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21

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:

)1(:

Prosecutorv. Delalic et al. (Celebici Case), Judgment, Case No. IT-96-21-T, T. Ch.IIqtr, 16 Nov. 1998, (hereafter Celebici Case 1998), para. 170.

)2(:International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious

Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the

Former Yugoslavia since 1991, UN Doc. S/25/704, annex (1993), reprinted in 32 ILM

1192 (1993) (hereinafter ICTY or Tribunal).

)3(:Prosecutor v. Tadic, Judgment, Case No. IT-94-1-A, App. Ch., 15 July 1999

(hereinafterTadic Appeals Chamber Judgment).

)4(" :

.

.

.

.":Celebici Case 1998, op. cit. (note 1), para. 163

)5(

:J-F Quguiner, Dix ans aprs la cration du Tribunal pnal international pour

lex-Yougoslavie: valuation de lapport de sa jurisprudence au droit international

humanitaire, International Review of the Red Cross, this volume.

:M. Sassli and L.M. Olson: International Decision: Prosecutor v. Tadic

(Judgment). Case No. IT-94-1-A,. 39 ILM 1518 (1999); International Criminal

Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Appeals Chamber, July 15 1999, American

Journal of International Law, Vol. 94, 2000, p. 571.

:Sassli and Olson:International Decision: Prosecutorv. Tadic (Judgment). Case

No. IT-94-1-A,. 39 ILM 1518 (1999); International Criminal Tribunal for the

former Yugoslavia, Appeals Chamber, July 15 1999, American Journal of

22

7/22/2019 Tatta War 06082010

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International Law, Vol. 94, 2000, p. 571; and The judgment of the ICTY

Appeals Chamber on the merits in the Tadic Case: New horizons for international

humanitarian and criminal law?, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.

839, 2000, p. 733.

)6(:SC Res. 827 (May 25, 1993), reprinted in 32 ILM 1203 (1993)

)7(:Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, UN Doc.

S/RES/827, Annex, (hereinafter ICTY Statute or Statute).

808)1993(

827)1993.(

)8(:T. Meron, International criminalization of internal atrocities, American Journal

of International Law, Vol. 89, 1995, p. 554 and p. 559.

)9(:Report of the SecretaryGeneral pursuant to paragraph 2 of Security Council

Resolution 808, UN Doc. S/25704, para 37 (1993), reprinted in 32 ILM 1159,

1192 (1993). (Hereinafter Report of the SecretaryGeneral or Secretary

Generals Report).

""""

.

..."

."

..."(...)

.

.":A. Cassese, The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and

the implementation of international humanitarian law, in L. Condorelli et al.

(ed.), The United Nations and International Humanitarian Law, Pedone, Paris,

1995, p. 232 and footnote 1.

)10(12

/1949

12/1949

23

7/22/2019 Tatta War 06082010

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12/1949

12/1949)

.(

)11(:Report of the SecretaryGeneral, op. cit. (note 8), p. 1192

)12(:S. W. Tiefenbrun, The paradox of international adjudication developments in

the International Criminal Tribunals of the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, the

World Court, and the International Criminal Court, NC Journal of

International Law and Commercial Regulation, Vol. 25, 2000, p. 572 and

footnotes 143-144.

)13(:Tadic Appeals Chambre Judgment, op. cit. (note 3)

)14(:A. Carrillo-Suarez, Hors de Logique: Contemporary issues in international

humanitarian law as applied to internal armed conflict, American University

International Law Review, Vol. 15, 1999, p.3 and footnote 5.

)15(:B. S. Brown, Nationality and Internationality in International Humanitarian

Law, Stanford Journal of International Law, Vol. 34, 1998, p. 348.

)16(:E. Greppi, The evolution of individual criminal liability under international

law, International Review of the Red Cross, No. 835, 1999, p. 541 and

footnote 52.

)17(:Celebici Case 1998, op. cit. (note 1), para. 158

)18(165.

)19(:Brown, op. cit. (note 15) p. 347

)20(:

24

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F. Kalshoven and L. Zegveld, Constraints on the Waging of War: An

Introduction to International Humanitarian Law, International Committee of

the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva, 2001, Chapters I and II.

)21(:Brown, op. cit. (note 15), p. 347 and footnotes 2-3

)22(""..." :""

.

""

.

.

.

.

.":D. L. Ungar, The Tadic war crimes trial: The first criminal conviction since

Nuremberg exposes the need for a permanent war crimes tribunal, Whittier

Law Review, Vol. 20, 1999. pp. 720-721.

)23(""1998)1("

1949."

)24(""""..."

