QE15a Welchen der folgenden Tätigkeiten sind Sie in den letzten 12 Monaten schwarz nachgegangen? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
T35
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
QE15b Combien d’argent avez-vous APPROXIMATIVEMENT gagné avec ces activités non déclarées au cours des 12 derniers mois ?
QE15b APPROXIMATELY how much money have you earned from these undeclared activities in the last 12 months?
QE15b Ungefähr wie viel Geld haben Sie in den letzten 12 Monaten mit Schwarzarbeit verdient?
1-100 euros 101-200 euros
201-500 euros
501-1000 euros 1000+ euros Ne se
souvient pas Refus NSP
1-100 euros 101-200 euros
201-500 euros
501-1000 euros 1000+ euros Don't
remember Refusal DK
1-100 euros 101-200 euros
201-500 euros
501-1000 euros 1000+ euros
Kann mich nicht
erinnernVerweigert WN
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
20 9 17 11 12 6 16 9
9 9 20 19 22 7 10 3
18 11 17 4 0 9 28 14
14 18 20 12 2 9 14 11
14 11 13 31 16 2 9 4
36 11 19 3 7 11 3 9
29 12 11 7 16 7 5 13
18 27 18 6 18 4 9 0
11 10 10 3 16 0 39 11
24 8 10 6 14 0 27 11
23 16 26 12 10 5 8 0
0 11 0 16 24 0 37 12
10 30 0 10 0 10 10 30
36 6 15 13 6 7 8 9
13 16 12 12 11 11 8 16
6 11 14 17 11 9 12 20
17 5 6 14 9 0 12 38
41 0 0 0 0 34 0 25
32 5 23 9 15 6 6 3
9 3 15 15 18 9 27 5
9 4 23 9 4 9 33 8
6 0 6 6 23 12 23 24
2 6 12 7 0 13 21 38
20 13 13 9 14 9 11 11
18 6 14 10 4 10 17 21
32 21 24 13 6 0 0 3
17 6 29 13 29 2 0 5
25 0 13 20 16 6 12 8
24 1111 10 13 8 19 5
T36
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
QE16 Pourriez-vous me dire pour qui vous avez exercé ces activités. (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)
QE16 Would you please indicate for whom you carried out any of these activities? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
QE16 Würden Sie mir bitte sagen, für wen Sie diese Tätigkeiten ausgeführt haben? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
Des amis, des collègues ou des connaissances
Des membres de la famille Des voisins D’autres personnes ou
ménages privés
Friends, colleagues or acquaintances Relatives Neighbours Other private persons or
households
Freunde, Kollegen oder Bekannte Verwandte Nachbarn Andere Privatpersonen
oder Haushalte
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
49 27 18 30
41 22 15 33
40 11 16 51
67 29 27 25
71 27 8 34
42 36 13 19
62 23 5 18
66 34 15 11
25 17 10 65
36 14 16 33
61 28 27 23
26 28 10 53
60 50 20 30
51 20 23 28
38 24 27 35
61 39 23 36
42 19 32 50
24 41 0 35
56 35 19 27
67 42 38 38
38 15 15 25
47 29 41 47
47 24 22 43
63 17 11 17
50 25 6 41
53 41 2 27
52 31 15 33
57 39 5 16
58 17 24 22
T37
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
6 0
16 6 6 0
6 0
0 0
17 0 1 1
6 4
7 2
18 0 3 0
15 3
6 0
3 0 2 3
6 12
2 0
10 4 2 0
11 1
0 0
10 3 0 1
0 0
3 0
15 0 2 0
22 2
8 1
6 6 1 0
12 0
0 0
10 0 0 0
25 7
0 0
16 0 2 0
19 6
0 0
26 0 6 0
26 0
0 0
15 4 1 3
20 0
0 0
7 1 0 1
8 0
4 6
15 0 2 0
20 5
EB79.2
EB79.2
14 2 2 0
EB79.2
EB79.2
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
Firmen oder Geschäfte Sonstige (SPONTAN) Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
Firms or businesses Other (SPONTANEOUS)
Des sociétés ou entreprises Autre (SPONTANE) Refus (SPONTANE) NSP
QE16 Pourriez-vous me dire pour qui vous avez exercé ces activités. (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)
QE16 Would you please indicate for whom you carried out any of these activities? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
QE16 Würden Sie mir bitte sagen, für wen Sie diese Tätigkeiten ausgeführt haben? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
T38
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
QE17 Dans la liste suivante, quelles étaient les raisons pour exercer ces activités non déclarées ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)
QE17 Among the following, what were the reasons for doing these activities undeclared? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
QE17 Aus welchen der folgenden Gründe haben Sie diese Arbeiten schwarz gemacht? Liste zeigen und vorlesen! Mehrfachnennungen möglich!
La(les) personne(s) qui l’ont acquise ont insisté sur la non-déclaration
La bureaucratie ou les formalités pour exercer une activité économique
légale sont trop compliquées
La bureaucratie ou les formalités pour exercer une activité économique mineure ou occasionnelle
sont trop compliquées
Vous ne pouviez pas trouver un emploi
déclaré
The person(s) who acquired it insisted on the
non-declaration
Bureaucracy or red tape for a regular economic
activity is too complicated
Bureaucracy or red tape for minor or occasional
activities is too complicated
You could not find a regular job
Der/die Auftraggeber bestand/en auf Schwarzarbeit
Die Bürokratie bzw. der Papierkrieg für die
Ausübung einer regulären wirtschaftlichen Tätigkeit
ist zu kompliziert
Die Bürokratie bzw. der Papierkrieg für
geringfügige oder gelegentliche
wirtschaftliche Tätigkeiten ist zu kompliziert
Sie konnten keine reguläre Arbeit finden
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
10 7 11 21
13 9 18 19
11 3 7 24
19 3 9 23
9 10 26 1
13 1 8 1
6 7 16 19
30 5 5 5
18 0 14 42
23 5 9 39
6 0 7 9
0 11 10 46
0 0 0 40
6 6 16 10
0 4 3 28
8 11 25 35
20 7 6 39
24 0 25 0
3 11 28 7
11 6 11 12
2 17 0 31
6 12 23 30
4 12 8 26
5 13 12 15
12 2 12 32
0 16 16 18
21 18 13 11
8 6 9 32
21 4 4 28
T39
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR 9 49 12 19
6 00 61
5 60 13 2
2 22 69
6 58 21 28
8 1016 47
6 25 13 15
35 3112 42
9 37 16 22
19 239 80
4 56 22 8
0 00 0
14 54 26 11
2 162 64
8 40 28 4
17 88 64
10 40 0 20
18 280 21
9 63 19 16
18 174 26
3 30 27 23
5 175 30
10 52 10 5
3 54 63
17 69 8 9
16 174 60
12 54 16 15
22 222 63
6 50 16 14
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
Sie konnten mehr Geld für Ihre Arbeit verlangen
Beide Seiten haben davon profitiert
Die Steuern und/oder Sozialabgaben sind zu
hoch
Schwarzarbeit ist in Ihrer Region oder Branche
üblich, weshalb es keine echte Alternative gibt
Taxes and\ or social security contributions are
too high
Working undeclared is common practice in your
region or sector of activity so there is no real
alternative
You were able to ask for a higher fee for your work
Both parties benefited from it
Vous pouviez demander un prix plus élevé pour
votre travail
Les deux parties en ont profité
Les impôts et\ ou les contributions à la sécurité sociale sont trop élevés
Travailler de manière non déclarée est une pratique
courante dans votre région ou votre secteur, il
n’y a donc pas de véritable alternative
QE17 Dans la liste suivante, quelles étaient les raisons pour exercer ces activités non déclarées ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)
QE17 Among the following, what were the reasons for doing these activities undeclared? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
QE17 Aus welchen der folgenden Gründe haben Sie diese Arbeiten schwarz gemacht? Liste zeigen und vorlesen! Mehrfachnennungen möglich!
