The Project Gutenberg EBook of Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, Vol.1 of 3, by W. E. Gladstone

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and mostother parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictionswhatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms ofthe Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll haveto check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.

Title: Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, Vol. 1 of 3 I. Prolegomena II. Achis

Author: W. E. Gladstone

Release Date: November 15, 2014 [EBook #47356]

Language: English

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOMER ***

Produced by Henry Flower and the Online DistributedProofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file wasproduced from images generously made available by TheInternet Archive/Canadian Libraries)

Transcriber's Note

Non-italic phrases within italic text blocks are marked with ~swungdashes~.

STUDIES ON HOMER AND THE HOMERIC AGE.

BY THE RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE, D.C.L. M. P. FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.

IN THREE VOLUMES.

VOL. I.

Plenius ac melius Chrysippo et Crantore.--HORACE.

OXFORD: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. M.DCCC.LVIII.

[_The right of Translation is reserved._]

STUDIES ON HOMER AND THE HOMERIC AGE.

I. PROLEGOMENA.

II. ACHIS:

OR, THE ETHNOLOGY OF THE GREEK RACES.

BY THE RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE, D.C.L. M. P. FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

Plenius ac melius Chrysippo et Crantore.--HORACE.

OXFORD: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. M.DCCC.LVIII.

THE CONTENTS.

I. PROLEGOMENA.

SECT. I.

_On the State of the Homeric Question._

Objects of this Work Page 1 Results thus far of the Homeric Controversy 2 Improved apparatus for the Study of Homer 4 Effect of the poems on Civilization 5 They do not compete with the Holy Scriptures 6

SECT. II.

_The Place of Homer in Classical Education._

Study of Homer in the English Universities 9 Homer should not be studied as a Poet only 11 His claims compared with those of other Poets 14

Study of Homer in the Public Schools 18

SECT. III.

_On the Historic Aims of Homer._

High organization of the Poems 21 The presumption is that the Poet had Historic aims 22 Positive signs of them 23 Pursued even at some cost of Poetical beauty 26 Minuter indications 28 General tone 28 Hypothesis of reproduction inadmissible 30 What is chiefly meant by his Historic aims 35

SECT. IV.

_On the probable Date of Homer._

The main question: is he an original witness 36 Adverse arguments 37 Affirmative arguments 39

SECT. V.

_The probable Trustworthiness of the Text of Homer._

The received text to be adopted as a basis 42 Failure of other methods 44 State of the Manuscripts 46 Complaints of interpolation 47 Testimonies concerning the early use of the Poems 49 Preservative power of the Recitations or matches 55 Pseudo-Homeric poems 56 Argument from the Cyclic poems 59 The Alexandrian period 60 Amount and quality of guarantees 64 Improbability of wilful falsification 67 Internal evidence of soundness in detail 69

SECT. VI.

_Place and Authority of Homer in Historical Inquiry._

Homer paramount as a literary authority 71 He has suffered through credulity 73 And through incredulity 79 Proposed method of treatment 81 Instances of contrary method, (1) Hellen and his family 82 Authority of Hesiod 84 Instance (2), personality of Helen 87 Conclusion 89

II. ACHIS.

ETHNOLOGY OF THE GREEK RACES.

SECT. I.

_Scope of the Inquiry._

Preliminary objection of Mr. Grote stated 93 Synopsis of national and tribal names to be examined 96

SECT. II.

_On the Pelasgians, and cognate races._

The Pelasgians 100 Pelasgic Argos 101 Dodona 106 Thessaly and the Southern Islands 109 Epithets for Pelasgians 113 Use of this name in the singular 114 The Pelasgians and Larissa 115 The Arcadians Pelasgian 119 Why 121 Te Acada aftewad te Sw f Geece 122 Te Gaa Geek 123 Cee ad te Peaga 124 Te Iae Ia 127 Te Atea te Cata

gue 129 Te Cata

gue, vv. 546-9 129 Te ame, vv. 550, 132 Te ame, vv. 553-5 135 Revew f te Hmec evdece a t te Atea 137 Te e

at wt Meva 140 Pt-Hmec evdece f te Peagam f Attca 145 Te Peaga eated t Egyt 148 Te Egy

ta em-fabu

u t Hme 151 Te Pe

aga eemb

ace, Hme ad tewe 153 Te Geek f te Iad wy eve temed Peaga 156 Te and 158 Th Caucns and Llgs 161

SECT. III.

_Th Plasgans: and ctan Stats natualzd an t Gc._

Mns n Hm 166 Hs gn 167 Hs plac n th nth wld 168 Th pw f Ct 169 Tw f th fv acs appantly Plasgan 170 Th tadtn f Ducaln 172 Th xtnt f th Mnan Emp 175 Evdnc f Pst-Hmc tadtn 176 Ccumstantal vdnc 178 Th Lycans 181 Th pnts f cnnctn wth Gc 183 Elmnts f th ppulatn 185

Cypus 188 Inhabtants pbably Plasgan 190 N th nam cmpts wth th Plasgan as dsgnatng th fst nhabtants f Gc 193 Th Plasgans w th bas _substatum_ f th G natn 194 Pst-Hmc tstmny spctng thm 195 K. O. Mlls Summay 200 Th Plasgan languag 203 Th Plasgan ut nt Gc 205 Pbably twfld 206 Rut f th Hll 208 Plpnnsus th ld cnt f pw 209 Dvatn f th Plasgan nam 211

SECT. IV.

_On th Phncans and th Out Ggaphy f th Odyssy._

Tns f th Phncans n Gc 216 Lmts f Hms Inn G Ggaphy 217 And G Navgatn 219 Hs Out Ggaphy Phncan 221 Th tadtns cnnctd thwth als Phncan 223 Mns th 225 Commecial aptitude o the mode Geeks 227 The Homeic Mouth o

Ocea 228 The to Geogaphical epots ae bleded ito oe 228 The Siceli ad Sicaia 229 Thei site is pobably o the Buttia Coast 231 The Epius o

Home 234 The Thespotias i Home 235 The Cadmeas i Home 239 Peiod om hich they date 240 Coclusios espectig them 244

SECT. V.

_O the Catalogue._

The Geek Catalogue, popely a Aay o Revie 245 The Pe

ace 246 The List 247 The piciple o aagemet 249 The distibutio i chie 250 The sub-distibutio 251 Poo

s o

histoic aim 255 Geealogies o the Catalogue 256 The Epilogue 259 The Toja Catalogue 261

SECT. VI.

_O the Hellees o

Home._

The od Hellas the key to this iquiy 264

List o passages hee used 265 Some o

them admit the ao sese 266 Some euse it 268 Noe equie it 272 Hellees i Il. ii. 684 274 Pahellees i Il. ii. 530 277 Cephallees i Il. ii. 631 ad elsehee 278 The Helli o Selli 279 Selli o the Scholiast o Aistophaes 280

SECT. VII.

_O the espective cotibutios o the Pelasgia ad Helleic actos to the compoud o the Geek atio._

Cotibutios to Mythology 285 Coespodeces ith Rome ad Toy 287 The Pelasgia eligio less imagiative 289 Thei itual developmet ulle 290 Ode o Piests i Home ot Helleic 293 Cotibutios to laguage 294 Classes o ods hich agee 298 Classes hich di

e 301 Evidece

om ames o

pesos 307 Geeal ules o

discimiatio 309 Names o the Pelasgia class 311 Names o the Helleic class 317 Cotibutios to political ideas 320 To matial ideas 320 Copoal educatio ad Games 322 Music ad Sog 329 Supposed Pelasgiaism o

the Toic age 331 The taditios o

Hutig 332 The pactice o Navigatio 336 Summay o the case 338 States especially Hellic o Pelasgic 342

SECT. VIII.

_O the thee geate Homeic appellatives._

Modes o omatio o ames o peoples 346 The thee geate appellatives ot syoymous 348 Poo

s o

thei distictive use 350 The Agive Juo, Agive Hele 353 The Daaas o Home 355 Epithets o

the thee appellatives 356 The Daaa ame dyastic 359 Compaed ith the Cadmea ame 361 Epoch o the dyasty 363 Post-Homeic taditio 366 Applicatio o

the ame Agos 368 Achaic ad Iasia Agos 373 The phase 378 Th Apan land 379 Summay f ggaphcal cnclusns 380 Etymlgy f th wd Ags 381 Its cnnctn wth 384

The etymly tested by kidred wrds 388 The Daaa Areias f Od. viii. 578 391 The Arive Ju 392 Trasiti t Achas 393 Relati f Areia ad Pelasia ames 396 The etymly illustrated 397 Differet extet f and 401 Ppstns as t th Achan nam 402 Patculas f ts us 403 Sgns f ts lanng t th astcacy 406 Md f ts applcatn n Ithaca 411 Its lcal sns n Thssaly 416 In Ct 417 In Pyls 418 In Eastn Plpnnsus 419 Fc f th nam 420 The ld d l mes 423 The Herlds Hmer 425 The deset f the lds 427 The erlest Helle thres Greee 429 The D

d Argve mes used tlly petry ly 431 Summry f the evdee 433 Lter lterry hstry f the three gret ppelltves 436 Ther vlue s prmtve Hstry 437

SECT. IX.

_O the Hmer ttle f ._

Diffeece betwee Epithets a Titles 440 Examples of Homeic titles 443 The f Hm 443 Cmmn ntptatns f th 443 Some paticulas of its use i Home 446 How fa coecte

with metical coveiece 447 The d the 448 Agumets fo a specific meaig i 450 Pesos to whom the title is applie 453 Pesos to whom it might have bee applie

455 Associatios of eveece with it 456 It may iicate patiachal chieftaicy 459 Pesumptios of this i the case of Agamemo 461 Popositios espectig his extactio a

statio 463 Agumets agaist his Helleic

escet cosi

ee

465 Coectio of Tatalus with Geece a with Pelops 466 As to the seat of his powe 470 Homeic otices of Pelops 471 The Achas ose with him 472 They came fom Thessaly 474 The Doias appopiate the Pelopi successio 477 Potest agaist the popula ta

itio of the Hellei

480 Which, howeve, beas witess to the coectio with Thessaly 481 Case of Agamemo summe up 482 The cases of Achises a

eas 484 Pesumptive evi

ece as to Achises 486 Pesumptive eviece as to eas 486 Eviece fom the Daai geealogy 489

Fom the hoses of Tos 490 Evi

ece summe up 491 Sigs of i betwee Tojas a Gees 492 Sigs coecte with the Hellic ame 496 The Hellespot of Home 497 The gift of Echepolus Achisiaes 499 Twofol bo, Hellic as well as Pelasgic 499 Case of Augeias state 500 Notes of coectio betwee Elis a the Noth 502 Relatio of Augeias to the ame Ephye 504 Cluste of appaetly cogate ames 505 The ace of 509 Cmmn t f all ths nams 510 Pbabl sgnfcatn f 513 Pace beag te ame 515 Summay f te evdece f Augea 519 Cae f Euete 520 Te te f Eye 521 Cae f Eumeu 526 Te is escee fom Jupite 529 The fou otes of the 531 Negative poofs 532 Pesos with the fou otes but without the title 536 Its isappeaace with Home 538 Sigs i the Ilia

of political

isogaizatio 539 Moe extesively i the O

yssey 542 Geeal sigificacy of the title 543

SECT. X.

_O the coectio of the Hellees a Achas with the East._

The Acha ame has o ma of a Gee oigi 545 Meas fo pusuig the iquiy 546 The two goups of I

o-Euopea laguages 547 Coespo

ig

istictio of aces 548 Povice of Fas o Pesia pope 549 Asceacy of the Pesias 550 Relatio of the Gemai to the Celts 551 A

to the Hellees 552 The Pesia tibe of 554 The Hmer tres f the ers me 555 The Ah me

ers 556 Its prbble etymlgy 557 The erss rdg t Herdtus 558 The mprs s t relgus belef 561 As t rtul, d ther resembles 563 Evdee f the Behstu srpt 565 The rgzt estblshed by Drus 566 resumpts frm the term 567 Hllnc tats n mdn Psa 568 Th Ellats 571 Mda a pbabl suc f th Plasg 571

ADDENDA 573

STUDIES ON HOMER AND THE HOMERIC AGE.

