Sustainable Assignmen Environmental Impact

7/21/2019 Sustainable Assignmen Environmental Impact

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Department of Civil Engineering \ Transportation

Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment

The National University of Malaysia

Semester ! Session "#$%"#$'

Task 8/ Environmental Impact

Sustainable Urban Design

Name Stu(ent

Ameer Abdul Adheem Hussein

P8!""

)ecturer

P#$%& DAT$' I#& D# #I(A ATI) A*DU++AH *I, $&-&#AH.AT



Task 8

(entify a *ig pro+ect in your home to,n- .ssess the environmental

impact of the pro+ect-

Solution 00

Introduction Environmental mpact assessment /E.0 is the term use( for the

assessment of the environmental conse1uences /positive an( negative0 of a

plan2 policy2 program2 or pro+ect prior to the (ecision to move for,ar( ,ith the

propose( action- n this conte3t2 the term 4environmental impact assessment4

/E.0 is usually use( ,hen applie( to concrete pro+ects an( the term 4strategicenvironmental assessment4 applies to policies2 plans an( programmers-

Environmental assessments may *e governe( *y rules of a(ministrative

proce(ure regar(ing pu*lic participation an( (ocumentation of (ecision ma5ing2

an( may *e su*+ect to +u(icial revie,-The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that (ecision ma5ers consi(er the

environmental impacts ,hen (eci(ing ,hether or not to procee( ,ith a pro+ect-

The nternational .ssociation for mpact .ssessment /..0 (efines an

environmental impact assessment as 6the process of i(entifying2 pre(icting2evaluating an( mitigating the *iophysical2 social2 an( other relevant effects of

(evelopment proposals prior to ma+or (ecisions *eing ta5en an( commitments

ma(e-6 /E.s0 are uni1ue in that they (o not re1uire a(herence to a

pre(etermine( environmental outcome2 *ut rather they re1uire (ecision ma5ers

to account for environmental values in their (ecisions an( to +ustify those

(ecisions in light of (etaile( environmental stu(ies an( pu*lic comments on the

potential environmental impacts- Engineering an( consulting companies ,or5

han( in han( as contractors for mining2 energy2 oil & gas companies e3ecuting/E.s0-

/Daura0 \\ is oil refinery locate( in the south!eastern su*ur*s of Bagh(a( near

the Tigris 7iver an( an area of nearly "%# hectares- .n( the site of the *ehol(er

surprise( at the sight of palm trees an( its fron(s of the colors of (ar5 green

an( along the si(e of Tigris 7iver from the (irection an( refinery an( from the

opposite si(e- The refinery of the ol(est large refineries in ra1 represents the

real start to the a(vancement of the mo(ern oil in(ustry in this oil!rich country-

s (esigne( the refinery for aim get nterest the ma3imum of cru(e oil to support

the gro,ing economy of the country4s interest2 has containe( a num*er of units



that range from (istillation units easy to units comple3 fat pro(uction2 The refinery

*egan ,or5 an( continues to evolve an( gro,-

1a2 Soil and erosion

Map site (Daura Refnery) in

Photo (Daura Refnery) inBa hdad



Soil erosion is one form of soil (egra(ation along ,ith soil compaction2 lo,

organic matter2 loss soil structure2 poor internal (rainage2 salini8ation2 an( soil

aci(ity pro*lems- These other forms of soil (egra(ation2 serious in themselves2

usually contri*ute to accelerate( soil erosion-

Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process on all lan(- .n( the (istri*ution of

soil levels (iffers along 7efinery 9ro+ect in 5eeping ,ith changing topography an(position on the slope- Soil erosion may *e a slo, process that continues

relatively unnotice(2 or it may occur at an alarming rate causing serious loss of

topsoil- The loss of soil from farmlan( may *e reflecte( in re(uce( crop

pro(uction potential2 lo,er surface ,ater 1uality an( (amage( (rainage

net,or5s-

Soil sta*ili8ation protects soil from erosion2 ,aterlogging an( salini8ation-

.menity :egetation *eautifies or enhances the character of an area heritage may

*e of historical importance or protecte( *y legislation-There are some streams in the pro+ect that are crosse( *y one or more of the

