S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S

Coagulation 101D a v i d P e r n i t s k y , P h D , P . E n g

Speaker Introduction

2

David Pernitsky, Ph.D., P.Eng– Stantec Vice President, Water Treatment

Global Practice Leader– Over 25 years of experience– Expert in water chemistry

Symptoms of Poor Coagulation“It’s not just about the clarifier…” High turbidity from clarifier is only one indication of poor coagulation

“It’s really about the filters…” Poor coagulation chemistry is often responsible for:

– High filtered water turbidity– Poor filter ripening– Low Unit Filter Run Volumes (UFRVs)

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 3

Why Do We Coagulate? Condition raw water particles so they can be removed by

clarification and filtration– Remove turbidity and pathogens

Convert NOM to a solid phase for removal by clarification and filtration– Remove color– Remove DBP precursors– Increase UV transmittance to improve UV disinfection

End Goal: make near-neutral floc particles that filter well

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 4

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 5

Critical Elements Chemistry of Contaminants:

– Particles– Dissolved organics

Chemistry of Coagulants:– Metal-salt coagulants (alum, ferric chloride, PACl)– Organic polymers

Solution Parameters (pH, temperature)

Chemistry of Particles Many types of particles:

– Clays, minerals, algae, organic debris

All have pH dependent surface chemistry– -OH (hydroxyl) groups– Negative (-ve) at high pH, less -ve at low pH

Low pH High pH

(Source: Stumm and Morgan 1996)

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 6

Chemistry of NOM Complicated and unique

pH dependent functional groups:– Phenolic, carboxylic, aliphatic…– All of these behave like -OH (hydroxyl) groups– -ve at neutral to high pH, less -ve at low pH

Charge demand 10 to 100x greater than clays

Low pH High pH

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 7

Importance of Turbidity versus NOM Particle Charge

– 10 mg/L TSS (10 NTU)– 0.5 μeq/mg– 5 μeq/L

Turbidity rarely controls coagulant dose Dose depends on NOM removal or floc filterability Need timely measure of raw water NOM to use for adjusting coagulant dose

NOM Charge– 3 mg/L TOC– 10 to 100 μeq/mg– 30 to 300 μeq/L

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 8

Chemistry of Coagulants Metal-salt coagulants (alum, ferric, PACl):

– Form dissolved & solid (floc) species – pH dependent– Charge of dissolved species and floc surface is pH dependent– More positive (+ve) at low pH– Generate Al(OH)3 or Fe(OH)3 sludge

Organic Polymers:– Operate via charged functional groups– Charge is largely unaffected by pH– Less sludge generation

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 9

Alum Chemistry Solubility and speciation are pH-dependent

– Dissolved Species represent only a small part of total aluminum; most is floc– Strong positive charges of dissolved species only at very low pH

(Source: Pernitsky and Edzwald 2006)

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 10

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S

PACl Chemistry Titration of OH- into AlCl3 forms an Al137+ polymer

Characterized by “Basicity” or degree of neutralization– Fully neutralized: Al3+ + 3OH- ↔ Al(OH)3– Basicity = [OH-] / 3[AlT] x 100%– Higher the basicity, higher the Al13 content– 20% (low), 50% (med), 75% (high), 85% (ACH)– Higher the basicity, lower the alkalinity consumption

Can contain additives: sulfate, silicate, organic polymers

Match basicity - raw water alkalinity - coagulation pH

11

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S

PACl Chemistry Al137+ polymer defines solubility

for PACls

Very little floc formation for high basicity PACls below pH 6.5

Alum and high basicity PACls shown; medium and low basicity PACls are between these two extremes

(Adapted from Pernitsky and Edzwald 2003)

12

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S

Al Species in Alum and PAClAlum PACl

Frac

tion

of S

olub

le A

l

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Al3+ Al(OH)41-

Al(OH)21+

Al(OH)2+20 oC

pH3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Frac

tion

Solu

ble

Al

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8Al3+

Al(OH)2+

Al(OH)21+

Al(OH)41-

5 oC

Frac

tion

of S

olub

le A

l

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Al3+ Al(OH)41-

Al(OH)21+

Al(OH)2+

20 oC

Al137+

pH3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Frac

tion

Solu

ble

Al

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8Al3+

Al(OH)2+Al(OH)2

1+

Al(OH)41-

5 oC

Al137+

Oversaturated

Oversaturated

(Source: Pernitsky and Edzwald 2006)

13

PACl and Alum Floc Charge

Data for PACl 83%, 67%, 33% basicity from Solomentseva et al. 1999Data for PAS 25% basicity from Solomentseva et al. 2004Data for Alum from Duan et al. 2014

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 14

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 15

NOM Removal with PACl and Alum Lower basicity PACls depress pH more and

remove more NOM

NOM removal with PACls can be enhanced by reducing pH– pH 7 adequate– 50% UV removal with alum at pH 6.2– 50% UV removal with High Basic PACl at pH 7

Even though PACls have highly positively-charged floc at high pH, NOM removal still requires relatively low pH - Still need to test

Coagulant Dose (mg/L as Al)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

UV F

ract

ion

Rem

aini

ng

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Unadjusted pHpH 7.0pH 6.5pH 6.2

pH 7.8

pH 7.7 pH 7.6

High Basic PACl with pH adjustment

Coagulant Dose (mg/L as Al)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

UV F

ract

ion

Rem

aini

ng

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

AlumLBNSMBSHBSHBNS

Unadjusted pH

Alum, pH 6.2Low Basic PACl, pH 7.2-6.4Med Basic PACl, pH 7.4-6.7High Basic PACl, pH 7.6-7.2High Basic PACl, pH 7.8-7.5

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 16

Ferric Chemistry Fe(OH)3 solubility is very low over a

wide pH range

Dissolved-phase coagulant species are more positive at lower pH

Not much positive surface charge above pH 6.5

Explains why ferric coagulants are most effective at or below pH 6

(Source: Stumm and Morgan 1996)

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 17

Summary of Chemistry Charge of coagulant species is pH dependent NOM charge demand is pH dependent Lower pH is better for coagulation performance

pH Low High

NOM Charge Less Negative More Negative

Particle Charge Less Negative More Negative

Coagulant Charge More Positive Less Positive

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 18

Keys to Coagulation Control How much NOM?

