SpriNanomaterials: New Emerging Contaminants and Their Potential Impact to Water Resourcesng_2008.pdf

7/28/2019 SpriNanomaterials: New Emerging Contaminants and Their Potential Impact to Water Resourcesng_2008.pdf

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Groundwater resources association

of california

Volume 17, No. 1 Spring 2008

INSIDE

The Groundwater Resources

Association of California is dedicated

o resource management that protects

and improves groundwater through

ducation and technical leadership.

Presidents Message 2

Upcoming Events 3

Technical Corner 5

Federal Legislative/Regulatory Corner 6

Alliance Corner 7

Chemists Corner 8

Organizational Corner 9

Branch Activities 26

Continued on page 14


Nanomaterials: New Emerging Contaminantsand Their Potential Impact to Water Resources

By William E. motzEr

This article was edited or length. The ully reerenced version with anadditional table is available at www.grac.org.

Introduction

Manuactured nanomaterials(MNMs) are a relatively newclass o elemental metals, chemi-

cal compounds, and engineered materialswith particle sizes in the nanometer (nm)range (1 x 109 m to 100 x 109 m). Incomparison, a human hair is 80,000 nmin diameter, a red blood cell is about 7,000

nm wide, DNA is about 2 to 12 nm inwidth, and a water molecule is approxi-mately 0.3 nm across. This nanoworldnow includes several dierent substanceclasses, including:

1. Carbon-based materials and structuressuch as C

60ullerene, which can be

ormed into carbon nanotubes.

2. Metal-based substances such asnanogold, nanosilver, and nanometaloxides such as titanium oxide. Thesealso include quantum dots, which are

packed semiconductor crystals whose

optical properties can change with size;they also have the ability to absorblight and re-emit it in dierent colorsdepending on the nanocrystals size.

3. Dendrimers are polymers constructedrom branched units. A dendrimerssurace has numerous chain ends thatcan be designed to perorm specic

DNAPL Source Zone Characterization andRemediation 2: Meeting the Challenge

By BEttina longino, With contriButions from JEnnifEr nyman,

yash nyznyk, DEnnis maslonkoWski, anD sarah rakEr

On November 14 and 15, 2007, GRA presented the 19 th symposium in its popular

and successul Series on Groundwater Contaminants, a ollow-on oering o thevery well-received 2005DNAPL Source Zone Characterization and RemediationSymposium. DNAPL 2 drew over 150 attendees to Long Beach rom across Caliornia,North America, and abroad. Over the course o the two-day symposium, researchersand practitioners rom academia, consulting, industry, and regulatory agencies discussedstate-o-the-art technologies and techniques being applied to conceptualize, characterize,remediate, manage, and evaluate success at DNAPL source zone sites. Attendees heardpresentations on topics including innovative DNAPL source zone characterization andremediation technologies, advances in remediation strategies or complex sites, remedyselection and perormance, and long-term site considerations, including evaluating thesustainability o our remediation eorts. In addition to 34 oral and poster presentations,the symposium hosted 21 exhibitors, providing attendees with access to a wide variety


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HydroVisionsis the ofcial pulicatio o the GroudwaterResources Associatio o Calioria (GRA). GRAs mailig ad-dress is 915 L Street, Suite 1000, Sacrameto, CA 95814.Ay questios or commets cocerig this pulicatioshould e directed to the ewsletter editor at [email protected] axed to (916) 442-0382.

EXECUTIVE OFFICERSPresident, James Strandberg

Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.Phone: 510-735-3020

Email: [email protected]

Vice President, William Pipes

Geomatrix Consultants, Inc.Phone: 559-264-2535Email: [email protected]

Treasurer, David Von AspernSacramento County EMD

Phone: 916-875-8467Email: [email protected]

Secretary, Roy HerndonOrange County Water District


DIRECTORSDavid Abbott, Todd Engineers


Thomas Harter, University of California, DavisPhone: 530-752-1130


Stephanie Hastings,Brownstein Hyatt Farber SchreckPhone: 805-882-1415


Ted Johnson, Water Replenishment Districtof Southern CalifnoriaPhone: 562-275-4240


Thomas M. Johnson, LFR Levine FrickePhone: 510-652-4500


Vicki Kretsinger, Luhdorff & ScalmaniniPhone: 530-661-0109


Brian Lewis

Cal/EPA, Dept. of Toxic Substances ControlPhone: 916-255-6532Email: [email protected]

Tom MohrSanta Clara Valley Water DistrictPhone: 408-265-2607, ext. 2051


Jean MoranLawrence Livermore National Laboratory


Tim Parker, Schlumberger Water ServicesPhone: 916-329-9199


Sarah Raker, MACTECPhone: 707-793-3841


Eric Reichard, U.S. Geological SurveyPhone: 619-225-6134


EXECUTIVE DIRECTORKathy Snelson


EDITORFloyd Flood


WEb AnD DATAbASE MAnAGERKevin Blatt, ihappi Web Design


Presidents MessageBy JamEs stranDBErg

The statements and opinions expressed in GRAs HydroVisions and other publications are those o the authors and/or contribu-tors, and are not necessarily those o the GRA, its Board o Directors, or its members. Further, GRA makes no claims, promises,or guarantees about the absolute accuracy, completeness, or adequacy o the contents o this publication and expressly disclaimsliability or errors and omissions in the contents. No warranty o any kind, implied or expressed, or statutory, is given with respectto the contents o this publication or its reerences to other resources. Reerence in this publication to any specifc commercialproducts, processes, or services, or the use o any trade, frm, or corporation name is or the inormation and convenience o thepublic, and does not constitute endorsement, recommendation, or avoring by the GRA, its Board o Directors, or its members.


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Transitions New Faces and Roles on GRAs Board

With the beginning o 2008, GRAsOcers and Directors haveundergone a ew changes as

Ocers have completed two-year terms,a seasoned Director retired and a newDirector joined the Board. Tom Mohr,o the Santa Clara Valley Water District,transitioned rom GRAs President to PastPresident. At the November meeting, theBoard o Directors elected several new O-cers: I will serve as the new President, BillPipes o Geomatrix as Vice President, andRoy Herndon o the Orange County WaterDistrict as Secretary. David Von Asperno the Sacramento County EnvironmentalManagement Department was re-electedas Treasurer. By vote o the organizationsmembership, several Directors were re-elected to three-year terms. Thomas Harter,

a proessor and Cooperative Extension Spe-cialist in the Department o Land, Air, andWater Resources at UC Davis, was votedin as a new Director. He leads the UCCEGroundwater Hydrology Program, and wasthe 2007 recipient o GRAs Kevin J. NeeseAward. Congratulations Thomas!

As GRAs President or 2006 and 2007,Tom served GRA with distinction. He was,and is, a tireless and passionate advocate oGRA. He seemingly participated on everycommittee and beneted the organization

in numerous ways through his leadership,technical knowledge, and nancial acumen.As reported in the Fall 2007 HydroVisions,Tom appropriately received an award atGRAs annual meeting, which reads: In

Appreciation o Your Outstanding andDedicated Services as President. As PastPresident, Tom will continue to bring greatideas and energy to GRA.

I am honored to serve as GRAs 9thPresident. I originally joined GRA at its in-ception in 1992 and served as the FoundingPresident o the San Francisco Bay Chapter

through 1993. I have served as a Directoror the past our years, completing two-year terms as the organizations Secretaryand Vice President. I have co-chaired theEducation Committee with Susan, and orthe past two years co-chaired the EventsCommittee with Eric Reichard. I havelearned a great deal about GRA duringthis time and enthusiastically look orwardto my term as President. By way o a brieintroduction, I am a Caliornia CertiedHydrogeologist with nearly 25 years o

experience. During my day job, I am aVice President and Program Manager orMalcolm Pirnie, a privately held consult-ing rm with a 100-year dedication toserving clients in the water, wastewater,and environmental markets. I am the Lo-cation Manager or the Emeryville oce.Thus ar in my short career (no retirementin sight with our young kids ranging roma high school reshman to eight-year-oldtwin boys!), I have worked on a varietyo projects, mostly in Caliornia, ocusedon contaminants in groundwater, soil,

sediment, and soil gas. Intermittently, andincreasingly, my project work has ocusedon drinking water and water supply.


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Upcoming EventsUpcoming Events


GRAs 2008 EmergingContaminantsSymposium

Later this year, GRA will hold atwo-day symposium in the San

Jose, CA area, on emerging con-taminants in groundwater. Emergingchemical contaminants present numeroustechnical and institutional challenges tosociety and to environmental and publichealth proessionals. Increasingly sensi-tive analytical techniques have detectedthe presence o previously unregulatedchemicals in actual or potential sources

o drinking water. Many o these chemi-cals remain unregulated, but the numbero regulated contaminants will continueto grow slowly over the next severaldecades. This event will prole the latestdevelopments in detection, risk assess-ment, remediation and regulation oemerging contaminants in groundwater.Experts rom academia, regulatoryagencies, consulting, industry, and thelegal arena will participate in moderatedspeaker sessions and poster sessions.Symposium sessions will cover a variety

o chemicals, including the ollowing:

Manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs)Pesticides/herbicides (e.g.,1,2,3-TCP)Gasoline additives (e.g., MTBE, TBA)Pharmaceuticals, including antibioticsPhthalatesPersonal care products (e.g.,polycyclic musks)Disinection byproducts (e.g., NDMA)Industrial additives (e.g.,1,4-dioxane, 1,2,3-TCP)

Persistent organic compounds (e.g.,PBDEs)Fluorinated compounds (e.g., PFOS)

The planning committee or thesymposium is currently being as-sembled. I you are interested in beinginvolved, please contact Jennier Ny-man, committee co-chair, at [email protected].

