STRUCTURE IN PROSEPast and present in English literature

The novelTHE ENLIGHTENMENT-1660-1798 (50% of men are literate)ROMANTICISM 1798 1832 VICTORIAN PERIOD- 1832-1900 MODERN- 1900-1930POSTMODERN- 1930-1980CONTEMPORARY- 1980-PRESENT

Structure in the NOVEL1. THE TITLE2. THE PREFACE3. THE BODY

THE TITLEFUNCTIONS: to inform the reader to summarize the storys main topic

FORMShortCatchyCoherent

18th century- ENLIGHTENMENTDaniel Defoe, The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner 1719Jonathan Swift, Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships, 1735Lawrence Sterne, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, 1769Samuel Richardson, Pamela, 1740Henry Fielding, Shamela, 1741Horace Walpole, The Castle of Otranto, 1764

19th century- ROMANTICISM,VICTORIAN PERIODCharlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, 1847Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, 1847Charles Dickens, David Copperfield, 1849Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, 1859Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrbervilles, 1891Lewis Carroll, Alices Adventures in Wonderland, 1865

MODERN, POSTMODERNA Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce (1916)Ulysses, James Joyce (1922) The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald (1925) Brave New World, Aldous Huxley (1932) The Sound and the Fury, William Faulkner (1929) Lolita, Vladimir Nabokov (1958)Catch-22, Joseph Heller (1961)

MODERN, POSTMODERNDarkness at Noon, Arthur Koestler (1941)Sons and Lovers, D. H. Lawrence (1913) The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck (1939)Under the Volcano, Malcolm Lowry (1947)1984, George Orwell (1949) The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman, published in the United States as The War of Dreams (1972) Angela Carter To the Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf (1927) An American Tragedy, Theodore Dreiser (1925)

2. THE PREFACEFORM & FUNCTIONS:It appears BEFORE the story beginsThe writer addresses the readersto give information on the writer and the circumstances of writingto give indications of the genreto offer additional details on characters

18TH CENTURY- NOVEL OF TRAVELS AND ADVENTURESROBINSON CRUSOE, D. DefoeIf ever the story of any private man's adventures in the world were worth making public, and were acceptable when published, the editor of this account thinks this will be so. The story is told with modesty, with seriousness, and with a religious application of events to the uses to which wise men always apply themThe editor believes the thing to be a just history of fact; neither is there any appearance of fiction in it.

18TH CENTURY- BILDUNGSROMANTOM JONES, H. Fielding, 1749

To you, Sir, it is owing that this history was ever begun. It was by your desire that I first thought of such a composition. So many years have since past, that you may have, and give me at least leave, in this public manner, to declare that I am, with the highest respect and gratitude,--Sir,Your most obliged,Obedient, humble servant,HENRY FIELDING.

18TH CENTURY- ANTINOVELTRISTRAM SHANDY, L. Sterne

Volume 3 ch 21T H E A U T H O R ' S P R E F A C E. N O, I'll not say a word about it, -- here it is ; ---- in publishing it, ---- I have appealed to the world, ---- and to the world I leave it ; ---- it must speak for itself.

3. THE BODYExpositionIntroduces protagonists and their main traitsIntroduces general settingIt hooks the readerMain plot has not started. The conflict begins with an event known as the inciting incident

3. THE BODYRising actionEstablishes the conflict and characters motivationsThe conflict - internal & externalSeveral mini-adventures within the main plotLongest act of the storyBuilds tension, excitement, and suspense over time

3. THE BODYClimaxMost intense, exciting moment of the story.Storylines come together

3. THE BODYFalling action or resolutiona short but vital part of the story that resolves the climax.Shows the outcome of the climaxTells the reader the status of the main characters

3. THE BODYDnouemontThe characters are back in a similar setting as in the expositionThe protagonist behaves differently, showing effect of the storys conflictA great dnouement shows how the characters have changed.

18TH CENTURYROBINSON CRUSOE, D. Defoe- table of contents CHAPTER I - START IN LIFE CHAPTER II - SLAVERY AND ESCAPE CHAPTER III - WRECKED ON A DESERT ISLAND CHAPTER IV - FIRST WEEKS ON THE ISLAND CHAPTER V - BUILDS A HOUSE - THE JOURNAL

18TH CENTURYTOM JONES, H. FieldingIntroduction to the Work, or Bill of Fare to the FeastA Short Description of Squire AllworthyThe Readers Neck Brought Into Danger by a DescriptionMrs. Deborah is Introduced Into the ParishContaining Matters Which Will Surprize the ReaderThe Hospitality of AllworthyContaining Many Rules, and Some Examples, Concerning Falling in Love

20TH CENTURYFINNEGANS WAKE, James Joyce, 1939Hark! Tolv two elf kater ten (it can't be) sax. Hork!Pedwar pemp foify tray (it must be) twelve.And low stole o'er the stillness the heartbeats of sleep.White fogbow spans. The arch embattled. Mark as capsules.The nose of the man who was nought like the nasoes. It is self tinted, wrinkling, ruddled. His kep is a gorsecone. He am Gascon

20TH CENTURYA MAGGOT, John Fowles, 1985Q. Jones, I have been at great cost to find you. A. I know it, sir, and am most sorry. Q. You have read this summary of Mr Francis Lacy's deposition? A. I have, sir. Q. You do not deny you are he Mr Lacy speaks of? A. No, sir. I cannot. Q. But you denied it to him I sent to fetch you hither? A. I knew him not, sir. He said at first nothing of Mr Lacy, and I consider myself with respect that worthy gentleman's friend, and bound in honour to protect him if I could. For I knew him as innocent as Jones, sir, in what passed last April.

ENDINGMEMORABLESATISFACTORY

ENDING18TH CENTURYROBINSON CRUSOE. D. Defoe

All these things, with some very surprising incidents in some new adventures of my own, for ten years more, I shall give a farther account of in the Second Part of my Story.

20TH CENTURYULYSSES, James Joyce, 1922O that awful deep down torrent O and the sea the sea crimson sometimes like fire and the glorious sunsets and the figtrees in the Alameda gardens yes and all the queer little streets and pink and blue and yellow houses and the rose gardens and the jessamine and geraniums and cactuses and Gibraltar as a girl where I was a Flower of the mountain yes when I put the rose in my hair like the Andalusian girls used or shall I wear a red yes and how he kissed me under the Moorish wall and I thought well as well him as another and then I asked him with my eyes to ask again yes and then he asked me would I yes to say yes my mountain flower and first I put my arms around him yes and drew him down Jo me so he could feel my breasts all perfume yes and his heart was going like mad and yes I said yes I will Yes.

20th centuryFINNEGANS WAKE, James Joyce

riverrun, past Eve and Adam's, from swerve of shore to bend of bay, brings us by a commodius vicus of recirculation back to Howth Castle and Environs

(A way a lone a last a loved along the) beginning of the novel

20th centuryTHE COMPANY OF WOLVES, Angela Carter, 1979

See! sweet and sound she sleeps in granny's bed, between the paws of the tender wolf.