T40
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR 16 5 24 1 1 0
1 06 4 0 11
0 0 12 3 0 0
0 00 10 11 12
22 18 18 0 0 2
1 114 5 14 16
24 3 26 2 2 6
0 030 0 30 18
8 20 13 4 4 0
0 010 6 23 5
3 6 9 10 1 2
0 410 10 0 0
19 17 24 6 0 0
3 08 4 6 0
11 19 30 5 0 2
3 316 6 7 0
0 0 30 0 0 0
0 00 0 21 0
3 4 12 16 0 8
6 02 8 25 11
10 0 43 6 3 0
5 010 10 5 0
5 0 10 14 2 3
0 51 13 4 9
4 5 2 7 2 0
0 221 13 25 5
14 4 24 0 2 4
0 08 17 25 5
6 8 15 8 2 2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
Der Staat tut nichts für Sie,
warum sollten Sie also Steuern
zahlen
Es ist schwierig, von
Sozialleistungen zu leben
Sie haben keine anderen
Einkommensquellen
Sonstige (SPONTAN)
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
Refusal (SPONT-ANEOUS) DK
The State does not do anything for
you, so why should you pay
taxes
It is difficult to live on social welfare
benefits
You have no other means of income
Other (SPONT-ANEOUS)
L’Etat ne fait rien pour vous,
pourquoi devriez-vous alors payer
des impôts
Il est difficile de vivre avec les prestations
sociales
Vous n’avez pas d'autre source de
revenus
Autre (SPONTANE)
Refus (SPONTANE) NSP
QE17 Dans la liste suivante, quelles étaient les raisons pour exercer ces activités non déclarées ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)
QE17 Among the following, what were the reasons for doing these activities undeclared? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
QE17 Aus welchen der folgenden Gründe haben Sie diese Arbeiten schwarz gemacht? Liste zeigen und vorlesen! Mehrfachnennungen möglich!
T41
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 6 -2 19 -2 7 -2 7 0
BE 2 -9 8 -10 10 0 6 -2
BG 6 -12 6 -26 8 -12 9 -2
CZ 2 -8 14 -7 17 1 21 19
DK 4 0 8 0 9 0 0 -3
DE 0 -1 12 -6 2 -5 0 -2
EE 4 -6 9 -12 1 -2 2 -2
IE 25 19 11 -2 10 5 5 0
EL 7 7 27 -5 7 2 13 7
ES 10 3 33 14 9 -8 13 5
FR 5 1 25 2 3 0 2 -6
IT 12 -9 42 -2 6 -5 17 0
CY 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 0
LV 5 -3 18 -13 7 -4 13 6
LT 6 -18 12 -27 4 -4 0 -15
LU 11 11 33 25 0 -13 23 20
HU 11 -3 35 19 26 0 29 0
MT 0 -32 0 0 0 -22 0 0
NL 1 -20 7 -7 0 -11 0 -2
AT 2 -2 9 -6 2 -6 4 -1
PL 4 -7 10 -9 11 5 11 8
PT 18 13 24 0 18 11 23 10
RO 14 8 16 -3 4 -3 0 -23
SI 9 7 8 -6 3 0 0 -3
SK 7 -6 13 -16 6 -12 23 12
FI 22 19 35 17 0 -6 10 2
SE 5 -4 25 0 9 3 7 2
UK 4 4 11 9 11 5 6 6
HR 12 19 14 8
QE18 Hormis les considérations financières, avez-vous rencontré l’une des conséquences suivantes en travaillant de manière non déclarée ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)QE18 Apart from financial considerations, did you experience any of the following consequences when working undeclared? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)QE18 Haben Sie, von den finanziellen Erwägungen einmal abgesehen, eine oder mehrere der folgenden Auswirkungen erlebt, als Sie schwarzgearbeitet haben? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
Un risque plus élevé d’accidents comparé à un
travail régulier
Un manque d’assurance contre les accidents
Des conditions physiques de travail plus dures comparé à un travail
régulier
Un risque plus élevé de perdre votre travail
A higher risk of accidents as compared to a regular
job
Lack of insurance against accidents
Harder physical working conditions as compared to
a regular job
A higher risk of losing your job
Ein höheres Unfallrisiko im Vergleich zu regulärer
Arbeit
Fehlende Unfallversicherung
Härtere körperliche Arbeit im Vergleich zu regulärer
Arbeit
Ein höheres Risiko, Ihren Arbeitsplatz zu verlieren
T42
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 20 3 1 54 46 2 -7 4 -42
BE 22 0 -10 59 59 0 -4 6 -44
BG 20 0 0 51 51 2 -9 13 -20
CZ 28 0 0 41 41 2 -23 10 -28
DK 5 1 -10 81 81 2 -7 1 -60
DE 20 0 -6 73 72 0 -2 5 -58
EE 15 0 -3 67 63 4 -8 3 -44
IE 15 5 -8 45 45 0 -9 0 -53
EL 43 0 0 48 -7 3 -8 0 0
ES 46 2 2 34 34 2 -3 0 -55
FR 10 3 3 67 58 0 -16 0 -39
IT 15 0 0 27 27 0 -15 8 -13
CY 20 0 0 60 60 0 0 0 -100
LV 26 0 0 36 36 8 -1 11 -36
LT 22 12 12 47 47 1 -3 1 -32
LU 24 0 -8 47 47 3 -28 0 -37
HU 40 0 -1 28 23 6 -2 0 -32
MT 0 50 50 0 0 0 0 50 -18
NL 5 1 -5 84 77 0 -11 3 -35
AT 11 0 -2 77 50 3 -2 2 -41
PL 12 4 -1 27 22 5 -2 16 -31
PT 36 0 0 35 35 0 -3 0 -58
RO 11 6 6 49 46 9 9 11 -38
SI 8 8 8 69 69 9 -26 0 -46
SK 26 2 -7 43 43 2 -4 0 -35
FI 23 1 1 53 42 0 -12 0 -51
SE 24 8 8 37 21 0 0 1 -48
UK 21 6 6 56 51 0 -17 4 -66
HR 22 6 51 3 0
Keine (SPONTAN) Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
Keine Ansprüche aus der
Sozialversicherung
Sonstige (SPONTAN)
NSP
No social security entitlements
Other (SPONTANEOUS)
None (SPONTANEOUS)
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
Pas de droit aux prestations sociales Autre (SPONTANE) Aucun (SPONTANE) Refus (SPONTANE)
QE18 Hormis les considérations financières, avez-vous rencontré l’une des conséquences suivantes en travaillant de manière non déclarée ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)QE18 Apart from financial considerations, did you experience any of the following consequences when working undeclared? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)QE18 Haben Sie, von den finanziellen Erwägungen einmal abgesehen, eine oder mehrere der folgenden Auswirkungen erlebt, als Sie schwarzgearbeitet haben? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
T43
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
%
EU 27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
QE19 Lesquelles des propositions suivantes s’appliquent à vous ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES)
QE19 Does the following apply to you? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
QE19 Trifft Folgendes auf Sie zu? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)
Vous êtes salarié(e) SANS un contrat
formel écrit
Votre salaire est variable, avec une partie substantielle
basée sur les résultats
Vous travaillez sans être payé(e) (plein temps ou à temps partiel) pour une
entreprise familiale
Aucun (SPONT-
ANE)
Refus (SPONT-
ANE)NSP
You are employed WITHOUT a formal
written contract
Your salary is variable, with a
substantial part based on results
You work unpaid (either part or full
time) for a partner or family business
None (SPONT-ANEOUS)
Refusal (SPONT-ANEOUS)
DK
Sie sind ohne einen formalen schriftlichen
Arbeitsvertrag beschäftigt
Die Höhe Ihres Gehalts ist variabel
und ein wesentlicher Teil davon ist
ergebnisabhängig
Sie arbeiten unbezahlt (entweder Teil- oder Vollzeit) für einen
Partner oder in einem Familienunternehmen
Nichts davon (SPONTAN)