I. PROLEGOMENA.[1]

SECT. 1.--_On th Stat f th Hmc qustn._

W a tld that, n an ancnt cty, h wh had a nw law t ppsmad hs appaanc, whn abut t dschag that duty, wth a haltund hs nc. It mght b smwhat gd t -ntduc thspactc n th cas f ths wh wt nw bs n subjcts, wthwhch th as at last f th wld a famla. But t s ntunasnabl t dmand f thm sm such asn f th bldnss asshall b at any at psumably latd t publc utlty. Cmplyngwth ths dmand by antcpatn, I wll plac n th fgund anxplct statmnt f th bjcts whch I hav n vw.

Ths bjcts a twfld: fstly, t pmt and xtnd th futfulstudy f th mmtal pms f Hm; and scndly, t vndcat fthm, n an ag f dscussn, th just dg bth f abslut and,m spcally, f latv ctcal valu. My ds s t ndcatat last, f I cannt hp t stablsh, th pp plac, bthn th dscpln f classcal ducatn, and amng th matals fhstcal nquy. Whn th wld has bn hang and adng Hm,and tal

ng and wtng abut hm, f naly th thusand yas,t may sm stang thus t mply that h s stll an nht funfulflld nwn,[2] and nt yt n full pssssn f hs lawfulthn. H wh sms t mpach th nwldg and judgmnt f allfm ags, hmslf uns but an vl chanc, and s l

ly t b fundgulty f gnanc and flly. Such, hwv, s nt my dsgn. Ths n asn t dubt that Gc

Dum ftuna fut

nw ght wll h wn nbl chld, and pad hm all th hmag thatvn h culd justly clam. But n lat tms, and n mst f thlands wh h s a fgn, I

nw nt f h has v yt njydhs full hnu fm th ducatd wld. H s, I tust, cmng t t;and my ds s t acclat, f v s lttl, th mvmnt n thatdctn.

As spcts th fst ptn f th dsgn whch has bn dscbd,I wuld ff th fllwng cnsdatns. Th cntvsy _d vtt sangun_, cncnng th psnalty f th pt, and th untyand antquty f th w

s, has bn cad n wth vgu f na acntuy. In dfault f xtanus tstmny, th matals f wafahav bn sdulusly sught n th ch mn whch was ffd by thpms thmslvs. Th has sultd fm ths caus a cls study fth txt, and a full dvlpmnt f much that t cntans, than culdhav bn xpctd n tms whn th studnt f Hm had nly t njyhs banqut, and nt t fght f t bf h culd st dwn. It snt mly, hwv, n wamth f flng that h may hav pftd;

th Ilad and th Odyssy hav bn, fm th abslut ncssty f thcas, put nt th wtnss-bx thmslvs, xamnd and css-xamndn vy vaty f tmp, and thus, n sm dg at last, madt tll th wn sty. Th sult has bn upn th whl gatlyn th favu. Th m thy a sachd and tstd, th m dst appa thy hav t say, and th btt ds th tstmny hangtgth. Th m plan ds t bcm, that th agumnts usd n thsd f scptcsm and annhlatn a gnally f a tchncal andxtnal chaact, and th gat s th mass f mal and ntnalvdnc cntnually accumulatd aganst thm. In cnsqunc, thhas st n a stng actn amng schlas, vn n Gmany (nEngland th dstuctv ths nv gatly thv), n bhalf fth affmatv sd f all, naly all, th man qustns whchhad bn asd. Mu,[3] th last and phaps mst dstngushd fBtsh wts n ths subjct, has lft th dbat n such a statthat ths wh fllw hm may b xcusd, and may xcus th ads,fm systmatc plmnay dscussn; and may pcd upn thassumptn that th Ilad and Odyssy a n th substanc th tuffspng f th hc ag tslf, and a gnun gfts nt nly f amt antquty but f a dsgnng mnd; as wll as that h, t whmthat mnd blngd, has bn justly dclad by th vdct f all agst b th patach f pts. Ths cntvss hav bn bltd tth ban; f us at last thy a all but dad, and t m t smslttl btt than lst tm t vv thm.

Havng thn at th psnt day th ttl t th stat n sm dgscud fm ltgatn, w may nt upn th futn f t, and wthall th tu zst n accunt f th cnflct, whch has bn lng and

nly fught, and n th gnal pnn faly wn. It nw bcmsall ths, wh lv Hm, t pscut th su mthd f nquyand appcatn by cls, cntnud, cmphnsv study f thtxt; a study f whch t wuld b asy t pv th nd, by shwnghw naccuatly th pms a ftn ctd n quats, t whch thgnal ad justfably l

s f tustwthy nfmatn. T thsw hav bn xhtd by th wt alady namd:[4] and w havnly t ma hs pactc u mdl. That smthng has alady bnattand, w may judg by cmpasn. Lt us ta

a sngl nstanc.In th ya 1735 was publshd Blac

wlls Inquy nt th Lf andWtngs f Hm. Bntly, as t wuld appa fm Bshp MnsLf[5] f that xtadnay schla, was nt t b tan n by ab

f ths

nd: but such mn as Bntly a nt sampls f thtm, thy a lvng symbls and pdctns f what t wll quyas gnatns t accmplsh. W may ath judg f th cmmnmpssn mad by ths b, fm th Nts t Pps Pfac t thIlad, wh Watn[6] xtls t as a w

that abunds n cuussachs and bsvatns, and placs Hm n a nw lght. But nad f Hm, n u wn tm, wuld ally, I apphnd, b thp, f vy cpy f t culd b bund.

Snc th tm f Blac

wlls w

, mptant ads hav bn gandtwads th study f Hm, by th sachs f tavlls, futfuln ccumstantal vdnc, and by th dscvy f th VntanSchla, as wll as by th psvng labus f mdn ctcs.W hav bn gadually cmng t undstand that ths pcusws, whch may hav fmd th dlght f u byhd, hav alsbn dsgnd t nstuct u matu yas. I d nt h ft th ptc pw and splndu nly. It s nw tm that wshuld cgns th tuth, that thy cnsttut a vast dpsty fnwldg upn subjcts f dp ntst, and f bundlss vaty;and that ths s a nwldg, t, whch can b had fm thm aln.

It was th G mnd tansfd, wthut dubt, n sm pat thughItaly, but yt nly tansfd, and stll G bth n gn andn much f ts ssnc, n whch was shapd and tmpd th gnalmuld f th mdn Eupan cvlzatn. I spa nw f cvlzatnas a thng dstnct fm lgn, but dstnd t cmbn and calscwth t. Th pw dvd fm ths suc was t stand n subdnatcnjunctn wth th Gspl, and t cntbut ts wn sha twadsth tanng f mannd. Fm hnc w t b dvd th fms andmatals f thught, f magnatv cultu, f th whl ducatnf th ntllctual sul, whch, whn pvadd wth an hgh lf fmth Dvn funtan, was thus t b scud fm cuptn, and bthplacd and pt n hamny wth th wld f spts.

Ths G mnd, whch thus bcam n f th man facts f thcvlzd lf f Chstndm, cannt b fully cmphndd wthut thstudy f Hm, and s nwh s vvdly s sncly xhbtd asn hs ws. H has a wld f hs wn, nt whch, upn hs stngwng, h cas us. Th w fnd uslvs amdst a systm f das,flngs, and actns, dffnt fm what a t b fund anywhls; and fmng a nw and dstnct standad f humanty. Many amngthm sm as f thy w thn shtly abut t b bud und a massf uns, n d that thy mght subsquntly appa, bght andfsh f applcatn, amng lat gnatns f mn. Oths f thmalmst cay us bac t th aly mnng f u ac, th hus f tsgat smplcty and puty, and m f ntcus wth Gd. Inmuch that ths Hmc wld xhbts, w s th tant f sn at w

,but fa, as yt, fm ts pfct w and ts pnss; t standsbtwn Paads and th vcs f lat hathnsm, fa fm bth,fm th latt as wll as fm th fm; and f amng all athly

nwldg, th

nwldg f man b that whch w shuld chfly cut,and f t b gnun t shuld b fundd upn xpnc, hw s tpssbl t v-valu ths pmtv psntatn f th human acn a fm cmplt, dstnct, and spaat, wth ts wn lgn,thcs, plcy, hsty, ats, manns, fsh and tu t th standadf ts natu, l th fm f an nfant fm th hand f th Cat,yt matu, full, and fnshd, n ts wn sns, aft ts wn laws,l

sm mastpc f th sculpts at.

Th pms f Hm nv can b put n cmpttn wth th SacdWtngs f th Old Tstamnt, as gads th n nvaluabl cdf Tuth and Hp that was cntand n thm. But whl th Jwshcds xhbt t us th ln

btwn man and th th wld n thalst tms, th pms f Hm shw us th bng, f whm Gd wasplasd t b thus mndful, n th f unsuspctng play f hs actualnatu. Th patachal and Jwsh dspnsatns catd, and sustandthugh Dvn ntpstn, a stat f thngs ssntally spcaland xcptnal: but h fst w s u nd st t w ut ftslf, und th lghts whch cmmn lf and xpnc suppld, thdp pblm f hs dstny. N s th, phaps, any m slmn andmlanchly lssn, than that whch s t b land fm ts cntnualdwnwad cus. If ths wds amunt t a bggng f th qustn,at last, t s mst mptant f us t nw whth th cus wascntnually dwnwads; whth, as man nlagd hs pws and hssucs, h cam na t, wnt fath fm hs happnss andhs pfctn. Nw, ths nquy cannt, f Eup and Chstndm atlast, b satsfactly cnductd, xcpt n cmmncng fm th basswhch th Hmc pms supply. As gads th gat Rman ppl,w

nw nthng f thm, whch s at nc achac and vacus. Asgads th Gs, t s Hm that funshs th pnt f gnfm whch all dstancs a t b masud. Whn th hstc pd

bgan, Gc was alady na ts ntllctual mddl-ag. Lttl canb land f th latv mvmnts f u mal and u mntal natusvally, fm matchng n ptn f that pd wth anth, ncmpasn wth what w may gath fm bngng nt nghbuhd andcntast th pstn and yuthful Gc f Hm n th n hand,and, n th th, th dvlpd and fnshd Gc f th ag f thtagdans th ats.

Th Msac bs, and th th hstcal bs f th Old Tstamnt,a nt ntndd t psnt, and d nt psnt, a pctu f humanscty, f u natu dawn at lag. Th am s t xhbt tn n mast-latn, and t d ths wth ffct, thy d t, t agat xtnt, xclusvly. Th Hmc matals f xhbtng thatlatn a dffnt n nd as wll as n dg: but as thy pant,and pant t th vy lf, th whl ang f u natu, and thnt ccl f human actn and xpnc, at an pch much mnaly analgus t th patachal tm than t any lat ag, thpms f Hm may b vwd, n th phlsphy f human natu, as thcmplmnt f th alst ptn f th Sacd Rcds.