*uil( alternatives an( thus2 ,oul( *e soil affecte( *ecause 7efinery 9ro+ect2 also

*ecause of vi*ration (evices refinery plants may cause moving soil-

1b2 3ater 14hange in h5drological characteristics2

Contamination river ,ater *y thro,ing in(ustrial ,aste /in river0 ,hich is strongly

characteri8e( *y containing to3ic ha8ar(ous materials is (ifficult to (ispose them2

as cyani(e an( phenol or chemical compoun(s-

Due to 7efinery 9ro+ect an( the vi*ration of heavy e1uipment2 machinery an( soil

compaction; it ,ill impact for groun( ,ater an( ,ater 1uality2 an( it ,ill also

contaminate the groun(,ater *ecause (amage( (rainage net,or5s-

Some of the rain ,ater usually seeps into the groun(2 *ut ,hen they fall on the

groun( is a ,in(o, such as *uil(ings2 it *egins to flo, in a slope2 an( this s5etch

set forth *elo, to illustrate the percentages an( the change in hy(rological

characteristics /change in the groun(,ater level2 an( change in ,ater 1uality0-

1c2 %lora



The refinery pro+ect /Daura0 ,as reason removal of a lot of palm groves an(

citrus trees2 ,hich lies on the si(e of the Tigris 7iver-

May *e ur*an street trees or remnant native vegetation; :egetation has a range

of *enefits inclu(ing *io(iversity contains a (iverse range of plants an( provi(es2

ha*itat for animals an( insects2 remnant native vegetation or naturally occurring

local native plants inclu(e trees2 small groun( covers2 native grasses2 ,etlan(plants an( marine plants2 these plants *een locate( in natural scru* or in isolate(

plants in a mo(ifie( setting-

The pollution ,ith particles is suspension /smo5e0 may generate negative effects2

shoul( *e for the protection of flora the refinery alignment an( (oes not cross the

palm groves an( citrus areas-

1d2 %auna

Construction sites may encroach on native animal ha*itat an( it is important to

ma5e sure that no native animals are harme( or 5ille( (uring construction

operations- f animals2 inclu(ing li8ar(s an( sna5es2 are foun( on site an( are

li5ely to *e (amage( *y earthmoving e1uipment2 they shoul( *e relocate( to an

area a,ay from the pro+ect- Native vegetation provi(es ha*itat for native animals2

reptiles an( insects inclu(ing shelter2 foo(2 protection from pre(ators an(

*ree(ing areas- The Environmental Management mplementation 9lan i(entifies

any special re1uirements for protecting native fauna on your site-Ensure that no runoff of materials2 fuels or other su*stances is allo,e( to enter

storm ,ater (rains2 ,atercourses an( the marine environment to avoi( (amage

to a1uatic an( marine animals an( fish- Usually in certain parts of 7efinery

9ro+ect perennial or semi!perennial streams an( small ,etlan(s occur-

.ffects the flora an( fauna in areas propose( ne, plant for /7efinery 9ro+ect0

shoul( *e a(e1uately assesse(2 to ensure that no protecte( or threatene(

species are lost<

! .ppropriate fencing shoul( *e erecte( to prevent animals an( livestoc5 fromgaining access to the propose( pro+ect-

! The presence of threatene( *ir( species shoul( *e esta*lishe( an( (isruption

of these species (uring the *ree(ing season avoi(e(-

! E3isting ,etlan(s shoul( *e conserve(-

! mpacts on ,ells an( the Stream of rivers on various farms along /7efinery

9ro+ect0 shoul( *e a((resse(-

1e2 ,oise



E3cessive noise can *e a consi(era*le nuisance to neigh*ors- t is important to

minimi8e noise emissions2 particularly outsi(e normal operating hours an( in

areas of sensitive lan( use-

:i*ration e3cessive may cause property (amage an( *e a nuisance to

neigh*ors- :i*ration may *e (ue to *lasting2 piling2 truc5 movements an(

compacting operations-E3isting sources noise of 7efinery 9ro+ect ,oul( inclu(e machines-

