Style guide

English Department, PH Heidelberg

The English Department of the PH Heidelberg requires students'

papers to be presented in APA-style.

This guide explains how to use APA-style to format papers.

Please consult the English Department's Writing Center for

additional assistance (writingcenter310@googlemail.com).

FontUse plain type in 12-point size, for example, Courier New or

Times New Roman.

LayoutAll margins (left, top, right, and bottom) should be 2.5cm. If

you intend to bind your document, you may set the left margin

to 4cm.

Each of your pages must have a header (Kopfzeile) consisting of the following:

short version of the title

page number

The short title and the page number are on the same line; leave

five spaces between the two (see sample paper). This format

must appear on every page of your document.

Headings (Überschriften) are the section titles in your document. Various heading levels are possible [subheadings

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(Zwischenüberschriften)]. Every heading level must contain at

least two listings. All headings should be bold. Level 1 headings must be centered and in CAPITAL LETTERS. Level 2

headings must be centered, and only the first letters of each

word are capitalized. Level 3 headings are centered and in

italics. Level 4 headings begin at the left margin and are

italicized, and level 5 headings are italicized and indented

five spaces.

Example of five heading levels:

TYPES OF CELL PHONES AND PAGERS USED AT TWO LARGE COMPANIES (title)

1. TYPES OF CELL PHONES AND PAGERS AT COMPANY A (level 1 heading)

Cell Phones(level 2 heading)

Company-owned(level 3 heading)

Sprint AT&T (level 4 headings)

Employee-ownedSprintAT&TOther brands

Nokia.Emerson. (level 5 headings)

2. TYPES OF CELL PHONES AND PAGERS AT COMPANY B(level 1 heading)

Cell Phones(level 2 heading)

Company-owned(level 3 heading)

SprintAT&T (level 4 headings)

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BodyType your text double-spaced (1.5).

Use a ragged right margin for your pages. A ragged right margin

has lines of differing length.

Indent the first line of each paragraph five spaces.

Do not add extra spaces between paragraphs. Your text should

be double-spaced throughout.

Number all the pages of your document chronologically starting

with the table of contents.

Formatting a title pageAll papers need a title page. This contains the following

elements: title of paper, author's name, university name,

course title, instructor's name, course semester, submission

date, contact information (e-mail, telephone).

Center your title page text, leaving lots of white space on

either side. Note that all elements are double-spaced.

Attitudes Toward Telecommuting

Among Managers and Employees at ABC Computer Co.

John Student

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California State University

Business Management, winter semester 2008/2009

Dr. Alan Green

February 21, 2009

john.student@gmx.de, 06221-587624

Formatting a table of contentsAll papers need a table of contents. The table of contents

should contain all the headings in the body, worded exactly as

they appear therein; therefore, the table of contents should

not contain any headings that are not in the document and vice

versa.

You should finish the table of contents after your document is

done because page numbers must be included.

Be sure to include all the appendices in the table of contents.

Note that you do not repeat "Table of Contents" as the first

item in your list.

The words "Table of Contents" should be in the same style as

the first level heading of your document.

Reorganization Plan 3

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ....................................1

2. Accounting Department ...........................1

Management ....................................3

Employees .....................................4

3. IT Department ...................................5

Management ....................................6

4

Employees ....................................7

4. Conclusion .....................................8

References ........................................9

Appendix A ........................................10

Appendix B ........................................12

Formatting the appendicesIf you have only one appendix, call it "Appendix." If you have

two or more appendices, however, call them "Appendix A,"

"Appendix B," and so on. APA guidelines require that you place

the appendix letter and title on the first page of the material

in the appendix.

Reorganization Factors 35

Appendix B

Reorganization Chart

for ABC Company

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Placing graphicsFigures include diagrams, pictures, photos, line drawings, bar and line graphs, pie charts, etc. Tables compare large amounts of data in columns. Do not include figures or tables in your

paper unless they are necessary to support your argument (e.g.

to show the ethnic distribution of the population in a cultural

studies paper/pictures in a teaching unit). If you include a

figure or a table, add a caption containing the figure/table

number and a title (Fig. 1: Model 300 ergonomic desk). Refer

to the figure by number in your text: Figure 1 shows the Model

300 ergonomic desk. Or The Model 300 ergonomic desk is

available in three styles (see Figure 1). If you include a

table, refer to it by number in your text: Table 4 shows the

comparisons for the ten test groups. Or The comparisons for the

ten test groups vary substantially (see Table 4).

Some instructors wish that figures be placed on separate pages

at the back of the paper; others allow them to be merged into

the document.

If figures are to be merged into the document, place them as

closely as possible to where you reference them; this means on

the same page if there is room or on the next page.

