St. Augustine

4th Grade HumanitiesApril 2012

St. Augustine

Spanish explorers came to Florida• Columbus – 1st voyage – 1492• Ponce de León – 1513• Narváez – 1528• de Soto – 1539 – 1542

Vocabulary:expedition – a journey made for a

special purposecolony – a settlement of people set up

by one country in another land

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Why did they come to Florida?•silk•spices•other goods from Asia

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Columbus•1492•Queen of Spain – 3 ships•Bahamas

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Juan Ponce de León•1513• led 1st European expedition to what is now Florida•claimed land for Spain•named it La Florida – place of flowers•came back in 1521 to start a colony

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Juan Ponce de León•came back in 1521 to start a colony•Calusa attacked the Spaniards•Ponce de León was wounded•colonists turned back

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Fountain of Youth• legend or “old story” •said to be found in St. Augustine•“People who drank from the fountain would stay young forever.”

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Pánfilo de Narváez• 1527• arrived in Western Florida• demanded to know where the gold was• Native Americans tricked him &

directed them to head north• They sailed across Gulf of Mexico

toward Texas• Narváez and others drowned in a storm

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Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca• was part of the Narváez expedition• survived the storm• was enslaved by Native Americans in Texas• He & three others escaped• These 4 went on to explore much of the Southwest• wrote fascinating account of his experiences

St. AugustineHernando de Soto• 1539• landed in Tampa Bay• brought more than 600 people• brought horses, pigs, weapons and supplies• his group marched north, searching for gold• After several months without success, they left FL & went north (never to return).

St. AugustineSpanish had 2 MAIN GOALS: • find gold & silver• persuade the Natives to follow the

Roman Catholic religion• Spanish king had ordered explorers

to treat the natives kindly • However, de Soto disregarded the

king & mistreated the Natives• Because of de Soto’s, Narváez’s &

others’ cruelty, Native Americans often fought the Spaniards

St. AugustineNative American groups that fought back: •Timucua – fought when threatened•Apalachee – powerful warriors who defended their lands•Calusa – attacked Spaniards

Indians – spears and arrowsSpanish – armor and cannons

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Death on both sides caused by: •Explorers:• destroyed whole villages• took food & supplies for their armies• spread diseases (smallpox & measles)

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Juan Ponce de León•born in northern Spain•18 yrs. old – joined 2nd voyage of Columbus•1508 – explored & conquered Puerto Rico (used to be called the island of San Juan)

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Juan Ponce de León•King of Spain called on him to explore “island” north of Cuba •1513 – founded & claimed La Florida •1521 - He returned to FL to start a colony, but attempt failed •Seriously wounded in battle against the Calusa (& later died)

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Jean Ribault•1562 – set sail from France to FL •Landed on small island in the St. John’s River•They built a 5-sided marker with a bronze shield

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Jean Ribault•1st received friendly welcome from Timucua and their chief, Saturiba•Timucua offered corn, beans, fish, & cucumbers•French offered fine blue gowns

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FRENCH TRY TO COLONIZE

René Laudonnière•Sailed with Ribault on 1st expedition•1564 – 300 French colonists built Fort Caroline (near Jax)•has tall arched entrance• threatened by Spain’s king

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SPAIN DRIVES OUT FRANCE

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés• Sailed south of Fort Caroline, and then marched his troops north for surprise attack• Laudonniére & Le Moyne escaped• Ribault & his remaining troops were put to death in an inlet later named Matanzas (meaning “death”)

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SETTLEMENT OF ST. AUGUSTINE FOUNDED

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés•drove French out of Florida in 1565• Founding Day happened to be feast day of St. Augustine •Became the 1st permanent European settlement of of what today is the United States

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SETTLEMENT OF ST. AUGUSTINE FOUNDED

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés• became the governor (leader)• at first, had good relations with Timucua• After Spanish treated Timucua cruelly, Timucua attacked the settlement• 1586 – Sir Francis Drake & English sailors set fire to city & destroyed it

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SETTLEMENT OF ST. AUGUSTINE SUFFERS

--over next 80 yrs…•hurricanes•floods•another fire•1672 – Spanish built sturdier fort – Castillo de San Marcos

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Castillo de San Marcos•took more than 20 yrs. to build•guarded the route of Spanish treasure ships that sailed along the coast

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The Missions: a church and settlement where religion is taught•priests were among settlers who came to FL•worked to convert Native Americans to Christianity•first mission was started near St. Augustine

St. AugustineThe Missions•priests started more than 100 missions in Florida•Bishop Calderón from Cuba wrote a detailed record (used by archeologists later to study Native American way of life)•Many Timucua & Apalachee accepted Christianity & adopted European ways of life•1706 – FL mission system ends (most were destroyed during conflicts with the English)

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Effects of Spanish Rule•many places have Spanish names•some cities have their roots in Spanish colonies•some missions & forts have been restored

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Effects of Spanish Rule•Native American population greatly decreased•fighting & disease (no natural defenses in their bodies) were main causes•number of Timucua dropped from 50,000 to 1,000

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Pedro Menéndez de Avilés•born in Spain•at 14 yrs. old, joined Spanish navy…soon became an officer• fought pirates in the Mediterranean Sea•commanded a fleet that brought treasure back to Spain from the Americas

St. Augustine Pedro Menéndez de Avilés•1563 – sent to prison for 2 yrs for not obeying orders at sea•Spain’s king still chose him to start colony in FL•1565 – founded St. Augustine•built forts along coast•made agreements with Native Americans•brought priests from Spain to start missions•1574 - died in Spain

St. Augustine Shipwrecks and Salvage•the waters off Florida are “littered” with shipwrecks that occurred over hundreds of years •Attocha – Spanish wreck sank in 1622 – treasure worth an estimated $300 million •Spanish Treasure Fleet – sank in 1715 – still being salvaged

St. Augustine Shipwrecks and Salvage•Florida Keys – ideal territory for wreckers who retrieved and then sold the cargo from ships that crashed on the nearby reef •Blackbeard – cruel pirate who preyed on Spanish ships•Caravels & Galleons – ships that transported treasure back to Spain