Sta5ehol(ers are concerne( a*out the potential noise from 7efinery 9ro+ect an(

its visual impact on the environment-

=ey issues raise( are<

! 7efinery 9ro+ect ,ill *e visi*le from houses2 *uil(ings an( *e unsightly-

! The noise /machines an( large vehicles0 an( air pollution /smo5e0 that ,ill *e

generate( (uring operation2 ,ill *e (istur*ing-

The (esign engineers ,ill *e a(vise( sites so that they can incorporate noise!

re(ucing surfaces at these points-

162 Air 7ualit5

>aseous emissions as a result of cru(e oil (uring manufacturing2 an( turn it into

oil pro(ucts may affect the air 1uality- ?ther air emissions are relate( to the

e3haust fumes of e1uipment- These emissions are generally controlle( *y

ensuring that e1uipment is ,ell maintaine(- @o,ever2 the main component of air

pollution (erive( from construction activities is fugitive (ust- Fugitive (ust is the

generation of sufficient particulate matter that some portion of the material

escapes *eyon( the construction *oun(ary- Fugitive (ust emissions can *e

create( *y many construction relate( activities- 7easona*le precautions are

typically sufficient to control fugitive (ust emissions (uring construction- Dust can

cause a nuisance to neigh*ors an( impact on the environment *y contaminating

plants an( ,atercourses-

.tmospheric air can *ecome contaminate( as a result of the oil *usiness2

specifically cru(e oil (uring manufacturing2 an( turn it into oil pro(ucts such as

,hat is happening in the refining an( manufacture of associate( gas in oil fiel(s

an( ports in(ustry-

t can therefore *e rating air pollution as follo,s<



A .tmospheric air pollution an( e3cess heat resulting from the com*ustion

gases e3change-A .tmospheric air pollution gases an( vapors to3ic an( harmful (uring

manufacturing processes or fuel e3change-A .ir 9ollution @a8e an( smo5e-

A .tmospheric air pollution in some gaseous material an( ,hich have acertain (egree of saturation-

9etroleum an( petrochemical pollutants to air<

A Sulfur (io3i(e gas-A @y(rogen sulfi(e gas-A Nitrogen o3i(es gases-A Car*on mono3i(e gas-A 9articles /grains0 soli( volatile-

A @y(rocar*on vapors-

1g2 Societ5 li6e and economical activit5

Photo gaseous emissions as a result o crude oil

during manuacturing in (Daura Refnery) in



nterest *y sta5ehol(ers in *ecoming involve( in aspects of the pro+ect that ,oul(

*oost the local economy- Sta5ehol(ers as5e( if local e3pertise an( resources

coul( *e use( ,henever possi*le- =ey issues rose inclu(e(<

! The effect of air pollution on people4s lives *ecause near site /Daura 7efinery0 of

homes2 shops an( government (epartments in Bagh(a(-! uality of life for a(+acent resi(ents ,ill *e affecte( *ecause 7efinery 9ro+ect-! )ocal la*or shoul( *e utili8e( of the pro+ect2 an( create( ne, +o* opportunities-! f possi*le2 local haulage companies shoul( *e use( to transport materials-! nformal settlements shoul( *e a((resse( in accor(ance ,ith the responsi*ilities

of the various spheres of government-

1h2 +and use

/Daura 7efinery0 locate( in near the Tigris 7iver an( an area of nearly "%#

hectares2 it fin(s near of them the to,n homes2 groves palm trees in Bagh(a(-Num*ers of sta5ehol(ers have e3presse( concern of the value an( via*ility of

their farms coul( *e negatively impacte( of Daura 7efinery- The principal issues

of concern are that<! The value of houses ,ill *e lo,ere(-! The value of farmlan( ,ill *e lo,ere(-! The economic via*ility of farms ,oul( *e negatively impacte( upon-