– Must satisfy charge demand of NOM

What is pH after coagulation?– Controls residual Al / Fe concentrations– Determines efficiency of NOM removal– Determines floc surface charge

» Affects clarification / filtration performance

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 19

pH-Related Coagulant Demand Graphs show floc charge after coagulant

addition for same water

Must satisfy charge demand of NOM before particle charge changes

At high pH, coagulant demand much higher

Coagulant selection critical at high pH

Coagulants used: Alum High-basicity no-sulfate PACl (HBNS) High-basicity PACl with sulfate (HBS)

Coagulant Dose (mg/L Al)

0 1 2 3 4 5

Aver

age

EPM

( µm

/s/V

/cm

)

-2

-1

1

2

0

AlumHBNSHBS

pH: 6.2

Coagulant Dose (mg/L Al)

0 1 2 3 4 5

Aver

age

EPM

( µm

/s/V

/cm

)

-2

-1

1

2

0

pH: 7.5

AlumHBNSHBS

(Source: Pernitsky and Edzwald 2006)

NOM Related Coagulant Demand

Coagulants used: Alum High-basicity no-sulfate PACl (HBNS) High-basicity PACl with sulfate (HBS)

WaterTurbidity

(NTU)TOC

(mg/L) SUVA

Dose toneutralize(mg/L as

Al)

1 16 2.5 2.2 0.8

2 0.8 2.8 3.0 1.5

3 0.7 6.1 4.5 4.2

2

3

0 1 2 3 4 5

Ave

rage

EP

M ( µ

m/s

/V/c

m)

-2

-1

1

2

0

AlumHBNSHBS

pH: 6.2

Source: Pernitsky and Edzwald 2006

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 20

1

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 21

Poor Coagulation causes Poor Filter Performance Low UFRVs, long ripening times, early breakthrough Conventional jar tests give little indication of filterability of floc

4.5 hr filter run

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 22

Filter UFRV Water produced (between ripening and end of run) per unit area Allows comparison of filters independent of loading rate and size

Surface Straining (Physical)

Interstitial Straining (Physical)

Attachment (Phys/Chem)

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 23

Filtration Mechanisms

Particles smaller than void spaces need to be “near-neutral” in charge to adhere to surface of media grains

If weakly attached, small particles can be removed by hydraulic shear as bed gets full and interstitial velocity increases

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 24

Floc Charge and WTP Performance “Near-Neutral” floc leads to good filter performance

– Can measure with zeta potential or streaming current

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 25

Case Study: Polymer for Direct Filtration Direct filtration plant

To get 0.3 NTU, high coagulant dose and high headloss / short run

Drop coagulant dose and get early breakthrough / short run

Bench-scale zeta potential analysis

Can’t get neutral floc particles with reasonable PACl doses

Need to evaluate cationic polymers

Source: Pernitsky et al. 2010

Evaluate Polymers for Charge Neutralization Kept baseline PACl dose (1.7

mg/l Al) and added polymer

4 mg/L polymer needed to get to target zeta potential of –5mV

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Superfloc C-573 Dose (mg/L)

Zeta

Poten

tial (m

V)

Good filtration typically seen when ZP greater than -5 mV.

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 26

influent tracking

401924019240192

401934019340192

401964019640193

401974019740196

401984019840196

401994019940197

402004020040198

402034020340198

402044020440199

402064020640200

402074020740200

402104021040203

402114021140203

402124021240204

402134021340204

402144021440206

402174021740207

402184021840210

402194021940211

402204022040212

402254022540212

402264022640213

402274022740214

402284022840217

402314023140218

402324023240219

402334023340220

402344023440225

402354023540226

40227

40228

40231

40232

40233

40234

Raw water UVA

Raw Water (filtered) UVA

Master Flow Rate

Date (2010)

UV absorbance at 254 nm (cm-1)

Flow Rate (ML/d)

0.138

0.131

3.38

0.134

0.134

3.38

0.138

0.122

3.07

0.134

0.124

2.8

0.133

0.136

3.05

0.135

0.12

2.71

0.136

0.121

3.14

0.137

0.13

3.14

0.132

0.131

3.16

0.127

0.127

2.28

0.132

0.12

2.78

0.128

0.133

3.05

0.129

0.132

3.02

0.131

0.133

3.16

0.134

0.125

3.14

0.13

0.131

2

0.131

0.133

2.02

0.135

0.122

3.09

0.136

0.13

3.02

0.136

0.13

2.8

0.132

0.132

3.07

0.144

0.139

2.8

0.139

0.134

3.05

0.133

0.129

3.05

0.129

0.13

3.14

0.135

0.111

2.9

0.133

0.129

3.9

0.136

0.13

3.67

3.06

2.97

2.79

3.02

3.02

2.75

2.57

ZP data

DatePolymer DoseZeta Potential

mg/L

14-Jan-100.0-31

15-Jan-100.5-19

18-Jan-101.0-22

19-Jan-101.5

20-Jan-101.5-19.1

21-Jan-102.0

22-Jan-102.0-22

25-Jan-103.0-12

26-Jan-103.5-10.8

27-Jan-103.5-9.5

28-Jan-104.0-9.6

29-Jan-104.0-7.3

1-Feb-104.0-6.3

2-Feb-104.5-4.5

4-Feb-105.0-5.03

8-Feb-105.0-3.75

11-Feb-104.0-5.32

16-Feb-104.0-5.99

17-Feb-104.0-5.12

18-Feb-104.0-2.99

19-Feb-104.0-5.04

20-Feb-104.0

21-Feb-104.0

22-Feb-104.0

23-Feb-104.0

24-Feb-104.0

25-Feb-104.0-6.39

26-Feb-104.0-7.14

27-Feb-104.0

28-Feb-104.0

1-Mar-104.0pH changed to 6.7

2-Mar-104.0-3

3-Mar-104.0

plot UFRV v zp

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

000

000

0010

0.5111

0.50.51.50.5

1121

1.5131

21.53.51.5

3241.5

3.5342

43.543

444.54

4.5454

54.554

554.5

555

55

5

Filter 4100

Filter 4200

Filter 4300

Filter 4400

Polymer Dose (mg/L)

Unit Filter Run Volume (m3/m2)

72.0136363636

70.7818181818

61.0409090909

71.7636363636

70.4545454545

71.8363636364

76.4727272727

70.5090909091

66.4181818182

71.0545454545

71.7454545455

71.7363636364

70

65.5

62

82.7

63.6

65.5

63.6

82.7

66.8

60

63.6

79.5

66.8

65

66.8

90.7

70

71.6

63.6

111.4

62

82.7

70

112.9545454545

70

102

71.6

109.7727272727

70

101.8181818182

92.3

117.7272727273

82.7

120.9090909091

95.4545454545

117.7272727273

105

114.5454545455

109.7727272727

111.3636363636

109.7727272727

125.6818181818

106.5909090909

117.7272727273

127.2727272727

117.7272727273

112.9545454545

111.3636363636

120.9090909091

98.6363636364

95.4545454545

120.9090909091

105

98.6363636364

124.0909090909

97.0454545455

107.3863636364

108.1818181818

Chart Zeta

0

0.5

1

1.5

1.5

2

2

3

3.5

3.5

4

4

4

4.5

5

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Full-scale Trial

Superfloc C-573 Dose (mg/L)

Zeta Potential (mV)

-31

-19

-22

-19.1

-22

-12

-10.8

-9.5

-9.6

-7.3

-6.3

-4.5

-5.03

-3.75

-5.32

-5.99

-5.12

-2.99

-5.04

Drawdown data

DateMaster Plant FlowDrawdownTarget Dosesolution strengthCalculated dose% error in dose