Save the DateclimatE changE anD grounDWatEr

August 12-13, 2008, sAcrAmento, cA

On August 12 and 13, 2008, GRA will convene its rst conerence on evaluat-ing the impacts o climate change on groundwater resources management.The conerence, which will take place in Sacramento, will be organized

along three primary tracks: 1) technical aspects o the eects o climate change ongroundwater availability, recharge, timing and water supply and demand; 2) legaland policy issues; and 3) what is a groundwater manager/agency to do? Climatechange already is being touched upon in CEQA studies and will likely be necessaryas a component o the next round o Urban Water Supply Plans and/or groundwatermanagement studies. This conerence will bring together a combination o invitedexperts and abstract-solicited speakers to talk about the newest developments andstrategies or dealing with the technical, legal and political ramications o climatechange associated with management o groundwater resources. This conerence willprovide critical inormation or groundwater proessionals, water agency technicalsta and managers, water and planning attorneys, signicant groundwater users,agricultural interests and City, County and State agencies. Look or the call orabstracts in early March, 2008.

Call or AbstractsGroundwater Resources Association 17th Annual Conerence & MeetingGROUNDWATER: Challenges to Meeting Our Future Needs

september 24-26, 2008

costa mEsa, ca

http://WWW.grac.org/annual.html

The Nation behaves well i it treats the natural resources asassets which it must turn over to the next generation increased

and not impaired in value. Theodore Roosevelt, 1910

The Groundwater Resources Association o Caliornia (GRA) invites you tojoin us or our 17th Annual Conerence and Meeting GROUNDWATER:Challenges to Meeting Our Future Needs.

GRA has partnered with stakeholders rom all segments o the proession andindustry to develop an annual conerence that covers technical, regulatory, legal,and policy issues aecting groundwater and acilitates networking and the exchangeo the latest research and inormation. Conerence speakers will be eatured in aplenary assembly and also in concurrent sessions that include the ollowing issuesand topics:


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Upcoming EventsUpcoming EventsVadose ZoneHydrology,

Contamination,

and ModelingJune 9 11, 2008

univErsity of california,

los angElEs (ucla)

co-sponsorED By thE univErsity of

california coopErativE ExtEnsion

grounDWatEr hyDrology program

Course Description

The objective o the course is to

introduce participants to prin-ciples o vadose zone fow and

transport, including gas and multiphasetransport phenomena (VOCs), to discusseld characterization and monitoringtechniques appropriate or model datacollection, to introduce common model-ing techniques and their limitations,and to provide hands-on experiencewith several commonly used one- andmulti-dimensional computer models orvadose fow, transport, and multiphasefow. The shortcourse is designed or

scientic and technical sta working withconsulting rms and regulatory agenciesthat are involved in the design, review,and implementation o point source andnonpoint source contamination studies,recharge projects, and site assessment andremediation o vadose zone contaminants(e.g., soil vapor extraction, steam vent-ing). Participants should be amiliar withPC Windows and are assumed to havesome college training in groundwaterhydrology, engineering, or soil and water

science. Experience with computer mod-eling, however, is not a prerequisite. Thecourse will be taught by Thomas Harter,Ph.D., (Univ. o Caliornia, Davis), JanHopmans, Ph.D., (Univ. o Caliornia,Davis), Jirka Simunek, Ph.D. (Univ. oCaliornia, Riverside), Toby OGeen (Uni-versity o Caliornia, Davis), and KentUdell, Ph.D. (Univ. o Utah). The coursewill be held at UCLA.Early enrollment is

encouraged as space is very limited. Formore inormation, contact Mary Mega-

rry, Groundwater Resources Associationo Caliornia, 916-446-3626.

Course Topics

principles and concepts o vadosezone fow and transport

VOC transport and multiphase fowin the vadose zone

Principles o Groundwater Flow &Transport Modeling

mArch 18-20, 2008

univErsity of california, los angElEs (ucla)

co-sponsorED By thE univErsity of california coopErativE

ExtEnsion grounDWatEr hyDrology program

limitED spacE availaBlE -- rEmEmBEr to rEgistEr!

hydraulic characterization o thevadose zone

vadose zone monitoring

numerical methods in vadose zonemodeling

overview o modeling sotware

hands-on sotware training

case-studies and illustration o water/solute/VOC/multiphase fow in thevadose zone

This course introduces the con-ceptual principles and practicalaspects o groundwater model-

ing in an intuitive yet comprehensivemanner. The course objective is to de-mystiy the use o groundwater modelsby providing solid understanding othe principles, methods, assumptions,and limitations o groundwater models,as well as hands-on experience withthe planning, preparation, execution,

presentation, and review o a modelingproject. At the end o the course, par-ticipants should be able to understandand actively engage in planning, super-vision, and/or review o groundwatermodeling projects.

Course Topics (partial list)

principles and concepts ogroundwater modelingdata collection and preparationmodel grid designboundary conditionsmodeling multiple aquier systemssensitivity analysis, model calibrationand vericationcontaminant transport modeling

capture zone analysis

Course instructors include GrahamE. Fogg, Ph.D., Thomas Harter, Ph.D.,and Peter Schwartzman, M.S. Thecourse will be held at UCLA. For moreinormation, contact Mary Megarry atGRA, [email protected] or916-446-3626, and visit GRAs Website at www.grac.org.


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5

Technical CornerTechnical CornerWells and WordsBy DaviD W. aBBott, p.g., c.hg.

toDD EnginEErs

Data download and public domain statistics:Buyer beware!

Inaccurate conclusions can resultrom data collection and data analy-sis using data downloaded rom the

internet and applying statistics withpopular and public domain sotware.Below is a brie discussion o both oc-currences.

Downloading Data

Two sets o monthly rainall data down-loaded rom the Caliornia Departmento Water Resources (CDWR) web sitehave numerical and typographicalerrors. Data were tabulated or theSanta Rosa (SRO) gage (1905 to 2007)and Healdsburg (HEA) gage (1966to 2007). In airness to the electronicormat, CDWR provides a disclaimer:provisional data, subject to change.Comparison o these data to paper cop-ies o the Climatological Data AnnualSummary published by the NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administra-tion (NOAA) indicates that 9.5% othe values or SROprovided by CDWRare in error; 17.5%o the values or HEAare in error. These aresignicant errors thatmerit attention andwarn that electronicdata, particularlyhistorical data, may

contain errors. As-suming that NOAAdata are correct andhave been properlyreviewed or qualityassurance and qual-ity control (QA/QC),then errors ound inthe electronic dataare transcription

errors caused by inaccurate keying,mis-identication o characters with

scanning and character readers, orcomputer-related data conversions.

Rainall data (1930 and 2007) werealso downloaded rom NOAA-COOPor SRO. The rate o transcription erroror these data were lower (1.8% error);but persistent little errors still occur inthe database. Initial reviews o the errorsor each database show no systematicor logical patterns. However, multiplerainall stations may have been com-bined in the electronic data sets and the

1981 to 1983 timerame is consistentlymissing data. Transer o data rom oldercomputer code to newer code, characterrecognition scanning, and keyed-in datamay not be 100% accurate. The mosttime-consuming and tedious part o thetranscription process is QA/QC, whichrequires signicant man-hours. A quickmethod to gauge the accuracy is toreview each annual rainall total romboth paper and electronic orms. I thetotal rainall or each set is the same,

then assume that the monthly data areaccurate; i the sets are dierent, thenassess the monthly dierences. Beware

o electronically handled data and checkagainst paper records.

Statistics rom public domain sotwareElectronic and computer-generated er-rors using statistical tools rom publiclyavailable or popular sotware such asMicrosot Excel have limitations (seewww.practicalstats.com)1. Figure 1shows a plot o 840 data points (speciccapacity [SC]; depth) or ractured rockaquiers. The Excel-generated trendlineshows two segments (lower solid curve).The actual trend, computed by using

the given power trendline equationand substituting values o X and solv-ing or Y, is a curvilinear line (dashedline). Clearly, the computer-generatedtrendline is in error. Beware o sotwaregenerated statistics and trendlines.

Interpretation o Figure 1Incidentally, Figure 1 uses the sametwo data sets (combined) that were dis-cussed in the winter 2007 HydroVisionsarticle. However, the data are presented

using SC rather than the hydraulicconductivity. Figure 1 shows a positive



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Federal Legislative/Regulatory CornerFederal Legislative/Regulatory CornerThe Federal CornerBy John ungvarsky

A Call to Action

The Ground Water ProtectionCouncils Report to the Nation:A Call to Action discusses a va-

riety o issues o concern and actions totake regarding the nations groundwa-ter. This report was developed under anEPA cooperative agreement. For moreinormation, go to: http://www.gwpc.org/calltoaction/.

Watersheds, Groundwater and Drinking Water

The University o Caliornias Divisiono Agriculture and Natural Resourcesjust published Watersheds, Groundwa-ter and Drinking Water A PracticalGuide. The book, partially unded byan EPA grant and edited by ThomasHarter and Larry Rollins, will helpreaders to better understand and as-sess water supplies and to dene andprotect water sources. The book isavailable at: http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/Items/3497.aspx.

Technologies or Arsenic Removal

The Arsenic Removal Technology Dem-onstration Program was initiated in2002 by EPAs National Risk Manage-ment Research Laboratory to providecost-eective technologies, training,and technical assistance or small watersystems. The rst round o the dem-onstration program matched 12 smallutilities with the best-t arsenic removaltechnologies to gather perormance andcost data. Rounds 2 and 2a identied38 additional sites, bringing the total to50 systems to be installed and operating

by summer o 2008. For more inorma-tion, go to: http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/wswrd/dw/arsenic/tech/index.html.