! E3isting agricultural infrastructure such as crop sprayers2 *oreholes2 pipelines2points of access to farms or portions of farms ,oul( *e affecte(-! Current farming practices on certain portions of farms may no longer *e

via*le-

1i2 4ultural heritageDefinition of material an( cultural resources that it inclu(es any mova*le or

immova*le o*+ects2 sites2 structures2 groups of structures2 natural monumentsan( lan(scapes of archaeological2 historical2 archaeological2 religious an(

aesthetic an( cultural significance2 an( others- The physical cultural resources



may *e locate( in ur*an or rural areas2 an( can *e a*ove or *elo, groun( or

un(er ,ater- These cultural resources may *e of interest at the local level an(

at the provincial level or the national level2 or ,ithin the international community2

an( in the case of acci(ents lea( to results or raise( on the physical an(

cultural resources that may occur (uring the implementation of su*!pro+ects2 the

contractor must inform the municipality imme(iately2 an( this means that<! Contractor is responsi*le for i(entifying the follo,ing 6measures to fin( the

assets6 in the event of (etection of culturally valua*le materials (uring

(rilling-! Stop ,or5ing imme(iately after the (iscovery of any material (ou*te( that

have historical value of the archaeological e3cavation2 or other cultural;

announce the results to the pro+ect manager2 an( shoul( *e reporte( to the

appropriate authorities-

! 9rotect the artifacts as ,ell as the possi*le use of plastic sheeting2 an(implement measures to achieve sta*ility in the region2 if necessary2 for the

protection of archaeological pieces correctly-! 9revent an( punish any unauthori8e( access to the artifacts-! 7estart construction ,or5 after o*taining permission from the relevant

authorities-! Control access to the site-

12 +andscape

7efinery 9ro+ect ,ill *e visi*le from houses2 *uil(ings an( *e unsightly- The most

o*vious effects on lan(scape *eautiful of those relating to the propose( pro+ects

(irectly2 an( can it is associate( ,ith the event that causes them-

Photos show the Daura Refnery near Baghdad



Create pro+ects; may cause loss humi( lan(s2 (eforestation2 uprooting palm

groves an( the transfer of houses an( housing2 an( the associate( noise an(

nuisance an( concern for the population in the region-

:isual pollution phenomenon has *ecome one of the most important pro*lems

that ,e face in this Era an( is lin5e( to the loss of a sense of *eauty an( thecollapse of consi(erations2 aesthetic2 satisfaction2 an( acceptance for images

unsightly an( sprea( until it *ecame the visual scale of the eyes of the norm an(

the la, e3ists an( is even more (angerous ,henever the eye accustome( to it2

so ta5e it this is in place an( are (ifficult to repair-

.n( pollution optic is feeling alienate( soon see the vie,s or manifestations of

non!aesthetic or repulsive in the *uilt environment elements or structural voi(s or

,ays inconsistent an( incompati*le ,ith *oth the environment natural2 climatic2

an( functional or values religious2 an( moral or cultural or values aesthetic or architectural-

4onclusion

n Impact onDuring

ConstructionDuring operation

a Soil and erosionEffects on soils due to refinery There are some streams in the



project and the movement of heavy

equipment, machinery and sand.

Including: sand and soil

compaction and causing loss of

topsoil.

project that are crossed by one or

more of the build alternatives and

thus, would be soil affected because

Refinery roject, also because of

vibration devices refinery plants may

cause moving soil.

b Water (Change inhydrological

characteristics)

!ome of the rain water usually

seeps into the ground, but when

they fall on the ground is a

window such as buildings, it

begins to flow in a slope.

"ontamination river water by

throwing industrial waste #in river$

which is strongly characteri%ed by

containing to&ic ha%ardous materials

is difficult to dispose them, as

cyanide and phenol or chemical

compounds.

c FloraThe refinery project #'aura$ was

reason removal of a lot of palm

groves and citrus trees, which lies

on the side of the Tigris River.