MLDmL/minmg/LmL poly / mL solution

14-Jan3.380.0

14-Jan3.381080.51.0%0.52-5%

15-Jan3.071981.01.0%1.06-6%

18-Jan2.81001.02.0%1.17-17%05

18-Jan3.051451.52.0%1.56-4%

19-Jan2.711251.52.0%1.51-1%

20-Jan3.141451.52.0%1.52-1%

20-Jan3.142002.02.0%2.09-5%

21-Jan3.162002.02.0%2.08-4%

22-Jan2.281502.02.0%2.16-8%

22-Jan2.782603.02.0%3.07-2%

25-Jan3.052803.02.0%3.01-0%

25-Jan3.023303.52.0%3.59-3%

26-Jan3.163453.52.0%3.58-2%

26-Jan3.141703.54.0%3.56-2%

28-Jan21053.54.0%3.452%

29-Jan2.021304.04.0%4.23-6%

1-Feb3.091954.04.0%4.14-4%

2-Feb3.022054.54.0%4.461%

3-Feb2.81954.54.0%4.57-2%

3-Feb3.072355.04.0%5.03-1%

4-Feb2.82155.04.0%5.04-1%

5-Feb3.052355.04.0%5.06-1%

8-Feb3.052355.04.0%5.06-1%

9-Feb3.141854.04.0%3.873%

10-Feb2.91754.04.0%3.961%

11-Feb3.92304.04.0%3.873%

16-Feb3.672204.04.0%3.942%

17-Feb3.061954.04.0%4.18-5%

18-Feb2.971904.04.0%4.20-5%

19-Feb2.791804.04.0%4.24-6%

22-Feb3.021854.04.0%4.02-1%

23-Feb3.021854.04.0%4.02-1%

24-Feb2.751704.04.0%4.06-1%

25-Feb2.571604.04.0%4.09-2%

Chart draw down

0.52453491120

1.05875179155

1.1725714286

1.5608655738

1.5143911439

1.5161273885

2.0912101911

2.0779746835

2.16

3.070618705

3.0140852459

3.587602649

3.5845063291

3.5550573248

3.44736

4.2259009901

4.1438446602

4.4573245033

4.5730285714

5.0263973941

5.0420571429

5.059357377

5.059357377

3.8687388535

3.9624827586

3.8724923077

3.9362615804

4.1844705882

4.2007272727

4.2363870968

4.0224635762

Drawdown data

Target dose

Target Dose (mg/L)

Measured Dose (mg/L)

y = 1.006x - 0.074R2 = 0.9972

0.5

0

1

5

1

1.5

1.5

1.5

2

2

2

3

3

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

4

4

4.5

4.5

5

5

5

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Chart draw down (2)

40192

40193

40196

40196

40197

40198

40198

40199

40200

40200

40203

40203

40204

40204

40206

40207

40210

40211

40212

40212

40213

40214

40217

40218

40219

40220

40225

40226

40227

40228

40231

4.0224635762

4.0592290909

Superfloc C-573

Date (2010)

Measured Superfloc® C-573 Dose (mg/L)

0.5245349112

1.0587517915

1.1725714286

1.5608655738

1.5143911439

1.5161273885

2.0912101911

2.0779746835

2.16

3.070618705

3.0140852459

3.587602649

3.5845063291

3.5550573248

3.44736

4.2259009901

4.1438446602

4.4573245033

4.5730285714

5.0263973941

5.0420571429

5.059357377

5.059357377

3.8687388535

3.9624827586

3.8724923077

3.9362615804

4.1844705882

4.2007272727

4.2363870968

4.0224635762

UVA data

25MaxMin75

DateRWRW filtered4100420043004400Average for filters

14-Jan-100.00.1380.1310.0520.0530.0470.0520.0510.0510.0530.0470.0520.0860.0850.0910.086

15-Jan-100.50.1340.1340.0580.0530.0510.050.0530.0510.0580.0500.0540.0760.0810.0830.084

18-Jan-101.00.1380.1220.0560.0510.0510.0510.0520.0510.0560.0510.0520.0820.0870.0870.087

19-Jan-101.50.1340.1240.0450.0470.0480.0510.0480.0470.0550.0450.0500.0890.0870.0860.083

20-Jan-101.50.1330.1360.0550.0490.0480.0450.0490.0780.0840.0850.088

21-Jan-102.00.1350.120.0480.0530.0530.0490.0510.0480.0530.0440.0530.0870.0820.0820.086

22-Jan-102.00.1360.1210.0530.0480.0440.0470.0480.0830.0880.0920.089

25-Jan-103.00.1370.130.0440.0490.0490.0480.0480.0470.0490.0440.0490.0930.0880.0880.089

26-Jan-103.50.1320.1310.0410.0450.0480.0420.0440.0410.0480.0400.0450.0910.0870.0840.09

28-Jan-103.50.1270.1270.0450.040.0410.0420.0820.0870.086

29-Jan-104.00.1320.120.0470.0410.0390.0420.0400.0470.0350.0440.0850.0910.093

1-Feb-104.00.1280.1330.0440.0440.0350.0420.0410.0840.0840.0930.086

2-Feb-104.50.1290.1320.0370.0440.0380.040.0400.0400.0560.0370.0500.0920.0850.0910.089

3-Feb-104.50.1310.1330.0560.0490.0510.0490.0510.0750.0820.080.082

4-Feb-105.00.1340.1250.0370.0410.0390.0390.0390.0380.0410.0370.039

5-Feb-105.00.130.1310.0380.0380.0380.040.039

8-Feb-105.00.1310.1330.0440.0410.0380.0410.041

9-Feb-104.00.1350.1220.040.0430.040.0420.0410.0410.0540.0320.049

10-Feb-104.00.1360.130.0510.0440.048

11-Feb-104.00.1360.130.0510.0440.048

16-Feb-104.00.1320.1320.0490.0470.0380.0440.045

17-Feb-104.00.1440.1390.0480.040.0520.047

18-Feb-104.00.1390.1340.050.0440.0460.047

19-Feb-104.00.1330.1290.0450.040.0520.046

22-Feb-104.00.1290.130.0410.0370.0320.037

23-Feb-104.00.1350.1110.0490.0440.0380.044

24-Feb-104.00.1330.1290.0490.0490.0420.047

25-Feb-104.00.1360.130.0540.0430.050.049

26-Feb-104.0

251.3E-011.2E-014.4E-024.4E-024.0E-024.1E-02

Max1.4E-011.4E-015.8E-025.3E-025.3E-025.2E-02

Min1.3E-011.1E-013.7E-023.8E-023.5E-023.2E-02

751.4E-011.3E-015.2E-024.9E-024.8E-025.0E-02

chart UVA

401924019240192401924019240192

401934019340193401934019340193

401964019640196401964019640196

401974019740197401974019740197

401984019840198401984019840198

401994019940199401994019940199

402004020040200402004020040200

402034020340203402034020340203

402044020440204402044020440204

402064020640206402064020640206

402074020740207402074020740207

402104021040210402104021040210

402114021140211402114021140211

402124021240212402124021240212

402134021340213402134021340213

402144021440214402144021440214

402174021740217402174021740217

402184021840218402184021840218

402194021940219402194021940219

402204022040220402204022040220

402254022540225402254022540225

402264022640226402264022640226

402274022740227402274022740227

402284022840228402284022840228

402314023140231402314023140231

402324023240232402324023240232

402334023340233402334023340233

402344023440234402344023440234

402354023540235402354023540235

Raw water

Raw water (filtered)