Althugh th cls and systmatc study f th Hmc txt has bgunat a dat cmpaatvly cnt, yt th mad dvlpmnt f chsfm wthn whch t has pducd, has alady bn a al, pmannt,and vast addtn t th mntal walth f mannd. W can nw bttundstand than fmly much that lats t th fam and authtyf ths gat pt n aly tms, and that w may fmly havcntmplatd as fancful, xaggatd, unal. It was, w can nws, wth n dl wnd that, whl G phlsphs t txtsfm hm s lagly n th schls, th G

publc lstnd t hsstans n placs f thngd st, and n th slmn assmblags,and G was and statsmn pt hm n th cabnts and undth pllws; and, f th fst and last tm n th hsty f thwld, mad th psvatn f a pts cmpstns an bjct fpmannt publc plcy.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Rvsd and nlagd fm th Essay n th plac f Hm nClasscal ducatn and n Hstcal nquy, whch was cntand nth Oxfd Essays f 1857, publshd by M. J. W. Pa.

[2] Shllys Adnas.

[3] Whl spang f ths mnnt labu n th fld f Hmcnquy, I must nt pass by th sympathsng spt and magnatnf M. H. Nlsn Cldg, th admably tund Hmc tn f thballads f D. Magnn, th valuabl analyss cntand n thuncmpltd Hmus f Achdacn Wllams. But f all th ctcsmsn Hm whch I hav v had th gd ftun t ad, n u wn any languag, th mst vvd and ntly gnal a ths fund nth Essays Ctcal and Imagnatv f th lat Pfss Wlsn.In that mst usful, and I psum I may add standad, w, SmthsDctnay f Classcal Bgaphy and Mythlgy, I am sy t fndthat th mptant atcl Hmus, by D. Ihn, thugh t has thmt f psntng th qustn n a cla lght, yt s nthunfmly accuat n ts fncs t th txt f Hm, n at alln cnfmty wth th pvalng stat at last f Englsh pnnupn th cntvsy.

[4] Mus Hsty f Gcan Ltatu, vl. . p. 10.

[5] 4t d. p. 622, n.

[6] Watns Pp, vl. v. p. 371, n.

SECT. 2.--_Th Plac f Hm n Classcal Educatn._

Nw, fm ths cnsdatns may as th mptant qustn, DsHm hld n u Englsh ducatn th plac whch s hs du, andwhch t wuld b f u advantag t gv hm? An mmns pc spad by th yuth f ths cunty f classcal acqumnt. It s thman fft f th fst spng-td f th ntllctual lf. It st b hpd that ths pc wll cntnu t b pad by all ths, wha qualfd t pft by th acqustn; and that thugh f thnwldg much m wll haft b gand than htf, yt fths th shall n n accunt b lss. Stll, vwng th gatnssf th cst, whch cnssts n th chf ngs f s many pcusyas, t hghly cncns us t s that what w gt n tun s gdbth n masu and n qualty. What, thn, a th facts wth spctt th study f Hm n England at th psnt day?

I must h bgn wth th aplgy du fm n wh fls hmslf tb fa fm pfctly nfmd n th cas f whch t s ncssay tgv an utln. But vn f I undstat bth th amunt f Hmcstudy, and ts ffcncy, th wll, I am cnfdnt, man, aftvy du allwanc shall hav bn mad f , ampl m fth applcatn f th gnal ppstns that I s t nfc.Thy a ths: that th study f Hm n u Unvsts s as ytblw th pnt t whch t s dsabl that t shuld b cad, andthat th sam study, cad n at u publc Schls, nth s,n can b mad, a fttng substtut f what s thus wantng at thUnvsts.

In my wn day, at Oxfd, nw a full quat f a cntuy ag, thpms f Hm w ad chfly by way f xcptn, and n bdnct th mpuls f ndvdual tasts. Thy ntd ath matallynt ths xamnatns by whch schlashp was pncpally t btstd, but thy scacly fmd a substantv cgnsd patf th man studs f th plac, whch w dctd t th fnalxamnatn n th Schls f th Bachls dg. I d ntcllct t hav v had at that tm f th bng usd as thsubjct matt f th dnay tutal lctus; and f thy w s,th cas was ctanly a a n. Althugh th lat D. Gasfd, nth stmatn f many th fst schla f hs ag, dung hs lngtnu f th Dany f Chst Chuch, gav th whl wght f hsauthty t th cmmndatn f Hmc study, t dd nt avalt bng abut any matal chang. Th bass f th G classcalnstuctn lay chfly n th phlsphs, hstans, and latpts; and whn Hm was, n th acadmcal phas, ta

n up, h wasmplyd namntally, and thf supfcally, and was subjctdt n such sachng and labus mthds f study as, t th gathnu and advantag f Oxfd, w ctanly appld t th authswh hld th fst an

n h pactcal systm. I am ld t blvthat th cas at Cambdg was nt ssntally dffnt, althugh,fm th gat latv spac ccupd th by xamnatns n puschlashp, t s pbabl that Hm may, und that aspct at last,

hav attactd a gat sha f attntn.

Whn, hwv, th Unvsty f Oxfd bught t matuty, n thya 1850, a nw Statut f xamnatns, ffts w mad t pmtan xtndd study f Hm. Ths ffts, t happly appas, havpducd a cnsdabl ffct. Pvsn was mad by that statut fdvdng th study f th pts fm th phlsphcal and hstcalstuds, and f ncludng th fm n th ntmdat, , as t stmd, fst publc xamnatn, whl bth th latt w svdf th fnal tal, wth whch th pd f undgaduatshp susually wund up. All canddats f hnus n ths ntmdatxamnatn a nw qud t psnt nt lss than twlv Bsf Hm n th lst f ws n whch thy a t b xamnd. AndI undstand that h has als tan hs plac amng th gulasubjcts f th tutal lctus. Ths s a gat sgn f pgss;and t may cnfdntly b hpd that, und ths ccumstancs, Hmwll hncfwad hld a much m fwad pstn n th studsf Oxfd. Th mans smthng t ds, and that smthng, Ishuld hp, any futh dvlpmnt f th Examnatn Statut f thUnvsty wll supply.

It s cla, that th study f ths gat mast shuld nt b cnfndt ppaatn f xamnatns whch dal pncpally wth languag, whch cannt nt upn th pmtv hsty, phlsphy, plcy, lgn, xcpt by way f scnday llustatn. Bttfa that h shuld b studd smply amng th pts, than that hshuld nt b studd at all. But as lng as h s ad nly amng thpts, h cannt, I blv, b ad ffctvly f th hgh andm vad pupss f whch Hmc study s s lagly suscptbl.

Th gamma, mt, and dctn, th tasts, th whl ptc handlngand qualts f Hm, d, ndd, ff an assmblag f bjcts fu cnsdatn at nc and al

sngula, attactv, xtndd,and pftabl. Th xtanus cntvss wth whch hs nam hass lng bn asscatd as t hs psnalty and dat, and as t thunty and tansmssn f hs ws, althugh thy a f us, I tust,n substanc naly dcdd, yt a nt l

ly t ls th ltayntst, w t nly n accunt f th pculaly cnvnnt andsductv mann n whch thy pn up many qustns f pmtvsach; psntng ths qustns t us, as thy d, nt n thdull gab pcd ut f antquaan scaps, but alv, and n th fullmvmnt f vgus dbat. All ths s ft f dlghtful xcs;but much m ls bhnd.

Th s an nn Hmc wld, f whch hs vs s th tabnacland hs ptc gnus th xpnnt, but whch ffs n tslf aspctacl f th mst pfund ntst, qut apat fm hm whntducs us t t, and fm th mans by whch w a s ntducd.Ths wld f lgn and thcs, f cvl plcy, f hsty andthnlgy, f manns and ats, s wdly svd fm all fllwngxpnc, that w may pply call thm palzc, can hadly bxamnd and undstd by ths, wh a taught t appach Hm as apt nly.

Indd, th tanscndncy f hs ptcal dstnctns has tndd tvshadw hs th clams and uss. As sttls n th vy chstsls, satuatd wth th futs whch thy almst spntanusly yld,aly tun th whl pws t accunt, s thy, that a taughtsmply t pa t Hm f hs pty, fnd n hm, s cnsdd,such ampl sucs f njymnt, that, unlss summnd nwads by a

dstnct and spaat call, thy a lttl lly t tavl futh.It was thus that Ld Bacns bllant fam as a phlsph dvtdpublc attntn fm hs mts as a pltcal hstan.[7] It wasthus, t ta a na nstanc, that mst ads f Dant, whlsubmttng th magnatns t hs pwful sway, hav bn almstwhlly uncnscus that thy w n th hands f n f th mstacut and xact f mtaphyscans, n f th mst tnd, anst,and pfund amng sptual wts. H, ndd, th pcss hasbn smpl n fm; f th majty, at last, f ads, havstppd wth th stng, and, s t spa, ncpatd magy fth Infn, and hav nt s much as ad th fllwng, whch aals th lft and m thal, ptns f th Dvna Cmmda.It may b nugh f Hms fam, that th cnsnt f mannd hasvcably assgnd t hm a supmacy amng pts, wthut alcmptts patns, xcpt Dant and Shaspa; and that,phaps, f w ta nt vw hs dat, th unppadnss f thwld f ws s xtadnay as hs, th cmpaatv paucty fth tadtnal sucs and tanng h culd hav nhtd, hthn bcms th mst xtadnay, as h s als th mst ancnt,phnmnn n th whl hsty f puly human cultu. In patculapnts h appas t m, f t b nt psumptuus t say s much, tman t ths day unqustnably wthut an qual n th managmnt fth ptc at. If Shaspa b supm n th ntutv nwldg fhuman natu and n th apd and ftl vgu f hs magnatn, fDant hav th lagst gasp f th hght and dpth f all thngscatd, f h stand fst n th pw f xhbtng and pducngcstasy, and n th cmpssd and cncntatd ngy[8] f thughtand flng, Hm, t, has hs wn pcula pgatvs. Amng thmmght phaps b placd th faculty f hgh aty; th at f tunngt accunt pthts and dstnctv phass; th pductn f ndct ngatv ffcts; and th pw f catng and sustanng damatcntst wthut th lag us f wcd agnts, n whm lat ptshav fund th mst ndspnsabl auxlas. But all ths s ntnugh f us wh ad hm. If th w

s f Hm a, t ltts andt human lanng, what th aly bs f Scptu a t th ntBbl and t th sptual lf f man; f n thm l th bgnnngsf th ntllctual lf f th wld, thn w must stll cllctthat that lf, t b ghtly undstd, shuld b studd n tsbgnnngs. Th w may s n smpl fms what aftwads gwcmplx, and n cla lght what aftwads bcam bscu; and thw btan statng-pnts, fm whch t masu pgss and dcayalng all th lns upn whch u natu mvs.

Ov and abv th gnal pla h ffd f th study f Hmund th aspcts than such as a mly ptcal, th ssmthng t b sad upn hs clams n cmpttn wth th, andspcally wth th G pts. Th cas f th Latn pts, nat us hstcally, m accssbl n tngu, m asly tand nth mnd und th pssu f aft-lf, m adly avalabl fltay and scal pupss, must stand upn ts wn gunds.

In cnsdng what s th plac du t Hm n ducatn, w canntaltgth xclud fm vw th qustn f cmpaatv valu, asbtwn hm and hs nw succssful and vbang vals, th G

tagdans. F w a nt t xpct that f th ttal studs, atlast f Oxfd and Cambdg, any lag sha, spang gnally,can haft b gvn t G

pty, as a whl, than has htfbn s bstwd. It s ath a qustn whth th shuld b smshftng, lss unfmty, n th psnt dstbutn f tm andlabu, as amng th dffnt clamants wthn that attactv fld.

