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B No.2012-JBR-0385
2013 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
*1
*2
*3
*4
Yoshiaki TANZAWA*1 , Sota SHIMIZU, Yoshitaka INOUE and Yukimaru SHIMIZU
*1 Nippon Institute of Technology Dept. of Product Engineering & Environmental Management
4-1 Gakuendai, Miyashiro-machi, Saitama, 345-8501 Japan
The vertical axis wind turbine can correspond to the wind direction change in principle and is possible to increase the output by stack it up vertically. However, it is pointed out that the control is difficult, because the self-start is weak and the rotational speed rises rapidly. In this study, we report on the method by which the generating operation can be continued at ease when the wind of the mean speed from 12m/s to 15m/s blows to the small giro-mill type vertical axis wind turbine and under the situation with large wind speed fluctuation in the vicinity of ground. In this method, firstly, the slide shaft is installed squarely to the rotation axis of the vertical axis wind turbine. The flat plate wing in the tip of this slide shaft is parallel to the plane of rotation under a usual rotational speed, and the axial resistance torque is small. However, the flat plate wing begins to tilt when the rotational speed exceeds a certain value, and it becomes finally right-angled to the plane of rotation, and large axial resistance torque is generated. By this method, the runaway of the vertical axis wind turbine is prevented. In the paper, various problems on this are clarified and are verified through the wind tunnel experiment, and the practicable method has been clarified.
Key Words : Wind Turbine, Wind Power Generation, Flow Drag, Aerodynamic Brake, Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
1.
2000
1012[m/s] 15[m/s]
90
Study on the Aerodynamic Brake of Small Gyro-Mill Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (1st Report, Method of the Rotational Speed Continuous Control under the Strong Wind)
* 2012 5 18 *1 345-8501 4-1 *2 *3 *4 E-mail: [email protected]
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79 797 2013-1
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2013 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
1()
2.
C [m] CD [-] CP [-]
H [m] N [-] R [m] [deg] [-]
3.
31 1
1000[mm] 1200[mm] 0.3[m] 1 5[m/s] 600[mm] 485[mm]3% 0.7[m]2 0.5 30021 20W100W
2 3 1000[mm] 150[mm] 1000[mm] NACA0015 2022
Fig. 1 Outline of experimental system and measurement system
Generator
Wind tunnel Encoder
Wind turbine
Anemometer Air Resistance
Brake
Reduction gear
Torque meter Load
Dynamic strain amplifier
Wind speed
Torque
Current Voltage
Wind tunnel controller
Interface
PC
1.0
0.8 0.6
0.4 Constant speed line
1.2 m
1.0
m
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2013 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fig. 2 Vertical axis wind turbine
32 90 321 90 3 90
A B C B A 50 B A A
90
Fig. 3 Slide mechanism and the principle of aerodynamic brake "Popping wing"
45
Fig. 4 Aerodynamic brake "Popping wing" Fig. 5 Parts of aerodynamic brake
150 50
1000
C: Compression coil spring A: Slide shaft (15)
Brake plate
Pin Groove
B: Case
332 40
30
Chord line
Tangent line
Circular orbit of wing
Close up
150
1000
14
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2013 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
Table 1 Types and size of brake plate wings
Name Size WDt mm
Plate20 1002002
Plate10 1001002
Plate5 100502
PlateT26 (100160+200100)2
PlateT20 (100100+200100)2
PlateT20t15 (100100+200100)1.5
322 32
3
19 [mm] 1618[mm]
Table 2 Specification of springs
Type a b c d e f
Model number AP160
-051-1.4
AP170
-042-1.8
AP180
-060-1.8
AP190
-080-1.6
AP190
-080-1.8
AP190
-084-1.4
Outside diameter mm 16 17 18 19 19 19
Free length mm 51 42 60 80 80 84
Wire diameter mm 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.4
Maximum spring mm 28.3 19.6 30.9 49.9 44.7 51.5
Load capacity N 38.1 71.68 67.92 46.77 64.53 32.31
Spring constant N/mm 1.34 3.66 2.2 0.94 1.44 0.63
Table 3 Combination of springs
Type Fat Thin Spacer mm
A f1 a2 20
B e1 c2 4
C d1 b3 4
(a) Combination of springs A (b) Combination of springs B (c) Combination of springs C
Fig. 6 Relationship between force and extension of slide shaft
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100
Exte
nsi
on m
m
Force N
Theoretical
Experimental
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100
Exte
nsi
on m
m
Force N
Theoretical
Experimental
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100
Exte
nsi
on m
m
Force N
Theoretical
Experimental
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2013 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
10[kgf]
6()
55
0
22%
323 90 7
(a)-1
0 rpm
(a)-2
300 rpm
(b)
400 rpm
(c)
500 rpm
Fig. 7 State of spring, barycentric position of slide shaft and pin position of
each rotational speed and typical vortex flow pattern around flat plate
(a)-1, (a)-2
D0.0020.003
()
0350[rpm]
Spring Pin
Vortex
Brake plate Rotational axis
r
Center of gravity
16
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2013 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
(b) 350[rpm]450[rpm]
(C) 450[rpm]90
D1.121.29
D
()
200
7
100[rpm]200[rpm]
300[rpm]500[rpm]
90
25[m/s]
4.