1948

.":Kalshoven and Zegveld, op. cit. (note 20), p. 81

25

7/22/2019 Tatta War 06082010

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)25(:L. Boisson de Chazournes, Les rsolutions des organs des Nations Unies, et en

particulier celles du conseil de Scurit, en tant que source de droit international

humanitaire, in L. Condorelli et al. (eds), The United Nations and International

Humanitarian Law, Pedone, Paris, 1995, p. 169.

)26(:A. Cassese, op. cit. (note 9), p. 245

)27(:Brown, op. cit. (note 15), p. 348

)28(:Prosecutorv. Tadic, Decision of the Defense Motion on Jurisdiction, Case No.

IT-94-1-T, T. Ch., 10 Aug. 1995 (hereinafter Tadic 1995 Decision on

Jurisdiction).

)29(2

)7("

12/

1949

:)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(.

26

7/22/2019 Tatta War 06082010

27/47

)30(:Tadic 1995 Decision on Jurisdiction, op. cit. (note 28), paras. 46-83

)31(

)32(4)7(

" :

.":J. Pictet et al. (eds), Commentary on the Geneva Conventions of 12 August

1949, ICRC, Geneva, 1958, 46-47

)33(1949

.:Prosecutor v. Tadic, Decision of the Defense Motion for Interlocutory Appeal

on Jurisdiction, Case No. IT-94-AR72, App. Ch., 2 Oct. 1995 (hereinafter

Tadic 1995 Appeal on Jurisdiction), para. 67;

:Prosecutorv. Tadic,Opinion and Judgment, Case No. IT-94-1-Y, T. Ch. II, 7

May 1997, (hereinafter Tadic 1997 Opinion and Judgment), para. 561

(quoting the Tadic - 1995 Decision on Jurisdiction).

" :

.":Prosecutor v. Jelisic, Judgment, Case No. IT-95-10, App. Ch., 5 July 2001

(Partial Dissenting Opinion of Judge Shahabuddeen, para. 39)

)34(:Tadic 1995 Appeal on Jurisdiction, op. cit. (note 33), paras. 71-78

)35(81

27

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)36(4

""

.:Sassli and Olson, The judgment of the ICTY, op. cit. (note 5), pp. 733 and

738 and footnotes 30-31.

)37(:Tadic 1995 Appeal on Jurisdiction, op. cit. (note 33), para. 81

)38(:C. Greenwood, International humanitarian law and the Tadic Case,European

Journal of International Law, Vol. 7, 1996, p.273.

)39(:Tadic 1995 Appeal on Jurisdiction, op. cit. (note 33), paras. 83-84

)40(:T. Meron, The continuing role of custom in the formation of international

humanitarian law, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 90, 1996, p.

238 and p. 243.

)41("

:

.":

Tadic 1995 Appeal on Jurisdiction, op. cit. (note 33), (Separate Opinion ofJudge AbiSaab)

)42(:Tadic 1997 Opinion and Judgment op. cit. (note 33)

)43(:Brown, op. cit. (note 15), p. 379

)44("".:

28

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A. de Hoogh, Commentary in A. Klip and G. Sluiter (eds),Annotated Leading

Cases of International Criminal Tribunals: The International Criminal Tribunal

for the former Yugoslavia 1993-1998, Intersentia, Antwerp, Vol. I, 1999, p. 468

)45(:Tadic -1997 Opinion and Judgment , op. cit. (note 33), paras. 607-608

)46(:Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v.

United States of America), Merits, Judgment, ICJ Reports 1986, p. 14

)47(.

.

.:Tadic 1997 Opinion and Judgment, op. cit. (note 33), (Separate Opinion of

Judge McDonald).

)48(:Tadic 1995 Appeal on Jurisdiction, op. cit. (note 33), (Separate Opinion of

Judge Abi-Saab).

)49(:Brown, op. cit. (note 15), p. 403 and footnote 244

)50(:Prosecutor v. Tadic, Decision of the Defense Motion for Interlocutory Appeal

on Jurisdiction, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, App. Ch., 2 Oct. 1995, para. 84.

)51(:Tadic Appeals Chamber Judgment, op. cit. (note 3)

)52(:Brown, op. cit. (note 15), p. 380 and footnote 161, p. 398 and footnote 227

)53(

.:

29

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Tadic Appeals Chamber Judgment, op. cit. (note 3), paras 115-162 .

"":Tadic -1997 Opinion and Judgment, op. cit. (note 3)

62.

)54(:Tadic Appeals Chamber Judgement, op. cit. (note 3), para. 162

)55(:Sassli and Olson, The judgment of the ICTY, op. cit. (note 5), p. 733 and p.