I d nt dsput th mts f th tagdans as masts n th nblat. As lng as ltts a cultvatd amng mannd, f s lngth hnus a scu. I d nt qustn th advantag f studyngth G languag n ts mst fxd and mst xact fms, whch thypsnt n pfctn; n th qual, at last, f nt gat valuthan Hm, as pactcal hlps and mdls n G cmpstn. But,aft all allwancs n ths, n any th sc, thy cannt,vn n spct f puly ptc ttls, ma gd a clam t thatpfnc v Hm, whch thy hav, nvthlss, xtnsvlynjyd. I f fa lss t schylus than t th ths, bcaush sms m t smbl Hm nt nly n majsty, but n natu,alty, and hstcal vacty: and fa lss agan t Sphcls, thant Eupds. But t may b sad f thm, gnally, thugh n gatlydffng dgs, that whl wth Hm vythng s p-mnntlyfsh and gnun, wth thm, n th cntay, ths fshnss andgnunnss, ths lf-lnss, a f th mst pat wantng. Wa mndd, by th matt tslf, f th mass n whch th actsappad, f th mchancal applancs wth th ad f whch thysp. Th vy xstnc f th wd, ,[9] oh[10]lik compous, shows us h, i h Gk y, hum u hum lif w o ps l; hy w o up; hy wplc i h lih of ci pculi is, wih viw o pculiffcs. Th ms w mific lso isuciv picus, bu

hy

uh

, s i

w, c

i s

lssos oly:

hy w pic

us_sui is_, pic

us mk

wi

h c

i mism, pic

usi which h is follows s which is ih oiil,o l, o uly oml. L us y h s of xpssiosomwh

ki

i

ymoloy: such wo

s wu

d cayu

t face a damg

ecm. Aga,

et u mak te dffeecewc wa beved by te agacty f Atte.[11] Wt te eece te Iad, e cmae te eece te tageda; te mtemakab

e ad te

g cm

t, wc we ave cca fte tadme Eu

de. But, a e ay, te Caacte f te acet,dubte meag Hme, eak , ths f th mdns,. I nw n asn why th spchs f Achlls shuld nt bcmpad wth th fnst passags f Dmsthns: but n n culd ma

such a cmpasn btwn Dmsthns and th spchs, thugh thy amst pwful and ffctv haangus, whch w fnd n th Tads, th Iphgna n Auld. Ths cntast f th anst and pactcalwth th atfcal, uns, m lss, alng th whl ln whchdvds Hm fm th tagdans, patculaly fm Eupds.

Whn w cnsd th cas n anth pnt f vw, and stmat thspts wth fnc t what thy tll, and nt t th m mann fth tllng t, th agumnt f assgnng t Hm a gat shaf th attntn f u yuth, bcms yt stng. F t must badmttd that th tagdans, spcally th tw lat f th th,tach us but vy lttl f th G

lgn, hsty, manns,ats, nsttutns. At th pd whn thy wt, th lgn fth cunty had bcm pltcal ls hstnc n ts spt,and th fgus t psntd w nt nly multpld, but w alshplssly cnfusd: whl mals had sun

nt vy gss cuptn,f whch, as w hav t upn xplct vdnc, tw at last f thmlagly pat. Th chaacts and ncdnts f th wn tm, andf th gnatns whch mmdatly pcdd t, w fund t bgwng lss sutabl f th stag. Thy w ld, fm ths and thcauss, t ftch th thms, n gnal, fm th mt pd fth hc p-hstc ags. But f th tadtns f ths agsthy w n adquat xpsts; hnc th psntatns f thm

a, f th mst pat, cuchd n altd and dgnat fms. Thswll b mst claly sn upn xamnng th Hmc psnags, asthy appa n th plays f Eupds. H thy sm ftn t tann sgn f dntty xcpt th nam. Th fm and pssu, and alsth machny physcal ccumstancs f th G dama, w suchas t p th tagdans, s t spa, upn stlts, whl ts lmtdscp f ncssty xcludd much that was cmpsd n th wd cclf th pc actn; s that thy pn t us lttl, n cmpasn wthHm, f th G mnd and lf: f that cadl whn l, w at mmb, th gnal fm and lmnts, n s fa as thy ascula, f Eupan cvlzatn.

If I may judg n any dg f th mnds f ths by my wnxpnc, nthng s m astnshng n Hm, than th mass fhs matt. Espcally s ths tu f th Ilad, whch mst mnsupps t b lttl m than a ggantc battl-pc. But that pm,battl-pc as t s, wh w mght xpct t fnd nly th glttand th clash f ams, s ch n vy nd f nwldg, phapschst f all n th pltcal and hstcal dpatmnts. It shadly t much t say, n gnal, that bsds hs clams as a pt,Hm has, f hmslf, all th clams that all th th classsf ancnt wts can advanc f thmslvs, ach n hs spaatdpatmnt. And, xcptng th ws f Asttl and Plat, n thf whch may b gaftd th nvstgatn f th whl phlsphy fth wld, I

nw f n auth, amng ths wh a cmmnly studdat Oxfd, ffng a fld f labu and nquy th s wd sdvsfd, as that whch Hm ffs.

But, f Hm s nt fully studd n u unvsts, th s nadquat cnslatn t b fund n th fact, that h s s much adn u publc schls.

I am vy fa ndd fm lamntng that h s thus ad. Hs f andgnal tmpamnt gvs hm a hld n th sympaths f th yung.Th smpl and dct cnstuctn f almst all hs sntncs allwsthm asy accss t hs manng; th xamnatn f th sns f snglwds, s ftn qust, s wthn th ach; whl t may adlyb blvd that th lag and vad nflxns f th G

tngu,n hs hands at nc s accuat and s lastc, ma hm pculalyft f th ndspnsabl and nvaluabl w f pasng. It may b,that f byhd Hm fnds ampl mplymnt n hs xt andm bvus aspcts. But nth byhd n manhd can ad Hmffctvly f all pupss at nc, f my stmat f ths pupssb cct. Th qustn thf s, hw bst t dvd th wbtwn th pds f lf svally bst sutd t th dffntpats f t.

It s, ndd, smwhat dffcult, as a gnal ul, bnfcally andffctvly t us th sam b

at th sam tm as an nstumnt ftachng bth th languag n whch t s wttn, and th subjctf whch t tats. What s gvn hnstly t th n pups, wlldnaly b s much tan wthhld fm th th. F th nbjct, th mnd must b dctd upn th thught f th auth; fth th, upn th matal gan thugh whch t s cnvyd; ,n th wds, f th fm f ths tw ams hs languag must bgadd n ts matal, f th latt n ts ntllctual, sd.Th dffculty f cmbnng ths vws, ta

n f ncssty fmppst quats, ncass n pptn as th studnt s yung,th languag subtl, cpus, and labat, th subjct dvsfdand xtndd. In sm cass t may b slght, , at last, asly

sumuntabl; but t s asd naly t ts maxmum n th nstancf Hm. Th a fw amng us wh can say that w land much fth nwad pats f Hm n u byhd; whl phaps w d ntfl that u labus upn hm w blw th avag, such as t mayhav bn, f u gnal xtns; and thugh th gnatnsmay gatly mpv upn us, thy cannt, I fa, mast th hghppts f th auth at that aly pd f lf. Hm, fad at u publc schls, s, and pbably must b, ad nly, nth man, f hs dctn and pty (as cmmnly undstd), vnby th mst advancd; whl t ths lss fwad h s lttl mthan a mchancal nstumnt f acqung th bgnnngs f alfamlaty wth th G tngu and ts nflxns. If, thf,h s t b ad f hs thlgy, hsty, thcs, pltcs, f hss

ll n th hgh and m dlcat pats f th ptc callng, fhs nv-ndng lssns upn manns, ats, and scty, f w a tstudy n hm th gat map f that humanty whch h s wndfullyunflds t u gaz,--h must b ad at th unvsts, and adwth fnc t hs dp tasus. H s scnd t nn f thpts f Gc as th pt f bys; but h s fa advancd bf thmall, vn bf schylus and Astphans, as th pt f mn.

But n dscussn upn th gnal as wll as ptcal lvatnf Hm, can b cmplt satsfacty wthut a m dfntcnsdatn f th qustn--What s th hstcal valu f hststmny? Ths s nt sttld by u shwng th hs xstnc, hs xcllnc n hs at. N man dubts Asts, Bads, Vgls psnalty, th hgh an as pts; but nth wuldany man qut thm as authts n a pnt f hsty. T av ata ght vw f ths futh qustn, w must b asnably assudal

f th natu f Hms gnal ntntn, f hs pptuntsf nfmatn, and f th sundnss f hs txt. T ths subjctsI shall nw pcd; n th mantm, nugh may hav bn sad txplan th am f ths pags s fa as gads th m futfulstudy f th w

s f Hm, th cntmplatn f thm n th pstvsd n all th bangs, and th clang f a du spac f thm nth mst fttng stags f th ducatn f th yuth f England.

FOOTNOTES:

[7] Th ma s, I thn, M. Hallams.

[8] Ths s th , whch Lngnus (c. x.) cmmnds n thIlad, but whch was phaps xclld n th Dvna Cmmda.

[9] Usd by Lngnus xv. Plyb. v. 56, 8.

[10] Stph. Lx. ., 1353.

[11] Astt. Pt. c. 15.

SECT. 3.--_On th Hstc Ams f Hm._

F th pupss f anatmy vy s

ltn may b usful, and maysuffcntly tll th tal f th ac t whch t blngs. But whnw cm t s f hgh bauty and f appachs t pfctn, fhw nfnt a dvsty, f what cuntlss dgs, ds fm appa

t b suscptbl! Hw dffcult t s t fnd ths, xcpt n mfagmnts; and hw dangus ds t pv, n dalng wth bjcts, ttat th whl as a nmal spcmn, smply bcaus pats a fn, vn suplatv. Whn, agan, w pass nwad, and wth th bdygad als th mnd f man, stll gat s th ang f dffncs,and stll m a s th th dvlpmnt f pats n a dgs hgh as t bng th sngl xcllnc na th dal standad, th accuat adjustmnt f th latns t n anth, thcmpltnss f th agggat whch thy fm.

Nw, t appas t m, that n th cas f Hm, tgth wth thbadth and lvatn f th hghst gnus, w hav bf us,and n a yt m maabl dg, an vn m a fulnss andcnsstncy f th vaus nstumnts and gans whch ma up thappaatus f th human bng--cnsttutd as h s, n mnd and bdy,and hldng, as h ds, n th n sd f th Dty, and n thth, f th dust. Amng all th qualts f th pms, th snn m xtadnay than th gnal accuacy and pfctn fth mnut dtal, whn cnsdd wth fnc t th standadsat whch fm tm t tm thy am. Wh th pts stch, Hmdaws; and wh thy daw, h cavs. H aln, f all th nw famuspc wts, mvs (n th Ilad spcally) subjct t th stctlaws f tm and plac; h aln, whl pducng an unsupassd wf th magnatn, s als th gatst chncl that v lvd,and psnts t us, fm hs wn sngl hand, a psntatn flf, manns, hsty, f mals, thlgy, and pltcs, s vvdand cmphnsv, that t may b had t say whth any f th mfnd ags f Gc Rm, wth th cluds f auths and thmultpld fms f hstcal cd, a th m fathfully m cmpltly cnvyd t us. H aln psnts t us a mnd and anganzatn wng wth such pcsn that, sttng asd f thmmnt any qustn as t th gnunnss f hs txt, w may asnn gnal fm hs mnutst ndcatns wth th cnfdnc that thyblng t sm cnsstnt and ntllgbl whl.

It may b ght, hwv, t cnsd m ccumstantally thqustn f th hstcal authty f Hm. It has bn justlybsvd by Wachsmuth[12], that vn th dsslutn f hsndvdualty ds nt gt d f hs authty. F f th wsputd t b hs had pcdd fm many mnds, yt stll, accdngt th unty f clu, and th cspndnc n thcal andntllctual tn wth th vnts f th ag thy pupt t dscb,th wuld as an agumnt, fundd n ntnal vdnc, fth admssblty f th whl band nt th class f tustwthyhstcal wtnsss.