Your figure can be narrower than the required margins of the

paper, but it cannot be wider.

Use a sans serif font like Helvetica, Ariel, Futura, Univers,

Geneva, and Optima for any text in the figure itself (not in

the caption).

Number figures separately from tables; i.e., Figure 1, Figure

2, Figure 3, and Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 – NOT Figure 1,

Table 2, Figure 3. Place the caption below the graphic. The

word "Figure" and the figure number are italicized, but the

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caption itself is in plain type. A period follows the figure

number. The figure caption immediately follows the figure

number, and when the caption goes onto a second line, it is

double-spaced.

Documenting sources in the textAny time you use material from books, magazine articles, and

other publications or interviews in your document, you must

credit the source.

You must first cite the source in the text, where the borrowed

material appears, then again in the list of references that

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follows the last page. APA-style does not use footnotes for

citations. Instead, sources are credited by using

"parenthetical citations."

Citing paraphrased material without naming the author in the sentenceWith some paraphrased material, you may state the concept

without directly quoting from a book or stating a name in the

text of the sentence itself. The correct way to credit the

source of this information is to type the author's last name, a

space, then the year of publication, followed by a colon,

space, and page number, so the reader will know what to look up

in the reference list. Cite a magazine article the same way.

As society continues to undergo rapid technological change,

people suffer from what we now call "future shock" (Jones,

1993, p.24).

When citing a range of pages, note that you must give the exact

range.

By the year 2000, 95% of all offices will use PCs (Jones, 1993,

pp. 24-30).

Paraphrasing Material and Naming the Author in the SentenceYou may paraphrase material and include the author's name as

part of your sentence, but you must still let the reader know

from which publication the information came.

The parenthetical citation includes the year and page number

and is next to the author's name, not at the end of the

sentence.

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According to Jones (1993, p. 24), as society continues to

undergo rapid technological change, people will suffer from

what we now call "future shock."

Citing QuotesDirect quotes that are up to 40 words of manuscript text are

cited as part of the regular double-spaced text (see sample).

Place the material in quotation marks to indicate that it is

indeed a quote, rather than a paraphrase. Note that the

citation is part of the sentence – the period is placed at the

end of the entire sentence, not after the quotation.

In his book Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Peter Drucker

(1985, p. 20) defines innovation as "the specific tool of

entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an

opportunity for a different business or a different service."

When a quote takes up 40 words or more of manuscript text,

indent it five spaces and double-space it. Note that the form

and placement of the citation depends on whether the author's

name is used in the sentence.

Try to keep quotations to no more than 10 lines – figure out a

way to paraphrase the material rather than lifting several

pages from the original document.

Drucker (1985, p. 20) states that:

Innovation is the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the

means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a

different business or a different service. Entrepreneurs

need to search purposefully for the sources of innovation,

the changes and their symptoms that indicate opportunities

for successful innovation.

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Citing a publication with two authorsWhen the authors' names appear in the parenthetical citation,

use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" between the

authors' names. Use the word "and" only when the authors' names

appear as part of the actual text of the sentence.

Smith and Jones (1993, p. 137) stated that "by the year 2000,

95% of offices will use PCs."

OR"By the year 2000, 95% of offices will use PCs" (Smith & Jones,

1993, p. 137).

Citing a publication with three or more authorsIf the work has three, four, or five authors, list all the

authors the first time you cite the reference. Thereafter, cite

it with the first author's name, followed by the Latin

abbreviation "et al." This means "and others."

The United States will be completely out of the recession by

1997 (Everett, Jones & Sanders, 1993).

If the work has six or more authors, cite it with the first

author's name, followed by the Latin abbreviation "et al." This

means "and others."

The United States entered another recession in the middle of

2001 (Everett et al., 2000).

Citing multiple worksWhen citing several studies or works that all refer to what you

wrote because they have the same common thread, philosophy,

concepts, or conclusions, list the authors in alphabetical

order, using a semicolon between each of the citations.

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Several studies (Chan & Jefferson, 1985; Gomez, 1976; Thompson,

1992) show that...

Citing an author with more than one publication in the same yearIf an author has more than one publication in the same year,

the reader must be able to tell which listing in the list of

references matches that particular citation. Add a lower-case

letter extension to each of the citations. Cite the first one

as "a" and the succeeding references "b," "c," etc., in the

order of their citation in the text.

In PCs Today, Johnson (1998a) states that....

Citing a textbookWhen citing a textbook, type the title and number of the

textbook in italics, include the year of publication and the

page number(s). Use abbreviations to indicate different

textbook components (e.g. WB=workbook, TM=teacher's manual).

In IKURU 2 TM (2002, pp. 110-129), the topic is.....

