SubmarinesThe Mechanical Monsters of

the Deep

The History

HistoryIn 1580 – First published description of how a submarine could work, by

a Englishman, William Bourne

In 1623 – The first working submarine was made and was powered by 12 oarsmen. It was first tested in the River Thames

In 1776 - David Bushnell built the first submarine to actually make an attack on an enemy warship. It, called the "Turtle" because it looked like a sea-turtle floating in the water. It was operated by Sergeant Ezra Lee.

This a sketch of the Turtle

1862 –The "Alligator" was the first submarine in the U. S. Navy

History In 1885, “Nordenfeldt I”

was launched, a steam powered submarine with an external torpedo tube

In 1900, Britain navy had the use of 5 submarines. However, many thought the use of these machines to be “underhand, unfair and un-English”.

In 1906, the first German “u-boat” was launched

The rise off World War 1In the first world war submarines began to be recognised as lethal. Submarines were a recent invention but they were advanced nevertheless.

German U Boats were the first truly effective submarines. They wrecked havoc on British and Allied warships and shipping.

This is the final German U-Boat

World War 21939 – 1945-When the Second World War broke out submarines

were used often. Italy joined Germany in June, bringing 105 submarines to the Mediterranean theatre. Luckily they did not have much impact. In August 1941, U-570 became the first and the only submarine ever captured by an aircraft; under attack, she was forced to the surface and surrendered. An escort ship soon arrived and took over. U-570 was thus transferred to the Royal navy, where, re-designated as

"Graph.”

1935 the first of a new series, U-1, entered service and there was soon 16 u-boats in service

After World War 2The first Type XXI, U-2511, left Hamburg

on war patrol; when she returned home to surrender, 30 Type XXI were in shakedown and training, 121 were in the water and another 1000 were under construction or on order.

A German XXI

1945-The Japanese launched a massive building program of suicide and midget submarines. Here, eighty-four midgets, of four different designs, are huddled in dry-dock.

1953 The next generation sub-launched missile was "Regulus I," able to carry a 3,000 pound nuclear warhead for five hundred miles.

Entering the nuclear Era 1954-The first nuclear-powered submarine went to sea: 3,674-ton "Nautilus." Its Surface speed 18 knots, 23 knots submerged. On her shakedown cruise, she steamed 1,381 miles from New London to San Juan, Puerto Rico – submerged all the way at an average speed of 15 knots.A nuclear sub called

"Seawolf."

The first nuclear sun , “The Nautilus"

Before nuclear power was brought into the world subs were inefficient and costly to run. A nuclear submarine basically runs on a nuclear reactor. This allows the ship to travel very fast and very far. But it comes at a great danger.

Submersibles

SubmersiblesA submersible is a submarine that is mainly

used for exploration and can only go a limited depth under water or will be crushed by the force of water pressure

How a Submarine Works

How it submerges Subs are powered

by a diesel or nuclear engine. It drives propellers.

The sub dives by filling its ballast tanks full of water and the weight pulls the sub down. Dive Dive

Dive!

How Submarines SeeSubmarines generally don’t have windows to look out

ofInstead, they are piloted with the use of Sonar (sound

navigation and ranging)A pulse of sound is sent out from the submarineIf there is an object in the way, the sound waves are

reflected back to the submarine – the time taken for the pulse to return to the submarine is used to calculate the distance to the object.

PeriscopeA periscope is on

nearly every submarine. Using a series of mirrors, it allows submarines to see things above water so they do not have to rise to the surface.

TorpedoesAround the year 1900 submarines started using

Torpedoes. But they weren’t very effective. Once a torpedo was fired from a sub but it curved round and hit the sub that fired it.

Now subs have much more advanced systems and torpedoes hardly ever miss let alone hit the sub that fired it.

What a torpedo can do to a ship

Life on a Submarine

Life on a Submarine

Life on a submarine is actually quite dull: Very cramped living conditionsNo windows, no fresh airUnderwater for sometimes months at a time

The Facts

Fact

TypoonName: Akula (Typoon)

Builders: Rubin Design Bureau

Operators:  Soviet Navy Russian Navy

Preceded by: Delta class submarine

Succeeded by: Borei class submarine

In commission: December 12, 1981

Completed: 6

Active: 1

Scrapped: 3

Preserved: 2

Vanguard class submarineBuilders: Vickers

Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd, Barrow-in-Furness

Operators:  Royal Navy

Preceded by: Resolution-class

Succeeded by: N/A

In service: 1993 - present

Completed: 4

Active: Vanguard (S28)Victorious (S29)Vigilant (S30)Vengeance (S31)

The VirginiaName: Virginia

Builders: General Dynamics Electric BoatNorthrop Grumman Newport News

Operators:  United States Navy

Preceded by: Seawolf class attack submarine

Cost: $2.8 billion

Built: 2000 – present

In commission: 2004 – present

Building: 3

Planned: 30

Completed: 6

Active: 6

Foxtrot class submarineBuilders: Sudomekh,

Leningrad

Operators:  Soviet Navy/ Russian Navy Polish Navy Ukrainian Navy Indian Navy Libyan Navy Cuban Navy

Preceded by: Zulu-class submarine

Succeeded by:

Tango-class submarine

Built: 1957–1983

In commission:

1958–2000

Completed: 74

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