But, fst f all, may w nt as, fm whnc cms th psumptnaganst Hm as an hstcal authty? Nt fm th fact thath mxs mavls wth cmmn vnts; f ths, t qut n thnstanc, wuld dsty alng wth hm Hdtus. Ds t nt asfm ths--that hs cmpstns a ptcal--that hsty has lngcasd t adpt th ptcal fm--that an ld asscatn has thusbn dsslvd--that a nw and advs asscatn has ta

n ts plac,whch cnncts pty wth fctn--and that w llgcally flctths mdn asscatn upn aly tms, t whch t s uttlynapplcabl?

If s, th s n budn f pf ncumbnt upn ths, wh gadHm as an hstcal authty. Th psumptns a all n favu fth s gadng hm. Th qustn wll, f cus, man--In what

pptns has h mxd hsty wth magnatv mbllshmnt? Andh has funshd us wth sm ads twads th cnsdatn f thsqustn.

Th mmns mass f matt cntand n th Ilad, whch s bynd whatth actn f th pm qus, and yt s n ts natu pplyhstcal, f tslf suppls th stngst pf f th hstcams f th pt. Whth, n th ntductn f all ths matt, hfllwd a st and cnscus pups f hs wn mnd, whth hnly fd th apptt f hs has wth what h fund t b agablt thm, s lttl matal t th qustn. Th gat fact stands,that th was th a dsgn t fulfl, , at last, an apptt tfd--an ntns ds t cat bnds and latns wth th past--tgasp ts vnts, and fastn thm n fms whch mght bcm, andmght ma thm bcm, th ppty f th psnt and th futu.Wthut ths gat sgn f nblnss n th natu, Gs nvculd hav bn Gs.

I hav patculaly n vw th gat multtud f gnalgs;th xtadnay cnsstncy n wth anth, and wth th thhstcal ndcatns f th pms; th xtnsn t a vy lagnumb, spcally n th Catalgu, f scnday psns; I taagan th Catalgu tslf, that mst maabl pductn, as awhl; th accuacy wth whch th nams f th vaus acs ahandld and bstwd thughut th pms; th patculaty f thdmands gulaly mad upn stangs f nfmatn cncnngthmslvs, and spcally th cnstant nquy wh w th pants,what was, f ach psn as h appas, _hs_ latn t th past?and futh, th numus lgnds naatvs f p ccuncswth whch th pms, and patculaly th m hstc Ilad, s sthcly studdd. Evn th natnal us f patnymcs as ttls fhnu s n tslf hghly sgnfcant f th hstc tun. Nay, muchthat tuchs th gnal stuctu f th pm may b tacd n patt ths suc; f all th ntmdat B

s btwn th Wath andth Rtun f Achlls, whl thy a s cntvd as t hghtn thmltay gandu f th h, a s many tbuts t th spcal andlcal dss n ach stat dstct f cmmmatn f thpatcula chfs, whch Hm wuld, f cus, hav t mt, as htnatd thugh th vaus pats f Gc.

Nw, ths apptt f cmmmatn ds nt fx tslf upn whats magnay; t may tlat fctn by way f accssy andmbllshmnt, but n th man t must, fm ts natu, ly upnwhat t tas t b sld fd. Th actns f gat mn n all tms,but spcally n aly tms, affd t sutabl matal; and ths nthng atnal n blvng that th ac whch n ts nfancypducd s mavllus a pt as Hm, shuld als n ts nfancyhav pducd gat was and gat statsmn. Cmpsng, wth suchpws as hs, abut hs wn cunty, and f hs wn cuntymn,h culd scacly fal, vn ndpndntly f cnscus pups,t cnvy t us a gat mass f such matt as s n alty f thvy hghst hstc tuth and valu. If, ndd, w advanc s faas t th cnvctn that hs has blvd hm t b ctnghstcally, th man qustn may spdly b dcdd. F achgnatn f mn, pssssd f th mntal cultu ncssay n dt appcat Hm, nws t much f th gnatns mmdatlypcdng t admt f utt and whlsal mpstn. But t s a fanfnc fm th Odyssy, that th Tjan Wa was thus sung t thmn and th chldn f th mn wh wagd t. Fu lays f bads[13]a mntnd n that pm; n f Phmus, th f Dmdcus; and ut

f th fu, th lat t th Wa, whch appas t shw clalythat ts clbty must hav bn bth nstantanus and vpwng;th m s, as th nly manng n has fnc nt t any humantansactn, but t a scn n Olympus. And I shall shtly advtt th qustn, whth th Hmc pms thmslvs w n allpbablty cmpsd nt lat than wthn tw gnatns f th Watslf.

It may b tu that, wth spct t sm pats f hs hstcalntcs, th pt, adaptng hmslf t th wshs and tasts f hshas, mght ta lbts wthut fa f dtctn, mst f allwh h has flld n accsss, n d t cmplt a pctu;but I thn w shuld b wng n suppsng that n th ntst fhs at h wuld hav ccasn t ma ths a gnal pactc, t cay t n hstcal subjcts bynd matts f dtal. N canI whlly dsgad th analgy btwn hs hsty and hs quallycpus and vywh ntmxd ggaphcal ntcs: such f thm,I man, as lay wthn th sph f G xpnc. Ths ndd, hculd nt, und th ys f th mn wh had hm, cast nt th muldf fctn; yt th culd b n call f ppula ncssty f hsunqualld and mst mnut pcsn, and t can nly b accuntd fby th blf that accuat cd was a gat pups f hs pms. Ifh was thus caful t cd bth classs f patculas al, andf, as t th n, w abslutly nw that h has cdd thm wthxmplay fdlty, that fact ass a cspndng psumptn fsm wght as t th th.

But th s, I thn, anth agumnt t th sam ffct, f thhghst dg f stngth whch th natu f th cas admts. Its t b fund n th fact that Hm has nt scupld t ma

smsacfcs f ptcal bauty and ppty t ths hstc ams. Ff any judcus ctc w calld upn t spcfy th chf ptcalblmsh f th Ilad, wuld h nt ply by pntng t th multtudf sts fm th past, havng n cnnxn, at bst a vyfbl n, wth th Wa, whch a fund n t? Such bf and mnlgnds as ccu n th cus f th Catalgu, may hav a ptcalpups; t appas nt mpbabl that thy may b ntducd by wayf lf t th dynss f tpgaphcal and lcal numatn. But ngnal th naatvs f p ccuncs a (s t spa) athfstd n, and w must thf supps f thm a pups v andabv that, whch as a m pt Hm wuld hav n vw. It s hadt cncv that h wuld hav ndulgd n thm, f h had nt bnabl t mnst t ths spcal am by ts mans. Thus, agan, thcuus and mptant gnalgy f th Dadanan Hus[14] s gvn bynas, n answ t Achlls, wh had just shwn by hs taunt thath, at last, dd nt want th nfmatn, but

nw vy wll[15]th clams and ptnsns f hs antagnst. Agan, th lng stytld by Agammnn, n th assmbly hld f th Rcnclatn, whndspatch was f all thngs qust, may bst b accuntd f by thds t lat th ccumstancs attndng th bth f th gatnatnal h, Hculs. It ctanly mpds th actn f th pm,whch sms t b cnfssd n th bu nsnuatd by th ply fAchlls:--

.[16]

S m s hs h s wh Pus, s hu f ws m f h ms f m, s ( us h m hs)

u-h Ns, h vh B, , huh h hs

m s w, s u sh f hu ff-w s, -h f whh, h u f hE s wh Ps, su v.I m s, h hs ffuss u f huus f Ns, fs shm w f uusss Amm. I , , w m m hm wh h mfsh m Os f u s mm sus.Bu m f hs hv f whv: fm f

hm u suffs. O h h h, h hs mu s hh uus s f h G s:wh, h, shu w f u Hm h h f , f, wsss,[17] wh m us f hs s

s

u

h v f f hm?

I w sv, h f hs s f hu s su, sus hs h

h m jus h s wh h um f wuhv ws; smuh s hs s ms w s h h T, fhmv, s muh f v, fm h w x

f hs hs.

Bu, v v h ss, whh sm w h h

m

h hs

m,

h mu

u

f m sh

s whhu

huh

,

whh, s Hm u

hv

v

v

fm f hm, w m sus . Th f h fu fsh f u s, u h hv h shwh

f wh

hs

v

f ff

. Wh

, f s

,shu

Hm s

f C

ms

,

h

u

s

hus shws ?[18] Wh shu wh hs wh h h

ff Ahs f z ws h fm h E

?[19] Wh

shu

h s

h

s

s

h

u

u

whh

h h

s w

v?[20] Wh

shu

h

us

h

Tus ws f sm su?[21] Wh s Mus v m?[22]Wh hs P ss Ihhm, wh ws w Eumus, wf

h

u

s

h s _

s_ f Mv

m?[23]Ths us

s, v

w

m

, mh

f

mu

.

Bu, f , h m m f h sf

hs us

,

h

h

f Hm hms

f. Is h, f

h

u

u

ss,

h h

f

h

h whhh ss? Ds h xh s fm ssu? Ds h h

s ? A h s f s f h w whh v

hs f hs hs, f hs hs whh

hs f

h w

,

s h s,

h m, s Phmus

Dm

usmh hmsvs hv su? Whsmuh ss w, h Hm mus

s s wh h us f h h .Th ,

h

s, ss,

u

h O

ss

, f fs

s

f

s

fm

;

u

h

s

huhu

f

wh h, su, sh, us. I wu sum

u hus; h Hm v wu hv vu ss wh m

s

,

s hs s

su--

m

shs

m s h hs

m

s

--u

ss h h

s

hsusss f hs . I s sw s h ws--m, h s--ms h suj s m,

s

h h

s

h s

w

hu

v

hs s

s fm

j

v

w

s

h m

hs f

hm,whh Hm hs h h, , m hmsf us. F h su hs h s, h h

f s h sm f u f h h ,

f . Th u m us fs ss f fs, u, ms su h wm, s f s s su . Bss, s mss, h hmms s vs f h s; m h

v ux, h Chus. Bu Hm j fm

sss, hs whs h v f. A ,s fm h f, h mms hs hs

hmsvs h. Su h v u hv fhmsf hs ss, uss h h m hsusss f hs w ss u wh hm . H wu hv s ms h s hv , whs ss w f hw w, fm hmsvs, u fm wh h h hf hs uh us; whs w Ahs ms f Ahs, Usss ms f Usss, s whh s. Nx h w h, s h h h f

h; u w v s h , s s, h h .S

, u hs, I f h m ms mus mus. Th us, whh Hm ss s ss h s f hs w , whh h fhs fm s

h hs fs m s m hmz wh hm, mus

f

u susss u s h s s

ums, whh sus , u fs h ms huh sh sf f h x; h h

f

h

w

ss

f

,

whh

h

s f

h

s

u

v sh

s, w

h

h , ma

suchcpus appals.

But th assumptn by an fft f mnd f th manns and tn fa mt ag, jnd wth th cnsstnt suppt f ths chaactthughut plngd ws, s f vy a ccunc. In Gltatu th s nthng, t my nwldg, whch at all appachst; and ths I thn

may faly b ugd as f tslf almst cnclusvaganst ascbng t t Hm. Th lat tagdans, n whscmpstns w shuld l f t, d nt appantly s much as thnf t; and t s mst dffcult t supps a pt s natnal as Hmt b n ths cadnal spct ntly dffnt fm all ths fhs ac. Indd th suppstn s adcally at vaanc wth thda f hs ptcal chaact; f whch th vy gundw ls n achldl uncnscusnss, and n th unty f At wth Natu[24].

May w nt, hwv, g a gd dal futh, and say bldly that thfaculty f assumng n ltay cmpstns an achac cstum, vc,and mann, ds nt blng at all th t an ag l that f Hm, t any ag f whch th ltay cndtns at all smbl t?