UIC Website UpdatedEPA has revised its UndergroundInjection Control (UIC) program website. It includes basic inormation onwells regulated under the UIC program;videos, posters and other publicationsshowing how the wells are constructed

and managed; and compliance assis-tance. The site also has background on

carbon sequestration. For more, go to:http://www.epa.gov/saewater/uic.

Water Efciency LeaderSanta Clara Valley Water District(SCVWD) was recently recognizedby EPA as one o six winners o the2007 National Water Eciency Leaderawards or their eorts in reducing,reusing and recycling water. Winnerswere chosen by a panel o national wa-ter experts on the basis o three criteria:

leadership, innovation and water saved.SCVWD has helped the San Jose areareduce water demand by 55,000 acre-eet, or 12 percent o demand, throughconservation and water recycling.

Subsidence in the Coachella ValleyA new study by the U.S. GeologicalSurvey conrms Coachella Valley WaterDistrict concerns that land subsidenceis occurring because o overdrat inareas o substantial groundwater use

throughout the Coachella Valley. Formore inormation, see: http://ca.water.usgs.gov/news/release071217.html.

John Ungvarsky is an Environmen-tal Scientist at the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Region 9. Heworks in the Water Divisions GroundWater Ofce and oversees source water

protection eorts in CA and NV. Forinormation on any o the above topics,

please contact John at 415-972-3963 [email protected].


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Alliance CornerAlliance Corner

GRA Requests Nominations or the2008 Lietime Achievement andKevin Neese Awards

The purpose o the GRA AwardsProgram is to recognize note-worthy projects and unique

individual contributions related to theunderstanding, protection and manage-

ment o groundwater. The objectives othe annual Awards Program are:

1. To provide recognition to individualswho have demonstrated leadershipand continuous dedication in theeld o groundwater;

2. To provide recognition or uniquecontributions to the eld ogroundwater in 2007-2008.

All nominations or the LietimeAchievement and Kevin Neese Awards

must be received by Stephanie Hastingsat [email protected] no later than Friday,June 13, 2008.

Nominations should be completedusing the nomination orms availableon the GRAs website at http://www.grac.org/awards.asp. Nominationsshould: not exceed one page, identiythe award or which the nomination ismade, and include justication or theaward based on the criteria listed.

The GRA Awards will be presented

to the recipients selected by the GRAsBoard o Directors during GRAs An-nual Meeting in Costa Mesa, September24-26, 2008.

AwardsLietime Achievement: presented toindividuals or their exemplary contri-butions to the groundwater industry,and contributions that have been in the

spirit o GRAs mission and organiza-tion objectives. Individuals that receivethe Lietime Achievement Award havededicated their lives to the groundwaterindustry and have been pioneers in their

eld o expertise.Previous Lietime Achievement

Award recipients include:2007 - Dr. Herman Bouwer2006 - Glenn Brown2005 - Dr. Luna P. Leopold2004 - Dr. John Bredehoet2003 - Rita Schmidt Sudman2002 - Tom Dibblee2001 - Carl Hauge2000 - Joseph H. Birman1999 - David Keith Todd

1998 - Eugene E. Luhdor, Jr.Kevin J. Neese: recognizes signicant

accomplishment by a person or entitywithin the most recent 12-month periodthat osters the understanding, develop-ment, protection or management ogroundwater.

Previous Kevin J. Neese Award re-cipients include:

2007 University o CaliorniaCooperative Extension (UCCE)

Groundwater Hydrology Programin recognition o its eorts to engagescientists, regulators, arm advisors,dairy industry representative, and dairyarmers to better understand the eectso dairy operations on water quality.

2006 Senator Sheila Kuehl or herwork to improve the production andavailability o inormation about the

CGA Celebrates 60thAnniversary

The Caliornia Groundwater As-

sociation will celebrate its 60thAnniversary in 2008. The years

big event will be the CGA Conventionand Trade Show at John AscuagasNugget in Sparks, Nevada. Were plan-ning a trade show, multiple seminarsand workshops with a mix o network-ing and un activities. This will be oneo CGAs earliest shows; the dates areOctober 30 November 1. We hope tosee some GRA members in attendance its a chance or us to work together topromote groundwater protection andwise use. Youll nd a bit more ino atCGAs website, www.groundh2o.org.

CGAs Mission And 2008 GoalsCGAs Board o Directors recently rea-rmed the organizations mission andgoals or 2008. Our Mission is:

Caring or Caliornias groundwaterresources

Giving high quality service tomembers and the public

Acting in the best interest o thegroundwater industry

CGAs 2008 Goals are shown below(i questions, please call the CGA oceat 707-578-4408):

Celebrate CGAs 60th Anniversary

Initiate a new membershiprecruitment program It StartsWith Me!

Implement a grassroots legislative

program

Resolve government competitionissue

Expand CGA Leadership trainingopportunities

Expand Branch and memberparticipation

Continued on page 20 Continued on page 21


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Chemists CornerChemists CornerLets Get Small -Nanochemistry

By Bart simmons

As the hype o nanotechnologyis replaced with the reality oproduct development, the en-

vironmental impacts and benets onanotechnology will become clearer.Nanoscale objects, typically dened asthose having a characteristic dimen-sion


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Organizational CornerOrganizational Corner

Founder ($1,000 and up)Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck

Patron($500-$999)DrawingBoard Studios

CorPorate($250-$499)David AbbottGeomatrixLuhdor & Scalmanini

Consulting EngineersMalcolm Pirnie

Charter SPonSor($100-$249)Stanley FeenstraJohn McAsseyIris Priesta

SPonSor($25-$99)ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc.Craig AltareRichard AmanoCharlene Ayers

Thomas BallardPollyanna BarnichKate BurgerSteve CampbellBob ClearyJim CrowleyDaniel B. Stephens & Associates, Inc.Jessica DonovanRobert DoughertyEarth TechEMAX LaboratoriesLarry ErnstAlicia FalkJohn FarrFred FlintAvram FrankelAlvin FranksLaura FrostJohn GallinattiMartha Guzman AcevesDavis HarnishPat HavardIris Environmental

Sachiko ItagakiTed JohnsonBob JoyceJohn KarachewskiCarol KendallChristy Swindling KennedyArthur KidmanTaras KrukBrian LewisLFR, Inc.Tara MacHargGerald MarasovichSally McCravenPeter MesardJean MoranAlec NaugleAaron OBrienWilliam OBrienSusan PanttajaJohn PetersonPeter QuinlanJohn ReayEric Reichard

Roscoe Moss ManuacturingCompany

Robert SawyerHeather ShannonMel SimonsJames SpechtRobert StettlerEric StrahanFrancis ThieEd WallickWelenco, IncBrandon WhiteheadGus YatesAnthony ZampielloWilliam Zavora

SuPPorterJames MalotGabriel SabadellFrank Yeamans

2008 Contributors to GRA Thank You

2008 DirectorsElection Results

The election or GRAs 2008 Boardo Directors is ocially completed.

Board incumbents Tom Johnson,Tom Mohr, Tim Parker and Eric Reich-ard were re-elected. Thomas Harter waselected as a new member o the Board.All Directors elected in 2008 will servethree-year terms ending in 2010.

GRA extends its sincere appreciationand best wishes to Susan Garcia as sheretired rom the GRA Board o Direc-tors at the end o 2007.

Renew YourMembership Online -Its Quick and Easy

I

you havent already, its time torenew your GRA membership or2008. You can renew online via

GRAs Web site, www.grac.org, or youcan request a hard copy dues renewalinvoice rom Kevin Blatt at [email protected]. To save time and eort,GRA recommends that you renewonline as the process is secure andseamless. It will also help GRA to keeprelated expenses to a minimum.

With nearly 1,400 members at theend o 2007, the goal o having 1,600members by the end o 2008 is at-tainable. To make this happen, please

renew your membership and recruitone new member to GRA. Recruiting anew member is a way to introduce yourcolleagues to a credible, innovative or-ganization that provides many benetsor only $100.

Thank you or your interest andcontinued participation in protectingand improving Caliornias groundwa-ter resources.


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GRA Welcomes the Following New MembersnovEmBEr 13, 2007 through fEBruary 5, 2008

Alarcon, Tania LFR, Inc.Altare, Craig MWH

Barber, Simon Burns & McDonnellBarnich, Pollyanna Raney Geotechnical, Inc.Behrens, Anna Iris EnvironmentalBehzadi, Harry Accutest LaboratoriesBittner, Mark Locus TechnologiesBratton, Patrick Burns & McDonnellBrodie, Dana LFR, Inc.Bui, Thomas ENSR CorporationCasas, Felipe Sel-Help EnterprisesClarke, JoyceConnelly, Pete Analytical Environmental ServicesCooley, Je City o VacavilleCooper, Eliot VironexDickinson, Brian Valley County Water DistrictDodge, John Daniel B. Stephens & Associates, Inc.Edeburn, Paris Trihydro Corp.Emery, Karen Fugro West, Inc.Falk, Alicia Secor International Inc.Fleming, Ryan Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.Fogwell, Tom Weiss AssociatesFoster, Melissa Stoel Rives, LLPFostersmith, Ellen Santa Clara Valley Water DistrictGarcia, Colleen CSUN Caliornia State University

NorthridgeGerritzen, Gina Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.

Glover, Kent ARCADISGoltz, Ian Brown & CaldwellGomez, Paola AEI ConsultantsGonzales, James LFR, Inc.Greene, Sarah Central Coast Water Quality

Preservation, Inc.Hansen, Christopher Earth TechHarkare, Shrikant ENSR CorporationHarris, Abigail TEC AccutiteHeron, Gorm TerrathermHinds, Jean Turlock Irrigation District

Jensen, Dianna City o Davis Public WorksKaasa, Barrett West Yost Associates, Inc.