41 826
15[m/s]200600[rpm]100W300WP
Tip Speed RatioTSRV. Kumar
()
0.9, NACA0015P0.16
2Kumar0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.375, R/H
1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0 5P0.150.2
Fig. 8 Tip speed ratio vs power coefficient
KumarP
P0.5
0.751[m]
1[m]0.9PTSR
()
Kumar9[m] 5.4[m]
0.9
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.375
Kumars
This experiment
Pow
er co
effic
ient
C P
Tip speed ratio
0.3
0.25
0.15
0.05
0.2
0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
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1/480.02
PTSR
42 9(a)
Wind TurbineW.T. 9(a) 200[mm]100[mm]t2[mm](Plate20) Type A100W 300W 7[m/s] 12[m/s] 100[W] 300W 15[m/s] 300[W] 100W 9[m/s] 30[W]
10[m/s] 300[rpm] 15[m/s] 100[W] 300W 20[m/s] 300[W] 9(b)
7[m/s]200rpm 200[rpm]100W 500[rpm] 300W 300[rpm] 20[m/s]600[rpm]
7[m/s] 200[rpm]
250[rpm]
(a) Wind speed vs wind turbine shaft output (b) Wind speed vs turbine rotational speed
Fig. 9 Results of brake performance experiment (Type A and wind turbine without brake)
10Type C
500[rpm]
220[rpm]
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 5 10 15 20 25
Win
d t
urb
ine
sha
ft o
utp
ut
W
Wind speed m/s
Type A 100WType A 300WW.T. 100WW.T. 300W
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 5 10 15 20 25
W.T
. R
ota
tion
al s
pee
d r
pm
Wind speed m/s
Type A 100WType A 300WW.T. 100WW.T. 300W
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Fig. 10 Results of brake performance experiment with Type C (Wind speed vs turbine rotational speed)
11Type C
15[m/s]600[rpm]
15[m/s]
Type C 600[rpm]
20[m/s]
100W
Fig. 11 Results of brake performance experiment with Type C (Wind speed vs wind turbine shaft output)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 5 10 15 20 25
Wind speed m/s
Power output W
Type C 100W
Type C 300W
W. T.100W
W. T. 300W
600rpm 600rpm
500rpm
220rpm
Brake plate is horizontal.
Brake plate is vertical.
When the wind
speed rises
When the wind
speed turns down
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 5 10 15 20 25
Wind speedm/s
Rotational speed
Type C 100W
Type C 300W
W.T. 100W
W.T. 300W
Brake plate is horizontal.
Brake plate is vertical.
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2013 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
11[m/s]300W14[m/s]
500[rpm]
250[W]150[W]20[m/s]
600[rpm]300[W]
15[m/s]
20[m/s]
20[m/s]
25[m/s]
43 15[m/s]25[m/s]
5[m/s]25[m/s]11
12(a)2011 4 21 13 24112(b)(a)
21114[m/s] A3021 00 21 301
1
114[m/s]21 015[m/s]
21 1825[m/s]
(a) Hour wind speed chart (April 21st 2011) (b) Minute wind speed chart for point A
Fig. 12 Wind speed data for one hour average and one minute interval data for point A
44 34
13134
1/21/3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour
Wind speed m/s
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Minute
Wind speed m/s
A
20
20
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2013 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fig. 13 Division wing of aerodynamic brake
5.
(1) 90100200
(2)
(3)
(4) 905[m/s] 25[m/s]
(5) 1 90
(1) , Vol. 26(2004), pp. 413-416.
(2) Vol. 27No. 4(2003)pp. 16-19.
(3) 4355813 (2009). (4) (1964)p. 152 (5) (1983)p. 152 p.160, (6) Vimal Kumar, Marius Paraschivoiu, Ion Paraschivoiu, Low Reynolds Number Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Mars,
Wind Engineering, Vol. 34, No. 4 (2010), pp. 461-476. (7) (2002)pp. 64-66
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