Sand It is the form of Silica.It is formed by decomposition of
sandstones due to various weathering effects. Fine minerals The
order of 0.1 to 1.0 mm diameter Fill voids between the coarser
aggregate Types of Sand 1)Natural Sand obtained from pits, shores,
riverbeds seabed's 2)Artificial Sand obtained from crushing of
stones.
Slide 3
Sand Types of Sand (depending on fineness) 1)Coarse Sand
retaining on sieve 4.75 mm 2)Fine Sand passing through sieve 4.75
mm Uses 1)PCC, RCC, PSC 2)Cement mortar, Lime Mortar 3)Coarse Sand
- plaster on Ex. Wall, Fine Sand Plastering on Internal Wall
4)Below flooring material 5)In filtration plant.
Slide 4
STONE Cheapest, Durable and obtained from ROCK Properly dressed
and shaped before it is used. Classification of Rocks 1)Geological
Igneous Rock, Sedimentary & Metamorphic 2)Physical Stratified,
un-stratified and Laminated. 3)Chemical Siliceous, argillaceous,
calcareous 4)Hardness of Stone - Very hard, hard, medium, soft
Slide 5
181 Marble Slate Uses of Stone
Slide 6
182 Marble - Exterior Application
Slide 7
Slate Flooring
Slide 8
Limestone with Granite
Slide 9
Polished Surface Rough Texture Granite Material
Slide 10
Uses of Stone Foundation, roofs floors, railway ballast, road
metal. Stone Blocks Wall, Foundation, Ornamental Facial work. Slate
Roofing & Flooring Lime Stone Slabs Flooring, paving and
roofing Granite bridge abutment, piers, flooring, kitchen otta,
steps, table top etc.. Marble floors, tiles, Ornamental Facial
work.
Slide 11
STEEL Steel is an intermediate form between Cast Iron and
Wrought iron. Steel are highly elastic, ductile, malleable,
forgeable, weldable. Grades of Steel Fe250, Fe415, Fe500 Fe =
ferrous metal Number = Yield stress in N/mm
Slide 12
STEEL Cast iron is iron or a ferrous alloy which has been
heated until it liquefies, and is then poured into a mould to
solidify.ironferrousalloy Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very
low carbon (0.1 to 0.25) content in contrast to cast iron, and has
fibrous inclusions, known as slag. Wrought iron is tough,
malleable, ductile and easily welded.ironalloycarboncast
ironinclusionsslagwelded Malleable is a material's ability to
deform under compressive stress.compressive
Slide 13
Classification of STEEL Mild Steel - Used as structural and
Non-Structural Steel, in form of I, C, L, round, flat shapes. It is
Fe 250 as yield strength is 250 N/mm Tor Steel used in RCC work, It
has low ductility and low bend ability. It is Fe 415 & Fe 500
(yield stress) High Tensile Steel usually in form of WIRES of high
tensile strength (tendon) Used in prestress concrete. 1500 to 2350
N/mm (Ultimate stress)
Slide 14
Mild Steel High Tensile steel
Slide 15
Tor Steel
Slide 16
Structural member in trusses, beams Non Structural components
for grills, stairs, windows, doors etc . Steel Tanks, Steel Pipes.
TOR steel in RCC member. Tendons in PSC. Corrugated sheets as roof
covering Mild Steel in manufacture of tools, equipments, towers,
machine parts etc. Uses of Steel
Slide 17
CONCRETE (CEMENT + Fine Aggregate+ Coarse Aggregate + WATER)
PROPORTION ( 1:2:4), (1:3:6), (1:4:8) GRADE M15, M20, M25. And so
on M- Mix Number Compressive strength after 28 days in N/mm (A
cementation reaction between water and the mineral in cement
provide a strong matrix and good compressive strength) Common
construction material Strong hard but brittle
Types of Concrete PCC (cement + FA+ CA +Water) Strong in
compression and weak in tension Hard and Durable Manufacturing Hand
mixing or Machine Mixing. USES a)Foundation masonry, base of
foundation. b)Gravity Dam and Retaining Wall c)Below Flooring.
d)Leveling work over PLINTH.
Slide 21
Types of Concrete RCC - ({Cement + Sand+ CA +Water} this
mixture is Reinforced in STEEL) Strong in compression and tension
Hard, Durable and bear all types of stresses. R/f may be MILD STEEL
Or TOR STEEL BAR. Minimum Grade used is M20. Manufactured on site
may be Hand mixing or Machine Mixing. USES a) Construction of multi
storied buildings. b) Road pavement. c) Water tanks, bridges,
concrete pipes. d) Concreting of beams, columns, slabs, footing
etc.
Slide 22
R.C.C. Cement Water Sand Aggregate Steel
Slide 23
Slide 24
Concrete Advantages of R.C.C. a) Highly durable,
Fire-resisting. b) Monolithic character provides rigidity to
structure. c) Fluidity of concrete and flexibility of Reinforcement
make it possible to mould into various shapes. d) Cost of
maintenance is negligible.