738, footnote 32.

)56(:Tadic Appeals Chamber Judgement, op. cit. (note 3), paras. 166 and 168

)57("...

][

)

.(

14

.

)

(.

.":Prosecutor v. Tadic, Decision of the Defense Motion for Interlocutory Appeal

on Jurisdiction, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, App. Ch., 2 Oct 1995, para. 76.

30

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"""

.

.":Prosecutorv.Delalic et al. (Celebici case), Judgment, Case No. IT-96-21, App.

Ch., 20 Feb. 2001, (hereinafter Celebici Case 2001), para. 58 (quoting the

Aleksovski Appeals Judgment: Prosecutor v. Aleksovski, Judgment , Case No.

IT-95-14/1, App. Ch., 24 March 2000. para 97).

)58(

.""7)1(" :

25

.":7

)7.(

)59(:L. S. Sunga,Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human

Rights Violations, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrech, 1992, p. 53.

)60(

.

"

.(...)

.:Tadic -1997 Opinion and Judgment, op. cit. (note 33), paras 685, 687 (quoting

theAlmelo case: TheAlmelo Trial, Case No. 3,Law Reports of War Criminals,

United Nations War Crimes Commission, Vol. 1, HMSO, London, 1949, p. 40).

31

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)61(

"

"".":Tadic 1997 Opinion and Judgment, op. cit. (note 33) esp. para. 373

)62(:Sassli and Olson, The judgment of the ICTY, op. cit. (note 5), p. 740.

..."

.

."

.:

Tadic Appeals Chamber Judgment, op. cit. (note 3), para. 204.

)63("

.

.":Tadic Appeals Chamber Judgment, op. cit. (note 3), para. 227

)64(:Tadic Appeals Chamber Judgment, op. cit. (note 3), para. 237

)65(:Sassli and Olson,International Decision, op. cit. (note 5), p. 1518; Sassli and

Olson, International Criminal Tribunal, op. cit. (note 5), p. 571 and p. 573.

)66(:Sassli and Olson, International Criminal Tribunal, op. cit. (note 5), p. 571and p. 573

32

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25)3)((

.

""

...".(...)

(...)]

.[:Prosecutor v. Furundzija, Judgment, Case No. IT-95-14/1-T, Ch. II, 10 Dec.

1998

"""

.":Tadic Appeals Chamber Judgment, op. cit. (note 3), paras. 204 and 223 (quoting

the Furundzija Judgment, para. 227).

.

)67(:Tadic Appeals Chamber Judgement, op. cit. (note 3), para. 226

)68(:Prosecutor v. Krstic, Judgment, Case No. IT-98-33, T. Ch. I, 2 Aug. 2001,

para. 601

)69(190n.222..

)70(:Tadic Appeals Chamber Judgment, op. cit. (note 3), paras. 189.

.

)71(190

)72(

33

7/22/2019 Tatta War 06082010

34/47

)73(:Prosecutorv.Blaskic, Judgment, Case No. IT-95-14, T Ch. I, 3 March 2000

)74(126

)75(127

)76(:Aleksovski Appeals Judgment, op. cit. (note 57)

)77(153

)78(:Celebici Case 2001, op. cit. (note 57), para. 58 (quoting theAleksovski Appeals

Judgement, para. 151).

)79(""1999

)3(4

"4.":

Aleksovski Appeals Judgement, op. cit., (note 57), para. 152

)80()""4.(

)81()""89.(

)82()""10.(

)83(:Celebici Case 2001, op. cit. (note 57), para. 84 (quoting the application of the

teleological approach enunciated in the Aleksovski Appeals Judgement,

op. cit. (note 57)).

)84(.

34

7/22/2019 Tatta War 06082010

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)85(23/1969.31

"

."32""

"

31

31)()(

."

)86(:Celebici Case 2001, op. cit. (note 57), para. 59 and 65

)87(73

)88(""4)1(4)2(

...1949

":Tadic Appeals Chamber Judgement, op. cit. (note 3), paras. 164-165


)90(168

)91(73

)92(81

)93(86

35

7/22/2019 Tatta War 06082010

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)94(87)""1998

)1(294.(

)95(86)""1998

)1(263.(

)96(26)"".(

)97(:Celebici Case 1998, op. cit. (note 1), para. 226 (quoting Theodor Meron)

)98(:

Prosecutor v. Kordic and Cerkez, Judgement, Case No. IT-95-14/2, T. Ch. II,

26 Feb. 2001 (hereinafterKordic and Cerkez Judgement).

)99(148

)100(150

)101(:Prosecutor v. Naletilic and Martinovic, Judgement, Case No. IT-98-34-T, 31

March 2003, para. 207.