Kelty, Thomas Caliornia State University,Long Beach

King, Nathan SFBRWQBKlitzke, Tiany Geomatrix Consultants, Inc.Knoche, Chris Brown & CaldwellLapuyade, Larry LFR, Inc.Lawrence, Rebecca Iris EnvironmentalLecina, Kristina Black & VeatchLim, Kayleigh LFR, Inc.Lovell, Randy Instrumentation NorthwestMacHarg, Tara Earth Tech

Manning, Jason LFR, Inc.McGlochlin, Linda Parsons

McManus, Terence KleinelderMehta, Khyati ENSR CorporationMesserotes, Gary Burns & McDonnellNamvar, Reza WRIME, Inc.Narayanan, Ram Water Assets Management, LLCNugent, Melissa MACTECOtterstetter, Heather ARCADISPacetti, JohnPang, Caspar EMAX Laboratories, Inc.Pasquinelli, Sara Fitgerald Abbott & Beardsley, LLPPaz, Lucas LFR, Inc.Plett, James Geomatrix Consultants, Inc.Reindl, Brittany H2O Engineering, Inc.

Robinson, Charles LFR, Inc.Rogers, Alicia ProHydroRosenberg, Phil Brown & CaldwellSchmidt, Kirk Central Coast Water Quality

Preservation, Inc.Schroeter, Angela Central Coast Region RWQCBSinghal, Alka ARCADIS, Inc.Smith, Jennier Geomatrix Consultants, Inc.Smith, Lee Stoel Rives, LLPSnyder, Jessi Sel-Help EngerprisesSteely, Lauren Columbia TechnologiesStone, Linda Central Coast Region RWQCB

Turner, Allison ARCADISVerdeyen, Meagan ENVIRONVossler, David Winzler & Kelly Consulting EngineersWalchuk, Nick ENVIRONWarner, Dave Sel-Help EnterprisesWebb, Mathew Geomatrix Consultants, Inc.Wilson, Bill Valley County Water DistrictWong Hodges, Laurie DOWNEY | BRANDXiong, Zhong Geomatrix Consultants, Inc.Zoba, Joseph Yucaipa Valley Water District


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chemical unctions. Also, dendrimersgenerally are hollow spheres intowhich other molecules or atoms canbe placed. This makes them useul ordrug delivery.

4. Bio-inorganic composites, such astitanium with attached DNA strands.These can be used to treat disease.

Several classes o MNMs are nowglobally manuactured in hundred tothousands o metric tons per year. Theseinclude MNMs or structural applications(ceramics, catalysts, lms and coatings,and composite metals), skin care products(metal oxides), inormation and com-munication technologies (nanoelectronicand optoelectronic materials, organic light

emitters, and nanophosphors), biotechnol-ogy (drug delivery, diagnostic markers, andbiosensors) and environmental technolo-gies (nanoltration and membranes).

CharacteristicsThe unique size o MNMs means that,in some ways, they will behave as newchemical substances. Two main actorsdistinguish MNM properties rom ordi-nary materials:

1. They have relatively large surace areas

when compared to the same mass omaterial produced in larger orm. Forexample, a 1.0 cm cube has a surace areao 6 cm2. This same cube separated into1.0 mm cubes now has a surace area o60 cm2; but i urther divided into 1.0 nmcubes, the total surace area becomes 60x 106 cm2. This may cause the substanceto become more chemically reactive;substances that were inert in large-scaleorm can become reactive in nanoscaleorm. Size reduction may also aect the

materials strength.2. Quantum eects can begin dominating

MNMs, particularly at the lower endo the scale, aecting their optical,electrical and magnetic behavior.

Nanoparticles also can quickly changeinto larger particles by agglomerationprocesses.

Nanomaterials: New Emerging Contaminants and Their Potential Impact to Water Resources Continued rom Page 1

Occurrence in the EnvironmentNaturally occurring (geogenic) nanomag-netite exists in some bacteria, which usethis mineral to sense the Earths magneticeld. Primary geogenic nanoparticles also

occur as aerosols rom ocean spray (saltsand sulates), volcanic emissions (sulateaerosols), orest res (soot and elementalcarbon, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocar-bons or PAHs).

Primary anthropogenic nanoparticles aresimilar in composition to geogenic nanopar-ticles, ranging rom less than PM

1(1,000

nm) to ultrane particles (UFP) (100nm). Sulate, hydrogensulate, and nitratenanoparticles are emitted to the atmosphererom industrial sources and power plants,

and nanocarbons are emitted rom internalcombustion (primarily diesel) engines. Ma-jor MNM sources with potential impactsto air, soil, surace water and groundwaterare rom industrial production, includingamorphous silica, carbon blacks and uller-enes, and titanium and zinc oxides.

Both geogenic and anthropogenic sec-ondary nanoparticles may be ormed in theatmosphere rom gas-to-particle conver-sions such as oxidation. Secondary nano-particles may also grow by coagulation

and agglomeration to micrometer sizes.Table 1 contains a summary o primarynanoparticles produced by anthropogenicand geogenic sources and uses.

Detection and AnalysisCurrent chemical (conventional)contaminants require an understandingo their physical properties (molecularmass, boiling and melting points, vaporand water density, water solubility, andvolatility rom water including Henrys

constant, etc.), chemical characteristics(chemical ormula, octanol water partitioncoecient or KOW, soil/water partitioncoecient or KOC, adsorption coecient,etc.), and toxicity to determine transport,ate, and ecological and human healthrisk. Over the past three decades analyticalmethodologies or determining such pa-rameters have been careully developedand perected using instruments such as

atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS),gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GC-MS), inductively-coupled mass spec-trometry (ICP-MS), etc., and also usingparameter estimation methods.

An entire analytical industry o com-mercial environmental and Universitylaboratories has evolved to conduct con-ventional contaminant analysis with manyhundreds o thousands and even multi-million dollar investments in instrumenta-tion. The detection and analysis o MNMwill require an understanding o additionalparameters and considerable investmentby these laboratories in newer analyticalequipment. Examples o some o the pa-rameters required to characterize MNMsinclude:

1. Surace area analysis can be done usingan epiphaniometer, whereby particlesare exposed to radiation, passed throughcapillaries, and collected onto a lter orradiation level analysis. The detectedradiation level is proportional to thesurace area. Other methods include theBraunauer, Emmet, and Teller (BET)Method, which measures the amounto gas absorbed onto surace areas.

2. Surace eects in which properties like

dispersibility, conductivity, catalyticbehavior, and optical properties aredetermined because these will vary withdierent particle surace properties.

3. Particle size distribution by dynamiclight scattering (DLS) or photoncorrelation spectroscopy (PCS).Nanoparticle sizes rom


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1. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy(SIMS), which is a destructive methodallowing analysis o 1 to 3 nm layers.The analysis provides elementalcomposition only.

2. Atomic orce microscopy (AFM)can be applied in air or liquid mediaand utilizes the van der Waals orcesbetween the microscopic tip o theAFM and the nanoparticle. Particle sizeand morphology are determined.

3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM), including energy dispersive

X-ray analysis (EDX), wavelengthdispersive X-ray analysis (WDX),and electron energy loss spectroscopy(EELS) are used or determiningnanoparticle size, morphology, andchemical composition.

ToxicityThe toxic eects to animal and humanhealth by some MNMs are just now beinginvestigated. For most MNMs, no toxicitydata are available. Most current toxicologi-cal studies are or the hazards o inhalednanoparticles produced by industry orseveral decades in amounts now exceeding

many metric tons per year. These bulk-produced nanoparticles include colloidalsilica, titanium dioxide, and various ironoxides. Toxicity data indicate that thesesubstances, once considered as nuisancedusts, can, upon prolonged exposure to

rats, cause infammation and lung cancer.Acute eects in humans also come romcombustion nanoparticles.

In the case o potential MNM toxicityrom ingested water, C

60ullerene water

suspensions have been observed as anti-bacterial agents, antioxidants, and proteinstabilizers, whereas metalloullereneswere observed to accumulate in rat liv-

TABLE 1 Vis Scs f Pimy Ggic apgic npicls

Nanoparticle Source Examples Application/Main Use(s)Ggic:

Oceanic-derived aerosols Sea salt (largely halite or NaCl) Environmental exposure

Sulates and nitrates

Volcanic aerosols Sulates (including H2SO

4) and nitrates

Forest re aerosols Carbon black (soot), PAHs

apgic:

Combustion aerosols Diesel exhaust Environmental exposure

Fly ash

Bulk synthetics Amorphous silica (SiO2

) Paints and llers, dispersants and fowing agents,toothpaste, tires

Carbon blacks Pigments, tires (rubber), toners, inks

Carbon ullerenes (C60

) Medical applications

Carbon nanotubes Composite llers, electronics

Ceria (cerium oxides) Catalysts in cars, polishing

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) as Titania, Cosmetics, pigments, paints UV-absorber, catalyst

anatase, rutile)

Zinc oxide (ZnO2) Polymer lters, UV-absorber

Engineered (MNM) Organic:

Liposomes Drug deliveryPolycyanoacrylates

Polyethene Implants

Inorganic:

Gold, dendrimers Drug delivery

Quantum dots (cadmium, selenium, Medical imagingindium, gallium, and zinc composites)

Zeolites, silver Antibacterial agents

Reerences: modifed rom Borm (2004); Lucas and Akimoto (2007); Mdler (2007).

Nanomaterials: New Emerging Contaminants and Their Potential Impact to Water Resources Continued rom Page 11


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ers. Inorganic MNMs such as amorphoussilicon dioxide (SiO

2) cause pulmonary

infammation in rats, and anatase (TiO2)

acts as an antibacterial agent also causingrodent pulmonary infammation. Becausemany MNMs are smaller than cellular

membrane pores, they may have consider-able direct impact on animal tissues andDNA. The toxicity o harmul and evenrelatively nontoxic metals may also be in-creased upon sorption onto nanoparticles.Leaching o these metals into a cell mayoccur once such a metal-nanoparticle haspenetrated the cell wall.