The pollution with particles is

suspension #smo(e$ may generate

negative effects, should be for the

protection of flora the refinery

alignment and does not cross the

palm groves and citrus areas.

d Fauna"onstruction sites may encroach

on native animal habitat. If

animals, including li%ards and

sna(es, are found on site and are

li(ely to be damaged by

earthmoving equipment, they

should be relocated to an area

away from the project.

Ensure that no runoff of materials,

fuels or other substances is allowed

to enter storm water drains,

watercourses and the marine

environment to avoid damage to

aquatic and marine animals and fish.

)ppropriate fencing should be

erected to prevent animals and

livestoc( from gaining access to the proposed project.

e Noise*ibration e&cessive may cause

property damage and be a nuisance

to neighbors. *ibration may be due

to blasting, piling, truc(

movements and compacting

operations.

The noise #machines and large

vehicles$ and air pollution #smo(e$

that will be generated during

operation, will be disturbing.

f Air qualityThe main component of air

pollution derived from

construction activities is fugitive

dust. +ugitive dust is the

generation of sufficient particulate

matter that some portion of the

material escapes beyond the

construction boundary. 'ust can

cause a nuisance to neighbors and

impact on the environment by

contaminating plants and

watercourses.

aseous emissions as a result of

crude oil during manufacturing, and

turn it into oil products may affect

the air quality.

It can therefore be rating air

pollution as follows:

- )tmospheric air pollution and

e&cess heat resulting from the

combustion gases e&change.

- )tmospheric air pollution gases

and vapors to&ic and harmful during

manufacturing processes or fuel

e&change.

- )ir ollution a%e and smo(e.

- )tmospheric air pollution in some

gaseous material and which have a

certain degree of saturation.



g Society life and

economical

actiity

/ocal labor should be utili%ed of

the project, and created new job

opportunities. If possible, local

haulage companies should be used

to transport materials. Informal

settlements should be addressed in

accordance with theresponsibilities of the various

spheres of government.

Interest by sta(eholders that would

boost the local economy.

!ta(eholders as(ed if local e&pertise

and resources could be used

whenever possible. The effect of air

pollution on people0s lives because

near site #'aura Refinery$ of homes,shops and government departments

in 1aghdad. 2uality of life for

adjacent residents will be affected

because Refinery roject.

h !and use (possible

conflicts)

3umbers of sta(eholders have

e&pressed concern of the value and

viability of their farms could be

negatively impacted of 'aura

Refinery. The principal issues

before operation of concern are

that:

4 The value of houses will be

lowered.

4 The value of farmland will be

lowered.

4 The economic viability of farms

would be negatively impacted

upon.

Effects on marginali%ed

neighborhoods and residential

comple&es on both sides of the

project. Informal settlements should

be addressed in accordance with the

responsibilities of the various

spheres of government. 3umbers of

sta(eholders have e&pressed concern

of the value and viability of their

farms could be negatively impacted

of 'aura Refinery. The principal

issues before operation of concern

are that:

4 E&isting agricultural infrastructure

such as crop sprayers, boreholes,

pipelines, points of access to farms

or portions of farms would beaffected.

4 "urrent farming practices on

certain portions of farms may no

longer be viable.

i Cultural heritage!ome areas or buildings5 are

threatened by too much pressure

and other, suffer from neglect or

destruction5 it is important to save

these and it is important factor in

creating desirable cities or areasand tourist attraction. These areas

should be loo(ed at as assets, not

as just things that must be

preserved.

Effect on some areas "ultural

heritage that may occur during and

after the implementation the project.

)s well as influence on 6niversity of

1aghdad, this lies ne&t to refinery,

especially due to air pollution.

" !andscape(Compatibility #ith the

plans of nature frame)

"reate projects5 may cause loss

humid lands, deforestation,

uprooting palm groves and the

transfer of houses and housing,

and the associated noise and

nuisance and concern for the

population in the region.

Refinery roject will be visible from

houses, buildings and be unsightly.



Daura refnery located on Tigris

Documents

Sustainable Assignmen Environmental Impact