)102(:Prosecutorv.Bagambiki et al.Decision on the Defense Motion on the Defects

in the Form of the Indictment, Case No. ICTR-97-36-(1), T. Ch. II, 24 Sept.

1998, para. 7.:

Prosecutor v. Kupreskic et al., Judgement, Case No. IT-95-16, 14 Jan. 2001,para. 540

)103(:Kordic and Cerkez Judgement, op. cit. (note 98), para. 364

)104(374

36

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)105(:Tadic 1997 Opinion and Judgement, op. cit. (note 33), para. 674

)106(:

K. Askin, Developments in international criminal law: sexual violence indecisions and indictments of the Yugoslav and Rwandan Tribunal: Currentstatus, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 93, 1999, pp. 97, 103

and 104.

)107(:Prosecutorv.Mucic et al.,Judgement on Sentence Appeal, Case No. IT-96-21,

8 April 2003, para. 40.

:

Prosecutor v. Radoslav Brdanin and Momir Talic, Decision on From FurtherAmended Indictment and Prosecution Application to Amended Indictment and

Prosecution Application to Amend, Case No. IT-99-36-PT, 26 June 2001.

)108(:Blaskic Judgement, op. cit. (note 73), para. 263 (quoting the Celebici Case

1998, op. cit. (note 1), para. 319).


)110(:Kordic and Cerkez Judgement, op. cit. (note 98)

)111(372..

)112(373)""

)3(186.(

)113(385

)114(""

7)1(..." :

(...)

37

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38/47

.

.

.

.":Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, Judgement, Case No. IT-97-25, T. Ch. II, 15 March

2002 (hereinafter Krnojelac Judgement), para 73 (quoting the Tadic Appeals

Chamber Judgement, op. cit. (note 3), paras. 191-192.

)115(:Krstic Judgement, op. cit. (note 68), para. 643

)116(:Prosecutorv. Kvocka et al., Judgement, Case No. IT-89-30/1, T. Ch. I, 2 Nov.

2001 (hereinafterKvocka Judgement).

)117(..."

.:Press Release, Trail Chamber,Judgement in the Case of the Prosecutor against

Miroslav Kvocka, Milojica Kos, Mlado Radi, Zaran Zigic and Dragoljub Prac:

Omarska/Keraterm/Trnopolje, 2 November 2001, CC/P.I.S./631e (on file with

author).

:Krstic Judgement, op. cit. (note 68), para. 602.

""..."

.":Krnojelac Judgement, op. cit. (note 114), para 86

)118(:

38

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Kvocka Judgement, op. cit. (note 116), para. 248 (referring to the Furundzija

Judgement, op. cit. (note 66), para. 189; Kupreskic Judgement, op. cit. (note

102), para. 388).

)119(:Kvocka Judgement, op. cit. (note 116), para. 297 (citing Tadic AppealsChamber Judgement, op. cit. (note 3) para. 229).

)120(:Kupreskic Judgement, op. cit. (note 102), para. 772

)121(:Prosecutor v. Milosevic et al., Indictment, Case No. IT-02-54, 24 May 1999,

para. 83

)122(83

)123(:Prosecutor v. Milosevic et al., Amended Indictment, Case No. IT-99-37-I, 29

June 2001, para. 16.

:Prosecutor v. Milosevic, Indictment, Case No. IT-01-51-I, 22 Nov. 2001

(hereinafterMilosevic Indictment), para. 5; and Prosecutor v. Stanisic and

Simatovic, Indictment, Case No. IT-03-69, 1 May 2003, paras 8-14.

)124(:Prosecutor v. Milosevic et al., Indictment, Case No. IT-01-50-1, 8 Oct. 2001,

para 5

:Milosevic Indictment, op. cit. (note 123), para. 5.

""

"""".

""""""

"

"

"")3(..."

39

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2345

.":Naletilic

and Martinovic Judgement, op. cit. (note 101), para. 62.:

Prosecutor v. Krstic

"""

"".":Krstic Judgement, op. cit. (note 68), para. 601. (Quotation marks in original)

)125(:Prosecutorv.Milosevic et al.,Second Amended Indictment, Case. No. IT-99-

37-PT, 29 Oct. 2001, paras. 16-17.:Milosevic Indictment, op. cit. (note 123) paras. 6-7

)126(""

.

:Milosevic Indictment, op. cit. (note 123), paras. 9 and 25

)127(:Prosecutorv.Milosevic et al.,Second Amended Indictment, Case. No. IT-99-

37-PT, 29 Oct. 2001, paras. 18.