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
EB79.2
2 5 2 87 3 2
2 4 2 86 1 5
0 4 1 91 2 2
0 9 2 85 3 1
2 3 4 89 0 1
1 3 1 91 3 1
1 10 3 73 6 7
5 5 2 83 3 2
2 1 2 91 3 1
1 2 2 93 2 0
2 5 1 89 1 2
1 6 2 83 6 2
13 4 2 80 1 2
2 10 2 79 3 5
2 8 4 80 4 3
1 5 0 92 2 0
2 8 3 83 3 1
9 2 1 84 2 2
1 2 6 90 0 1
2 3 2 91 2 1
2 7 6 81 2 2
9 4 2 81 3 1
1 3 1 78 5 12
0 6 2 88 3 1
0 13 1 82 3 1
2 4 3 87 3 1
1 4 3 91 0 1
3 4 2 89 1 1
1 6 2 89 2 1
T44
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 68 3 10 -1 8 0 4 0 4 -1 1 0
BE 65 -4 8 -1 11 3 6 1 6 1 1 0
BG 65 3 13 0 7 1 4 1 5 1 1 0
CZ 68 6 9 1 7 -4 3 -2 6 0 1 0
DK 84 5 6 -3 4 -2 2 0 2 0 1 1
DE 66 -4 13 2 8 0 3 0 4 -1 1 0
EE 64 -5 9 5 8 2 2 0 8 1 1 -1
IE 54 3 12 2 10 -2 8 1 7 2 3 1
EL 65 -5 11 -1 9 1 7 4 3 0 1 0
ES 73 24 7 -12 6 -4 4 -2 5 -2 1 -1
FR 78 -1 7 -1 6 1 2 0 3 0 1 0
IT 66 8 12 -1 8 0 5 -1 3 -2 3 -1
CY 93 4 2 -1 2 0 1 0 1 -2 0 0
LV 48 0 7 1 7 -2 5 1 16 5 4 1
LT 64 5 7 -1 5 -1 3 1 8 1 2 0
LU 75 -7 7 1 9 6 2 1 5 1 0 -1
HU 61 12 8 -4 11 1 6 -1 6 -3 3 0
MT 76 0 6 -6 6 0 2 1 2 0 1 0
NL 75 -1 11 2 7 0 2 -1 2 -1 1 1
AT 57 15 12 -1 11 -2 6 -5 6 -5 3 0
PL 55 -7 9 -1 11 3 7 3 8 2 3 1
PT 48 3 18 -2 17 6 8 0 5 -3 1 -1
RO 65 13 11 -4 7 -1 5 0 4 -1 2 0
SI 78 5 6 -2 6 1 3 0 3 -1 1 -1
SK 63 3 8 -7 10 1 4 -2 6 2 2 1
FI 67 3 12 -3 11 3 4 -1 3 0 1 0
SE 83 -6 6 1 6 4 2 1 1 0 1 1
UK 73 1 8 0 7 2 2 0 4 -2 1 0
HR 82 4 3 2 5 1
QE20.1 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Quelqu’un reçoit des paiements de la sécurité sociale sans y avoir droit
QE20.1 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". Someone receives welfare payments without entitlement
QE20.1 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel".
Jemand bezieht unberechtigt Sozialleistungen
1 Tout à fait inacceptable 2 3 4 5 6
1 Absolutely unacceptable 2 3 4 5 6
1 Vollkommen inakzeptabel 2 3 4 5 6
T45
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 -1
BE 1 0 0 -1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
BG 1 0 0 -1 1 1 1 -3 0 0 3 -1
CZ 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 -2
DK 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0
DE 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
EE 1 0 1 0 0 -1 3 0 1 0 2 -1
IE 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 -2 2 -5
EL 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
ES 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 -1 1 -5
FR 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 1 0
IT 2 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 1 -1
CY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1
LV 3 0 2 -1 0 -1 4 -2 1 -1 3 -1
LT 2 1 2 -1 1 0 3 -2 1 0 3 -1
LU 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1
HU 2 0 1 -1 0 0 0 -2 1 -1 1 -1
MT 0 -1 1 1 1 1 2 2 0 0 3 2
NL 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
AT 2 -1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 1 0 1 -1
PL 2 0 2 1 1 0 0 -1 1 0 2 -2
PT 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 2 -2
RO 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1 1 1 4 -6
SI 0 -1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 -1
SK 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 1
FI 0 -1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
SE 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
UK 0 -1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
HR 1 0 0 1 0 1
8 9 10 Vollkommen akzeptabel
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
10 Absolutely acceptable
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
7
NSP
7 8 9
7 8 9 10 Tout à fait acceptable
Refus (SPONTANE)
QE20.1 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel". Jemand bezieht unberechtigt Sozialleistungen
QE20.1 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Quelqu’un reçoit des paiements de la sécurité sociale sans y avoir droit
QE20.1 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". Someone receives welfare payments without entitlement
T46
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 90 2 6 0 3 0
BE 90 -1 7 1 3 0
BG 88 4 6 0 3 -3
CZ 86 1 7 0 4 1
DK 96 1 3 0 1 -1
DE 90 -2 5 0 3 1
EE 83 1 9 0 5 -1
IE 83 3 11 3 4 1
EL 92 -1 5 1 2 0
ES 90 6 7 -1 2 1
FR 93 -1 4 1 1 -1
IT 90 4 5 -3 3 0
CY 98 3 1 -2 0 -1
LV 67 0 20 6 9 -4
LT 78 3 10 1 8 -2
LU 93 1 5 1 1 -1
HU 85 7 9 -3 4 -2
MT 90 -5 3 1 4 3
NL 95 0 3 -1 2 1
AT 87 9 9 -5 3 -2
PL 82 -1 11 3 5 1
PT 90 7 5 -5 1 -1
RO 88 8 6 0 2 -1
SI 92 3 3 -3 2 -1
SK 85 -4 8 2 4 1
FI 93 0 4 -1 2 0
SE 96 -1 2 1 1 0
UK 90 2 5 -1 2 0
HR 90 6 2
QE20.1 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Quelqu’un reçoit des paiements de la sécurité sociale sans y avoir droit
QE20.1 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". Someone receives welfare payments without entitlement
QE20.1 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel". Jemand bezieht unberechtigt Sozialleistungen
Total 'Inacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Moyennement acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
Total 'Inacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Moyennement acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
Total 'Unacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Fairly Acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
T47
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 47 3 11 1 12 0 8 0 11 -1 4 0
BE 48 -2 9 0 15 3 9 1 11 1 4 1
BG 54 9 14 -2 10 -1 5 -1 7 -1 2 -1
CZ 46 1 11 5 11 -1 8 0 11 -1 3 -1
DK 63 5 7 -2 12 2 6 -1 6 -2 2 -1
DE 46 -4 13 3 12 -1 8 2 10 0 3 1
EE 47 -16 10 5 9 1 5 2 12 2 4 1
IE 46 13 9 -2 13 4 8 -2 11 -1 6 0
EL 51 -9 12 -4 12 3 8 2 10 6 2 0
ES 50 19 10 -6 12 1 8 -3 10 -2 2 -3
FR 39 -3 7 0 11 2 11 3 17 -3 5 2
IT 48 7 13 4 11 -3 10 -2 7 -4 5 -1
CY 69 -3 11 1 8 1 4 0 4 0 1 1
LV 34 -13 6 -1 9 0 6 0 17 6 6 2
LT 53 1 6 -1 8 2 5 3 12 1 3 0
LU 42 -15 6 -1 12 5 8 3 16 6 4 3
HU 46 2 11 2 10 1 8 -2 11 0 6 2
MT 67 6 7 -8 7 -2 6 1 4 -1 2 1
NL 45 -2 12 3 18 0 9 0 11 1 2 -1
AT 36 10 10 0 14 1 11 0 12 -1 6 -2
PL 41 -4 11 0 12 0 9 2 12 -1 6 3
PT 36 5 16 -6 17 4 12 2 11 0 3 0
RO 54 13 12 -2 10 -1 6 -1 7 0 3 -2
SI 54 -3 10 4 9 0 6 0 9 1 4 1
SK 50 6 10 -4 13 2 5 -3 10 1 3 -2
FI 51 -2 12 -5 13 2 8 1 7 2 4 1
SE 49 -8 7 -2 18 6 10 4 10 2 2 -1
UK 53 3 8 1 10 0 7 -1 13 0 3 -1
HR 49 7 9 5 12 5
QE20.2 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Quelqu’un utilise les transports publics sans un ticket valable
QE20.2 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". Someone uses public transport without a valid ticket
QE20.2 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel".
