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Thermal Treatment/Disposal:

Incineration

Chapter 12

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Activity

Why use incineration?

What are the drawbacks?

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Regulations

Historical perspective

HW incinerators vs. cement kilns and light

aggregate kilns and industrial boilers andfurnaces

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General Schematic

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Other Thermal Processes

Plasma arc pyrolysis

Microwave discharge

Advanced electrical reactor In situ vitrification

Wet air oxidation

Supercritical water oxidation Calcination

Thermal desorption

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Classifications of Incinerators

Grate

Open rack

Stationary or moving

Air circulation

Large and irregular

wastes

Hearth Solid plate

Variety of waste

Suspension

Sand or alumina bed

fluidized with air

Relatively uniformfeed size

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Typical Process Flow Diagram

Waste

Storage

Pre-processing/blending

Incineration Flue Gas

Pollution

Control

Ash Stabilization

Landfill

Effluent

POTW

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3 Ts

+Excess O2

Combustion Requirements

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Typical Excess Air Reactions

CHCl+ O2

+ N2

CO2

+ H2

O+ HCl+

O2+ N2+ heat

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Flue Gas Quench

Cool to:

500 - 700oF for spray dryer

180oF for low-temperature equipment

Air or water

Concurrent or counter-current flow

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Air Pollution Control

Pollution:

Particulates (including 10 priority metals)

Acid gases

Systems

Wet

Dry

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Trial Burn

Test incinerator

Principal organic hazardous constituents

(POHCs) destruction and removal

efficiencies (DREs)

HCl

Particulates

CO

Metals

Dioxin and furans

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POHC DRE

At least 99.99% on all selected POHCs

during trial burn

100in

outinW

WWDRE

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HCl Emissions

Emission no greater than larger of

4 lb/h or 1% of HCl in stack gas

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Emissions Example

Example 12-2 (p. 746)

Does incinerator performance meet

requirements?

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CO Emissions

100 ppm by volume as a 60-minute rolling

average corrected to 7% O2

on a dry basis

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CO and Particulate Example

Example 12-11 (p. 804)

w

YY wetdry

1

dry

mcY

PP

21

14

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Combustion Efficiency

At least 99.99%

1002

2

COCO

CO

CC

C

CE

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Dioxin and Furan Emissions

0.4 ng/dscm

or0.0001%

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PCBs

At least 99.9999% DRE for liquid

Dwell time of 2 s at 1200 100 oC and 3% EA in stack

gas

OR

Dwell time of 1.5 s at 1600 100 oC and 2% EA in stack

gas

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Design

Example 12-7 (p. 765)