4100

4200

4300

4400

Date (2010)

UV absrobance at 254 nm (cm-1)

0.138

0.131

0.052

0.053

0.047

0.052

0.134

0.134

0.058

0.053

0.051

0.05

0.138

0.122

0.056

0.051

0.051

0.051

0.134

0.124

0.045

0.047

0.048

0.051

0.133

0.136

0.055

0.049

0.048

0.045

0.135

0.12

0.048

0.053

0.053

0.049

0.136

0.121

0.053

0.048

0.044

0.047

0.137

0.13

0.044

0.049

0.049

0.048

0.132

0.131

0.041

0.045

0.048

0.042

0.127

0.127

0.045

0.04

0.041

0.132

0.12

0.047

0.041

0.039

0.128

0.133

0.044

0.044

0.035

0.042

0.129

0.132

0.037

0.044

0.038

0.04

0.131

0.133

0.056

0.049

0.051

0.049

0.134

0.125

0.037

0.041

0.039

0.039

0.13

0.131

0.038

0.038

0.038

0.04

0.131

0.133

0.044

0.041

0.038

0.041

0.135

0.122

0.04

0.043

0.04

0.042

0.136

0.13

0.051

0.044

0.136

0.13

0.051

0.044

0.132

0.132

0.049

0.047

0.038

0.044

0.144

0.139

0.048

0.04

0.052

0.139

0.134

0.05

0.044

0.046

0.133

0.129

0.045

0.04

0.052

0.129

0.13

0.041

0.037

0.032

0.135

0.111

0.049

0.044

0.038

0.133

0.129

0.049

0.049

0.042

0.136

0.13

0.054

0.043

0.05

chart BW UVA

RWRWRWRW

RW filteredRW filteredRW filteredRW filtered

4100410041004100

4200420042004200

4300430043004300

4400440044004400

Sample location

UV absorbance at 254 nm (cm-1)

0.13175

0.144

0.127

0.136

0.12475

0.139

0.111

0.13225

0.044

0.058

0.037

0.0515

0.044

0.053

0.038

0.049

0.03975

0.053

0.035

0.048

0.041

0.052

0.032

0.04975

chart BW UVA2

0000

0.50.50.50.5

1111

1.51.51.51.5

2222

3333

3.53.53.53.5

4444

4.54.54.54.5

5555

4444

Superfloc C-573 (mg/L)

UV absorbance at 254 nm (cm-1)

0.05075

0.053

0.047

0.05225

0.05075

0.058

0.05

0.05425

0.051

0.056

0.051

0.05225

0.0465

0.055

0.045

0.0495

0.04775

0.053

0.044

0.053

0.047

0.049

0.044

0.049

0.041

0.048

0.04

0.045

0.04

0.047

0.035

0.044

0.0395

0.056

0.037

0.0495

0.038

0.041

0.037

0.03925

0.041

0.054

0.032

0.049

TOC vs UVA

0.0580.134

0.0530.134

0.0510.138

0.050.122

0.0560.136

0.0510.121

0.0510.137

0.0510.13

0.053

0.048

0.044

0.047

0.044

0.049

0.049

0.048

UVA (cm-1)

TOC (mg/L)

2.2

2.8

2.4

2.7

1.7

2.9

2.2

3.1

2.1

3.2

1.8

2.7

1.6

3.6

2.6

3.2

2

2.3

1.5

1.8

1.5

2.1

1.6

1.4

TOC data

0.1342.8

0.1342.7

25MaxMin75SUVA0.1382.9

DateRWRW filtered4100420043004400Average for filters0.1223.1

14-Jan-100.000.1363.2

15-Jan-100.52.82.72.22.41.72.22.1252.1E+002.4E+001.7E+002.3E+005.02.62.23.02.30.1212.7

18-Jan-101.02.93.12.11.81.62.62.0251.8E+002.6E+001.6E+002.2E+003.92.72.83.22.00.1373.6

19-Jan-101.500.133.2

20-Jan-101.50

21-Jan-102.001.7E+002.3E+001.5E+002.1E+00

22-Jan-102.03.22.722.31.51.81.94.52.72.12.92.60.0582.2

25-Jan-103.03.63.21.52.11.61.41.651.5E+002.1E+001.4E+001.7E+004.12.92.33.13.40.0532.4

26-Jan-103.500.0511.7

27-Jan-103.500.052.2

28-Jan-100.0562.1

29-Jan-100.0511.8

30-Jan-100.0511.6

31-Jan-100.0512.6

1-Feb-100.0532

2-Feb-100.0482.3

3-Feb-100.0441.5

0.0471.8

0.0441.5

0.0492.1

0.0491.6

0.0481.4

252.9E+002.7E+001.9E+002.0E+001.6E+001.7E+00

Max3.6E+003.2E+002.2E+002.4E+001.7E+002.6E+00

Min2.8E+002.7E+001.5E+001.8E+001.5E+001.4E+00

753.3E+003.1E+002.1E+002.3E+001.6E+002.3E+00

chart TOC

401924019240192401924019240192

401934019340193401934019340193

401964019640196401964019640196

401974019740197401974019740197

401984019840198401984019840198

401994019940199401994019940199

402004020040200402004020040200

402034020340203402034020340203

402044020440204402044020440204

402054020540205402054020540205

402064020640206402064020640206

402074020740207402074020740207

402084020840208402084020840208

402094020940209402094020940209

402104021040210402104021040210

402114021140211402114021140211

402124021240212402124021240212

Raw water

Raw water (filtered)

4100

4200

4300

4400

Date (2010)

Total Organic Carbon (mg/L)

2.8

2.7

2.2

2.4

1.7

2.2

2.9

3.1

2.1

1.8

1.6

2.6

3.2

2.7

2

2.3

1.5

1.8

3.6

3.2

1.5

2.1

1.6

1.4

chart BW TOC

RWRWRWRW

RW filteredRW filteredRW filteredRW filtered

4100410041004100

4200420042004200

4300430043004300

4400440044004400

Sample location

Total Organic Carbon (mg/L)

2.875

3.6

2.8

3.3

2.7

3.2

2.7

3.125

1.875

2.2

1.5

2.125

2.025

2.4

1.8

2.325

1.575

1.7

1.5

1.625

1.7

2.6

1.4

2.3

chart BW TOC2

0.50.50.50.5

1111

2222

3333

Superfloc C-573 Dose (mg/L)

Total Organic Carbon (mg/L)

2.075

2.4

1.7

2.25

1.75

2.6

1.6

2.225

1.725

2.3

1.5

2.075

1.475

2.1

1.4

1.725

UVA data (2)