Slide 25
PRECAST CONCRETE (P.C.) Casted in Separate form and then
placed. Casted in casting yard or on building site. After casting,
transported and placed in position by cranes. PC units are 1)Hollow
concrete blocks 2)Tiles 3)Pipes 4)Roof Slabs 5)Electric Poles
6)Stair Case 7)Rail Sleepers
Slide 26
Uses Of P.C Casting structural Elements like BEAMS, COLUMS,
SLABS, WATER TANKS, GIRDERS, FRAMES, TRUSSES, SEPTIC TANKS,
WATERSUPPLY AND DRAINAGE PIPE, FENCING POST, ELECTRIC POLES,
CAISSIONS, TRAFFIC BARRIERS, ROAD DIVIDERS, CONRETE PILES, BRIDGE
PIERS ETC Manufacturing- (Reinforcement Mould Concreting )
Advantages- Mould can be reused when production is in bulk Better
quality control as production is in factory Smooth surface may be
achieved and plastering may be avoided.
Slide 27
Precast Concrete Examples
Slide 28
PreStress Concrete. Def:- Concrete in which reinforcing steel
bars/tendons are stretched and anchored to compress it and thus
increase its resistance to stress. Methods Concretesteel
resistancestress A)Pre-tensioning B)Post-tensioning
Slide 29
Pre-tensioning Steel reinforcement is first tensioned with
hydraulic jack and then concreting is done and harden for 28 days.
Used for LONG SPANs. Higher tensile strength is obtained.
Slide 30
Post-tensioning Steel reinforcement is enclosed in ducts or
metal sheets, concreting is done and harden for 28 days, then these
steel reinforcements are tensioned with the help of hydraulic jack
and anchored. Used for LONG SPANs Higher tensile strength is
obtained.
Slide 31
Uses of PSC PSC girders in bridges. Railway Sleepers Electric
pole Beams of large span Pile foundation Slabs Advantages Size of
structural member is reduced Members can resist shocks, vibration,
impact Mostly high quality material is used. Pile for
foundation
Slide 32
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS STRUCTURE OF BUILDING IS DIVIDED IN Two
CATEGORIES- 1) Superstructure (above GS) 2) Substructure (Below GL)
Components of Substructure: a) Foundation b) Plinth c) Damp proof
Course (DPC)
Slide 33
Foundation Total Load of SUPERSTRUCTURE is transmitted to the
FOUNDATION BED via SUBSTRUCTURE. Def.:- Structure which supports
the superstructure Transmitting media usually made up of RCC
Foundation Bed made up of hard (Nat/Art) bedrock or soil. FUNCTION
OF FOUNDATION Transfer and Distribute the load uniformly. Prevent
from Uneven settlement To maintain stability of structure from
overturning and sliding Forms a level for laying the masonry
courses.
Slide 34
BEARING CAPACITY Structure will be safe if the bearing capacity
of the soil is satisfactory. Bearing capacity = Maximum Load
carrying capacity ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY- Max. avg intensity of
applied pressure that the underlying area can carry before its
shear failure of material. Safe Bearing Capacity = Ultimate BC
----------------------- FOS
Slide 35
FOS 1.5 to 2 Temporary structures 2 to 3 - Shallow Footing 2 to
6 - Pile Foundation 5 to 10 Rock Structures 2.5 - Buildings
FOUNDATION Value of FOS (difference in loads, ground strata,
position of Ground water)
Slide 36
SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION It is the vertical downward movement
of the foundation. Amt. of settlement may be different for
different types of soil Settlement is a time dependent process
Clayey Soil Very Gradual (Long time and more) Sandy Soil Quick and
less. TYPES OF SETTELMENT Uniform Settlement Differential
Settlement
Slide 37
Type of settlement Uniform Settlement Sliding / Overturning
Differential Settlement
Slide 38
UNIFORM SETTELMENT Vertical DOWNWARD movement of the total base
of structure is EQUAL. US causes when -Uniformly distributed load.
-Uniform soil / rock beneath NO Damage to structure. Excessive US
may damage- -Water supply & Drainage lines -Telephone &
Electric Cables.
Slide 39
DIFFRENTIAL SETTLEMENT Vertical DOWNWARD movement of the total
base of structure is Non - Uniform. DS causes when -Distributed
load on the structure is uneven -Different soil / rock beneath the
foundation. DS is a DANGEROUS Settlement.
Slide 40
P P P P P P1 P2 P3
Slide 41
Types of Foundation Foundation Shallow Foundation Spread
Footing Strip Footing Simple Stepped Isolated Footing Square
Rectangular Circular Stepped Combined Footing Strap/ Cantilever
Footing Mat or Raft Footing Deep FoundationPile Foundation End
Bearing Pile Friction Pile
Slide 42
Slide 43
Foundation ( Based on Depth)
Slide 44
SHALLOW FOUNDATION Spread Footing Used to distribute
Concentrated Load from Superstructure over a wider area. (WALL
FOOTING)
ISOLATED / PAD FOOTING (Column Footing) These are used to
support Individual Column. They may be in different shapes
-Rectangular -Square -Circular -Sloped Used for modern RCC
building.