Transport and FateVery little is currently known aboutMNMs dispersal (transport and ate)in the environment and their impacts,particularly to soil, surace water, andgroundwater. Also unknown is individualMNM transormation and degradationproducts and potential associated toxic im-pacts. MNM release sources are similar toconventional chemical contaminant releasesources, including discharge and leakagerom production and storage acilities (e.g.laboratories and actories), transportation(railcars, trucks, and ships, etc.), and appli-cations and disposal o consumer productsas waste (landlls and wastewater treat-

ment plants). Environmental transport osome MNMs will result in transormationand diusion by sunlight, water, andatmospheric oxygen, and dilution romprecipitation, surace water runo andgroundwater. Some MNMs will agglomer-ate into larger particles; these agglomeratesmay have the potential or blocking porousmaterials, including wastewater treatmentlters and even aquier materials.

Many MNMs have greater environ-mental mobility than ordinary materi-

als, perhaps resulting in greater exposurepotentials because they could be dispersedover much larger distances. An interestingphenomenon is illustrated in multiwalledcarbon nanotubes having 1.6 nm innerdiameters. Measured velocities o waterfowing through these nanotubes exceededby more than three orders o magnitudethose calculated by hydrodynamic models(Joseph and Aluru, 2008). Would pollutantsentering or leaching rom such nanotubesresult in their moving aster than ground-

water advection rates? As MNMs becomemore prevalent in commercial products,their adverse eect rom manuacturingpractices and possible improper disposalmay become more widespread. For ex-ample, some MNMs have the potential or

easily penetrating sand and commercial l-ters (>2 m) used in both wastewater andpotable-water treatment systems, and theyalso may easily penetrate natural porousand permeable media in aquiers and evenaquitards (Wiesner and others, 2006).

RegulationThe processing, use and reuse, recycling,transport, and disposal or most MNMsare not currently regulated. However,many current ederal regulatory programsprobably will be expanded to coverMNMs, including: (1) Federal Insecticide,Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA);(2) Occupational Health and Saety Act;(3) Resources Conservation and RecoveryAct (RCRA); and (4) the Toxic SubstancesControl Act (TSCA), the ComprehensiveEnvironmental Response and LiabilityAct (CERCLA also known as Super-und), and the Clean Water Act (CWA).Undoubtedly, these will provide some othe legal basis or the uture regulationo MNM waste and discharge to the

environment. However, many regulatoryprograms, particularly those on the statelevel, will have to be amended or MNMs.One example, reported by the U.S. EPA,is or silver ion generating washingmachines. These are covered by FIFRA,because the nanosilver generated by suchmachines is considered a pesticide becauseit is released into laundry or the purposeo destroying microbial pests.

Remediation

Very little has been written concerningremediation o possible MNM environ-mental contamination. This is because wehave not completely determined MNMtoxicity and risks, do not have the requiredregulations governing proper disposal andcleanup o MNM wastes, and have notidentied or characterized signicant con-taminant sites. Possible remediation orsome MNM might include methods thatwould orce agglomeration, precipitation,and adsorption onto some type o media.

ConclusionsMNMs and their potential impact to theenvironment and water resources arebecoming a concern to regulatory agen-cies such as the U.S. EPA, and CaliorniaEPA (DTSC). Concern is also growing

among water treatment acilities and waterdistricts about the potential o MNMs toaect the quality o both surace and un-derground drinking-water sources. Regu-lators, research scientists and engineersin academia and industry need to expandour knowledge o the characteristics, en-vironmental eects, and potential toxicityo MNMs. In the next decade, consultingscientists, hydrogeologists, engineers, andanalytical chemists (all o whom do thebulk o contaminant investigations) will be

challenged to expand their knowledge oMNMs to protect our water resources.

William E. Motzer, Ph.D., PG, is aSenior Geochemist with Todd Engineersin Alameda, Caliornia. He may bereached or comment at [email protected].


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o proessionals demonstrating technologiesand expertise in the eld o DNAPL sourcezone characterization and remediation. Sym-posium co-sponsors included GeomatrixConsultants, GeoSyntec Consultants, Mal-colm Pirnie, RSI Drilling, and TerraTherm.

DNAPLs, or dense nonaqueous phaseliquids, such as chlorinated solvents, PCBoils, coal tars, and creosote, are commonlyencountered as groundwater contaminantsthroughout industrial areas o North Ameri-ca as a result o their use in industrial opera-tions such as dry cleaning, metal degreasing,manuactured gas production, and woodpreservation operations. Because DNAPLsare denser than water, they are able to mi-grate beneath the water table and will con-tinue to move downward in unconsolidated

or ractured media until either accumulatingabove a low permeability zone or becomingimmobilized as residual along the migrationpathway. This residual and accumulatedDNAPL in the subsurace is typically termedthe source zone. Drinking water MCLsare generally orders o magnitude lowerthan DNAPL aqueous solubilities; as such,dissolved plumes associated with DNAPLsource zones can cause pervasive and persis-tent contamination o drinking water aqui-ers. In 2005, the National Research Councilestimated as many as 25,000 subsurace

contaminant plumes attributable to DNAPLsources may exist nationwide.

DNAPL Source Zone Characterization and Remediation 2: Meeting the Challenge Continued rom Page 1Eectively and eciently addressing

DNAPL source zones involves diculttechnical issues with respect to character-ization and remediation; policy challengeswith respect to perormance metrics andexit strategies; and indivisible rom it all

signicant lie cycle costs. Participationin and eedback rom the inaugural GRADNAPL Symposium in December 2005underscored the interest among ground-water researchers, consultants, and regu-lators in techniques and technologies orcharacterization, removal, and more eec-tive management o DNAPL source zones.This ollow-on Symposium continued theimportant dialogue between researchers,practitioners, and policy makers -- with asense o optimism. In 2005, the discussionocused primarily on acing the challenge;

in 2007, the discussion ocused on eortsand success in meetingit!

Symposium SummaryThe symposium opened with a S f Pcic keynote by Dr. Michael Ka-vanaugh o Malcolm Pirnie, which set thestage or the sessions to ollow by remind-ing the audience o the evolution o theDNAPL remediation challenge rom theearly denial stage to use o diagnosticand decision-making tools that address

perormance metrics, and the regulatoryand social demands that comprise todaysramework. Looking to the uture, Dr.

Kavanaugh characterized the DNAPLchallenge as a unique societal problem inwhich demands or complete restorationwill continue to be at odds with technicallimitations, and or which proessionalsmust understand the importance o cred-

ible, independent communication o riskto all stakeholders.

Session 1: DNAPL Source Zone CharacterizationThe session recognizing the importance osource zone characterization to eectivechoice and implementation o remediationtechniques, long term monitoring andmanagement decisions, and ecient sitecleanup and closure was kicked o bytwo invited speakers, Dr. Jason Gerhardo The University o Western Ontario andSeth Pitkin o Stone Environmental. Dr.Gerhard presented an overview o the Evo-lution o Our Understanding o DNAPLSource Zones, including migration, dis-solution, and source zone architecture. Heconcluded that substantial progress hasbeen made in understanding and modelingDNAPL source zones, but that complexityat real eld sites remains a challenge pre-senting myriad avenues or urther work.Mr. Pitkins presentation, aptly titledThe DNAPL is in the Details, ocusedon dynamic investigation strategies able

to provide scale-appropriate source zoneinormation in real time, including col-laborative use o tools such as geophysics,passive soil gas, and direct-push techniques.He emphasized that understanding sourcearea architecture and dissolved-phaseplume core anatomy on a vertical scale ocentimeters and horizontal scale o metersis essential or successul remediation.

Peter Bennetto Geomatrix Consultants,Inc. continued the discussion o innovativeapproaches to DNAPL characterization

using case studies rom three DNAPLrelease sites at which membrane interaceprobe (MIP) proles and soil conductivityprobe data were used to assess subsuracedistribution o VOCs. Data collection us-ing these high-resolution characterizationtechniques resulted in improved individualsite conceptual models that were crucialto the development o ecient and cost-eective approaches to remediation ateach site.


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The third invited speaker in the ses-sion, Dr. Gary Wealthall o the BritishGeological Survey, discussed QuantiyingUncertainty in DNAPL Source Zone MassEstimates. The presentation describedmanagement and communication o data

uncertainty in the context o the UKSource Area BioREmediation (SABRE)study site. The multi-aceted SABRE studyis incorporating a quantitative analysis othe impact o heterogeneity on estimatingDNAPL mass by comparing a low densitysite characterization data set, representa-tive o a typical site investigation, witha high density site characterization dataset, representative o a research-level siteinvestigation, to quantiy the eects o dataminimization on DNAPL mass uncertainty.

Dr. Walter Illman o the University oIowa/University o Waterloo returned thediscussion to characterization tools by in-troducing the audience to a new character-ization approach that uses hydraulic andpartitioning tracer tomography (HT/PTT)technology to achieve detailed imaging othe spatial distribution o DNAPL residualin the source zone. This approach has beendemonstrated in modeling and experi-mental studies as a robust technology thatcan provide accurate characterization osubsurace heterogeneity in comparison to

traditional geostatistical approaches, withless invasive sampling.

Dr. Mark Kram o the U.S. Navydescribed the use o the high-resolutionpiezocone (HRP) or determination o im-portant hydrogeologic parameters, includ-ing hydraulic head, gradient, conductivity,eective porosity, and seepage velocity.This inormation was coupled with con-taminant concentration data to develop ahigh-resolution, three-dimensional under-standing o contaminant fux and ground-

water fow, which is essential or properremedial design, risk determination, andevaluation o remediation eectiveness.Dr. Kram compared the HRP approachto conventional methods or character-izing contaminant distribution, such aslong- and short-screened wells; the dataindicated savings both in terms o overallcost and time or eld implementation.