Citing an unpublished workWhen citing a text that has not (yet) been published, type the

author's last name and "in press" or "unpublished" in place of

the year of publication.

We should note, however, Duff's (in press) warning that

equating ethnography with qualitative.....

OREthnography has also been utilized for the contextualized

analysis of classroom discourse and school learning (Duff,

2002; Rampton, 1995; Toohey, in press).

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Citing electronic mediaWhen citing electronic media (Web sites, online publications,

emails, etc.), the same basic principles as for print media

apply. Give the author's last name, publication date, and if

there are no page numbers, give paragraph number and use ¶

symbol or "para." If there are no paragraph numbers, give

heading and number of ¶ following it. If the retrieval element

is an Internet address, note that the date of retrieval and the

complete URL must be included in the reference list (see

sample).

Hoppin and Taveras (2004) pointed out that several other

medications were classified by the Drug Enforcement

Administration as having the "potential for abuse" (Weight-Loss

Drugs section, para. 6).

Citing a personal communicationYou may interview an expert or other relevant person face-to-

face or by telephone during the course of your research, or you

may receive a fax, letter, or e-mail from that person. If you

use any portion of these communications, you must cite them in

the text. Give both the initials and the last name of the

person involved. Use the words "personal communication" for all

of these types of communications. These sources are cited in

the text but not included in the reference list because they do

not provide recoverable data.

According to J. D. Smith (personal communication, November 15,

1995), management style...

OR...with personnel problems (J. D. Smith, personal

communication, November 15, 1995).

Citing court cases

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All court cases are cited in the same manner. Be sure to

underline the case title. Note that "v." is used, not the word

"versus" or the abbreviation "vs.," and that the "v" is lower

case.

The case of Smith v. Jones (1992) set a major legal precedent

regarding sexual harassment in the workplace.

ORApple Computer Company charged Microsoft Corporation with

patent infringement, saying that Microsoft appropriated the

code for its graphic interface and used it to develop its

Windows program (Apple Computer v. Microsoft, 1993).

Citing a statuteWhen you cite a statute in the text, you must give the name of

the act and the year it was passed. Be sure to use initial

capital letters on each word of the statute.

To prevent people with disabilities from being discriminated

against in the workplace and in society at large, the U.S.

Congress passed the Americans With Disabilities Act (1990).

ORTo prevent people with disabilities from being discriminated

against in the workplace and in society at large, the U.S.

Congress passed the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990.

Creating a reference listIn APA, a reference list includes references not only from

books, but also from other sources, such as: journal articles,

magazine articles, newsletter articles, newspaper articles,

company brochures, personal interviews and correspondence,

encyclopedias or dictionaries, government publications,

academic material, raw data, book/movie/video reviews, audio-

visual media, legal materials, electronic media, including the

Internet.

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Include in your reference list only the sources you actually

used to research your report. Place the word "References" at

the top of the list. Create the list in alphabetical order by

the author's last name (see sample).

For information about referencing various sources, please see

the following sample or request assistance at the English

Department's Writing Center, refer to an APA-style guide, or

try the Ohio State University library's Web site:

http://library.osu.edu/sites/guides/apagd.php.

Sample paper with reference list

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Effects of Meditation Training Sessions on Students Showing

Signs of Stress Related Behavioral Disorders and Impaired

Mental Focus

Bethany R. Davis

University of Wittenburg

Psychology III, summer semester 2007

Prof. Dr. Ellen Joyce

August 14, 2007

bethany.davis@web.de, 06221-598359

Effects of Meditation 1

Table of Contents

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1. Effects of Meditation Training on Students ........2

2. Method ............................................2

Participants ....................................2

High Risk Group ............................2

Low Risk Group .............................2

Instructors .....................................3

Approaches to Meditation Training ...............3

Belinski Meditation ........................3

Turner-Bachman Meditation ..................3

Altameter Meditation .......................3

Design and Procedure ............................4

Testing .........................................4

Tests conducted prior to med. training .....4

Tests conducted following med. training ....4

3. Results ...........................................4

High Risk Group .................................4

Low Risk Group ..................................4

4. Discussion ........................................4

References ...........................................5

Effects of Meditation 2

1. Effects of Meditation Training on Students

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Meditation, as a strategy for patient care, is being used

with increasing frequency as a strategy for non-invasive

treatment of stress related behavioral disorders, with

remarkable success levels in a wide range of population

(Miller, 2005). Meditation, as a treatment, relies on a wide

variety of MTM (Meditation Training Methods), some of which

have been developed recently, in conjunction with holistic

medical practices, and some of which have been used for,

literally, centuries, in one form or another (Berk & Wise,

2005). Studies researching the effectiveness of meditation

training (e.g., Morris, Langley & Hall, 2005; Wastrom,

2004)have tended to gather statistics from participants who had

been exposed to meditation prior to testing, and who were not

screened for similarity in disposition with regard for their

risk level for responding unfavorably or favorably to stress

levels. Our study hopes to introduce a level of consistency in

the participants' backgrounds and likelihood of response levels

to the training. (section continues)

2. MethodParticipants

Sixty upper level university students were selected for

participation in this study, thirty of whom were, as a result

of family history, at high risk for developing signs of...