In th fst plac, an nvnt, wng l Hm f th gnalpublc, must, by dpatng altgth fm th mds f thught,xpssn, and actn cunt n hs wn day, _p tant_ ls hshld upn ths n whs appval h dpnds. It sms t fllw thatths wll nt b susly attmptd, xcpt n an ag whch hascasd t affd a lbal supply f th matals f manc. Is ntths psumptn mad gd by xpnc? Th G

tagdans, t sndsputabl, dd nt fnd t ncssay t am, and dd nt am, atpducng th whl cntmpay appaatus, whch was n stctnssapppat and du t th chaacts. Vgl mad n such attmpt nth nd, f whch, ntwthstandng th manns abund n anachnsmsf dtal. Th manc pts f Italy dalz th subjct, nt,hwv, by th vval f antqu manns wth th pp appaatusf ncdnts, but by mans f an abundant ptnatual machny.

Evn n Shaspas Kng Jhn, Hny IV, Hny VIII, hw lttldffnc can b dtctd fm th Elzabthan ag, (n ths pnt)fm n anth[25]. Agan, n Macbth La, nugh s dnt pvnt u uttly cnfundng th ags wth th cmmn lff th has; but th s nthng that appachs t a cmpltchaactstc psntatn f th spctv tms t whch thpsnags a suppsd t blng. S, agan, n Clanus, JulusCsa, Antny and Clpata, th s a st f Rman _tga_ thwnlsly v th fgus; but w d nt fl uslvs amdst Rmanlf whn w ad thm. And, n tuth, what s dn at all n thscass s nt dn s much by pducng as by gnalzng, n thsam sns as a pant gnalzs hs daps. A gat nstancf th gnun pcss f pductn s t b fund n S WaltSctt. H, hwv, bsds bng a man f pwful gnus, cast ntn th muld f hs wn ag, but n n ssntally blngng t thpast, was a mast f antquaan nwldg. And ths lads m tnam what sms t b th scnd cndtn f sus and succssfulattmpts (I nd nt h spa f bulsqus, f whch all th tuchsmust b bad ns) at dsntng and vvng bygn ags n thwhl ccl and schm f th lf. Th fst, as has bn aladysad, s t lv n an ag tslf scally ld, s as nt t abund npp matals f hgh nvntn. Th scnd s, t lv n an agpssssd f such abundant dcumnts and cds f a fm tm as tma t pactcabl t xpl t n all pnts by hstcal _data_.Ths cndtn was wantng t Vgl, vn suppsng hm t hav hadth ncssay tasts and qualfcatns. It was nt wantng t Sctt,wth fnc spcally t th pd f th Stuats, wh, bsdsa vast abundanc f al and wttn tadtns, had laws, usags,achtctu, ams, cns, utnsls, vy magnabl fm f lcand f tstmny at hs cmmand, s that h culd hmslf fst lvn th ag f hs ws, and thn, whn hmslf acclmatsd, nvntaccdng t t.

In all ths t s nt fgttn that a ctan amunt f achasm sndspnsabl n all ws puptng t daw th subjct fm alng-past ag. But ths _mnmum_ nd nly b slght and gnal,as n th nd; and t cnssts ath n th xclusn f mdnaccsss, than n th vval f th gnal tn. And agan,th vy chc f subjct, as t s gav and sv lght andgay, wll t sm xtnt nflunc th manns: th fm wllspntanusly lan twads th past, th latt, dpndng n th zstf nvlty, wll b m dspsd t clth tslf n th fms f thpsnt. Thus w hav a m antqu tn n Hny th Ffth, than nth My Wvs f Wnds. But achac clung wthn lmts such asths s badly dffnt fm such systmatc psntatn f thantqu as Hm must hav pactsd, f h had pactsd t at all.

As n manc and pty, s n th pgss f th dama, thsmthd appas t b th busnss f a lat ag. Th stngth fdamatc magnatn s always whn th dama tslf s yung. Itthn cnfdntly ls upn ts ssntal lmnts f th ncssayllusn; t nws lttl, and cas lss, abut sustanng t bylabat attntn t mn mblms and ncdnts. But whn t haslvd nt th ld ag f cvlzd scty, whn th ctcal facultyhas bcm stng and th magnatn wa, thn t stngthnstslf by mnut accuacy n scny and cstum,--n fact, by xactpductn. Ths s ndd th nvl gft f u wn tm: and bymans f t thatcal vvals a nw undstd and pactsd amnguslvs n a mann whch fm gnatns culd nt mulat, butdd nt qu.

N must w fgt th mptanc, wth fnc t ths dscussn,f Hms mnutnss, pcsn, and multtud f dtals. Evy nf ths, b t mmbd, f w supps hm nt t b pantng fmth lf, affds an addtnal chanc f dtctn, by th dscpancybtwn th lf habtually psnt t th pts xpnc, and thatwhch h s psntng by fft. But th vc f th Hmc pmss n ths spct, aft all, unsnus, l that f th Gs,and nt multfm, l that f th Tjan amy[26]. W a dvn,thf, t supps that Hm pactsd ths at f pductn na scal, as wll as wth a succss, snc unhad f, and ths at apd whn, accdng t all llhd and all th xpnc, tculd nly n a vy lmtd sns b pssbl t pactc t at all.Th xtavaganc f ths suppstns tlls pwfully aganst thm,and nc m thws us bac n th blf that th bjcts whch hpantd w, n th man, ths whch hs wn ag placd bnath hsvw.

Ths vw f th hstcal chaact f Hm, I blv,substantally ags wth that tan by th Gs n gnal. If If t Stab, n hs maabl Plgmna[27], t s bcaus hhad ccasn t cnsd th pnt patculaly. Eatsthns hadtatd th gat s f pts as a fabulst. Stab cnfuts hm.Eatsthns had hmslf ntcd th pcsn f th ggaphcaldtals: Thsb, wth ts dvs; Halatus and ts madws; Anthdn,th bunday; Lla by th sucs f Cphssus; and Stab ttsupn hm wth fc-- ; h eerl l , h Hmer e f, hm

h

he O

yey

e

l

fr pl

lver:--

,

that so Home adjoied mythical oamets to tue evets. But histoyas the basis:-- [28]. And, nadptng th blf that Hm s t b tan gnally f a msttustwthy wtnss t facts, I am fa fm sayng that th a ncass f xcptn, wh h may asnably b suspctd f shwnglss than hs usual fdlty. Th dctn must b accptd wthlattud: th qustn s nt whth t s abslutly saf, butwhth t s th last unsaf. W may mst asnably, phaps, vwhs statmnts and psntatns wth a spcal jalusy, whn thya such as appa systmatcally cntvd t nhanc th dstnctvxcllncs f hs natn. Thus, f nstanc, bth n th caussand ncdnts f th wa, and n th latv qualts and mts fG

s and Tjans, w may d wll t chc

th t apd actn fu judgmnts, and t allw sm scp t th suppstn, that thhstcal duts f th bad mght h natually bcm subdnatt hs pattc pups n glfyng th ss f hs has, thatmmtal gup wh bcam thugh hm th funtan had t Gc, bthf natnal unty and f natnal fam.

Indd, whl I cntnd nly f th hstc am and chaact fHm, I undstand th tms n a sns much hgh than that f mpcsn n th ladng naatn. W may, as I am dspsd t thn

,vn f w shuld dsblv th xstnc f Hln, f Agammnn, f Ty, yt hld, n all that s mst ssntal, by th hstcalchaact f Hm. F myslf, I as

t b pmttd t blv nths, and n much bsds ths; yt I als plad that th manqustn s nt whth h has cctly cdd a ctan ssf tansactns, but whth h has tuly and fathfully psntd

manns and chaacts, flngs and tasts, acs and cunts,pncpls and nsttutns. H ls th pth f hsty; ths thas f ts sul, and fact f ts bdy. It ds nt appa t masnabl t psum that Hm dalzd hs naatn wth anythngl th lcns whch was pmttd t th Calvngan manc; ytvn that manc dd nt fal t tan n many f th mst ssntalpatculas a tu hstc chaact; and t cnvys t us, patly byfact and patly thugh a vast paabl, th nwad lf f a pdpgnant wth fcs that w t pat pwfully upn u wnchaacts and cndtn. Evn ths wh wuld gad th cass aspaalll shuld, thf, mmb that thy t must ad Hmthws than as a pt n th vulga and m pvalng sns, whchdvsts pty f ts latn t alty. Th m thy ad hm nthat spt th hgh, I blv, thy wll as th stmat fhs stll unnwn and unappcatd tasus.

FOOTNOTES:

[12] Hstcal Antquts f th Gs, vl . Appndx C.

[13] Od. . 326, v. 72-82, 266-366, 499-520.

[14] Il. xx. 213-41.

[15] Il. xx. 179-83.

[16] Il. xx. 148-50.

[17] H. A.P. v. 359.

[18] Od. . 266.

[19] Il. xx. 826.

[20] Ibd. 326-33.

[21] Il. v. 801.

[22] Il. xx. 409.

[23] Od. v. 797.

[24] Nglsbach, Hmsch Thlg, Enltung, pp. 1-3.

[25] Sctt has pad, hwv, a tbut t Sha

spa n ths gundn Th Ftuns f Ngl. Nvls and Rmancs, vl. . p. 68, 8v.dtn.

[26] Il. v. 438.

[27] Stab . 2, p. 16.

[28] Stab . 2, p. 20.

SECT. 4.--_Th pbabl Dat f Hm._

In mplyng such a phas as th dat f Hm, I man n fnc tany gvn numb f yas bf th Olympads, but smply hs latnn th d f hsty t th hc ag; t th vnts, and, abvall, t th lvng typ f that ag.

Whn asstng gnally th hstc ams and authty f thpt, I d nt psum t pnunc cnfdntly upn th dffcultqustn f th pd at whch h lvd. I pf t dwll upn thppstn that h s an gnal wtnss t manns, chaacts, anddas such as ths f hs pms. It s nt ncssay, t ma gdths ppstn, that w shuld dtmn a gvn numb f yasas th maxmum that culd hav passd btwn th Tjan wa and thcmpstn f th Ilad Odyssy. But th ntnal vdnc sms tm vy stngly t suppt th blf, that h lvd bf th Dancnqust f th Plpnnsus. That h was nt an y-wtnss f thwa, w abslutly nw fm th Invcatn bf th Catalgu[29].It als appas[30] that h must hav sn th gandchldn f nasgnng v th land f Pam. It s n xtavagant suppstn thatfty ffty yas aft th sg, phaps vn lss, mght havbught ths t pass.

Th sngl da fm f xpssn n th pms, whch at fstsght tnds t suggst a vy lng ntval, s that qutd by VllusPatculus[31], th [32]. B he qe re,he

her

h h

rl l

-mr

, r pe

l em

ellhme

?I

he frmer ee, mply re

phyl

eeery fm, l reqre ppe h le h lpef ere eee he Tr he eph f he pe. Thhyp

he,

h

h Heye pe

f

he eh

h r

h eer

[33],eerl p h reje

e

. If

e

me

,

f e

p

he ve f h frml rme, le ll efehrll fe. Th l he phre, mm

r

me

h repe

he

elle

l hr

er f me mre,

ye

remve

frm

, perhp,

y mre

h frm qrer hlf ery--here ere he y. Ny,he erv f Perl, epelly he eh

mrer,

elf exemplfe

he l

le re

h hh

hee q

e

hve

ee

re

e

. Fr

he Il

elf

pple mple

e er he peeh f Ner, h r he very me r eee hehere f he Tr he f h erler y:

[34].