25MaxMin75

DateRWRW filtered4100420043004400Average for filters

14-Jan-100.00.1380.1310.0860.0850.0910.0860.0878.6E-029.1E-028.5E-028.7E-02

15-Jan-100.50.1340.1340.0760.0810.0830.0840.0818.0E-028.4E-027.6E-028.3E-02

18-Jan-101.00.1380.1220.0820.0870.0870.0870.085758.6E-028.7E-028.2E-028.7E-02

19-Jan-101.50.1340.1240.0890.0870.0860.0830.086258.4E-028.9E-027.8E-028.7E-02

20-Jan-101.50.1330.1360.0780.0840.0850.0880.08375

21-Jan-102.00.1350.120.0870.0820.0820.0860.084258.3E-029.2E-028.2E-028.8E-02

22-Jan-102.00.1360.1210.0830.0880.0920.0890.088

25-Jan-103.00.1370.130.0930.0880.0880.0890.08958.8E-029.3E-028.8E-029.0E-02

26-Jan-103.50.1320.1310.0910.0870.0840.090.0888.5E-029.1E-028.2E-028.9E-02

28-Jan-103.50.1270.1270.0820.0870.0860.085

29-Jan-104.00.1320.120.0850.0910.0930.08966666678.5E-029.3E-028.4E-029.2E-02

1-Feb-104.00.1280.1330.0840.0840.0930.0860.08675

2-Feb-104.50.1290.1320.0920.0850.0910.0890.089258.2E-029.2E-027.5E-029.0E-02

3-Feb-104.50.1310.1330.0750.0820.080.0820.07975

4-Feb-105.0

5-Feb-105.0

8-Feb-10

9-Feb-10

10-Feb-10

11-Feb-10

12-Feb-10

251.3E-011.2E-018.2E-028.4E-028.4E-028.6E-02

Max1.4E-011.4E-019.3E-028.8E-029.3E-029.3E-02

Min1.3E-011.2E-017.5E-028.1E-028.0E-028.2E-02

751.4E-011.3E-018.9E-028.7E-029.1E-028.9E-02

chart UVA (2)

401924019240192401924019240192

401934019340193401934019340193

401964019640196401964019640196

401974019740197401974019740197

401984019840198401984019840198

401994019940199401994019940199

402004020040200402004020040200

402034020340203402034020340203

402044020440204402044020440204

402064020640206402064020640206

402074020740207402074020740207

402104021040210402104021040210

402114021140211402114021140211

402124021240212402124021240212

402134021340213402134021340213

402144021440214402144021440214

402174021740217402174021740217

402184021840218402184021840218

402194021940219402194021940219

402204022040220402204022040220

402214022140221402214022140221

Raw water

Raw water (filtered)

4100

4200

4300

4400

Date (2010)

UV absrobance at 254 nm (cm-1)

0.138

0.131

0.086

0.085

0.091

0.086

0.134

0.134

0.076

0.081

0.083

0.084

0.138

0.122

0.082

0.087

0.087

0.087

0.134

0.124

0.089

0.087

0.086

0.083

0.133

0.136

0.078

0.084

0.085

0.088

0.135

0.12

0.087

0.082

0.082

0.086

0.136

0.121

0.083

0.088

0.092

0.089

0.137

0.13

0.093

0.088

0.088

0.089

0.132

0.131

0.091

0.087

0.084

0.09

0.127

0.127

0.082

0.087

0.086

0.132

0.12

0.085

0.091

0.093

0.128

0.133

0.084

0.084

0.093

0.086

0.129

0.132

0.092

0.085

0.091

0.089

0.131

0.133

0.075

0.082

0.08

0.082

chart BW UVA (2)

RWRWRWRW

RW filteredRW filteredRW filteredRW filtered

4100410041004100

4200420042004200

4300430043004300

4400440044004400

Sample location

UV absorbance at 254 nm (cm-1)

0.13125

0.138

0.127

0.13575

0.1225

0.136

0.12

0.13275

0.082

0.093

0.075

0.0885

0.0835

0.088

0.081

0.087

0.08425

0.093

0.08

0.091

0.086

0.093

0.082

0.089

chart BW UVA2 (2)

0000

0.50.50.50.5

1111

1.51.51.51.5

2222

3333

3.53.53.53.5

4444

4.54.54.54.5

Superfloc C-573 (mg/L)

UV absorbance at 254 nm (cm-1)

0.08575

0.091

0.085

0.08725

0.07975

0.084

0.076

0.08325

0.08575

0.087

0.082

0.087

0.08375

0.089

0.078

0.08725

0.08275

0.092

0.082

0.08825

0.088

0.093

0.088

0.09

0.085

0.091

0.082

0.0885

0.0845

0.093

0.084

0.092

0.0815

0.092

0.075

0.0895

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 27

Full-Scale Polymer Trials Kept baseline

PACl dose (1.7 mg/l Al) and added polymer

4 mg/L and target zeta potential of –5 mV gave highest UFRVs

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Polymer Dose (mg/L)

Uni

t Filt

er R

un V

olum

e (m

3 /m2 )

Filter 4100Filter 4200Filter 4300Filter 4400

Filter Loading Rate: 35 m3/hr

plot UFRV

40180.848611111140180.848611111140180.848611111140180.848611111140180.8486111111

40181.862540181.862540181.862540181.862540181.8625

40182.834722222240182.834722222240182.834722222240182.834722222240182.8347222222

40183.82540183.82540183.82540183.82540183.825

40184.7937540184.7937540184.7937540184.7937540184.79375

40185.864583333340185.864583333340185.864583333340185.864583333340185.8645833333

40186.913194444440186.913194444440186.913194444440186.913194444440186.9131944444

40187.887540187.887540187.887540187.887540187.8875

40188.897916666740188.897916666740188.897916666740188.897916666740188.8979166667

40189.878472222240189.878472222240189.878472222240189.878472222240189.8784722222

40190.874305555640190.874305555640190.874305555640190.874305555640190.8743055556

40191.869444444440191.869444444440191.869444444440191.869444444440191.8694444444

40192.560416666740192.56041666674019140192.560416666740192.5604166667

4019140191401954019140191

4019240192401964019240192

4019340193401974019340193

4019540195402004019540195

4019840196402024019640196

4020040198402044019740197

4020140200402074019840198

4020540201402084020040200

4020840203402104020240202

4021040208402124020740207

4021240210402154020840208

4021440212402174021040210

40212

40214

40216

40217

Filter Loading Rate: 35 m3/hr

Filter 4100

Filter 4200

Filter 4300

Superfloc C-573 dose

Filter 4400

Date (2010)

Unit Filter Run Volume (m3/m2)

Polymer Dose (mg/L)