(section continues)

High Risk Group.Students were identified as high risk if they reported a

familial history of any in a series of stress related

behavioral disorders, including... (section continues)

Low Risk Group.Students were identified as low risk.... (section

continues)

Effects of Meditation 3

Instructors

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Three qualified instructors, with experience in meditation

training were employed to lead the sessions, using a variety of

meditation training techniques. All instructors were asked to

present a 40 page article, "Meditation Training, to each of the

participants at the beginning of the first session. This

document offers a general context for the meditation training,

as well as a few passages that set an appropriate level of

connection to the ancient origins of meditation:

A monk goes into the forest or to the foot of a tree or to

an uninhabited place and sits with his legs crossed, and

with his body erect he generates mindfulness and being

mindful he breathes in and being mindful he breathes out.

As he breathes in a long breath he recognizes that he is

breathing in a long breath; as he breathes out a long

breath, he recognizes that he is breathing out a long

breath (Sangupta, 1923, p. 42).

The primary focus of the booklet, however, is to provide a

concise introduction to the various methods that will be used

in their training. (section continues)

Approaches to Meditation TrainingBelinski Meditation.This method relies on seven steps of regulating breathing

and concentration. (section continues)

Turner-Bachman Meditation.The Turner-Bachman method emphasizes "skills that enhance

the ability to focus, encouraging a high level of mental

concentration (Turner, 2005, p. 20). (section continues)

Altameter Meditation.Altameter meditation method uses a combination of...

(section continues)

Effects of Meditation 4

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Design and ProcedureEach participant attended three meditation sessions a week

for six months. Testing for stress levels... (section

continues)

Testing

Tests conducted prior to meditation training.A series of tests to determine the level of stress related

behavioral signs in each of the participants were conducted

prior to the first meditation training session. (section

continues)

Test conducted following training.A series of tests measuring signs of stress related

behavior disorders were conducted at monthly intervals

during... (section continues)

3. ResultsAll participants above showed significant improvement in

managing stress after six months of meditation training, with

some slight variations in the level of improvement in the high

and low risk groups. (section continues)

High Risk GroupParticipants with a high risk factor for stress related

disorders improved, on the average, 10%.... (section continues)

Low Risk GroupParticipants with a low risk factor for stress related

disorders improved, on the average, 10% ..... (section

continues)

4. DiscussionThe data collected in this study suggests that student

centers would do well to offer meditation training to all

students. Following the study.... (section continues)

Effects of Meditation 5

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ReferencesBerk, A.R., & Wise, P.S. (2005). A history of meditation. New

York: Weston Falls.

Miller, F. (2005). Meditation training: An overview of recent

programs in the US and Canada. In J.B. Martins (Ed),

Health and society: A collection of recent healthcare

studies (pp. 224-263). New York: Preston-Gimms Press.

Morris, P.R., Langley, M.B., & Hill, J.T. (2005, April)

Meditation training benefits: Results of a 2 year program.

Modern Health Magazine, 2, 123-141.

National Nurses Coalition. 2005. Meditation guide. In New

approaches to ancient practices: Meditation as an

alternative to medication. Retrieved September 22, 2005,

from National Nurses Coalition:

http://nnc.org/news/medguide.asp.

Palmer, E.R. & Wilson, J.B. (2005). Tense and down is up:

tracking the recent rise in stress related disorders.

Healthwatch Journal, 8(2), 156-184.

Sangupta, I.L. (1923). Meditation. (F. Fernea. Trans.)(2nd

ed.). London: Bloom Brothers.

Turner, B.M. (2005). Meditation Medication: New approaches to

old problems. Journal of Medicine and Society, 15, 1531-

1582.

Wastrom, E.M. (2004). Leaving the little blue pills behind.

Treating low level depression with meditation training. In

Psychology Weekly Online Bulletin. Retrieved September 21,

2005, from http://pwob.org/2004/wastrom-001.htm.

Amato, C.J. (2002). The World's Easiest Guide to Using the APA. (3rd ed.). Corona, CA:

Stargazer Publishing Company

Dr. Paper. http://thewritedirection.net/drpaper/help/05-07-apasamplepapers.htm

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