Keynote: Sustainable RemediationThe evening keynote session stepped at-tendees back to a much broader remedia-tion perspective with a joint presentationon Sustainability and DNAPL Remedia-tion Choices by Paul Hadley o the Cali-ornia DTSCs Green Remediation Teamand Dr. David Ellis o DuPont and theSustainable Remediation Forum (SURF).Their presentation ocused on understand-ing and incorporating sustainability intoremediation decisions, and the changingthinking that comes rom consideringsustainability.

The DTSCs Green Remediation team isan initiative to promote the use o greentechnologies those that are least disrup-tive to the environment, generate less waste,

are recyclable, and emit ewer pollutantsand greenhouse gases in site remediation.Mr. Hadley presented examples o greentechnologies, such as energy ecient reme-diation systems, alternative energy sourcesto power remediation systems, and heavy

equipment using bio-diesel and discussedthe varying degrees o lie cycle assessmentsthat can be incorporated into our standardcomparisons o remedial technologies.

SURF was established in 2006 as anopen group o regulators, industry, academ-

ics, and public advocates whose mission isto establish a ramework that incorporatessustainable concepts throughout the reme-dial action process, that provides long-termprotection o human health and the envi-ronment, and that can achieve public andregulatory acceptance. Dr. Ellis discusseda number o measures to evaluate sustain-ability, including quantication o resourceand energy use and emissions o globalwarming compounds such as carbon diox-ide. He articulated a number o remediation

sustainability challenges, including buildingsustainability into regulatory regimes, bal-ancing eorts between source and plumecleanups, developing sustainability methodsuseul or big and small sites, and mitigationo the impact o non-degradation policies



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on groundwater remediation. He let at-tendees with the lesson or challenge thatwe not simply trade one set o contaminantsor another as we choose and implementremediation eorts.

Session 2: DNAPL Site RemediationPresentations during Day 2 o the Symposiumocused on remediation technologies andmetrics. Invited speakerDr. David MajoroGeosyntec introduced a DNAPL TechnologyEvaluation Screening Tool (DNAPL TEST)being developed under the EnvironmentalSecurity Technology Certication Program(ESTCP) and discussed its development pathto date. The tool allows users to evaluatespecic remediation technologies basedon their perormance at similar sites usingnumerical simulation and case study resultsor a variety o environmental conditions.A Beta version o the tool is scheduled orrelease in the near uture.

Session 2 continued with presentationson specic remediation technologies ap-plied to DNAPL sites. Catherine Miceli oVeruTEK discussed a modication to tra-ditional in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO)technology by adding suractants designedto solubilize immiscible phase liquids(S-ISCO). The patent-pending ormulao biodegradable, ood-grade cosolventsand suractants was eective at removingcoal tar in a recent eld trial. A case studydemonstrating hydraulic displacement o

DNAPL Source Zone Characterization and Remediation 2: Meeting the Challenge Continued rom Page 15DNAPL was presented byDanielle Ondico Hargis + Associates. The pilot test in-volved simultaneous pumping o ground-water and DNAPL rom extraction wellsat varying extraction rates to evaluate therelationship between hydraulic gradient

and DNAPL recovery. Over 450 gallonso DNAPL were recovered during the testand groundwater was re-injected atersolid ltration.

The nal set o presentations in the sessionocused on in situ thermal treatment technol-ogies or DNAPL site remediation. Invitedspeaker Dr. Gorm Heron o TerraThermdiscussed Mobilization o DNAPL DuringSubsurace Heating, addressing the commonquestion: What happens to DNAPL (pooledand residual) as it is heated? TerraTherm

personnel are participating in a SERDP-unded research project examining this ques-tion through 2-D and 3-D controlled-releaseexperiments and accompanying numericalmodels. Dr. Heron concluded that subsur-ace heating can mobilize DNAPL, but thatappropriate design can prevent spreadingand unwanted mobilization.

Greg Smith o Thermal RemediationServices discussed recovery and destructionmechanisms that contribute to the successo electrical resistance heating (ERH) in

DNAPL remediation applications, includ-ing hydrolysis, biodegradation, and gasbubble fotation. ERH has been appliedat over 75 sites to date, including sites

contaminated with chlorinated and coaltar DNAPLs.

Dr. David Cacciatore o Shaw Envi-ronmental & Inrastructure presented acase study where ERH was implementedor DNAPL source removal within the

cores o three separate plumes at theormer Alameda Naval Air Station. Theprimary contaminants o concern in eachcase were trichloroethane, dichloroethene,and dichloroethane. In two areas, drivensheet-pile electrode members were used tocreate hexagonal heating cells, and vaporextraction wells were installed within andaround the plume or VOC vapor recov-ery; in the third area, combined electrode/vapor recovery wells were installed usinga hollow stem auger. Average groundwater

concentrations in the two areas at whichERH is complete were reduced rom54,000 micrograms per liter (g/L) to lessthan 100 g/L and rom over 400,000 g/Lto less than 1,400 g/L, respectively.

Session 3: Complex SitesThis session addressed sites that presentsome o our biggest remediation challenges,including those impacted by viscous DNA-PLs such as coal tars, those underlain byractured rock, and those where DNAPLhas migrated to signicant depths. To startthe session, invited speaker Dr. AndrewColeman o the Electric Power ResearchInstitute (EPRI) presented a Best PracticesManual or Managing and InvestigatingCoal Tar DNAPL in Bedrock. The manualis being published by EPRI in collaborationwith its members and Queens University asa tool or manuactured gas plant (MGP)site managers aced with characterizingbedrock aquiers impacted by MGP DNA-PLs such as coal tar. Dr. Coleman presenteda tiered ramework or characterizing rac-

ture fow and DNAPL migration potentialin impacted bedrock aquiers.

Next, John LaChance o TerraThermdiscussed the Use o Thermal ConductionHeating or the Remediation o DNAPLin Fractured Bedrock. He presented a casestudy where TCH was applied to removeTCE DNAPL and the sorbed, dissolved,and vapor phases rom a source zone thatextended 90 eet below ground surace.The upper 75 eet o the treated zone,


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which consisted o saprolite and weatheredbedrock, was the primary target o theremedial eort. However, in order to mini-mize the threat o downward mobilizationo DNAPL into the ractured gneiss, theheated/treatment interval extended 15 eet

into the underlying ractured gneiss to cre-ate a hot foor within the upper portiono the competent bedrock. Data rom thiswork was presented showing the thoroughand rapid heat-up o the bedrock by TCH.

Dr. Mary DeFlaun o Geosyntec Con-sultants presented a Pilot-Scale Demonstra-tion o Bioaugmentation or TCE DNAPLRemediation in Fractured Rock. The reten-tion o bacteria in ractured bedrock can bea challenge or bioaugmentation, especiallywhen dealing with DNAPL in bedrock. In

this demonstration, DNAPL in racturedbedrock was treated with a combinationo KB-1 bacteria and a hydrophobicemulsied oil substrate intended to act asan electron donor and help retain bacteriaat the surace o the ractures. Monitoringresults suggest that the oil/bacteria coatingon the ractures is preventing diusion oTCE rom the sandstone/shale bedrockinto groundwater by degrading TCE at therock/water interace.

Dr. Rula Deeb o Malcolm Pirnie de-

scribed a ractured shale site where sodiumpermanganate was used to reduce the massfux o PCE and its daughter productsleaving the site. In advance o the remedyselection, detailed site characterization wasperormed, including installation andsampling o our multilevel monitoringsystems, racture network characterizationvia borehole geophysical and hydrophysicallogging and inter-borehole fow testing,rock coring, VOC sub-sampling, and rockmatrix characterization. Detailed rock coresampling showed high PCE concentrations

adjacent to many ractures where contami-nant mass, originally present as DNAPL,was now present as dissolved and sorbedmass in the rock matrix. Dr. Deeb discussedselection o perormance metrics or, andlessons learned to date rom, the ull-scaleISCO application at this complex site.

Session 4: Long Term Site ConsiderationsThe nal session addressed long-term con-siderations or DNAPL sites. Dr. Suresh

Rao o Purdue University began the sessionwith an overview titled Site RemediationDesign and Perormance Assessment Basedon Contaminant Mass Discharge. Dr. Raopresented several DNAPL case studies inwhich mass discharge measurements and

modeling provided inormation aboutwhether to target remediation eorts onsource mass, the downgradient plume, orboth. Dr. Rao also presented the results omass discharge measurements using threemethods: the Integral Pumping Test, thePassive Flux Meter and the TransectMethod (which uses average groundwaterfuxes and contaminant concentrations).Mass discharge estimates using the threemethods were in agreement.

Next, Dr. Eric Suchomel o Geosyn-

tec Consultants presented his graduateresearch work assessing the impacts oncontaminant mass discharge o partialPCE DNAPL mass removal using sur-actant fushing. Using 2-D aquier cellexperiments, he observed 70 to 90 percentreductions in efuent PCE concentrationsand mass fux ollowing suractant treat-ment. Dr. Suchomel concluded that the re-lationship between mass removal and massdischarge depended on the initial DNAPLganglia-to-pool ratio.

The nal presentation o the session, byScott Warner o Geomatrix Consultants,returned to The Connection Between

DNAPL Remediation and Sustainability.Mr. Warner emphasized the importance oclariying DNAPL remediation objectivesearly in the process, and using ocusedsite characterization to develop remedialtechnologies and approaches specic and

optimal to each site. He noted that sustain-able remediation approaches or DNAPLsites must balance economy, technology,resource protection, and resource use, butoptimistically concluded that sustainableand eective solutions do exist.