Jemand nutzt öffentliche Verkehrsmittel ohne gültige Fahrkarte
1 Tout à fait inacceptable 2 3 4 5 6
1 Absolutely unacceptable 2 3 4 5 6
1 Vollkommen inakzeptabel 2 3 4 5 6
T48
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 2 -1 2 0 1 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1
BE 2 -1 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 0
BG 2 0 2 0 1 1 1 -2 0 0 1 -3
CZ 2 -1 2 0 1 0 2 -1 1 0 1 -2
DK 1 -1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1
DE 3 0 1 -1 1 0 1 -1 1 1 1 0
EE 1 0 2 1 1 1 8 4 1 1 1 0
IE 3 -1 1 -2 1 0 0 -1 0 -2 2 -5
EL 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 1 1 0 0
ES 1 -3 2 0 1 0 2 1 0 -1 1 -4
FR 3 -1 3 0 2 1 2 -1 0 0 1 1
IT 2 -1 1 0 0 0 1 -1 0 -1 1 -1
CY 0 -1 0 0 1 1 0 -1 0 0 1 -1
LV 5 2 4 1 2 0 7 1 0 -1 2 1
LT 2 0 3 0 2 -1 3 -4 1 0 3 -1
LU 4 -1 3 1 1 -1 5 1 0 0 0 0
HU 3 0 3 1 0 -1 1 -2 1 -1 1 0
MT 2 2 1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 3 1
NL 2 1 0 -1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
AT 5 -1 3 -1 0 -2 1 -3 0 -1 1 -1
PL 3 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 -1
PT 2 0 1 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 2 -2
RO 2 -1 1 -1 1 0 1 -2 0 0 3 -3
SI 2 0 2 -1 0 -2 2 -1 1 1 2 0
SK 3 0 2 0 1 0 1 -1 1 1 2 1
FI 1 -1 2 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 1
SE 3 1 1 -1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
UK 2 0 1 0 0 -1 2 1 0 -1 1 -1
HR 3 2 2 6 0 1
8 9 10 Vollkommen akzeptabel
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
10 Absolutely acceptable
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
7
NSP
7 8 9
7 8 9 10 Tout à fait acceptable
Refus (SPONTANE)
QE20.2 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel". Jemand nutzt öffentliche Verkehrsmittel ohne gültige Fahrkarte
QE20.2 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Quelqu’un utilise les transports publics sans un ticket valable
QE20.2 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". Someone uses public transport without a valid ticket
T49
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 78 3 15 0 6 -1
BE 81 3 15 1 4 -4
BG 83 5 9 -2 6 -1
CZ 77 6 14 -1 7 -2
DK 89 5 8 -3 3 -2
DE 78 -1 13 1 6 -2
EE 71 -8 16 3 11 5
IE 75 11 17 -1 5 -4
EL 83 -8 12 5 3 1
ES 81 11 12 -5 6 -1
FR 67 1 22 -1 10 0
IT 83 8 12 -5 4 -2
CY 92 0 5 1 1 -1
LV 56 -14 23 8 18 4
LT 72 4 15 1 10 -4
LU 67 -10 20 9 13 1
HU 74 1 17 2 8 -2
MT 87 -3 7 1 3 0
NL 84 1 13 0 3 -1
AT 72 12 17 -4 9 -7
PL 73 -1 18 2 7 -1
PT 81 5 14 0 4 -2
RO 82 9 10 -2 4 -5
SI 78 0 13 2 6 -3
SK 78 1 13 0 6 -3
FI 83 -5 10 3 5 1
SE 84 1 11 0 5 0
UK 78 2 15 -2 5 0
HR 69 17 12
QE20.2 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Quelqu’un utilise les transports publics sans un ticket valable
QE20.2 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". Someone uses public transport without a valid ticket
QE20.2 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel". Jemand nutzt öffentliche Verkehrsmittel ohne gültige Fahrkarte
Total 'Inacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Moyennement acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
Total 'Inacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Moyennement acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
Total 'Unacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Fairly Acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
T50
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 37 5 10 0 12 0 9 0 14 -1 4 -1
BE 28 5 9 1 13 2 10 0 20 0 6 1
BG 32 6 9 -4 11 0 8 2 13 0 4 0
CZ 25 -1 8 1 9 0 7 -2 17 0 7 0
DK 33 8 7 -1 13 2 9 2 19 2 4 -3
DE 31 0 9 1 13 2 8 1 16 0 4 0
EE 19 -11 6 2 8 2 6 0 16 3 4 -3
IE 37 10 10 -1 11 1 10 -1 15 3 6 0
EL 46 0 14 -3 13 2 9 4 10 1 2 -2
ES 44 11 9 -10 11 -3 9 -2 15 5 3 0
FR 43 7 9 1 12 0 6 -3 15 -5 4 0
IT 42 13 12 0 14 1 11 -1 8 -5 5 -3
CY 55 1 10 -1 11 1 6 0 7 -3 3 1
LV 16 -6 3 -2 7 0 6 1 21 5 5 -2
LT 22 -3 6 1 6 1 5 1 16 1 5 1
LU 29 -4 7 0 11 1 7 -2 20 4 6 3
HU 34 8 7 -3 12 1 12 3 14 -1 5 -2
MT 59 4 9 -9 6 0 6 0 7 1 2 0
NL 13 -2 6 1 10 -1 10 1 21 -3 11 0
AT 27 10 12 2 14 1 10 -1 12 -5 7 -2
PL 30 0 9 0 12 2 9 3 16 -1 5 0
PT 26 1 17 -4 18 5 12 3 12 -2 6 2
RO 31 7 13 2 11 1 9 1 12 -1 4 0
SI 35 0 7 -1 8 -4 7 0 15 3 6 0
SK 29 5 5 -8 10 -3 8 -1 17 3 7 1
FI 39 -2 12 -7 15 1 10 1 12 5 3 -1
SE 33 1 9 -1 16 2 7 -1 16 1 3 -1
UK 48 -1 10 2 11 -3 9 2 13 1 2 0
HR 40 8 8 5 14 5
QE20.3 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Une personne privée est engagée par un ménage privé pour un travail et elle ne communique pas le paiement reçu en retour aux institutions fiscales ou de sécurité sociale même si ce devrait être communiquéQE20.3 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". A private person is hired by a private household for work and he\ she does not report the payment received in return to tax or social security institutions although it should be reported
QE20.3 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel".