72.0136363636

0

70.7818181818

0

61.0409090909

0

71.7636363636

0

70.4545454545

0

71.8363636364

0

76.4727272727

0

70.5090909091

0

66.4181818182

0

71.0545454545

0

71.7454545455

0

71.7363636364

70

65.5

62

82.7272727273

0

63.6

65.5

63.6

82.7272727273

1

66.8

60

63.6

79.5454545455

0.5

66.8

65

66.8

90.6818181818

1

70

71.5909090909

63.6

111.3636363636

1

62

82.7272727273

70

112.9545454545

1.5

70

101.8181818182

71.6

109.7727272727

1.5

70

101.8181818182

92.3

117.7272727273

2

82.7

120.9090909091

95.4545454545

117.7272727273

3

105

114.5454545455

109.7727272727

111.3636363636

4

109.7727272727

125.6818181818

106.5909090909

117.7272727273

4

127.2727272727

117.7272727273

112.9545454545

111.3636363636

4

120.9090909091

4.5

5

5

5

plot headloss

40180.848611111140180.84861111114019140180.848611111140180.8486111111

40181.862540181.86254019540181.862540181.8625

40182.834722222240182.83472222224019640182.834722222240182.8347222222

40183.82540183.8254019740183.82540183.825

40184.7937540184.793754020040184.7937540184.79375

40185.864583333340185.86458333334020240185.864583333340185.8645833333

40186.913194444440186.91319444444020440186.913194444440186.9131944444

40187.887540187.88754020740187.887540187.8875

40188.897916666740188.89791666674020840188.897916666740188.8979166667

40189.878472222240189.87847222224021040189.878472222240189.8784722222

40190.874305555640190.87430555564021240190.874305555640190.8743055556

40191.869444444440191.86944444444021540191.869444444440191.8694444444

40192.560416666740192.56041666674021740192.560416666740192.5604166667

4019140191402194019140191

4019240192402204019240192

4019340193402204019340193

4019540195402224019540195

40198401964019640196

40200401984019740197

40201402004019840198

40205402014020040200

40208402034020240202

40210402084020740207

40212402104020840208

40214402124021040210

40215402144021240212

40217402164021440214

40219402174021640216

40220402194021740217

40220402204021940219

Filter Loading Rate: 35 m3/hr

Filter 4100

Filter 4200

Filter 4300

Superfloc C-573 dose

Filter 4400

Date (2010)

Headloss (m)

Polymer Dose (mg/L)

0.85

0

0.95

0

1.1

0

1.1

0

1.3

0

1.67

0

1.7

0

1.8

0

2

0

2

0

1.9

0

2

2

0.7

0.7

1.8

0

0.7

0.7

0.7

1.23

1

0.7

0.7

0.7

1.1

0.5

0.75

0.75

0.75

1.63

1

0.8

0.99

0.7

1

0.7

1

0.8

1.5

0.85

1.23

1

1.5

0.7

1.2

1.2

2

1.05

1.5

1.2

3

1.35

1.54

1.35

4

1.35

1.5

1.53

4

1.35

1.49

1.64

4

1.6

1.28

1.32

4.5

1.56

1.33

1.56

5

1.6

0.68

1.33

5

1.45

0.7

5

1.45

0.7

4

plot Turbidity

40180.848611111140180.848611111140180.848611111140180.848611111140180.8486111111

40181.862540181.862540181.862540181.862540181.8625

40182.834722222240182.834722222240182.834722222240182.834722222240182.8347222222

40183.82540183.82540183.82540183.82540183.825

40184.7937540184.7937540184.7937540184.7937540184.79375

40185.864583333340185.864583333340185.864583333340185.864583333340185.8645833333

40186.913194444440186.913194444440186.913194444440186.913194444440186.9131944444

40187.887540187.887540187.887540187.887540187.8875

40188.897916666740188.897916666740188.897916666740188.897916666740188.8979166667

40189.878472222240189.878472222240189.878472222240189.878472222240189.8784722222

40190.874305555640190.874305555640190.874305555640190.874305555640190.8743055556

40191.869444444440191.869444444440191.869444444440191.869444444440191.8694444444

40192.560416666740192.56041666674019140192.560416666740192.5604166667

4019140191401954019140191

4019240192401964019240192

4019340193401974019340193

4019540195402004019540195

4019840196402024019640196

4020040198402044019740197

4020140200402074019840198

4020540201402084020040200

4020840203402104020240202

4021040208402124020740207

4021240210402154020840208

4021440212402174021040210

4021540214402194021240212

4021740216402204021440214

4021940217402204021640216

4022040219402224021740217

40220402204021940219

Filter Loading Rate: 35 m3/hr

Filter 4100

Filter 4200

Filter 4300

Superfloc C-573 dose

Filter 4400

Date (2010)

Turbidity (ntu)

Polymer Dose (mg/L)

0.307

0

0.296

0

0.118

0

0.092

0

0.148

0

0.102

0

0.254

0

0.12

0

0.131

0

0.128

0

0.103

0

0.138

0.15

0.3

0.3

0.2

0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

1

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.15

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

1

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

1

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

1.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

1.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

2

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.28

3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.29

4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.27

4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

4.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

5

0.3

0.3

0.3

5

0.3

0.3

4

plot UFRV v dose

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

000

000

0010

0.5111

0.50.51.50.5

1121

1.5131

21.53.51.5

3241.5

3.5342

43.543

444.54

4.5454

54.554

554.5

555

55

45

4

Filter Loading Rate: 35 m3/hr

Filter 4100

Filter 4200

Filter 4300

Filter 4400

Polymer Dose (mg/L)

Unit Filter Run Volume (m3/m2)

72.0136363636

70.7818181818

61.0409090909

71.7636363636

70.4545454545

71.8363636364

76.4727272727

70.5090909091

66.4181818182

71.0545454545

71.7454545455

71.7363636364

70

65.5

62

82.7272727273

63.6

65.5

63.6

82.7272727273

66.8

60

63.6

79.5454545455

66.8

65

66.8

90.6818181818

70

71.5909090909

63.6

111.3636363636

62

82.7272727273

70

112.9545454545

70

101.8181818182

71.6

109.7727272727

70

101.8181818182

92.3

117.7272727273

82.7

120.9090909091

95.4545454545

117.7272727273

105

114.5454545455

109.7727272727

111.3636363636

109.7727272727

125.6818181818

106.5909090909

117.7272727273

127.2727272727

117.7272727273

112.9545454545

111.3636363636

120.9090909091

98.6363636364

95.4545454545

120.9090909091

105

98.6363636364

124.0909090909

97.0454545455

107.3863636364

108.1818181818

plot run time v dose

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

000

000

0010

0.5111

0.50.51.50.5

1121

1.5131

21.53.51.5

3241.5

3.5342

43.543

444.54

4.5454

54.554

554.5

555

55

5

Filter Loading Rate: 35 m3/hr

Filter 4100

Filter 4200

Filter 4300

Filter 4400

Polymer Dose (mg/L)

Filter Run Time (hrs)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

22

20

20

26

20

20

21

26

21

19

21

25

21

21

22

28.5

22

22.5

19.5

35

19.5

26

22

35.5

22

32

26

34.5

22

32

29

37

26

38

30

37

33

36

34.5

35

34.5

39.5

33.5

37

40

37

35.5

35

38

31

30

38

33

31

39

30.5

33.75

34

plot HL v dose

0000

0010

0010

001.50

0020

0030

003.50

0040

0040

0040

004.50

005

005

0040

0.5141

0.50.540.5

1141

1.511

21.51.5

321.5

3.532

43.53

444

4.544

54.54

554.5

555

55

45

4

Filter Loading Rate: 35 m3/hr

Filter 4100

Filter 4200

Filter 4300

Filter 4400

Polymer Dose (mg/L)

Headloss (m)

0.85

0.95

1.1

1.1

1.3

1.67

1.7

1.8

2

2

1.9

2

2

0.7

0.7

1.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

1.23

0.7

0.7

0.7

1.1

0.75

0.75

0.75

1.63

0.8

0.99

0.7

0.7

1

0.8

0.85

1.23

1

0.7

1.2

1.2

1.05

1.5

1.2

1.35

1.54

1.35

1.35

1.5

1.53

1.35

1.49

1.64

1.6

1.28

1.32

1.56

1.33

1.56

1.6

1.33

1.45

1.45

plot UFRV v filter loading

353535

353535

653535

656545

656545

858545

404045

404045

4040

4545

4545

4545

UFRV data for Superfloc C-573 dose of 4 mg/L as product.