A

r

h

e hve

hee r

me

re,

pple

yHmer hmelf, f

he rel fre f

he phre, hh eem

fx

meh er hlf ery, h me hrme hhe ffre y he pe rel he ee fe. The r

me

f M

fr

[35]

he e f Hmer pper

me

e f re

vl

e:

, hle

reje

e

,

ere

y Heye[36]. Nr ey eve he er he h reh, fr he pe emy e, he yer frm Prh

he ee re my frm

he ee

h

y[37]. B

Pr

h

he f

her f Plyp

e, h le

Thel

v he r.[38]

If

h ve f Hmer me

he pr

lr e

e rre

,e

he

e

er

er

hy

h

he pe

, h

e

hfrm f eheme fr me he Il, e emply heOyey, hh he ler pem, hh he h ppre

eh; h he hle expl f Ulye Ph, epelly he hl f he B Ih. Fr he Il mre

qe e f lr prevl, eme y he lferr f he .

There e pe, e ly, hh j ple f ere ll he re Dr qe: h he Frh B f he Il, here J ell Jper h he ell he ery pe f her, heever he my he, her

hree

ere e, Ar, Spr, Mye[39]. I prleh he pe refer h h ee pre yHerle[40], h phelly ere y Phx[41].B, he fr ple, e h hee e ere yee erye y he Dr qe, mre h hey h ee yprev y errrl he. If, he her h, e ee, h e ee re he pe mply mreh revl epee f merl er, he e ee

re he e f he Dr qe ll heprprey f he pe, fr Hmer lrey e y r h hee, he errry hh hey ele, h he hfrm D Pere, frm Pere Pelp.

B eve fr le eqvl frm le pe

l e my me ehe, e le h f Hmer, y yl

j

ly

r frm fe

re, he

her p

ve r e

ve,

h

re r

e

he eerl

y f

he pem. N

h l

re frm he me l ee f y ll Hmer

he eerl e f he re Dr qe, heeq

e

re

r

f

he l

r E

rpe Greee, r

hemr

e

r

, r

he very ex

ee f

he e A

Greeehh ppe hve lle e. Repe he qe

elf, he mh y e effr f elere e hve

ep

lee:

p

le

h

he

l

hve v

e

e

ry

y referee

re

l

,

h

, h

le

e f he hh h r e he hle rfe f ey Greee? I

l e mre rl, ere e rve (hh he e),eve

ppe

h

he pe q

e

h

ee

mpere

h,

h

me

h

he pe

l

hve fr

re

hr

h

e

y-eh

h le, me y her referee , r frher ery h

lee f, eve hh m h pp hve pe frhm lre pr

f

he hle hrz f lfe

experee.

A, he ll he rmpe he r-hre f llrve pe, e he r, re y fr lh

f

l,

he

hery

h

Hmer r

hm y

em f rfre

ffere

frm

h

hh he rer

e

;

req

re

p pp fr he expl f hem, ey hevery rl e h he her pe, h eelly hmer, ye

,

h er

lm

, e

ly prje

hmelf

h

je

frm

he frer

f every-

y lfe

he mellef e; , herefre, h he my vely hve exle frmh pem er je r pre, hh h he e

hve

ee mre r le

e. A, h

re e

y

hem

e

le

e f Greee prper

he Pelpe

, hh Hmer h

plye? Why e he (pprely) mh eer h he eA Mr? H m he re Dr, j emere frm mprve

r

rm,

l

he ler

ll? H

re,

h

Ly

r

h

l

hve q

re

he fme f hv fr

r

e

he pem

he Pelpe, le re revl f e

m re fr her h me eee, lere r rely

ee he relle f hem he very ry, hh ey ll

her hey vere h lze f lry.

Of he very mll mer f pe he pem hh referee eve ler h he , here re , h rel

he me je, fr hh fr h pper ffl . Why e Nepe re p he Olymp Cr hf rher r jely, le he r f efee,hly hr p y he Ah rmy, hl elpe he ll l

r Try y Apll hmelf? Evely rer frmJper he e, h he hl eqely hmelf effe llre f . B hy e Hmer h h xey fr -ppere? Why e he rer eqely he je, m reflly rele h Jper y r, Apll y r hemh f eh rver, Nepe h h re, ll pere ery he r, me he hre mh eve ? H Hmerlve my eer fer he Trj r, hee pe l hve

ee erely h prpe, fr he ee he hve ve re h, hy e h lef re ll vle f he lr f

y. B f he lve er he per f he r, he e veryffere. He mh he e hllee y h mrme herer, h,f hey freqee he pe he Se f Mrmr, l hve hler ve f he mp f Amem, h l rlly reqrehm e fr he ppere eve f h r

y l

r f

he rmy

l

pr

e,

he Trj l

ery

l

m

e pr

le fr

her hr

rve ver[42].

Thee prlr pper e rh er: here

re fr pl

he

e f Hmer very er

h

f

heWr re, h v

le

e

y

h

he e,

he l

er

ye

vhe e, f hh he , he r ervl e feel eee hmelf, he very ere f ll h fll hm.

FOOTNOTES:

[29] Il. . 486.

[30] Il. xx. 308.

[31] H. . 5.

[32] Il. v. 304; x. 383, 449; xx. 287.

[33] Ex. . Il. xxv., vl. v. p. 828.

[34] Il. . 262-272.

[35] H. Greee, hp. . App.; vl. . 169-74, 4.

[36] Heye, Ex. .

Il. xxv.; vl. v. p. 226.

[37] Grvlle Pe he Prmry Arme f he Il, p. 314.

[38] Il. . 740.

[39] Il. v. 51.

[40] Il. . 660.

[41] Il. x. 593.

SECT. 5.--_The Prle Trrhe f he Tex f Hmer._

Le pree er he qe, h mp , he hle, fe me, r h rle e m jly fll,

r e Hmer e, h referee he ex f hePem?

Shll e p ve frm f mpleely rere ex, le hf Mr. Pye Kh?

Shll e, h h heree prlr per, me

e eher ple r, le, m prle h exeverrp f he ex hrly hve ee ve[43]; hll e, eqee, hl he reeve ex prvlly, je ex r meme r y prlr hery erHmer, h e, mer , hh e my relvehve hh f fll r r?

Shll e m hrve, he ex f Arrh r heAlex

r r

,

he _

el_ hh he h ple

vere hh he

pe

e

?

Or hll e pree, eerl rle, p he elef, h hereeve

ex

f Hmer eerl

r

r

hy, fr,

le

,

e very re

ly prefer

le

y re

r

e

r l

ere

frm hever, hh h hher ee pre r prpe fr

r epe?

My

e

e

preferee fr

he f

r

h

l

f

hee l

er

ve:

h he erv, hever, p, h he hr e eelly ffer frm h repe he re y f he Pem, fr e

h

he Alex

r

ex

relly .

I prefer h re y fr he fe: he ly e hh eeere p h h m f prelmry e, ere

free

e

er

f Hmer q

e

p r

hel

mm:

,

herefre,

he ly e,

y me f hh

e hpe l merl rel he rerf qry. I rer frly re he e, he fllprp

my

e

e

f

f Hmer

y:--

1. Th e hl p he ex elf he f ll Hmerqry, y preeve hery, r y rrry r fr

m, refer

le

pr

lr per

, hl, r per.

2. Th e pree y r f r y evee rfrm he ex, e hl v he emp lve fflef

le

r y,

y

e

pr

lr pr

f

rr

p

r

erpl

e

: h

l

ever e

e exep

p

hele exm f he prlr pe qee; hl eprly he lery eve f rry premp ; h

l

ly le

he re

er

er

h he

hy

q

e

e

.

N, le er hee rle, he meh hh prpe

y me f hem pply,

_._ Wh referee he flre f her meh.

_._ Wh referee he eee prle fr r heeerl e f he ex.

_._ Wh referee he erl evee f e re ffre y he ex elf.

The fr f he rle h ee rh mre mre per y he elever Hmer he Pe f he Il heOyey, elf-efee he epl here: h

ee h e e p y Mre h h reh mpleee, leve he, h p , mply he y fre h fep.

A, he e, my e hpe h y he fre frme rlly m ve, hh perhp le,

ye, y v f relee, h hrhhe er flre rvee f ll her meh. Fr

here rhly (h r h e), he rely

exe frm he Hmer ex hever lhe h r reep, , fer ll, eelly perfl vlrme

h

f pree

:

f

ex

le

efre

he ev

ee

h

he Pe

he

ex

h

ee re

ly frme

,

h reely ee, y ler ry, hrly e frve .The ex f Hmer e flle: , he fr ple, pl, fr eerl e

m

e

,

h

he pem,

hey

, ffr

fr

e

er

rer f

h y

herfrm f hem hh h ee prpe, heher rle herprpl memer, y he erve hl, r ly mee

y free h

l

e

l. All

he re

pree hh hveye

ee

re

, hve

e

e

e lem, r

her lem fefl me, fr every e h hey y. I f, he ef heme, h h f Lhm[44], h ee heve y

h l

e rel prre

r

,

mply

l

h my

pe

l

, l

e

, fl

, eh re

hr hery pprvl, eh r frm he re f herl her h he hr r he mle, hh eem e heprper rer

f perver

e

e

y.

I l e premp j re he remrle perfrmef Mr. Pye Kh e f h my e lle-- rr phrefrm

he mmerl rl

--

he Hmer

le-heme. I

p

e

h eere

y Heye. I

hle

y

he lm j

me

refe e f Lr Aeree. Ye h eh.

[45].

The rel f me h erye he vle f Mr. Pye KhPrleme,

h

ee

e

e

ly

fv

r

le

h

ex

pr

l

emp

re

r

. W

h

he l

ex

he rh

h, Mr. Kh he lef, h l hh lfr he ere lee Hmer? Or h ll ever vere p

lh

r

e

r re-m

elle

Il

?

Apr, hever, frm he fre f he rel f

emp rer, hve e re eleve h he ex

f Hmer h, hle, ee erly ve y erplr rrp? The ffle e rm frm heme f he pe re e ee. B I h e hve relyeh ere he m f me hh ere vlle, hhere lly emplye, rer erlze he ffle,

heve he . Alhh r f me erp pper hve exe he eph f he Pem, e prly prve,

my y re e flly me, h Hmer re, ree ly. Th he fr ep: fr he e. I p y

he rme h he, h ey h pem f h leh l erme rlly ll, e lrey pe f y he eerlver f he rl. S, lee, I leve eh me, he phere Mre h ple hem, ll he re f he _peer_, hy h here ere rlly mer f Il Oye ,

ferr me p he pem h e hve hem: f he_mplfer_, h l p hem expe repevely y rlerpl frm rl f mll me; f

he _eprr_, h ll hve j Hmer mre, e frhe Il, e fr he Oyey. I me fr he pree prpehe rry f ll hee hree prp: mply ve heh eleve hem, h l eve h he ex eerlly

fe rrhy el, me er f h

je.

I

emp

eh re

rpe

vely

he pr

le fr

e f

heHmer

ex

, I pre

me

h

e my e

lh

r p

f

epr

rehe jme elvere y Heye[46], h he mrp f Hmer re

fry: h e pe ll, r erly ll, h he Alexrr

pee

;

h

y

he

ve f

he r

l r

, ehve pr

ly,

he hle,

e

er

r

er Hmer

h

h

fArrh, hh he f he mer ex. The mperfe ef he r fr e e e, he he pr

, hve

, e my l

ppe

h Heye[47],

e mre

h

rfl r e

ry

me

he pe.

The fr er qe h; h fr Hmer mle, fr,

y

he rhp

, r re

er,

efre he p

r

,

e

ly,

y

he h, r

er

r

he ly f

he Il

e y, m, me, hve e lere mh, eve fhey h hm f her , ly h h eefl_ex e

j

r

_. I

, f

re,

m

e

h

hee ly,eve

h

h

elly e

hey me frm

her frmer, ere mye lly epre. A Heye qe he Shl f Pr[48],mpl y repr h Ch h hl h erplelrely, ell

he pe hh Jeph

[49] ( he

e)ve

h p

h

he Il

, frm hv

ee pee

eher l fer mpe, preee my repe.N, eve f h ere he p f Jeph, l hve mrepre

e

h

rl

hr

y,

h f

h

ee

elvere

ye

er

y. B

he f

,

h

Jeph

me

mply

rre ; ... ... . Indd, t cannt b tcafully bn n mnd, that f th pstv ntcs f Hm n alytms a slght, s as t thw us bac

vy much upn th pms fth wn vndcatn, yt, n th th hand, all th authtsctd n th scptcal sd, a chnlgcally s mt fm thqustn n dbat, that thy a but pnns and nt pfs, and thatw may canvass and qustn thm wthut th smallst scupl, fathat w a pttng m thy aganst lgtmat vdnc.