Eine Privatperson wird von einem Privathaushalt mit einer Arbeit beauftragt und meldet die dafür erhaltene Zahlung nicht an Steuerbehörden oder die Sozialversicherung, obwohl sie gemeldet werden müsste
1 Tout à fait inacceptable 2 3 4 5 6
1 Absolutely unacceptable 2 3 4 5 6
1 Vollkommen inakzeptabel 2 3 4 5 6
T51
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 4 0 3 -1 1 0 3 -1 1 0 2 -1
BE 5 -4 4 -2 1 0 2 -4 1 1 1 0
BG 6 1 3 -1 3 1 6 -2 1 0 4 -3
CZ 5 1 6 2 2 0 9 -1 2 1 3 -1
DK 6 0 3 -6 1 -2 4 -3 0 -1 1 0
DE 5 -1 4 -1 2 0 4 -3 2 1 3 1
EE 5 -2 6 0 2 -1 22 8 2 0 5 0
IE 4 -1 3 -1 0 -1 1 -2 0 -3 3 -5
EL 2 -1 1 0 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1
ES 2 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 1 -2 1 -3
FR 4 0 2 0 0 -1 2 -1 1 1 2 0
IT 4 1 1 -2 0 0 1 -1 1 0 2 -1
CY 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 0 0 2 0
LV 9 3 8 1 4 0 17 1 1 -1 3 -1
LT 5 0 8 3 4 -1 18 -4 1 0 4 -1
LU 6 2 2 -2 2 -1 6 -2 1 1 1 -2
HU 4 -1 3 -1 1 -1 5 -1 2 -1 2 -1
MT 2 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 -2 5 2
NL 12 2 7 -1 3 1 5 1 0 0 2 2
AT 5 -3 4 -1 1 0 3 -3 2 1 2 -1
PL 4 0 3 -3 1 -1 5 -1 0 -1 4 0
PT 2 -1 2 0 0 -1 1 0 1 -1 3 -3
RO 4 0 2 -3 1 -1 5 -3 2 2 6 -5
SI 5 1 4 1 3 1 6 -1 2 1 3 0
SK 5 -1 4 -2 1 -2 7 3 2 1 4 2
FI 2 0 2 0 1 0 3 2 0 -1 1 1
SE 5 0 3 -2 1 -1 6 1 0 0 1 0
UK 2 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 -1 2 -1
HR 3 3 2 8 1 3
8 9 10 Vollkommen akzeptabel
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
10 Absolutely acceptable
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
7
NSP
7 8 9
7 8 9 10 Tout à fait acceptable
Refus (SPONTANE)
QE20.3 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel". Eine Privatperson wird von einem Privathaushalt mit einer Arbeit beauftragt und meldet die dafür erhaltene Zahlung nicht an Steuerbehörden oder die Sozialversicherung, obwohl sie gemeldet werden müsste
QE20.3 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Une personne privée est engagée par un ménage privé pour un travail et elle ne communique pas le paiement reçu en retour aux institutions fiscales ou de sécurité sociale même si ce devrait être communiquéQE20.3 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". A private person is hired by a private household for work and he\ she does not report the payment received in return to tax or social security institutions although it should be reported
T52
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 67 4 18 -2 11 -2
BE 60 8 26 1 12 -10
BG 60 4 17 0 18 -1
CZ 49 -2 24 0 22 2
DK 62 11 23 -1 14 -11
DE 62 5 20 0 15 -5
EE 38 -6 20 0 36 7
IE 68 9 21 3 8 -5
EL 82 2 12 -1 4 -2
ES 72 -4 18 5 8 4
FR 70 5 19 -5 9 0
IT 78 12 13 -9 6 -3
CY 81 0 9 -4 8 4
LV 33 -6 26 3 38 6
LT 40 1 21 3 35 -1
LU 55 -4 26 7 17 -2
HU 64 9 19 -2 13 -5
MT 81 -4 9 2 5 2
NL 39 -1 32 -3 27 2
AT 63 13 20 -6 14 -5
PL 60 5 20 -2 14 -4
PT 72 4 18 0 6 -1
RO 64 11 16 -1 12 -7
SI 56 -6 21 3 17 2
SK 51 -7 24 4 18 -1
FI 76 -7 15 5 8 2
SE 65 1 19 1 14 -3
UK 77 0 15 1 5 0
HR 61 20 16
QE20.3 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Une personne privée est engagée par un ménage privé pour un travail et elle ne communique pas le paiement reçu en retour aux institutions fiscales ou de sécurité sociale même si ce devrait être communiquéQE20.3 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". A private person is hired by a private household for work and he\ she does not report the payment received in return to tax or social security institutions although it should be reported QE20.3 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel". Eine Privatperson wird von einem Privathaushalt mit einer Arbeit beauftragt und meldet die dafür erhaltene Zahlung nicht an Steuerbehörden oder die Sozialversicherung, obwohl sie gemeldet werden müsste
Total 'Inacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Moyennement acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
Total 'Inacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Moyennement acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
Total 'Unacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Fairly Acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
T53
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 53 3 12 -1 11 0 7 0 8 0 2 -1
BE 44 1 12 -2 15 3 9 0 12 0 3 0
BG 48 4 14 -2 12 2 7 2 7 -2 2 0
CZ 41 -1 10 0 10 -1 7 0 15 4 4 0
DK 71 13 10 -2 7 -3 3 -1 5 -1 1 -1
DE 59 0 14 2 11 2 5 0 5 -3 2 0
EE 51 -8 12 5 10 4 5 1 9 2 2 -1
IE 45 3 14 1 12 0 8 1 11 4 4 0
EL 58 -6 16 -1 12 3 6 1 3 1 2 1
ES 60 18 11 -10 10 -2 7 0 8 0 2 0
FR 60 3 11 -2 9 -2 5 0 7 -2 2 0
IT 44 7 13 3 15 1 11 -2 8 -2 3 -3
CY 82 6 6 -3 5 1 2 -1 4 0 1 0
LV 28 -11 9 1 9 -2 7 2 18 5 6 3
LT 44 -2 10 2 9 1 5 1 12 1 4 2
LU 61 -12 13 2 8 1 4 1 8 5 1 1
HU 45 6 10 -1 11 0 9 -1 12 0 6 0
MT 72 3 6 -12 5 0 4 1 2 0 1 0
NL 43 -4 15 -2 15 2 7 1 9 0 4 1
AT 41 7 17 6 15 1 9 -3 9 -5 3 -1
PL 39 -5 11 1 10 -1 10 3 13 2 4 1
PT 34 -1 20 0 17 7 10 -1 8 -2 4 0
RO 48 5 16 1 10 1 6 -1 6 0 3 0
SI 61 5 9 -1 6 -4 4 -1 7 1 4 0
SK 38 3 8 -8 10 -3 8 0 16 5 6 2
FI 67 2 11 -6 10 0 6 3 4 1 1 0
SE 69 4 12 1 10 1 4 -1 4 -1 1 0
UK 66 7 10 -2 8 -2 4 -1 6 0 1 0
HR 68 8 5 4 7 2
QE20.4 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Une société est engagée par un ménage privé pour un travail et elle ne communique pas le paiement reçu en retour aux institutions fiscales ou de sécurité socialeQE20.4 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". A firm is hired by a private household for work and it does not report the payment received in return to tax or social security institutions
QE20.4 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel".