This nal discussion o metrics or suc-cess in the selection and implementation oDNAPL remediation strategies provided atting summation or the two-day sympo-sium, reminding us all o the ongoing chal-lenges acing DNAPL practitioners and o

the importance o maintaining an open andconstructive dialogue among stakeholders.

A binder with copies o speakers slidesand a list o reerences on various aspectso DNAPLs may be requested via www.grac.org or GRAs main oces, (916)446-3626.

Dr. Bettina Longino is a Senior Con-sultant with Geomatrix Consultants, Inc.,based in Ontario, Canada. She was a co-chair o both the GRA DNAPL 1 and 2Symposia and has an extensive background

in subsurace ate and transport o DNAPLand dissolved-phase constituents.


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Groundwater Challenges: waterquantity and quality issues, nationalgroundwater availability, emergingcontaminants, water issues in the west,sustainable groundwater managementstrategies, climate change

Surace Water/Groundwater Interactions:conjunctive management, ecosystemconsiderations, groundwater banking andtransers, groundwater quality infuencedby natural and articial recharge, suracewater/groundwater modeling

Groundwater Storage: challenges/benets and reducing risks/uncertainties,enhancing water supply availability

Watershed Water Quality Management:salt balance methods, salinity

management, water and agricultural-chemical transport

Delta Issues: shift in pressure to ground-water basins; ecologic issues; legislation

Collegiate Groundwater Colloquium:GRA seeks to increase participationby university and college aculty andstudents in its programming. This newColloquium will provide an opportunityor students to showcase their researchand its application to groundwaterchallenges in Caliornia or elsewhere in

the world. Please e-mail Jean Moran,GRA Education Committee Chair, [email protected] or more inormation.

Recycled Water or Recharge:evolution o recycled water regulations,monitoring wastewater constituentsthrough Soil Aquier Treatment andDirect Injection (e.g., pharmaceuticals,PCPs, TOC, BDOC, other indicators

and surrogates) assessing potential riskto receptors, etc.

Coastal Groundwater Supply andQuality Issues: seawater intrusion;coastal groundwater discharge; brinewater discharge estuarine environments;assessing supplies and optimizinggroundwater management approachesin coastal environments

Groundwater Protection andRemediation Success Stories: exampleso groundwater cleanup success stories,wellhead treatment, desalination,contaminant containment and removaltechnologies

Demonstrating Groundwater SupplySufciency and/or Reliability: decipher-ing SB 610/221/UWMPs/IRWMPs

Emerging Technologies on the Horizon

Luncheon Keynote: On September 25,Robert Glennon, Morris K. Udall Proessoro Law & Public Policy at the Universityo Arizona and author o the book Water

Follies: Groundwater Pumping and theFate o Americas Fresh Waters (IslandPress, 2002), will provide a compelling talk

titled Tales o Bottled Water and FrenchFries: The Environmental Consequenceso Groundwater Pumping. Youll heara striking collection o stories that bringhome the actual and potential consequenc-es o our growing national thirst.

Field Trip: An optional eld tripon September 24 includes a tour o theworlds largest indirect potable reuse a-cility, Orange County Water Districtsnew Groundwater Replenishment System,as well as OCWDs articial recharge a-cilities in Anaheim.

Short Course: The one-day course, In-troduction to Practical Statistics, is beingoered on September 24 and instructed byDennis Helsel, Ph.D. Dr. Helsel is the leadauthor o the popular textbook Statisti-

cal Methods in Water Resources (USGS,2002) and o Nondetects And DataAnalysis (Wiley, 2005) as well as manytechnical articles.

The short course will emphasize basicprinciples o data analysis, including whento transorm data and why, how to handleoutliers, what hypothesis tests are goodor, and how to build a good regressionequation. Advantages o newer nonpara-metric and permutation tests or scienticapplications will be highlighted. Common

pitalls o traditional methods will be dis-cussed. Attending this course will clear upmisconceptions, point to urther resources,and get you heading in the right direction.

Call or Abstracts Deadline May 1,2008: Abstracts are invited or oral orposter presentations relevant to the ses-sion topics highlighted above. The Call orAbstracts, and samples o Oral and PosterAbstract ormats are located at http://www.grac.org/abstracts.html.

Cooperating Organizations: CaliorniaGroundwater Association, InternationalAssociation o Hydrogeologists, WaterEducation Foundation, Sustainability osemi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas

Sponsors and Exhibitors: GRA ispleased to invite participants to spon-sor Conerence unctions or to exhibitat the Conerence, including during thePresidents Reception. Please contact Mary

Call or Abstracts Continued rom Page 3



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Presidents Message Continued rom Page 2Remediation Technology SymposiummAy 14-15, 2008 8:30-5:30

Byron shEr auDitorium, 1001 i strEEt, sacramEnto, ca

proposED optional fiElD Day may 16th, location tBa 9:00-3:00

Sponsored by: Department o Toxic Substances Control, Cal/EPA

Co-Sponsored by: United States Environmental Protection AgencyIn Cooperation with: Groundwater Resources Association o Caliornia

Symposium Description: The Caliornia Department o Toxic Substances Control(DTSC) invites you to the Remediation Technology Symposium 2008.

This multi-day symposium will pres-ent current technology used in sitecharacterization and remediation.

The target audience is DTSC cleanup sta,other state and local agency sta, cleanupconsultants, interested Brownelds devel-opers, and community members impacted

by contaminated sites.

This symposium is ree and open to thepublic. It will be oered live in Sacramentoand by webcast. It will be available later onDTSCs webpage and on DVD. Registra-tion is required or on-site attendance, andspace is limited to 250 persons. Webcastattendees are encouraged to register as wellto receive notication o uture symposiaand inormation updates. May 16, 2008is proposed as a day o eld demonstrationo equipment and technologies. It will not

be webcast and will be limited to the rst200 persons that register.

Check the DTSCs Web page: www.dtsc.ca.gov and search or Remediation Technol-ogy Symposium on the home page or updatesto the agenda, details on the registration, andinormation about the webcast.

I you have a special accommodationor language need, please contact DTSC bye-mail at [email protected] at least30 days beore the symposium.

Symposium Presenters and Topics:

Murray Einarson, GeomatrixConsultants - Site Characterization andMonitoring in the New Millennium

Brad Call, Army Corps o Engineers,Sacramento - The Triad Approach orInvestigation and Remediation

Eliott Cooper, Vironex - MembraneInterace Probe (MIP) or RemedialDesign Data

Randy St. Germain, DakotaTechnologies - New Generation OpticalSensors or Characterizing NAPLSource Zones

Michael Kavanaugh, Malcolm Pirnie,Inc. - Decision Making or Source

RemediationPaul Johnson, Arizona State University- Air Technologies or SubsuraceRemediation

Lisa Alvarez-Cohen, Universityo Caliornia, Berkeley - In SituBioremediation: An Overview andRecent Research

Doug Mackay, University o Caliornia,Davis - Natural and Enhanced RemedialStrategies

Kent Sorenson, CDM - In SituBioremediation or Source Remediationo Volatile Organic Compounds


Consistent with our mission, dedicationto resource management that protects andimproves groundwater through educationand technical leadership, GRA has becomea leading source o technical education toa wide range o stakeholders on all aspects

o groundwater in Caliornia. Our EventsCommittee, presently co-chaired by EricReichard o the USGS and Ted Johnsono the Water Replenishment District oSouthern Caliornia, and supported bynumerous energetic event chairs andcommittee members, has held successulsymposiums and workshops. As a vibrantorganization, our value to our membersstems rom our Directors, CommitteeChairs, and individual event chairs andcommittees. I strongly encourage all o youto engage in uture events by identiying

topics o interest, serving as the champion,or joining a committee to help make ev-ery event a huge success. I learned sometime ago that participating in, rather thansimply being a member o, a proessionalorganization like GRA will enhance yourown proessional development and pro-vide that rewarding eeling that you gavesomething to your proession. For thoseo you in supervisory positions, I stronglyencourage you to motivate and guide yoursta to volunteer their time and energy and

experience the proessional and personalbenets. To learn more about GRA, pleaseregularly visit our website (www.grac.org).I wish you all a successul 2008.


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correlation using a power trendline o theorm y = Cx-m between the estimated SCand the depth o the well below groundsurace. The median value or the dataset is 0.108 gallons per minute per oot odrawdown (gpm/t o dd). The median SC

corresponds to a reliable and long-termwell yield o about 5.4 gpm utilizing 50eet o drawdown (50 eet x 0.108 gpm/t o dd).

The median SC or wells exceeding 300eet is 0.018 gpm/t o dd (0.9 gpm), whilethose drilled below 600 eet have a lowermedian SC o 0.004 gpm/t o dd (0.2 gpm).This data set shows that 151 wells (18%)with depths >300 eet and nine wells (1%)with depths >600 eet have a SC >0.01gpm/t o dd or estimated yield o >0.5

gpm. This analysis ignores wells that weredeemed dry by the contractors.

In summary, wells drilled deeper than300 eet in ractured rock aquiers willyield insignicant amounts o additionalgroundwater. Reliable and realistic in-creased well yields in ractured rockaquiers at depths greater than 600 eet

Wells and Words Continued rom Page 5typically range rom 25 gpm in ractured rock aquiersare the exception rather than the rule.

1. On September 24, 2008 Dennis R. Helsel, Ph.D.(currently with the USGS, contributor to this web-site, and coauthor (with R.M. Hirsch) o SisiclMs i W rscs) will be presenting In-troduction to Statistical Methods in Water Resourcesin association with the 2008 GRA Annual Meetingin Costa Mesa, Caliornia. GRA is pleased that Dr.Helsel can oer this ollow-up course to Applied En-vironmental Statistics oered by GRA in May 1994.