Filter 4200 off line for media replacement.

Filter 4100

Filter 4300

Filter 4400

Filter Loading (m3/hr)

Unit Filter Run Volume (m3/m2)

120.9090909091

109.7727272727

109.7727272727

114.5454545455

117.7272727273

127.2727272727

36.9318181818

117.7272727273

120.9090909091

41.3636363636

53.1818181818

85.9090909091

39

59.0909090909

90

30.9090909091

46.3636363636

87.9545454545

83.6363636364

83.6363636364

75.6818181818

89.0909090909

87.2727272727

85.9090909091

85.4545454545

87.2727272727

85.9090909091

87.9545454545

81.8181818182

83.8636363636

90

4100 data

Date and TimeFilter LoadingPolymer DoseRun-timeRun-timeTurbidityHeadlossUFRV

m3/hrmg/Lhrs & minsminntumm3/m2

1/2/10 20:22350

1/3/10 20:42350

1/4/10 20:02350

1/5/10 19:48350

1/6/10 19:03350

1/7/10 20:45350

1/8/10 21:55350

1/9/10 21:18350

1/10/10 21:33350

1/11/10 21:05350

1/12/10 20:59350

1/13/10 20:52350

1/14/10 13:27350

13-Jan-10350.0200.300.7065.5

14-Jan-10350.5200.300.7065.5

15-Jan-10350.5190.300.7060

17-Jan-10351.0210.300.7565

20-Jan-10351.522.50.300.9972

22-Jan-10352.0260.301.0083

23-Jan-10353320.301.23102

27-Jan-10353.5320.301.20102

30-Jan-10354380.301.50121

1-Feb-10354360.301.54115

3-Feb-10354.539.50.301.50126

5-Feb-10355370.301.49118

6-Feb-10355310.301.2899

8-Feb-10355330.301.33105

10-Feb-106546.250.300.6837

11-Feb-1065470.300.7041

11-Feb-106546.60.300.7039

11-Feb-1085440.300.7031

13-Feb-10404230.301.1084

14-Feb-1040424.50.301.0889

15-Feb-1040423.50.301.0285

20-Feb-10454210.301.0786

21-Feb-10454200.301.1082

22-Feb-1045420.750.301.1285

4200 data

Date and TimePolymer DoseRun-timeRun-timeTurbidityHeadlossUFRV

mg/Lhrs & minsminntumm3/m2

1/2/10 20:220

1/3/10 20:420

1/4/10 20:020

1/5/10 19:480

1/6/10 19:030

1/7/10 20:450

1/8/10 21:550

1/9/10 21:180

1/10/10 21:330

1/11/10 21:050

1/12/10 20:590

1/13/10 20:520

1/14/10 13:270

13-Jan-100.0200.300.7062

14-Jan-101.0210.300.7063.6

15-Jan-100.5210.300.7063.6

17-Jan-101.0220.300.7566.8

18-Jan-101.019.50.300.7063.6

20-Jan-101.5220.300.8070

22-Jan-102.0260.301.0071.6

23-Jan-103290.301.2092.3

25-Jan-103.5300.301.2095

30-Jan-10434.50.301.35110

1-Feb-10433.50.301.53107

3-Feb-104.535.50.301.64113

5-Feb-105300.301.3295

7-Feb-105310.301.5699

8-Feb-10512:000.301.3397

10-Feb-104

11-Feb-104

11-Feb-104

13-Feb-104

14-Feb-104

15-Feb-104

20-Feb-104

21-Feb-104

22-Feb-104

No real data for 4200 between Feb 11 and Feb 26. Filter was offline most of this time. Media replacement occurred Feb 22 - 25.

4300 data

Date and TimeFilter LoadingPolymer DoseRun-timeRun-timeTurbidityHeadlossVolume (est.)UFRV