Eine Firma wird von einem Privathaushalt mit einer Arbeit beauftragt und meldet die dafür erhaltene Zahlung nicht an Steuerbehörden oder die Sozialversicherung
1 Tout à fait inacceptable 2 3 4 5 6
1 Absolutely unacceptable 2 3 4 5 6
1 Vollkommen inakzeptabel 2 3 4 5 6
T54
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 -1
BE 2 -1 1 -1 0 -1 1 0 1 1 1 0
BG 2 1 1 -1 1 0 1 -3 1 1 4 -3
CZ 2 -1 3 1 1 1 3 -1 2 1 2 -3
DK 1 -2 0 -3 0 0 1 0 0 -1 1 1
DE 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 2 1 2 1
EE 1 -1 1 0 1 1 3 0 1 0 4 -2
IE 2 0 2 1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -3 2 -5
EL 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 1 1 1 1
ES 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 -2 1 -5
FR 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
IT 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 -1 2 -1
CY 1 1 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1
LV 5 2 4 0 2 1 7 1 0 -1 4 -1
LT 2 0 3 1 2 1 4 -4 1 -1 5 -1
LU 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 -1 0 0 2 1
HU 3 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 -3
MT 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 -1 5 4
NL 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 -1 0 0 1 0
AT 2 -3 1 0 0 0 1 -1 1 0 1 -1
PL 3 0 2 -1 1 0 1 -1 1 0 5 2
PT 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 -4
RO 1 -3 1 0 1 0 0 -1 1 1 7 -3
SI 2 -1 1 0 1 0 1 -1 1 1 2 -1
SK 3 -2 2 -1 1 0 4 2 2 2 3 1
FI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
SE 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1
UK 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 -1 2 -1
HR 1 0 0 1 0 2
8 9 10 Vollkommen akzeptabel
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
10 Absolutely acceptable
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
7
NSP
7 8 9
7 8 9 10 Tout à fait acceptable
Refus (SPONTANE)
QE20.4 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel". Eine Firma wird von einem Privathaushalt mit einer Arbeit beauftragt und meldet die dafür erhaltene Zahlung nicht an Steuerbehörden oder die Sozialversicherung
QE20.4 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Une société est engagée par un ménage privé pour un travail et elle ne communique pas le paiement reçu en retour aux institutions fiscales ou de sécurité socialeQE20.4 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". A firm is hired by a private household for work and it does not report the payment received in return to tax or social security institutions
T55
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 83 2 10 -1 4 -1
BE 79 2 15 1 4 -4
BG 81 7 10 -1 4 -3
CZ 68 -2 19 4 10 1
DK 91 8 6 -2 2 -6
DE 88 3 7 -2 1 -3
EE 77 1 11 0 7 1
IE 78 4 15 4 4 -1
EL 92 -3 5 1 1 0
ES 87 5 10 0 2 1
FR 85 -1 9 -1 4 1
IT 82 7 11 -5 4 -1
CY 94 3 5 -1 1 -1
LV 53 -10 24 7 18 4
LT 67 1 17 4 11 -2
LU 86 -7 9 6 3 1
HU 74 4 18 0 6 0
MT 87 -7 4 2 4 3
NL 80 -3 13 1 5 1
AT 81 10 13 -5 4 -4
PL 70 -2 17 3 8 -1
PT 82 7 12 -2 3 1
RO 80 5 9 0 3 -4
SI 80 -1 11 1 5 -1
SK 63 -8 22 7 10 -1
FI 93 -2 4 0 1 0
SE 94 4 5 -1 1 -3
UK 88 2 7 0 3 0
HR 86 9 3
QE20.4 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Une société est engagée par un ménage privé pour un travail et elle ne communique pas le paiement reçu en retour aux institutions fiscales ou de sécurité socialeQE20.4 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". A firm is hired by a private household for work and it does not report the payment received in return to tax or social security institutionsQE20.4 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel". Eine Firma wird von einem Privathaushalt mit einer Arbeit beauftragt und meldet die dafür erhaltene Zahlung nicht an Steuerbehörden oder die Sozialversicherung
Total 'Inacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Moyennement acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
Total 'Inacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Moyennement acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
Total 'Unacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Fairly Acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
T56
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 61 3 12 -1 9 0 5 0 6 0 2 0
BE 54 -1 12 0 11 0 7 1 9 1 2 0
BG 56 8 13 -3 8 -1 6 2 7 0 2 -1
CZ 48 -3 10 0 10 0 4 -1 13 3 4 2
DK 80 11 9 -1 3 -3 2 -2 4 0 1 0
DE 73 0 11 1 7 2 3 1 2 -3 0 0
EE 59 -7 13 7 7 2 4 1 6 -1 1 -2
IE 50 3 15 1 10 -1 7 1 8 2 2 0
EL 63 -4 17 1 10 1 4 1 3 1 1 0
ES 71 22 10 -10 8 -3 4 -2 4 0 1 0
FR 68 2 11 -1 8 -1 4 1 5 -1 1 0
IT 47 6 14 2 13 0 11 1 6 -4 4 -1
CY 89 10 6 -3 3 0 0 -3 1 -2 0 0
LV 44 -3 7 -3 8 -1 7 3 14 4 4 1
LT 54 1 10 1 7 2 4 1 9 -1 2 1
LU 69 -9 11 4 8 2 2 -1 5 2 1 1
HU 54 4 10 0 10 0 7 -1 7 -1 4 1
MT 75 5 7 -13 4 1 3 1 2 1 0 0
NL 55 -5 16 1 12 1 5 1 6 1 2 0
AT 52 9 16 3 14 1 6 -4 6 -3 2 -2
PL 42 -10 13 2 10 0 9 4 10 1 5 2
PT 38 -1 18 -1 16 6 9 2 9 -2 3 0
RO 55 7 13 -3 8 0 5 -1 5 -1 2 0
SI 72 5 7 -3 6 0 3 -1 4 0 3 1
SK 46 2 10 -6 10 -1 7 0 11 4 6 3
FI 73 2 10 -5 8 0 4 1 3 2 1 0
SE 77 4 11 1 6 0 2 -1 2 -1 1 0
UK 70 6 10 -1 6 -2 4 0 5 -1 1 0
HR 72 7 5 3 5 2
QE20.5 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Une société est engagée par une autre société pour un travail et elle ne communique pas ses activités aux institutions fiscales ou de sécurité socialeQE20.5 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". A firm is hired by another firm for work and it does not report its activity to tax or social security institutions
QE20.5 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel".