It s nt t b dnd that th cndtn f th Hmc pms,bf thy w cmmttd t wtng, was n f gat dang. Butth qustn may wll b asd, hw cam pms f such lngth tb psvd at all by m al tansmssn thugh a pd fundfnd, and pssbly f vy gat, lngth? It s plan that nthngbut an xtadnay clbty, and a passnat attachmnt n th patf th ppl, culd hav pt thm alv. Nw, f w supps thsclbty and ths attachmnt, lt us nqu futh, whth thymay nt hav suppld th mans f nutalzng and cuntactng, nth man, th dangs t whch th pms w xpsd; and whtht s unasnabl t say, That whch _culd_ hav psvd thm nth unty at all, _must_, n all llhd, hav psvd thmn a tlably gnun stat. Fully admttng that th vdnc nth cas s mpfct, and can nly lad t dsputabl cnclusns, Invthlss as, What s th mst pbabl suppstn spctng thcndtn f th Hmc pms n th p-hstc tms f Gc?Is t nt ths--that, wth du allwanc f a dffnt stat fccumstancs, thy w thn, what thy w n lat tms; thbad bass f mntal cultu; th gat mnumnt f th gly f thnatn, and f ach patcula Stat ac; th pm nttanmntf ths plngd fstv gathngs whch w s chaactstc faly Gc; that thy w nt nly th spcal chag and pdf patcula ptcal schls, but dstnct bjcts f th ca flgslats and statsmn; that n ths mann thy w cgnsd asamng th nsttutns f th cunty, and that thy had thus t dpndf th tansmssn, nt nly n th f f natnal and ptcflng, but upn a jalus custdy much smblng that whch vn acmpaatvly ud ppl gvs t ts laws?

I shall attmpt a summay f th agumnts and tstmns whch appat m t cmmnd, f thy d nt cmpl, th adptn f thscnclusns.

1. Haclds Pntcus, a pupl f Plat, n a fagmnt ,eclaes that Lycugus was the fist to big the poety of Homeito Pelopoesus: , , . T tetmy

atewt efeece t te fact t e

t, but t

ate te tyf Geek teatue. Of te uce fm wc t wa deved by teaut w gve t u, we kw tg. N gt tw u t by

a,[50] w add te e

tet

. P

utac e

agete ex

e f te tadt, but eem t add

tt

e t t matte,excet tat me t f Hme wee kw befe Lycugu bugtte we fm Cete.[51] It tated te Reubc f Pat,[52]tat Ce

y

u wa a cm

a f Hme. Stab[53] fm u tate wa a Sama; ad Hemdama, te mate f Pytaga, adby Dgee Laetu[54] t ave bee decedat. Nw, we catca ay at f tee tatemet ty; but tey exbt a bdyf tadt, f wc te membe, daw fm catteed quate,agee wt e ate, ad agee a

wt te geea

bab

tytat ae ut f a fact atg a tef te actua

eevat f te em f Hme. It tut t fact tat

ay te bet gud f tadt uc a te e quet. Iftey came befe u atfca

y cm

ete ad embe

ed, tat mgtbe made a gud f uc. But aeag, a t e de, wta evdet abece f deg, tee evey eumt f t tut.Befe cdeg te fu

fce wc attace t t f t be tue,we w

daw ut te kded tadt.

2. Of tee, te ext, ad a mt mtat e, te tatemet f

Hedtu eectg Ctee, te ue f Scy, w, we ead bee at wa wt Ag, , , [55]. He pree y, h Clhee h h hememry f Ar, e Arve her, frm Sy. I eery qre h hee Hmer pem my hve le; he l f Gre, h hey ere he The he Ep, he Il[56], eem me rele. Nr rre hhe Il fl pply mer hh he eme my refer. I

he Il, he me f Ar, hh me re he ryrher h y, erly e h he hef e f per,

eme repreeve f he hle Helle re herfy. Th rely hr fely hher, h y ll fme

l erve frm he vl fe h Thee. The Il, , mrm lerly he ex f Ar h Ar--fr me Dme

he h f h her r rher, le[57]; lmr he re p f Sy,

[58],

m m w h ms f Amm, wh Asfus s sv wfu . Th m hf hs

m u whh Hus m v u h Ths E h hs Hm ms.

Bu

h m

f

h

ss s

wh

hsss. I shws,

_._ Th

h w,

S

, S

-

s f Hm sx

us

f

h Chs

,

w

h w

s f

hsussfu fms.

_

._ Th

hs

s w fm

w

h mm us; f

h

m

s sm

h

s

sh

, whh ws

hs s, s usm u S.

_._ Th

h

s

u

h Hm

ms, s

h

w

s

u

f x

m

whh

hHm ms w m .

_

._ Th

hs

s w

h

u f m

v

s

s

m

h h

s

s

s, wh

h

s

ms

v

, f us,wu zs. Ths ms h h s w s,

s f us, u h m sh hm.

3. Nx

hs

,

v

w

h

,

u

uh, s h s S Ahs. Duhs fM, uh f u , H[59] hA

x

, s u

Ds L

us[60] s

s

f

hf

w ff

S

: . , . , . But w hav als abtt wtnss, I thn

, n Lycugus th at, cntmpay wthDmsthns,[61] wh gvs a mst st

ng accunt f th pltcaland matal us f th Hmc sngs. H says, , . It wa wt tee g te ea, e

ceed, tat yufate fugt at Maat; ad vaat wee tey _te_, tat fmamg tem te bave va, te Lacedma, ugt a geea,

Tytu.

_a._ Nw, tee wd aea t cay te tadta g f taw, a fa a te autty f Lycugu w ava, back t te eayat f te evet cetuy, we Tytu ved.[62]

_b._ Tu, at te ed we Ate jut begg t e twademece, e eact a aw tat te em f Hme a be ected ate geatet fetva.

_c._ T u e accd t Hme (wateve tat ame may avemted) ae amg et.

_d._ T aea, fm te cex wt Tytu, t be a tadtf a matte de t ta te e meted by Deucda. Butte tw ae tug accdace. F Deucda de t ay tatS tduced te ectat f Hme, de e efe myt te Paateaca. He etty ceay me, tat S dd tbeg te ectat, but tat e efmed--(by bgg tem tegua ucce, wc me a fxed de f te g)--wat adbee tduced aeady; we Lycugu eem t uy te tce fte ga tduct a avg ccued befe te tme eve fTytu.

4. Te agumet fm te cu

tue te cet f Cy

e

u,e

eetg ubject take ut f te I

ad, efe t a

ed ea

ycedg wt tat f Tytu, a Cyeu wa baby b abutB. C. 700: ad ted t w tat te Iad wa famu Ct attat date.[63]

5. Te ext f te ecfc tadt tat eatg t Ptatu.T agecy t a bee te fa f ate yea t ag aexaggeated, eve a exc

uve, m

tace. But weea tetetme e

ectg Lycugu, C

tee, ad S

, (a we

a teAtea egat befe m,) ae deved fm aut baby, cetay, f te fut ad fft cetue B. C., we ave e ata

e

ectg Ptatu ea

e ta te Auguta age.[64] Cceay e ft d

ed te Hmec bk te

eet de;Pauaa,[65] tat e cected tem, ; Jshus,[66] wh, s w hv s, m fs h

h

h I

ws

mm

w

u

f

Hms

m, s w

u

[67] s w

ss

h

us f Pss

us.A Sh, sv,[68] ms fu s whw u h . A m m, h h ss

Pss

us hv

hs

s

v m

--

h

h

sm

h fs

m

shm

f

s

u

Hms x u h ss f h svf h u.

Thus,

h

s

m

Pss

us s f

f h whh sus h s, wh

u h s s hm wh h fw

h

;

u

h s s

j

h

h

h fx

h

u

f

h

ms, whh

h

w f S

m

hv

f

sm h jum f h s, huh h wu .

6. Th

u,

u

fu

s

P

u

h m fHhus, ss h h sv--

, , [69].

A egad te matte f ga tduct, t aagectadct a te fegg e. Fm te ucetaty w taut, t mut yed t tem a f e autty. But t ta. It te vey face f t cedbe: f t aet, t tat ety wa ft aaged adjuted, but ft bugt tte cuty by Hacu. T tef abud: ad t adecty te teet f te tatemet, wc ca ady be a uefct, tat S by aw equed te em f Hme t be ectedat te Paatea. A egad te ucce ectg, t qute

b

e tat e may ave ut te at ad t te wk f fate.

Hweve, te aage may deeve tce a a g f te geea beeftat te cae f te em f Hme, ad v f te dey

ub

cat te y mde te be, wa a ft ad uua at fte cae f State ad te ue.

Te we ma f te aage wc ave bee cted may be tugt tbea may te ctvee wc I ave waved. But tey avea mt mtat, eve f ecday, beag u te quet, wetete eceved text geeay ud t tuctue. Te dagewc meaced tat text f cue wee efeab

e t tw uce: tee, wat f due cae; ad te te, fa

fcat f a

u

e: adt eceay t bg t e vew te we tve evdecewt eect t te eevat ad ubcat f te Hmec em, de t etmate te amut bt f tee dage ad f teafeguad agat tem. I eume te

ecut f t tak.

Fm te wd , Hus h s S

,

s

h

h

w m

hs m

h h

s

s

s. A

s

h m

h

h m

u

h

m

s

sf h s, u h f wh Hm ws u hv ms, h us ss, wh us u h z

ju

? P

,

h

s, f

h v

m f

h h

s

s

;

u

s,

, w mus

ssum

, f hs m

vf h sus s f hs . A, wh ws h h f h ms, w m h m s ushw

h

vss f mm

u

v

u

mm

f

hm, mh

w

sv

v w

. Tu,

h v

f

u hss mh u hm sus h hu mv u Hm. Bu su suh wu suj s

h

fm

h v

,

h m

, m

h j

us, ju

m

f hs

m

s

v

s.Th s, , s, f h v, wu

mm ss hs f v h; h ssu

f

h

hms

f,

h x

v

hs m, wu

hus

v

wfu

fm

h

u

f hum sss. I u h ums h hs sw mv, ms, s f h umsm

. F

m, suh s, wu

f m sv

v

h s

.

Th f f suh ss s , u s

s

,

h f

h

ms

m

s

Hm w s

m

Hm. W hv ms f

w wh

h

hs f

ssm h h h f m vuumu. W f, , h Cus s h Ths Hm,

Thus h Ph Hm, As h Ms. Bu, f hs

h, h s jum, f w w, m hv u .Th Ths ws ju Puss h s f h s, fh I Oss. I s hf fw, h us mh ss hs hm, h wu s hv ss hs. Fw

uhs shw m s ms f um h Hus;u v h s h s h h C h E Hm ms suh s shw, h h w ms msus, ssh u jums.[70]

Nw, v , sms v, h uhsf suus u sh fw h h, ms, u, wh h s h s h f v msuss, fs. W s, h s , ms vw vs u h m f W S. I hv msf vum,uhs I, f suus vss, u h m fh , huh fmus, m , Gm L. I

s f ss , mss wu , us mumus. Bu shw h um f h s, vh s , h s Hm wh h smf s h I Oss; h h sm , u

v, ws h s f h