Slide 47
Slide 48
COMBINED FOOTING When loads on adjacent columns are very high
or BC of the soil is less, two columns are grouped together to form
a combined footing Differential settlement is reduced as the base
is common. Case 1: Same Loading on 2 column (W1 & W1)
Rectangular Footing Case 2: Diff Loading on 2 column (W1 & W2)
Trapezoidal Footing
Slide 49
W1
Slide 50
STRAP / CANTILEVER FOOTING Provided in following conditions:
Case I If it is not possible to provide footing exactly below the
column. (boundary restriction) Case II Distance between the 2
columns is so large that combined footing is not possible. In such
cases a cantilever beam connects these 2 columns.
Slide 51
Slide 52
DEEP FOUNDATION Deep Foundation D/B >1 PILE Function Based
End Bearing Pile Friction Pile Material Based
Slide 53
Pile Foundation A sender Column capable of transferring the
structural load to the deep underlying layer. End of column is
usually sharp. At the G.L the pile is covered with PILE CAP, on
which COLUMN is constructed.
Slide 54
END BEARING PILE Load is transferred to Hard Strata, through
soft soil strata, at a greater depth. Pile rests on HARD STRATA at
greater depth.
Slide 55
FRICTION PILE Load transfer is by SKIN FRICTION without any end
bearing. Soil offers resistance to pile by virtue of FRICTION.
Slide 56
Slide 57
SUPERSTRUCTURE (topics) TYPES OF LOADS- DL & LL Wind Load
EARTHQUAKE CONSIDERATIONS TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION Load bearing Framed
Composite MASONRY Stone masonry Brick Masonry
Slide 58
Superstructure PART OF STRUCTURE ABOVE Plinth Level (G.S)
Components- (Wall, Roof, Door, Windows, Flooring, Slab etc) Plinth
Part of Structure lying above Substructure and below
Superstructure. Loads acting on Superstructure DL, LL, Wind Load,
H.W Q1. Write comparison of Superstructure and Substructure
Slide 59
TYPES OF LOADS 1)Dead Load (D. L) 2)Wind Load (W. L) 3)Live
Load (L. L) 4)Earthquake Load (Eq. L) These loads may act
simultaneously (W.L, Eq. L may vary)
Slide 60
DEAD LOAD Load of Material Self wt. of Bldg. Components. D.L =
(Volume x Unit Weight of material) (KN/m 3 ) MATERIALUNIT WEIGHT
(KN/m 3 ) PCC24 RCC25 Brick22 Steel78 Brick Masonry18 Stone
Masonry22
Slide 61
LIVE LOAD Movable Superimpose load acting on structure.
(Occupant, Furniture, Equipment, machinery, etc) It is usually
consider acting uniformly. In case of Multistoried building, FULL
LOAD on each floor is not considered for calculating Foundation
Load. Minimum L.L. depends on type of Building. TYPE (Purpose)Min
L.L.((KN/m) Residential, Hospital2.00 Office Room, Small Work
Place2.45 Bank, Reading Hall3.00 Class Room, Restaurants4.00
Slide 62
WIND LOAD W.L is effective in HIGH RISE BUILDING. Wind Pr. {P =
kV} P = wind pressure in (KN/m) k = Coefficient depending on wind
velocity, size, shape of structure and Atm. Temperature. Ht. < 3
times the width (W.L may be neglected)
Slide 63
EARTHQUAKE LOAD
Slide 64
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION Methods of constructing SUPERSTRUCTURE.
1)LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE 2)FRAMED STRUCTURE 3)COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
Choice for the method of construction depends on -Number of Floors,
-Area Covered, -Type of Structure, -Bearing Capacity of Land,
-Economy
Slide 65
LOAD BEARING CONSTRUCTION Load transferred to wall as roof and
floors are connected to the wall Roof & Floor Wall Wall Footing
Underlying Strata Economical up to 2 storeys (as no of storeys
increases wall thickness increases & carpet area reduces)
Feasible where HARD STRATA is available at Shallow depth. Now a
days Temporary and important structure are build. E.g. -
Shaniwarwada, C.O.E. Pune, Central Bldg.
Slide 66
FRAMED STRUCTURE Slab Beam Column Footing Underlying Soil. Used
for MULTISTORIED BUILDING. Frame is constructed by RCC Speed is
faster compared to LBS If HARD STRATA NOT available at considerable
depth, PILE foundation or RAFT foundation is designed.
Slide 67
COMPOSITE STRUCTURE COMBINATION of L.B.S & F.S OUTER WALL
L.B.S. Columns and Beams are provided intermediately. Floors and
Roofs are supported by walls and frames. Used for Industrial Sheds,
Warehouses where spans are long.