)128(:Brown, op. cit. (note 15), pp. 352, 387 and 394

)129("""...

"...

"""(...)

:

.":Kupreskic Judgement, op. cit. (note 102), paras. 518 and 525.

)130(:

40

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G. Abi-Saab, The specificities of humanitarian law, in C. Swinarski (ed.),

Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross

Principles in Honour of Jean Pictet, ICRC, Geneva, 1984, p. 273.

)131" ("""".

.

2

.":

Brown, op. cit. (note 15), pp. 394, 381 and footnotes 162-164.

:International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and

Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the

Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and other such

Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighboring States between 1 January 1994

and 31 December 1994, SC Res. 955, annex, UN SCOR, 49TH Sess., Res. & Dec., at

15, UN Doc. S/INF/50 (1994), reprinted in 33 ILM 1602 (1994)

)132(.

""" :

.":Brown, op. cit. (note 15), p. 391

)133(""

"

" ."""

."

.

391199-200.

41

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)134(23"

1949.":

Jelisic, op. cit. (note 33), (Partial Dissenting Opinion of Judge Wald, para. 13).

)135(:Brown, op. cit. (note 15), pp. 391-393

)136(394

)137(:

A. Bianchi, Denying State immunity to violators of human rights. AustrianJournal of Public International Law, Vol. 46, 1994, pp. 195 and 221.

)138(

)139("""

.

.

.":Brown, op. cit. (note 15), pp. 395 and footnote 219, p. 353.

)140(:Celebici Case 2001, op. cit. (note 57), para. 46 (quoting the Trial Judgement, op. cit.

(note 1), paras. 275-276).

)141(:Sassli and Olson,International Decision, op. cit. (note 5), p. 577

)142(577-578


42

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)144(402

)145(:

Celebici Case 2001, op. cit. (note 57), para. 46 (quoting the 1998 TrialJudgement, op. cit. (note 1), paras. 275-276.

)146(49)1998)

1(259(.

)147(:Prosecutor v. Kordic and Cerkez, Decision on the Joint Defense Motion to

Dismiss the Amended Indictment for Lack of Jurisdiction Based on theLimited Jurisdictional Reach of Articles 2 and 3, Case No. IT-95-14/2-PT, T.

Ch. III, 2 March 1999, para. 20.


)149(1995""

"(...)34

.

2

35

.2

2.2

.

.":Tadic 1995 Decision on Jurisdiction, op. cit. (note 28), para. 51

43

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)150(:Sassli and Olson, The Judgement of the ICTY, op. cit. (note 5), p. 733 , 742

and footnote 65, p. 748.

)151(""

"".

)152(:Tadic 1997 Opinion and Judgement, op. cit. (note 33), para. 577 (quoting the

Tadic Jurisdiction Decision of the Appeals Chamber).

)153(:C. Greenwood, The development of international humanitarian law by the

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Max Planck

Yearbook of United Nations Law, Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 132-133.

)154(:Sassli and Olson, The Judgement of the ICTY, op. cit. (note 5), p. 743

)155(743748

)156(743

)157(748749

)158(""

"

."

"

)

."(

"

44

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.":

Furundzija, Judgement, op. cit. (note 66), paras. 231, 118, 216, 253 and 257.Emphasis in Original.

)159(:Kvocka Judgement, op. cit. (note 116), para. 309

)160("

.

."309)161(

)162(310

)163(

)164(.." :.

.

.":Kvocka Judgement, op. cit. (note 116), para. 311.

)165("

."

311.

45

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)166(312

)167("")68(

..."

..

(...)(...)

.

][.":Press Release, Trial chamber, Radislav Kristic becomes the first to be

convicted of genocide at the ICTY and is sentenced to 46 years imprisonment,

2 August 2001, OP/P.I.S/609 (on file with author).

)168(:Sassli and Olson, The Judgement of the ICTY, op. cit. (note 5), p. 743

)169(:Kvocka Judgement, op. cit. (note 116), para. 289

)170(:Celebici Case 1998, op. cit. (note 1), paras. 415-417

)171(:Brown, op. cit. (note 15), pp. 396 and footnote 40

)172(404

)173(35744-45

)174(404396

)175(:Celebici Case 1998, op. cit. (note 1), para. 266.

""

.":Kupreskic Judgment, op. cit. (note 102), para. 529.

46

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)176(:Brown, op. cit. (note 15), pp. 348

)177(

)""1999(

.".

""

]1999[

""

.

""

.":W. A. Schabas, An Introduction to the International Criminal Court, Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge, 2001, p. 42.

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Tatta War 06082010