m3/hrmg/Lhrs & minsminntumm3m3/m2

1/2/10 20:2235020 hrs 47 min12470.310.9079272

1/3/10 20:4235022 hrs 34 min13540.300.6877971

1/4/10 20:0235016 hrs 17 min9770.121.8567161

1/5/10 19:4835023 hrs 01 min13810.091.8678972

1/6/10 19:0335022 hrs 19 min13390.151.8177570

1/7/10 20:4535023 hrs 10 min13900.101.8279072

1/8/10 21:5535024 hrs 29 min14690.251.8884176

1/9/10 21:1835022 hrs 40 min13600.121.8377671

1/10/10 21:3335021 hrs 35 min12950.131.8473166

1/11/10 21:0535022 hrs 50 min13700.131.8278271

1/12/10 20:5935023 hrs 13 min13930.101.8478972

1/13/10 20:5235023 hrs 12 min7920.141.8478972

13-Jan-10350.0220.150.8577070

17-Jan-10351.0260.200.9591083

18-Jan-10351.0260.301.1091083

19-Jan-10351.5250.151.1087580

22-Jan-10352.028.50.301.3099891

24-Jan-10353.0350.301.671225111

26-Jan-10353.535.50.301.701243113

29-Jan-1035434.50.301.80110

30-Jan-10354370.302.00118

1-Feb-10354370.282.00118

3-Feb-10354.5350.301.90111

6-Feb-10355370.292.00118

8-Feb-10355350.272.00111

10-Feb-1065490.301.8053

11-Feb-10654100.301.2359

11-Feb-1085460.301.1046

13-Feb-10404230.301.6384

14-Feb-10404240.301.5387

15-Feb-10404240.301.5987

20-Feb-1045421.50.301.8088

21-Feb-1045420.50.301.7684

22-Feb-10454220.301.7490

4400 data

Date and TimePolymer DoseRun-timeRun-timeTurbidityHeadlossUFRV

mg/Lhrs & minsminntumm3/m2

1/2/10 20:220

1/3/10 20:420

1/4/10 20:020

1/5/10 19:480

1/6/10 19:030

1/7/10 20:450

1/8/10 21:550

1/9/10 21:180

1/10/10 21:330

1/11/10 21:050

1/12/10 20:590

1/13/10 20:52

1/14/10 13:27

13-Jan-100.020350.300.764

14-Jan-101.021350.300.767

15-Jan-100.521350.300.7567

17-Jan-101.022350.300.870

18-Jan-101.019.5350.300.762

19-Jan-101.522350.300.8570

20-Jan-101.522350.300.770

22-Jan-102.026350.301.0583

24-Jan-10333350.301.35105

29-Jan-10434.5350.301.35110

30-Jan-10440350.301.35127

1-Feb-10438350.301.6121

3-Feb-104.538350.301.56121

5-Feb-10539350.301.6124

7-Feb-10533.75350.301.45107

8-Feb-1050:00350.301.45108

10-Feb-104

11-Feb-104

11-Feb-104

13-Feb-104

14-Feb-10421450.31.0286

15-Feb-10422450.31.0990

19-Feb-10421.5450.31.288

20-Feb-10418.5450.31.2376

21-Feb-10421450.31.2386

22-Feb-10450

terminal tables

PolymerFilter 4300Filters 4100, 4200 and 4400Polymer dose

(mg/L)(ntu)(ntu)4100

0.00.150.3013-Jan-100.00.70

1.00.200.3014-Jan-100.50.70

1.00.300.3015-Jan-100.50.70

1.50.150.3017-Jan-101.00.75

2.00.300.3020-Jan-101.50.99

3.00.300.3022-Jan-102.01.00

3.50.300.3023-Jan-1031.23

40.300.3027-Jan-103.51.20

40.290.3030-Jan-1041.50

40.280.301-Feb-1041.54

4.50.300.303-Feb-104.51.50

50.290.305-Feb-1051.49

5??0.306-Feb-1051.28

Evaluating Pilot Filter Performance Need good data analysis to pick

up on subtle changes in filter performance.

Zeta potential measurements are best measure for controlling coagulation

Unit Filter Run Volumes (UFRVs) should be primary KPI for evaluating effects of WTP variables (everything from coag dose to floc mixer speed)

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 28

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 29

Filter/Floc Aids Not a charge neutralization application

Certain floc particles are neutrally charged, but too small or fragile to be retained in filters

High molecular weight polymers used at low doses to enlarge and strengthen floc

Balance particle retention and headloss

0.3 NTU

Headloss (KPa)

Filter Turbidity (NTU)

Filter Aid Dose (mg/L)

zero 0.005 0.01 0.015

Filter Flow

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 30

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 31

Summary NOM controls coagulant dose

Alum best at pH < 7.0 (lower is better)

PACls best at pH > 6.5 (pH ↑ as basicity ↑)

Ferric coagulants best at pH < 6.5

Measure Zeta Potential or Streaming Current

Benchmark coagulation performance with UFRVs

References: American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). 1987. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. v11.01. Philadelphia: ASTM. Duan, J., Wang, J., Guo, T., Gregory, J. 2014. Zeta potentials and sizes of aluminum salt precipitates – Effect of anions and organics and implications for coagulation mechanisms.

Journal of Water Process Engineering, 4(2014) 224-232. Henderson, R.K., Parson, S. A. and Jefferson, B. 2008. Successful removal of algae through the control of zeta potential. Separation Science and technology, 43:1653-1666. Holmes, M., P. Reeve, C. Pestana, C. Chow, G Newcombe, and J. West. 2015. “Zeta Potential Measurement for Water Treatment Coagulation Control”. SA Water. James, W., Craik, S., Heidary-Monfared, S., Solonynko, G., and Pors, M. 2015. “Using Zeta Potential to Optimize Seasonal Direct Filtration”. Western Canada Water Conference,

Sept. 15-18, 2015, Winnipeg MB. Kundert, K. 2014. “Alberta Flood 2013 – City of Calgary Water Treatment System Resiliency”. 16th Canadian National Drinking Water Conference, Oct. 26-29, 2014, Gatineau QC. Morfesis, A., A.M. Jacobson, R. Frollini, M. Helgeson, J. Billica, and K.R. Gertig. 2009. “Role of zeta (ζ) potential in the optimization of water treatment facility operations.” Industrial

and Engineering Chemistry Research. 48(5): 2305-2308. Pernitsky, D.J., R. Cantwell, E. Murphy, N. Paradis, J. Boutilier, and G. Bache. 2010. First Aid for Direct Filtration – Using Zeta Potential to Improve Operation. Presented at the 2010

AWWA Water Quality and Technology Conference, November 15, 2010, Savannah, GA. Pernitsky, D.J. and J.K. Edzwald. 2006. Selection of alum and polyaluminum coagulants: principles and applications. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology—AQUA.

55(2): 121–141. Pernitsky, D.J. and J.K. Edzwald. 2003. Solubility of polyaluminum coagulants. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology—AQUA. 52(6): 395–406. Riddick, T.M. 1964. Role of zeta potential in coagulation involving hydrous oxides. Tappi. 47(1): 171A. Sharp, E.L., Rigby, R., Hall, A., Moore, K., Jefferson, B. “Using online zeta potential measurements for coagulation control: A first for the UK Water Industry”. IWA Specialist

Conference on Natural Organic Matter in Water, Malmo, Sweden, 7-10 Sept. 2015. Sharp, E.L., J. Banks, J.A. Billica, K.R. Gertig, R. Henderson, S.A. Parsons, D. Wilson, and B. Jefferson. 2005. “Application of zeta potential measurements for coagulation control:

pilot-plant experiences from UK and US waters with elevated organics.” Water Supply. 5(5): 49–56. Solomentseva, I.M., Barany, S., and Gregory, J. 2004.Surface properties and aggregation of basic aluminum sulphate hydrolysis products 1. Electrokinetic potential and hydration of

BAS hydrolysis product particles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 230(2001) 117-129. Solomentseva, I.M., Gerasimenko, N.G., and Barany, S. 1999. Surface properties and aggregation of basic aluminum chloride hydrolysis products. Colloids and Surfaces A:

Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 151(1999) 113-126. Stumm W., and Morgan, J.J. 1996. Aquatic Chemistry, 3rd Edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Waller M., R. Cantwell, Q. Muylwyk, Pernitsky, D.J. 2012. Rethinking Coagulation Practices on the Great Lakes Using Zeta Potential. Presented at the 2012 AWWA Water Quality and

Technology Conference, November 4-8, 2012, Toronto, ON, Canada.

C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S 32

David Pernitsky, PhD, P.Engdavid.pernitsky@stantec.com

33C O A G U L A T I O N 1 0 1 • S T A N T E C W E B I N A R S E R I E S

THANK YOU!Questions?

Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Symptoms of Poor CoagulationWhy Do We Coagulate?Critical ElementsChemistry of ParticlesChemistry of NOMImportance of Turbidity versus NOMChemistry of CoagulantsAlum ChemistryPACl ChemistryPACl ChemistryAl Species in Alum and PAClPACl and Alum Floc ChargeNOM Removal with PACl and AlumFerric ChemistrySummary of ChemistryKeys to Coagulation ControlpH-Related Coagulant DemandNOM Related �Coagulant DemandPoor Coagulation causes Poor �Filter PerformanceFilter UFRVFiltration MechanismsFloc Charge and WTP PerformanceCase Study: Polymer for Direct Filtration Evaluate Polymers for Charge NeutralizationFull-Scale Polymer TrialsEvaluating Pilot Filter PerformanceFilter/Floc AidsSlide Number 30SummaryReferences:Slide Number 33