Eine Firma wird von einer anderen Firma mit einer Arbeit beauftragt und meldet ihre Tätigkeit nicht an Steuerbehörden oder die Sozialversicherung
1 Tout à fait inacceptable 2 3 4 5 6
1 Absolutely unacceptable 2 3 4 5 6
1 Vollkommen inakzeptabel 2 3 4 5 6
T57
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1 1 0 2 -1
BE 1 -1 1 0 0 -1 0 -1 1 1 1 0
BG 1 0 1 -1 0 -1 1 -1 0 0 4 -4
CZ 3 1 2 1 0 0 2 0 2 1 3 -2
DK 0 -1 0 -2 0 0 0 -1 0 0 1 0
DE 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 2 1 2 1
EE 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 5 0
IE 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 -2 2 -5
EL 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
ES 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2 1 -5
FR 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 1 1 1 0
IT 2 -1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0
CY 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1
LV 3 0 3 0 1 0 4 1 1 0 5 -1
LT 2 1 2 0 1 0 3 -1 1 0 6 -3
LU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 1 -2
HU 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 -1 1 -1 1 -2
MT 0 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 -1 5 4
NL 1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
AT 1 -2 1 0 0 0 0 -1 1 0 1 -1
PL 3 1 1 -1 1 0 1 -1 0 0 4 0
PT 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 -4
RO 1 -2 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 7 -2
SI 1 -1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 0
SK 3 0 1 -2 1 0 2 1 1 1 3 0
FI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 1 1
SE 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 1 0
UK 1 0 0 -1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 -1
HR 1 1 0 1 1 2
8 9 10 Vollkommen akzeptabel
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
10 Absolutely acceptable
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
7
NSP
7 8 9
7 8 9 10 Tout à fait acceptable
Refus (SPONTANE)
QE20.5 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel". Eine Firma wird von einer anderen Firma mit einer Arbeit beauftragt und meldet ihre Tätigkeit nicht an Steuerbehörden oder die Sozialversicherung
QE20.5 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Une société est engagée par une autre société pour un travail et elle ne communique pas ses activités aux institutions fiscales ou de sécurité socialeQE20.5 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". A firm is hired by another firm for work and it does not report its activity to tax or social security institutions
T58
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 87 2 8 0 3 0
BE 85 1 11 1 3 -2
BG 83 6 9 0 3 -3
CZ 72 -4 16 4 7 1
DK 93 4 4 -1 1 -3
DE 93 2 3 -2 1 -1
EE 82 2 7 -2 4 0
IE 82 4 9 1 6 2
EL 93 -3 4 1 1 0
ES 92 6 6 0 1 0
FR 90 1 6 -1 2 0
IT 85 7 10 -6 3 -1
CY 97 3 1 -2 1 0
LV 66 -5 18 5 11 2
LT 75 5 12 1 7 -2
LU 91 -3 6 3 1 0
HU 82 3 12 0 5 0
MT 89 -7 2 1 4 3
NL 88 -2 7 0 3 1
AT 87 8 8 -6 3 -2
PL 74 -4 15 3 6 0
PT 82 7 12 -2 3 0
RO 81 4 7 -1 4 -2
SI 87 0 6 -1 3 -1
SK 73 -4 16 5 6 -3
FI 94 -3 4 2 1 1
SE 96 3 3 -1 0 -2
UK 90 3 6 0 2 -1
HR 88 8 2
QE20.5 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Une société est engagée par une autre société pour un travail et elle ne communique pas ses activités aux institutions fiscales ou de sécurité socialeQE20.5 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". A firm is hired by another firm for work and it does not report its activity to tax or social security institutions
QE20.5 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel". Eine Firma wird von einer anderen Firma mit einer Arbeit beauftragt und meldet ihre Tätigkeit nicht an Steuerbehörden oder die Sozialversicherung
Total 'Inacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Moyennement acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
Total 'Inacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Moyennement acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
Total 'Unacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Fairly Acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
T59
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 57 3 12 -1 10 1 6 0 7 -1 2 0
BE 43 1 14 2 14 0 8 0 12 1 3 0
BG 51 8 14 -2 10 2 6 0 5 -3 2 0
CZ 39 -4 10 2 11 0 6 -2 15 4 4 0
DK 67 12 10 -3 9 0 4 0 5 -2 1 -1
DE 68 -1 11 1 8 2 3 0 4 -1 1 -1
EE 49 -9 11 5 9 4 4 1 10 1 2 -3
IE 48 5 13 -1 11 -1 8 2 10 5 3 0
EL 53 -13 21 5 11 2 5 1 4 1 1 0
ES 64 19 10 -11 9 -2 6 -1 7 1 2 1
FR 62 2 11 -1 9 0 3 -1 8 0 2 0
IT 48 7 14 2 13 1 10 -1 6 -4 5 -1
CY 84 5 5 -3 3 0 2 -1 4 1 0 -1
LV 36 -5 7 -1 8 0 6 0 17 4 6 2
LT 50 -1 10 3 7 1 5 0 11 1 3 1
LU 64 -12 11 3 7 3 4 1 6 2 3 2
HU 49 5 7 -5 10 2 8 -1 9 -3 6 2
MT 74 7 8 -10 3 -2 4 1 2 -1 1 0
NL 43 -2 14 0 14 0 7 -1 10 -1 5 2
AT 45 7 12 2 15 3 9 -2 8 -3 3 -4
PL 42 -8 12 2 10 1 9 3 13 2 4 2
PT 38 1 17 -3 16 6 10 1 9 -1 4 1
RO 54 6 14 0 7 -3 6 2 7 1 2 -1
SI 65 1 8 -2 7 -1 3 -3 6 1 3 1
SK 45 3 9 -7 10 -1 9 0 11 4 4 1
FI 70 -3 11 -2 7 1 5 1 5 3 1 0
SE 71 3 15 4 7 0 3 -1 3 -1 0 -1
UK 65 4 10 -1 8 0 4 -1 7 0 1 0
HR 70 7 6 2 7 2
QE20.6 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Une société engage une personne privée et l’entièreté ou une partie du salaire qui lui est payé n’est pas officiellement enregistré QE20.6 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". A firm hires a private person and all or a part of the salary paid to him\ her is not officially registered
QE20.6 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel".
Eine Firma stellt eine Privatperson ein und das gesamte Gehalt oder ein Teil dessen, was der Person gezahlt wird, wird nicht offiziell gemeldet
1 Tout à fait inacceptable 2 3 4 5 6
1 Absolutely unacceptable 2 3 4 5 6
1 Vollkommen inakzeptabel 2 3 4 5 6
T60
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 1 -1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 -1
BE 3 0 1 -1 0 -1 1 -1 1 1 0 -1
BG 2 0 1 -1 1 0 2 -1 1 1 4 -3
CZ 3 0 3 1 1 0 4 1 2 1 2 -2
DK 1 -1 1 -2 0 -1 1 -1 0 -1 1 0
DE 1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 2 1 2 1
EE 2 0 3 1 1 1 3 -1 1 0 4 -1
IE 2 0 1 -1 1 1 0 -1 1 -2 2 -6
EL 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
ES 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2 1 -5
FR 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
IT 2 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 -1
CY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2
LV 3 -1 4 -1 1 -1 8 3 0 0 3 -1
LT 2 0 2 -1 2 1 4 -1 1 0 4 -2
LU 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 1 0
HU 3 0 3 2 1 1 1 0 1 -1 1 -1
MT 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 0 -1 5 3
NL 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
AT 2 -1 1 -1 0 -1 1 0 1 -1 2 0
PL 3 0 2 0 0 -1 1 -1 0 -1 4 1
PT 2 -1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 3 -4
RO 1 -1 1 -1 1 0 1 -1 1 1 6 -2
SI 1 0 2 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 -1
SK 3 -1 2 -1 1 -1 2 0 1 1 2 -1
FI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 1 1
SE 0 -1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0
UK 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 -2
HR 1 1 0 1 0 2
8 9 10 Vollkommen akzeptabel
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
10 Absolutely acceptable
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
7
NSP
7 8 9
7 8 9 10 Tout à fait acceptable
Refus (SPONTANE)
QE20.6 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel". Eine Firma stellt eine Privatperson ein und das gesamte Gehalt oder ein Teil dessen, was der Person gezahlt wird, wird nicht offiziell gemeldet