Further relationships with other waterorganizations

National Groundwater Awareness Week

Every week should be groundwater aware-ness week as we talk to clients and riendsabout the valuable water resource beneaththem. But just in case you want a bit moreemphasis, tell them that March 9-15 isNational Groundwater Awareness Weekin 2008. You can nd a wide variety oactivities at the NGWA websites www.ngwa.org, www.groundwateradventurers.org and at www.wellowner.org. CGAparticipates on NGWAs Public AwarenessCommittee which developed a PR Tool Kityou may nd useul.

Ater doing some March activities,why not plan some more activities duringWater Awareness Month in Caliorniain May. Check out the Caliornia WaterAwareness Campaigns web site at www.wateraware.org or ino. on educationalmaterials about groundwater and otherpublic awareness projects. This year, theCWAC is planning a new Nice Savecampaign that will ocus on thanking olksor conserving water. In a year with lots odiscussion on water issues, getting notice

o groundwaters value to all Caliornianswould be a good thing to do!

CGA & GRA Members To Head To Washington DCCGA and GRA members will again partici-pate in the NGWA Fly-In in WashingtonDC in late February. Past eorts havepaid benets or groundwater industrymembers, including unding or householdwells, support or groundwater sustain-ability programs, training or well inspec-tors, and tax credits. This years Fly-In,

scheduled or February 25-26, will againocus on geothermal tax credits (wereseeing more GSHP emphasis in CA), LUSTunding, groundwater investigations andthe SECURE water act. There will alsobe an ino. session on emerging air qualityissues which may have a signicant impacton the CA groundwater industry. CGA isworking with other groups on the currentand pending CARB regulations.

Mike Mortensson, CGA ExecutiveDirector

CGA Celebrates 60th Anniversary Continued rom Page 7

Call or Abstracts Continued rom Page 18

Megarry at [email protected] or916-446-3626 or more inormation; orSponsorship & Exhibitor Opportunitiessee http://www.grac.org/se.pd

Please reserve the Conerence dates andjoin us to hear the latest scientic, man-agement, legal, and policy advances orsustaining our groundwater resources. Formore inormation, contact Kathy Snelsonat (916) 446-3626 or [email protected].


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state o our groundwater resources, with

which reasonable and sensible groundwa-ter management may be developed

2004 Caliornia Department oWater Resources or publication in 2003o its updated Bulletin 118: CaliorniasGroundwater

2002 Glenn County Water AdvisoryCommittee or ormulating a signicantgroundwater management ordinance thatwas adopted by the Glenn County Boardo Supervisors

2001 American River Basin Cooper-ating Agencies and Sacramento Ground-water Authority Partnership or osteringthe understanding and development o acooperative approach to regional plan-ning, protection and management ogroundwater

2000 Board o Directors o the ChinoBasin Watermaster or delivering a remark-able OBMP that created a consensus-basedapproach or making water supplies in theChino Basin more reliable and cost eective

1999 Governor Gray Davis or his workand leadership in addressing MTBE

GRA Requests Nominations or the2008 Lietime Achievement andKevin Neese Awards Continued rom Page 7

Save the Dateapplications of optimization tEchniquEs to grounDWatEr proJEcts

sacramEnto, california

october 15 - 16, 2008

Remediation Technology Symposium Continued rom Page 19

Evan Cox, Geosyntec Consultants -Combined Remedies or ChlorinatedSolvent and Perchlorate Sites

Wilson Clayton, Aquier Solutions - InSitu Chemical Oxidation

Mike Basel, Haley & Aldrich -Thermal Treatment

Please monitor the DTSC web site orthe nal agenda and speaker biographies.

This day-and-a-hal symposium willocus on the uses o operationsresearch (optimization) techniques

in addressing groundwater projects. Thepurposes o the conerence are to: Providethe background inormation necessaryor attendees to understand the mechan-ics o, and unique benets derived rom,perorming optimization analyses, andDemonstrate a range o successul opti-mization applications so attendees will beable to recognize when the application ooptimization techniques could be benecial

to their projects.

The conerence will consist o 1) anoptional aternoon class that presents thebasics o groundwater optimization tech-niques and 2) a one-day, single-track set opresentations that may include:

Remediation:Plume CaptureConcentration

ManagementSeawater Intrusion

Management andMitigation

Water Resources:Welleld

ManagementConjunctive Use

Planning

Water Supply Suciency andReliability Analysis

Groundwater Management orQuantity and Quality

Integrated Regional Water ResourcesManagement Planning

Economics:Conjunctive Use ManagementWater BankingWater Transer Valuation

Litigation:Damage Assessment

AdjudicationGroundwater Pumping v. Water Rights

and Other Third Party Eects

Please contact Rob Gailey with ques-tions or comments (415-407-8407, [email protected]).


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Growing demands or water in many parts o the nationare ueling the search or new approaches to sustainable water

management, including how best to store water. Society has his-torically relied on dams and reservoirs, but problems such as highevaporation rates and a lack o suitable land or dam constructionare driving interest in the prospect o storing water underground.

Managed underground storage should be considered a valuabletool in a water managers portolio, although it poses its ownunique challenges that need to be addressed through research andregulatory measures.

People are moving to Las Vegas at a rate o several thousandper week, a phenomenon also observed in Caliornia, Ari-zona, and elsewhere. Today, when these newcomers turn on

the taps in their new homes, water comes outone day, it mightnot. Periodic droughts, changing land use, rising temperatures,overallocation o rivers, overdrating o aquiers (undergroundwater reserves), water quality changes, and environmental prob-lems, combined with rapidly increasing populations, have height-ened awareness o the pressing need to nd sustainable, long-termwater management solutions. Water problems are not conned tothe western U.S.; eastern states are also eeling the crunch. There islittle doubt that the uture will bring increasing stresses on watersupplies across the nationas well as increasing burdens on watermanagers to keep meeting demands.

Several strategies have been proposed to address the need orsustainable water solutions by reducing water use, increasing watersupplies, and reusing treated wastewater. In addition to such strat-egies, however, there will likely always be a need or temporarilystoring water during times o abundance or later release duringtimes o need. Historically, dams and reservoirs have been used or

this purpose. But a number o actorsincluding high evaporationrates, environmental costs, and the decreasing availability o land

or dam constructionhave increasingly made building additionaldams impractical. These actors have led to an increased interestin prospects or storing water underground as part o a long-termwater management approach.

The National Research Council convened a committee to evalu-ate past experiences with managed underground storage o recov-erable water and to identiy the research priorities or developmento uture underground storage projects. This report, resulting romthe committees activities, assesses the actors aecting the peror-mance o such projects and recommends ways to implement andregulate managed underground storage systems.

What is Managed Underground Storage?The concept o managed underground storage o recoverablewater, here shortened to managed underground storage, encom-passes a number o approaches that purposeully add water into(recharge) an aquier system or later recovery and use. In general,managed underground storage involves the ollowing elements:

1. Water is captured rom a source. These sources can includesurace water, groundwater, treated efuent, and stormwater.

2. Water is recharged into an aquier. Aquiers are rechargedthrough use o recharge basins, vadose zone wells (wells abovethe water table), or direct recharge wells (see gure).

3. Water is stored. The water is stored in a wide spectrum oconned and unconned aquier types, rom unconsolidatedsands and gravels to limestones and ractured volcanic rocks.

4. Water is recovered or use. Recovery is typically achievedthrough extraction wells or dual-purpose recharge and recoverywells, but occasionally is achieved via natural discharge o thewater to surace-water bodies.

5. Water is used. Recovered water is used or drinking water,irrigation, industrial cooling, and other purposes.

A reclaimed water recharge well in Phoenix, AZ.SOURCE: Andy Terrey, City o Phoenix.

Methods or aquier recharge.

Prospects or Managed Underground Storage o Recoverable WaterBy William s. logan anD annE JurkoWski


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Evaluation o Managed Underground Storage: Future ProspectsSome simple orms o managed underground storage have beenused or millennia; the most recent developments were implementedabout our decades ago. Adequate experience exists, thereore, orevaluating the overall success rate o managed underground storagesystems and or identiying the challenges aced by these systems.

The report concludes that managed underground storage has

a generally successul track record in a variety o environments.Given the growing magnitude and complexity o the nations watermanagement challenges, managed underground storage should beseriously considered as one means to satisy the demand or waterand cope with water scarcity.

Challenges and Research NeedsThere is no simple solution to the nations growing water problems.Although managed underground storage is generally successul inachieving its goals, it also poses its own set o challenges, whichneed to be addressed through careul planning and research. Thesechallenges include generally high costs to design, construct, andmonitor underground storage systems; loss o some percentage o

the water; chemical reactions with aquier materials; ownershipissues; and environmental impacts.

The development o a managed underground storage systemrom project conception to a mature, well unctioning system is acomplex, multistage operation requiring interdisciplinary knowl-edge o many aspects o science, technology, and institutional issues.Water managers should consider these projects in a watershed andregionally-based context and as part o an overall water manage-ment strategy. Proessionals rom many elds, including chemists,geologists, hydrologists, microbiologists, engineers, economists,planners, and other social scientists should be involved in analysiso the options in managed underground storage projects. The

report recommends that water agencies create an independentadvisory panel at an early stage to provide objective, third-partyguidance regarding design, operation, maintenance, and monitor-ing strategies or these projects.

Some o the primary challenges to be considered at all stages oa managed underground storage system are described below.

Hydrogeological IssuesA rst step in planning a managed underground storage projectis identiying avorable locations. Some types o aquiers havehydrogeologic characteristics that are better suited or managedunderground stor

Documents

SpriNanomaterials: New Emerging Contaminants and Their Potential Impact to Water Resourcesng_2008.pdf