QE20.6 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Une société engage une personne privée et l’entièreté ou une partie du salaire qui lui est payé n’est pas officiellement enregistré QE20.6 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". A firm hires a private person and all or a part of the salary paid to him\ her is not officially registered
T61
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 84 2 10 0 3 -1
BE 79 2 15 1 5 -3
BG 82 9 8 -3 5 -4
CZ 66 -4 19 4 11 2
DK 91 10 6 -3 2 -7
DE 90 1 5 -2 1 -2
EE 74 1 12 -2 9 1
IE 80 4 12 3 5 0
EL 91 -4 5 1 2 1
ES 88 4 9 2 2 1
FR 85 0 10 1 3 -1
IT 85 8 11 -5 3 -1
CY 94 1 5 1 1 0
LV 57 -5 23 6 16 0
LT 71 2 14 2 9 -2
LU 87 -4 9 4 3 1
HU 75 2 15 -2 8 2
MT 88 -6 3 0 4 3
NL 77 -4 15 1 7 3
AT 82 10 12 -6 4 -3
PL 73 -2 17 3 6 -2
PT 81 5 13 0 3 0
RO 80 4 9 0 3 -4
SI 83 -4 8 1 5 2
SK 73 -4 16 6 8 -2
FI 92 -4 6 4 1 0
SE 95 4 3 -2 1 -2
UK 88 3 8 0 2 -2
HR 86 9 3
QE20.6 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Une société engage une personne privée et l’entièreté ou une partie du salaire qui lui est payé n’est pas officiellement enregistré QE20.6 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". A firm hires a private person and all or a part of the salary paid to him\ her is not officially registered
QE20.6 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel". Eine Firma stellt eine Privatperson ein und das gesamte Gehalt oder ein Teil dessen, was der Person gezahlt wird, wird nicht offiziell gemeldet
Total 'Inacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Moyennement acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
Total 'Inacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Moyennement acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
Total 'Unacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Fairly Acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
T62
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 52 5 12 -1 11 -1 7 0 8 -2 3 0
BE 43 6 13 0 14 -1 9 0 12 0 3 -1
BG 50 7 13 -1 10 2 7 2 8 -2 2 -3
CZ 37 -1 10 -1 14 2 7 -1 15 4 4 -1
DK 67 14 11 -2 9 0 4 0 4 -4 1 -1
DE 53 0 13 1 13 1 7 2 6 -3 2 -1
EE 47 -10 14 8 9 2 5 1 12 2 2 -2
IE 44 2 13 0 10 -1 9 1 12 6 5 2
EL 51 -4 17 1 13 2 8 3 6 -1 2 -1
ES 69 27 9 -10 8 -7 5 -2 6 -1 1 0
FR 58 6 12 -1 9 -2 5 -1 9 -2 2 0
IT 47 9 13 1 13 2 10 0 7 -6 5 -3
CY 87 10 5 -1 3 -4 1 -3 2 -1 0 -1
LV 28 -7 8 -1 9 -1 8 3 19 5 4 -3
LT 48 1 9 1 8 2 6 2 12 -2 3 1
LU 56 -2 10 -1 12 3 6 2 8 -3 2 0
HU 40 2 10 -1 11 -1 10 0 12 -1 6 2
MT 73 4 8 -7 6 -1 3 1 1 -2 1 1
NL 39 -1 16 0 16 -2 9 1 10 -1 4 0
AT 41 11 15 4 15 1 10 -1 9 -6 3 -3
PL 38 -9 12 1 12 1 9 4 13 1 6 3
PT 31 3 15 -5 21 8 12 3 11 -3 4 0
RO 49 8 15 0 9 -1 6 0 7 -2 3 0
SI 55 -4 10 0 9 -1 4 -1 8 2 4 0
SK 37 0 10 -9 14 3 8 -1 14 5 5 1
FI 66 4 12 -7 10 1 6 0 4 2 0 -1
SE 68 3 15 1 9 1 3 -1 3 -2 1 -1
UK 64 5 11 0 10 1 5 -1 5 -2 1 -1
HR 62 8 7 4 9 4
QE20.7 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Quelqu’un évite les impôts en ne déclarant pas son revenu ou uniquement en partie
QE20.7 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". Someone evades taxes by not or only partially declaring income
QE20.7 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel".
Jemand umgeht die Steuer, indem er sein Einkommen nicht oder nicht vollständig angibt
1 Tout à fait inacceptable 2 3 4 5 6
1 Absolutely unacceptable 2 3 4 5 6
1 Vollkommen inakzeptabel 2 3 4 5 6
T63
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 -1
BE 2 -2 2 0 1 0 1 -1 0 0 0 -1
BG 1 -1 1 -1 1 0 2 -2 1 1 4 -1
CZ 3 0 2 0 1 0 2 -2 2 0 2 -2
DK 1 -2 1 -3 0 -1 1 -1 0 0 1 0
DE 1 -1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 2 1 2 1
EE 2 0 2 0 1 1 3 1 1 0 4 0
IE 2 -1 2 1 1 0 0 -1 0 -3 3 -4
EL 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 1
ES 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 -4
FR 1 0 0 -2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
IT 3 0 0 -2 0 0 0 -1 1 0 1 -1
CY 0 0 0 -1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 -1
LV 5 1 5 1 2 0 7 1 1 0 4 1
LT 2 0 2 0 2 1 4 -2 1 0 4 -3
LU 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 -2
HU 4 1 2 -1 1 0 2 0 1 -2 1 -1
MT 1 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 -1 4 3
NL 2 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
AT 2 -2 1 -1 0 -1 1 -1 2 1 1 -2
PL 4 2 2 0 0 -1 1 0 1 1 4 0
PT 2 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 1 -1 2 -4
RO 2 0 1 -1 1 0 1 -1 1 1 6 -3
SI 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1
SK 5 2 2 -1 1 -1 2 0 1 1 2 0
FI 1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
SE 0 -1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
UK 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 -1 0 0 1 -2
HR 1 1 1 1 0 2
8 9 10 Vollkommen akzeptabel
Verweigert (SPONTAN) WN
10 Absolutely acceptable
Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) DK
7
NSP
7 8 9
7 8 9 10 Tout à fait acceptable
Refus (SPONTANE)
QE20.7 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel". Jemand umgeht die Steuer, indem er sein Einkommen nicht oder nicht vollständig angibt
QE20.7 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Quelqu’un évite les impôts en ne déclarant pas son revenu ou uniquement en partie
QE20.7 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". Someone evades taxes by not or only partially declaring income
T64
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 402 “Undeclared work in the European Union”
% EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3
EB79.2
Diff.EB
67.3EU 27 83 4 11 -2 4 -1
BE 79 5 15 -1 5 -4
BG 80 10 11 -4 5 -4
CZ 69 0 19 3 9 -1
DK 91 12 6 -4 2 -7
DE 86 4 8 -4 3 -1
EE 74 -1 13 -1 7 1
IE 75 0 17 8 5 -1
EL 89 1 8 -2 1 -1
ES 91 7 7 -1 1 0
FR 84 3 12 -1 3 -1
IT 83 12 12 -8 3 -3
CY 96 3 2 -2 1 0
LV 53 -6 23 2 19 3
LT 71 6 15 -1 9 -3
LU 85 4 10 -3 4 1
HU 71 0 18 1 9 1
MT 90 -3 2 -2 4 2
NL 79 -2 14 -1 6 2
AT 81 15 12 -9 4 -5
PL 70 -5 18 3 7 1
PT 79 9 15 -2 3 -1
RO 79 7 10 -2 4 -3
SI 78 -6 12 2 6 3
SK 68 -8 19 6 10 0
FI 93 -2 5 2 2 0
SE 94 3 4 -2 2 0
UK 89 4 6 -3 3 0
HR 80 13 4
QE20.7 Je voudrais à présent savoir comment vous considérez différents comportements. Pour chacun de ceux-ci, pouvez-vous me dire dans quelle mesure vous le trouvez acceptable ou non ? Veuillez utiliser l’échelle suivante : '1' signifie que vous le trouvez "tout à fait inacceptable" et '10' que vous le trouvez "tout à fait acceptable". Quelqu’un évite les impôts en ne déclarant pas son revenu ou uniquement en partie
QE20.7 Now I would like to know how you assess various behaviours. For each of them, please tell me to what extent you find it acceptable or not. Please use the following scale: '1' means that you find it "absolutely unacceptable" and '10' means that you find it "absolutely acceptable". Someone evades taxes by not or only partially declaring income
QE20.7 Nun wüsste ich gern, wie Sie verschiedene Verhaltensweisen bewerten. Bitte sagen Sie mir für jede der folgenden Verhaltensweisen, inwieweit Sie sie akzeptabel finden oder nicht. Bitte verwenden Sie dazu die folgende Skala: "1" bedeutet, dass Sie eine Verhaltensweise "vollkommen inakzeptabel" finden, und "10" bedeutet, Sie finden sie "vollkommen akzeptabel". Jemand umgeht die Steuer, indem er sein Einkommen nicht oder nicht vollständig angibt
Total 'Inacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Moyennement acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
Total 'Inacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Moyennement acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
Total 'Unacceptable' (1-4) Total 'Fairly Acceptable' (5-6) Total 'Acceptable' (7-10)
T65